78 NITROGEN CYCLING AND COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES IN LIVESTOCK MANURE MANAGEMENT (Siklus Nitrogen dan Teknologi Pengomposan pada Manajemen Pupuk Asal Ternak) Ladiyani Retno Widowati, Rochayati S, Saraswati R Indonesian Soil Research Institute Jl. Tentara Pelajar No. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia [email protected]ABSTRAK Pada sistem produksi ternak, produksi limbah berlangsung dalam jumlah yang signifikan sejalan dengan pertumbuhan populasi. Limbah ternak memiliki fraksi biokimia, dengan level N dan C total yang relatif tinggi yang memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai sumber pupuk organik, tetapi memerlukan penanganan lebih karena limbah berpotensi untuk menghasilkan green house gas (GHG) dalam bentuk N 2 O. Telah diprediksi bahwa kontribusi dari sistem produksi ternak sekitar 19,2% dari jumlah totalnya. Emisi tersebut harus direduksi sesuai dengan sejumlah prosedur yang tertera pada Keputusan Presiden No. 61/2011 pada rencana aksi nasional untuk pengurangan emisi GHG. Dari usaha ini, tujuan utamanya adalah memodifikasi pemineralan nitrogen untuk mereduksi limbah N 2 O. Disamping itu, limbah peternakan akan sangat menguntungkan jika dikelola dengan baik (contohnya pengomposan) dan secara tidak langsung menekan dampak lingkungan secara luas seperti emisi N 2 O dan NO 3 dengan membersihkannya ke dalam air. Ada beberapa cara pengkomposan yang dapat dipilih sesuai dengan tujuan pengkomposan. Metode pengkomposan aerob adalah alternatif terbaik dibandingkan dengan yang anaerob. Tetapi jika CH 4 yang dihasilkan akan digunakan sebagai biogas, maka yang digunakan adalah proses anaerob. Parameter dari kematangan kompos biasanya tergantung pada rasio C/N dan temperatur, akan tetapi ada beberapa pertimbangan parameter untuk mengenali kualitas kompos. Kata Kunci: Siklus Nitrogen, Limbah Peternakan, Dekomposisi, Pengkomposan, Kualitas Kompos
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78
NITROGEN CYCLING AND COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES IN LIVESTOCK MANURE
MANAGEMENT
(Siklus Nitrogen dan Teknologi Pengomposan pada Manajemen Pupuk Asal Ternak)
Ladiyani Retno Widowati, Rochayati S, Saraswati R
Indonesian Soil Research Institute Jl. Tentara Pelajar No. 12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia
Pada sistem produksi ternak, produksi limbah berlangsung dalam jumlah yang signifikan sejalan dengan pertumbuhan populasi. Limbah ternak memiliki fraksi biokimia, dengan level N dan C total yang relatif tinggi yang memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai sumber pupuk organik, tetapi memerlukan penanganan lebih karena limbah berpotensi untuk menghasilkan green house gas (GHG) dalam bentuk N2O. Telah diprediksi bahwa kontribusi dari sistem produksi ternak sekitar 19,2% dari jumlah totalnya. Emisi tersebut harus direduksi sesuai dengan sejumlah prosedur yang tertera pada Keputusan Presiden No. 61/2011 pada rencana aksi nasional untuk pengurangan emisi GHG. Dari usaha ini, tujuan utamanya adalah memodifikasi pemineralan nitrogen untuk mereduksi limbah N2O. Disamping itu, limbah peternakan akan sangat menguntungkan jika dikelola dengan baik (contohnya pengomposan) dan secara tidak langsung menekan dampak lingkungan secara luas seperti emisi N2O dan NO3 dengan membersihkannya ke dalam air. Ada beberapa cara pengkomposan yang dapat dipilih sesuai dengan tujuan pengkomposan. Metode pengkomposan aerob adalah alternatif terbaik dibandingkan dengan yang anaerob. Tetapi jika CH4 yang dihasilkan akan digunakan sebagai biogas, maka yang digunakan adalah proses anaerob. Parameter dari kematangan kompos biasanya tergantung pada rasio C/N dan temperatur, akan tetapi ada beberapa pertimbangan parameter untuk mengenali kualitas kompos.
