Nishan 14.1 New Template for Microprocessor Assignment #1

8/8/2019 Nishan 14.1 New Template for Microprocessor Assignment #1

1/26

AUTOMATION TRAINING UNIT HND IN INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROLENGINEERING

Assignment Title MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS Outcome #1

Unit MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

Outcome #1: Investigate Microprocessor Systems

SUNGKUR SHASHIDEV

OTHER TEAM

KERSLEY GOVINDEN,

KRISHAN BUNCHOO

Submission Date: 29 Nov 2010

Date 24/11/2010 Name

Page 1 of26


2/26




TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................3

.....................................................................................................................................................................................6

FIGURE 2 HTTP://UPLOAD.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKIPEDIA/COMMONS/1/18/PIC18F8720.JPG...... ... .6

2. APPLICATION : IPOD NANO ....................................................................................................................... ....6

2.1 BRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFYOURAPPLICATION ..................................................................................................................6

...................................................................................................................................................................................6

FIGURE:3HTTP://WWW.EVERYMAC.COM/SYSTEMS/APPLE/CONSUMER_ELECTRONICS/STATS/IPOD_NANO.HTML.................................6

2.2 FUNCTIONAL BLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHEAPPLICATION ....................................................................................................8

2.3 FUNCTIONSOFTHEMICROPROCESSORINAPPLICATION .................................................................................................10

ARM 7TDMI 80MHZ ....................................................................................................................10

..................................................................................................................................................................................11

FIGURE:5 HTTP://WWW.SLASHGEAR.COM/GALLERY/DATA_FILES/7/4/ARM_PROCESSOR.JPG

.....................................................................................................................................................................................11

Click wheel system (User interface)..................................................................................................................15

3 CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................................................................21

3.1 TABULATIONOFTYPESOFMICROPROCESSORS W.R.T. COMMONFEATURES.......................................................................21

3.2 COMMENTONPERFORMANCECOMPARISON.................................................................................................................22

3.3 RESEARCHONALTERNATIVES.................................................................................................................................22

HTTP://WWW.ABCOFELECTRONICS.COM/MICROPROCESSOR.HTMREFERENCES.......................24

HTTP://WWW.SLASHGEAR.COM/GALLERY/DATA_FILES/7/4/ARM_PROCESSOR.JPG....................24

APPENDIX.................................................................................................................................................................25


Page 2 of26


3/26




1. INTRODUCTION

Microprocessor Basics

FIGURE: 1a FIGURE1b

http://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Pentiumd.JPG

Microprocessor is a microcomputer on a single chip. A microprocessor are of various

types such as 20 pin microprocessor or a 40 pin microprocessor. A microprocessor is a

programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a centralDate 24/11/2010 Name

Page 3 of26


4/26




processing unit (CPU) on a single semi conducting integrated circuit (IC). Advanced

Microprocessors can be said as Microcontrollers like we have 8051 and 8052. The

microprocessor was formed by minimizing the word size of the CPU from 32 bits to 4

bits, so that the transistors of its logic circuits would come onto a single part. One or

more microprocessors typically works as the CPU in a computer system, embedded

system, or in any handheld device.

The microprocessor handles the logic operations taking place inside a computer, such

as adding such as add a,#10h, subtracting, and copying. It can be said as an "The

integrated circuit chip" that performs the data processing and controls the operation of

all of the parts of the system.

A general-purpose logic chip is called a microprocessor, and it processes by executing

instructions.

The microprocessor is a programmable integrated device that has computing and

decision-making capabilities. A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable,

clock-driven, register-based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a

storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data

according to those instructions, and provides results as an output.

History

The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 and was invented in 1971. It was only used

in simple calculators. From then microprocessors have evolved (from 8 bit

microprocessor to 64 bit design till the early 2000s) and have become more and more

powerful. Nowadays there exist the multi-core microprocessors (more than one

microprocessor core on a single chip


Page 4 of26
http://www.abcofelectronics.com/8051.htmhttp://www.abcofelectronics.com/8051.htm


5/26




What is a microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a

relatively simple CPU combined with support functions. Microcontrollers are designed

for small or dedicated applications. Thus, in contrast to the microprocessor used in a

PC and other high-performance or general purpose applications, simplicity is

emphasized. Some microcontrollers may operate at clock rate frequencies as low as

4 kHz, as this is adequate for many typical applications, enabling low power

consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain

functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power

consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just

nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other

microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act

more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power

consumption.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices. By reducing

the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory,

and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even

more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating

analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.


Page 5 of26


6/26




Figure 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpg

2. Application : IPOD NANO

2.1 Brief description of your application

figure:3http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/consumer_electronics/stats/ipod_nano.htmlDate 24/11/2010 Name

Page 6 of26
http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/consumer_electronics/stats/ipod_nano.htmlhttp://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/consumer_electronics/stats/ipod_nano.html


7/26




SPECIFICATION

The iPod nano uses a PortalPlayer PP5021C "system on a chip" with dual

embedded 80 MHz ARM 7TDMI processors

Storage capacity:1GB

Song capacity: 250 in kbps AAC format Photo capacity:15,000 photos

USB support: The iPod noon models are capable of charging and syncing by USB

via Connectivity: the dock connector. It also can charge, but not sync via Firewire

"400".

dock connector" .Ports include the "dock connector [and] stereo minijack

Housing colour: Available in a two-tone housing with either a "iBook white" front and

a chromed stainless steel back or a "gloss Black" front and a chromed stainless

steel back.

Built in display: 1.5 16 bit LCD Display resolution : 176x132

Details :The iPod nano models have a "1.5-inch (diagonal) color LCD [176x132

(.168-mm dot pitch) with ["blue white"] LED backlight

Battery Type: Lithium Ion Battery Life (Music): 14 Hours

Battery Life (Photos): 4 Hours Full-Charge Time: About 3 Hours

Apple reports that the iPod nano models charge completely in "about 3 hours". and also will "fast charge" in 1.5 hours to 80% capacity.

Apple Subfamily: iPod nano Apple Model No: A1137


Page 7 of26


8/26




Dimensions:3.5 inch tall, 1.6 inch wide, and 0.27 inch

It is compatible with a "PC with USB port or card (USB 2.0 recommended) [and]

Windows 2000 with Service Pack 4 [or later] or Windows XP Home or Professional

with Service Pack 2 [or later]."

Photo Support: iPod nano syncs iPod-viewable photos in "JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF,

PSD (Mac only), and PNG formats".

Incl. Accessories: Shipped with "earbud headphones, USB cable, [and] dock

adapter."

2.2 Functional Block Diagram of the application


Page 8 of26


9/26




Figure:4


Page 9 of26

Audio

Codec

System power

ADC Microphone

EAR

PHONE

DAC

Amplifier

Amplifier

LCD

SCREEN

Microprocessor

USB 2.0

CLICK WHEEL

Audio

On/Off

MS/

MMC/

SD/

SDIO

Card

Viewing

Recording system

Battery Charger

Dock Connector

DSPCompact flash card


10/26




USB:USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is the interface between

devices and computers.

DSP:DSP stands for Digital Signal Processor. As its name says, it deals

only with digital signals.

A codec is a device orcomputer program capable ofencoding and/or

decoding a digitaldata stream orsignal. Codec stands for compressor-

decompressor' or, most commonly, 'coder-decoder'.

Compact Flash Card:It is a mass storage device format used in portableelectronic devices. For storage, Compact Flash typically uses flash

memory.

2.3 Functions of the microprocessor in application

ARM 7TDMI 80MHz


Page 10 of26
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory


11/26




Figure:5 http://www.slashgear.com/gallery/data_files/7/4/ARM_processor.JPG

The ARM7TDMI core is a 32-bit embedded RISC processor delivered as a hard macro

cell optimized to provide the best combination of performance, power and area

characteristics. The ARM7TDMI core enables system designers to build embedded

devices requiring small size, low power and high performance.

The features of ARM 7TDMIare:

32/16-bit RISC architecture (ARM v4T)

32-bit ARM instruction set for maximum performance and flexibility

16-bit Thumb instruction set for increased code density

Unified bus interface, 32-bit data bus carries both instructions and

data

Three-stage pipeline


Page 11 of26


12/26




32-bit ALU

Very small die size and low power consumption

Clock frequency:- 80MHz

ROM:- 256 KB

SDRAM:- 160 KB

General purpose I/O:- 90

10 bit ADC channels:- 8

Power consumption: 0.25 mW/MHz

Explanation of the featuresClock frequency: - 80MHz

It is the frequency at which the ARM 7TDMI executes the data. It means

that this microprocessor processes instructions at every 1.25*10-8 seconds.

ROM: - 256 KB

The ARM 7TDMI have read only memory of 256 Kb. In this memory, the

program of what the microprocessor should do. These data written on this

memory cannot be erased or edited.

SDRAM: - 160 KB

The microprocessor has a synchronous dynamic random access memory

of 160 kB. This RAM accelerates the processing speed of the

microprocessor.