Kata Kunci: Siklus Nitrogen, Limbah Peternakan, Dekomposisi, Pengkomposan, Kualitas Kompos
Nitrogen Cycling and Composting Technologies
79
ABSTRACT
In livestock production systems, waste production continues in significant amounts in line with population growth. Livestock waste has each specific bio-chemical fraction, with relatively high levels of N and C-total where it able to be used as a source of organic fertilizer, but require proper handling since the waste has potency to contribute to green house gas (GHG) in the form of N2O. It is predicted contribution of emissions from livestock production system about 19.2% of the total. The emission has to be reduced through several procedures listed in Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 on the National Action Plan for GHG emission reduction. Of these efforts, the main goal is to modify nitrogen mineralization to reduce N2O byproduct. Beside that, livestock waste will be very beneficial to the plants when properly managed (e.g. Composting) and indirectly suppress considerably environmental impacts such as N2O emissions and NO3 leaching into water bodies. There are several composting procedures that can be chosen according to the purpose of composting. Aerobic composting method is the best alternative compares to anaerobic, but if the CH4 production will be harvested as biogas then anaerobic process is used. Parameter for compost maturity usually depends on C/N ratio and temperature, however there are some parameters list considering to compost quality recognition.
Exo-b-1,4 glukanase or selobiohidrolase (Exo-b-1,4-D-
glukanselobiohidrolase)
B-glukosidase. Laccase, peroxidase, and oxidase
Reaction which occur during anaerobically decomposition system:
(CH2O)x xCH3COOH CH4 + CO2
Acid production bacteria Methanomonas
N-organic NH3
2H2S + CO2 (CH2O)x + S + H2O
(26 kcal mole-1
glucose)
Decomposition process can occur naturally, but not in a short
period time (gradually). Through a natural process, manure over
time will rot due to microorganisms and the weather. The duration
of the decaying process ranges between 5 to 8 weeks. The
process could proceeds in shorter period of time (2-3 weeks), by
using bio-activator, such as Trichoderma sp.
The main component of manure is cellulose after water.
Cellulose is a compound that is naturally difficult to decompose (4-
5 months). Compare to cellulose, lignin is a complex material which
is more difficult to degrade. Lignin is structural polymer phenyl
propane. Lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose bonded to form a
physical seal between the two, which is a barrier that prevents the
penetration of the solution and enzymes (Howard et al. 2003).
Lignin is an access barrier to cellulolytic enzymes in degrading
material containing high level of lignocellulose, and often causes
the build up of organic matter. Lignin degradation is the limiting
step for the decomposition of cellulose (Thorn et al. 1996).
Strategy to accelerate the process of decomposition of organic
matter is to utilize lignin decomposer microbes (lignolitic) and
cellulose (cellulolytic). The decomposer are known as fungi group
and have significant bio-decompose activity. The lignin is then
degraded by microbes into humus, water and carbon dioxide.
Nitrogen Cycling and Composting Technologies
95
Maturity Standard
To be used in agriculture, compost should be completely
stable (mature). Some methods and parameters determining the
degree of stability of compost are: (1) carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio,
(2) stability against heating; (3) reduction in organic matter; and
(4) humification parameters. Several indicators of compost
qualities are presented in Table 14.
Table 14. Compost maturity indicator
Parameter Indicator Source
Temperature Stable Stickelberger (1975)
pH Alkaline Jaun et al. (1959)
COD Stable Yang et al. (1993)
BOD Stable Yang et al. (1993)
C/N ratio < 20 Juste (1980)
Respiration rate < 10 mg g-1 Morel et al. (1979)
Color Dark brown Sugahara et al. (1982)
Odor Earthy Chanyasak et al. (1982)
CEC > 60 me 100 g-1 Harada et al. (1971)
Source: Yang (1996)
Cellulose is a compound that is naturally difficult to decompose
(4-5 months), especially on lignin rich material. Lignin is a
structural polymer phenilpropane on vascular plants that makes
rigor plant cell walls and binds fibers together, to lower the water
permeation through the walls of the xylem tissue and makes the
wood resistant to attack by microbe.
Several methods of composting commonly used are (Setyorini
et al. 2006):
1. Indore Method. Composting manure in a long hole with a depth
of 1 m and 1.5-2.0 m wide and long holes depending on the
availability of land. Manure incorporated into the hole of 10-15
Data Inventory and Mitigation on Carbon and Nitrogen
96
cm thick evenly then sprinkled with cattle urine, then mixed
with the soil, and incubated for 3 months.
2. Heap Method. Composting is done on the surface soil with 2 m
wide, 1.5 m height and 2 m length. Compacted around the
edges, shaded and covered. As first layer is carbon-rich
material that is as thick as 15 cm, and the following layer is
material rich nitrogen (manure) and continuously as alternating
layer until it reaches 1.5 m height.
3. Bangalore Method. This method is suitable for areas with less
rainfall. Principally the manure fills into the hole and then
covered with mud and incubated for 3 months without a
reversal. This method is less popular.
4. Berkeley Method. This categorized as relatively rapid
composting method is about 2 weeks by applying a mixture of
two parts of the basic ingredients of organic matter-rich
cellulose and one part nitrogen-rich organic material with a
value of C/N ratio around 30:1. Materials are prepared plated
2.4 × 2.2 × 1.5 m3 and composted within 2 weeks.