Page 12 of26


13/26




General purpose I/O:- 90

The microprocessors can have a maximum of 90 input and output devices.

10 bit ADC channels: - 8

The microprocessor can have a maximum of 8 10-bit analogue to digital

converter.

Benefits:

Generic layout can be ported to specific process technologies Unified

memory bus simplifies SoC integration process.

ARM and Thumb instructions sets can be mixed with minimal overhead

to support application requirements for speed and code density.

Code written for ARM7TDMI is binary-compatible with other members of

the ARM7 Family

Small die size reduces overall SoC area, cost and power consumption

Low power consumption enables battery-powered devices

Instruction set can be extended for specific requirements using

coprocessors


Page 13 of26


14/26




ARM7TDMI Block Diagram

Functions of a microprocessor is as follows:


Page 14 of26


15/26




INPUT MICROPROCESSOR OUTPUT

STORAGE DEVICE

It means that the input signals are fed to the microprocessor and the

microprocessor executes the input signal, retrieves information from the storage

device and gives an output signal.

During the process, information can also be stored.

Similarly, the microprocessor used in the IPod Nano is the ARM 7TDMI. The

different systems are:

Click wheel system

Recording system

Data transfer System

Click wheel system (User interface)


Page 15 of26
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svg


16/26




Figure 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svg

It has five buttons The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next

track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and

controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner.

When the keys are pressed one at a time, an input signal is fed to the ARM 7TMI

microprocessor, it executes this input signal and retrieves information from the

flash memory and gives an output signal.

Output signals from the clickwheel:

To the LCD screen and the user is able to see information such as a picture,

or name of music playing.

.

To the DAC, digital-to-analog or D/A conversion, the process of changing

discrete digital data into an analogue form, which is then amplified using an

amplifier. Finally the signal is fed to a earphone and the user listens to his / her

music.


Page 16 of26

OUTPUT

SIGNALARM 7TDMI LCD screen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svg


17/26


18/26




3. Data transfer System: The dock connector

Dock Connector is a small connector attached to a cable, typically with a USB

connector attached to the other end. Dock connectors are used to connect the IPod to

computers or other devices.

The dock connector also brought opportunities to exchange data, sound and power

with an IPod.

Data can be sent or read from the flash memory. During this process data is directly

read, edited, deleted and copied to the memory of the IPod.

However a signal (input) is also sent to the microprocessor which then send an output

signal to the screen showing that devices is connected to a computer.

Figure 7:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-

Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg


Page 18 of26

Flash memory

Microprocessor Dock connector Battery Charger
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg


19/26




The Power Management

In order for the device to work, there should be a power management system. The

IPod Nano has a battery which can be charged either by the USB port [when

connected to a computer] or by a charger.

The battery feeds different components found in the IPod such as:

The microprocessor[ electronic device which needs power to execute (work)

data]

Flash memory

Amplifier: in order for a signal to be amplified, an amplifier is used. According

to the conservation of energy, the latter cannot be created nor destroyed.

Therefore energy [electrical] is supplied to the amplifier by the battery

[Lithium Ion].

DAC(Digital to Analogue converter) and ADC(Analogue to Digital converter)

DAC and ADC exist as small Integrated circuits. This ICs needs power to work.

BRIEF FUNCTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN THE IPOD

The microprocessoris the brain of the system, monitoring user

input through playback controls, displaying all the statistics related to the


Page 19 of26


20/26




song playing on the DISPLAY panel and sending instructions to the DSP

chip that tells exactly how to process the audio. For example if the raise

volume button is pressed, the microprocessorsends a command to the

DSP which in turn commands the CODECto raise the volume.

Suppose you want to listen to a song. First, the power button is

pressed to switch it on. While powering up, the microprocessorloads

itself by reading its firmware from the EEPROM.

Then, after you have selected the track you want to listen to, you press the

PLAY button. The DSP withdraws the MP3 file, decodes it and sends it

over to the CODECchip. In fact it is the software found on the EEPROMthat enables the DSP to do the decoding and the microprocessorto

manage the player tasks.

The CODEC converts the digital sample into an analogue audio

signal, which are amplified and sent to the EARPHONE S. Tracks, can be

added to or removed from the IPOD. When plugged into the USB port of a

PC, the microprocessorcommunicates with the PC through USB. It

exposes itself over the USB as a mass storage device with the CF card as

its storage medium. Windows shows it as a removable drive in My

Computer. Files can be transferred to the CF card using Windows

Explorer. In this case, the microprocessortransfers files between USB

and CF card. Again it's the software on the EEPROM that does this.Date 24/11/2010 Name

Page 20 of26


21/26




3 CONCLUSIONS

3.1 Tabulation of types of microprocessors w.r.t. common features

Application 1:

IPODApplication 2:

Application 3:


Page 21 of26


22/26




3.2 Comment on performance comparison

Since the early 1970s, the introduction of microprocessors have increased efficiency in

electrical appliances in terms of energy saving as well as performance. Also, many new

machines and technologies have emerged and are much present on our daily life like

the examples described before in this report. As there is incredible development in

technology, we can say that the use of microprocessor will expand drastically to an

extent that we cannot define today.

From the above tabulation, we can say that the ARM7TDMI is a more robust processor

than the TMP88CS42 and mc68322. ARM7TDMI is far much faster in terms of

processing speed and has a greater amount of ROM to store programming instructions.

It can accept greater amount of input and output devices. Therefore it will be more

appropriate to use in various applications other than a media player.

3.3 Research on alternatives

Alternatives:-


Page 22 of26


23/26




Another microprocessor which could be used to replace the ARM7TDMI

would be the ARM720T. It does form part of the ARM family. The P has the

following specifications: -

100 MHz

2.4 mm2

0.2 mW (power consumption)

www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdf

Research


Page 23 of26
http://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdfhttp://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdf


24/26




http://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htmREFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIC18F8720.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svg

http://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htm

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Pentiumd.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PIC18F8720.jp

g

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Co

nnector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg

http://www.slashgear.com/gallery/data_files/7/4/ARM_processor.JPG


Page 24 of26
http://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htmREFERENCEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIC18F8720.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svghttp://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htmhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Pentiumd.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpghttp://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htmREFERENCEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIC18F8720.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svghttp://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htmhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Pentiumd.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg


25/26




APPENDIX

Manufacturers of Microprocessors

AMD, Analog Devices, Atmel, Cypress, Fairchild, Fujitsu, Hitachi IBM, Infineon, Intel,

Intersil, Microchip,

Mitsubishi, Motorola, NXP , Renesas, Samsung, Signetics, Toshiba, TSMC,UMC,

Winbond, Zilog

The ARM7TDMI is a member of the Advanced RISC Machines (ARM)

family of general purpose 32-bit microprocessors, which offer highperformance for very low power consumption and price.

The ARM architecture is based on Reduced Instruction Set Computer

(RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related decode mechanism

are much simpler than those of micro programmed Complex Instruction

Set Computers. This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and

impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effectivechip.

Pipelining is employed so that all parts of the processing and memory

systems can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being

executed, its successor is being decoded, and a third instruction is being

fetched from memory.

The ARM memory interface has been designed to allow the performance

potential to be realised without incurring high costs in the memory system.

Speed-critical control signals are pipelined to allow system control

functions to be implemented in standard

low-power logic, and these control signals facilitate the exploitation of the

fast local

access modes offered by industry standard dynamic RAMs.


Page 25 of26
http://www.amd.com/http://www.analog.com/http://www.atmel.com/http://www.cypress.com/http://www.fairchildsemi.com/http://www.fujitsu.com/http://www.fujitsu.com/http://www.hitachi.com/http://www.hitachi.com/http://www.ibm.com/http://www.infineon.com/http://www.intel.com/http://www.intersil.com/http://www.intersil.com/http://www.microchip.com/http://www.mitsubishi.com/http://www.motorola.com/http://www.nxp.com/http://www.abcofelectronics.com/america.renesas.comhttp://www.samsung.com/http://www.samsung.com/http://www.signetics.com/http://www.toshiba.com/http://www.toshiba.com/http://www.tsmc.com/http://www.umc.com/http://www.umc.com/http://www.winbond.com/http://www.winbond.com/http://www.zilog.com/http://www.amd.com/http://www.analog.com/http://www.atmel.com/http://www.cypress.com/http://www.fairchildsemi.com/http://www.fujitsu.com/http://www.hitachi.com/http://www.ibm.com/http://www.infineon.com/http://www.intel.com/http://www.intersil.com/http://www.microchip.com/http://www.mitsubishi.com/http://www.motorola.com/http://www.nxp.com/http://www.abcofelectronics.com/america.renesas.comhttp://www.samsung.com/http://www.signetics.com/http://www.toshiba.com/http://www.tsmc.com/http://www.umc.com/http://www.winbond.com/http://www.zilog.com/


26/26





Page 26 of 26

Nishan 14.1 New Template for Microprocessor Assignment #1

Documents