5. Vermicompost. The principle of this method is using worms as
decomposer of organic matter. Earthworms are able to eat all
types of organic materials with the ability to eat is equivalent of
its body weight per day.
The selection of composting method depends on the ability
and condition of material and composting site.
Composting technology which has been introduced by the
Indonesian Soil Research Institute is modified aforementioned
method and improves with decomposition factors i.e.
1. Composting straw stack and inversion methods. The pile is
reversed every day, three days and every week.
2. Composting by means stacked with ventilation. The straw is
crushed and moistened overnight (humidity ranging from 60-
80%). By using a bamboo nest-box is placed in the bottom of
the stack (the bamboo nest 30 cm above ground level) to
provide aeration in the bottom of the pile. Haystack inoculated
Nitrogen Cycling and Composting Technologies
97
with decomposer in layers, and create holes by putting a
hollow bamboo into piles of organic materials horizontally,
fermented for a week, and maintain 60-80% moisture so that
the decomposition process occur maximally.
Table 15. Effect of aeration to C/N ratio
Treatment (aeration)
C/N ratio (days of incubation)
0 3 7
Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2
Daily* 40.86 46.67 23.67 40.86 19.96 25.27
3 days* 37.21 47.44 20.11 37.21 19.25 24.04
7 days* 33.61 52.65 - 29.71 23.07 25.27
Horizontal aeration
39.63 51.94 23.79 39.63 20.47 24.87
Bottom aeration
34.56 47.35 20.81 34.56 21.36 23.36
* inverse frequency a quality of manure compost
Composting can improve the availability of nutrients such as N,
P and K, as well as increase the concentrations due to volume
loss (Table 16). However, reports of Japanese research composting
of animal waste showed that 10-25% of the N in the compost
materials will be lost as NH3 gas during the composting process.
In addition it also produced approximately 5% CH4 and 30% N2O
potentially pollute the environment. The opposite condition will
occur where shrinkage the material volume and lower C/N ratio,
and the temperature at the end composting process is 60-65C.
Data Inventory and Mitigation on Carbon and Nitrogen
98
Table 16. Nutrient content of fresh and compos manure
Organic material type
Nutrient content
C N C/N
P K
------%------ ------%------
Fresh manure
Cattle manure 63.44 1.53 41.46 0.67 0.70
Goat manure 46.51 1.41 32.98 0.54 0.75
Chicken manure 42.18 1.50 28.12 1.97 0.68
Compost
Cattle manure 2.34 16.8 1.08 0.69
Goat manure 1.85 11.3 1.14 2.49
Chicken manure 1.70 10.8 2.12 1.49
Source: Setyorini et al. (2006)
N Mineralization Rate from Manure
The N mineralization rate from livestock waste into NH4 and
NO3 are influenced by the type of manure and its biochemical
fractions. Chicken manure having high N is able to mineralize N in
a shorter time. The observation result of total N mineralize from
equivalent 30 t fresh weight is in the range of 154-579 kg N within
3 months. The relative net N mineralization found here (47% of
total added N) (Table 17) is in accordance with earlier research on
the N release from chicken manure showing between 40% and
60% N release in a period of 3 to 4 months (Sims 1995), and
Chae and Tabatabai (1986) gathered 61% in the same period.
Cattle manure have relative N release (17% of total N) is much
lower than chicken manure, and it should thus be viewed as a
slow release organic fertilizer. The N release from cattle manure is
of the same magnitude as reported by e.g. Eghball (2000), namely
a N mineralization during the first growing season after application
of about 21% of organic N in fresh manure and 11% of organic N
in composted manure. The use of goat manure in vegetable
Nitrogen Cycling and Composting Technologies
99
production in Indonesia is much less frequent than the chicken
manure and cattle manure. The N mineralization found here was
similar to that of cattle manure, but is lower than reported
elsewhere in literature. Sørensen et al. (1994a, b) found that 30%
labeled goat manure N was mineralized within the first 4 months
on a sandy loam and sandy soil incubated at 23C.
Table 17. Average net N mineralized over the entire incubation period,
and relative net N mineralization
Organic sources Total N Average N min. Average % N min.
(kg/ha) ^ (kg N/ha) (% of total N)
Goat manure 255 42 16.6 b
Cattle manure 154 26 17.1 b
Chicken manure 579 274 47.3 cd
^ 30 T fresh organic material added
* mean values of % N min followed by the same letter are not significantly different based on Tukey’s multiple comparison test (P>0.05)
CONCLUSION
Proper livestock waste management is able to reduce the
potentially N2O released from manure which constitute GHG. This
is important since the current high livestock population will rise
continuously in line with the protein demand. The livestock waste
management starting from the manure production, storage and
stockpiling, processing into compost and applications. The best
efforts to mitigate N2O production are to suppress denitrification
process or to use nitrification inhibitors.
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