Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba Nino Pepanashvili “G.Washington Law House” - nino pepanaSvili, “j.vaSingtonis samarTlis saxli” 1 GEORGIA-USA STRATEGIC COLLABORATION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE FOUNDATION G.WASHINGTON LAW HOUSE saqarTvelo-aSS strategiuli TanamSromlobisa da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis fondi GEORGIA-USA STRATEGIC COLLABORATION & GOOD GOVERNANCE FOUNDATION
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Nino Pepanashvili, Business Law, Tbilisi 2011 / ნინო პეპანაშვილი, ბიზნეს სამართალი, თბილისი 2011.
The book about regulation of international business
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Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba
§5.1.1.xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes (Pacta sunt servanda) §5.1.2.Force Majeure/Vis Major/Act of God/dauZleveli Zala §5.1.2.1.“dauZleveli Zala” samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi da misi gavlena procesualur vadebze §5.2.UNIDROIT - saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekrulebaTa principebi
§5.2.1.saerTo debulebebi §5.2.2.xelSekrulebis dadeba da warmomadgenlebis uflebamosileba
- qonebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli amnistiis Sesaxeb kanonis moqmedebis sfero - qoneba, romelic ar eqvemdebareba legalizacias - legalizaciis subieqtebis gaTavisufleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan - legalizaciis subieqtebis gaTavisufleba administraciuli pasuxismgeblobisgan - saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa gaTavisufleba administraciuli pasuxismgeblobisgan belgia italia - finansuri/sagadasaxado amnistiis saxeebi - xangrZlivobis kriteriumi - gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier miRebuli sargeblis tipi
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface from editor ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Preface from author --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List of Abbreviations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Text ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Cases (Decisions of the Supreme Court of Georgia in civil cases, From 2001) ---------------------------------- Abbreviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Legal Latin (Latin-English) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Enumerative (systematic) Bibliography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Webliography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Index -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About Author ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
miCneuli erT-erT yvelaze urRvev kavSirad, rac mmarTvelebsa da xalxs erTianobad kravs. es aris swored maT Soris interesTa Tanaziarobisa da maTi urTierTTanagrZnobis wyaro...Tu mkiTxavT: ris gamo Seikaveben Tavs warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebi da ris gamo ar SemoiReben iseT kanonebs, ranic sxvebis Cagvraze da maTs pirad sargebelze iqnebian gaTvlilni? me gipasuxebdiT: imis gamo, rom amas moiTxovs mTeli sistemis suliskveTeba, samarTlian da konstituciur kanonTa buneba; garda amisa, aseTi ram miuRebeli iqneboda im fxizeli da vaJkacuri sulisTvis...romelic Tavisuflebas asazrdoebs da TviTonac TavisuflebiT sazrdoobs.”19
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis problema dRemde arsebobs msoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebSi da gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria axali demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobas survili aqvs daamkvidros da ganaviTaros Good-Governance, - demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi.
(romlis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1787 wels a.hamiltoni werda: “mravalgzis miuniSnebiaT, TiTqosda Cvens qveyanas wilad rgebodes Tavisi qceviTa da magaliTiT gadawyvitos mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: namdvilad SeswevT Tu ara Zala adamianTa sazogadoebebs, gansjasa da arCevanze dafuZnebuli vargebuli mmarTveloba (“good government”) daamyaron, Tu erTxel da samudamod arian ganwirulni TavianTi politikuri agebuleba SemTxveviTobasa da Zalmomreobas daumonon. Tuki am miniSnebaSi aris simarTlis raRac marcvali, maSin krizisi, romelic dagvdgomia, vinZlo marTlac is dro iyos, roca es sakiTxi unda gadawydes; da Tu mcdeloba gagvicudda, maSin albaT, davimsaxurebT, kacobriobas usaSvelo Wirad veracxebodeT”20. igive sakiTxs exeboda medisoni: “kargi mmarTveloba (“a good government”) ori ramiT unda gamoirCeodes: jer erTi, igi [senati] unda iyos erTguli im miznisa, rasac xelisufleba eswrafvis; es ki sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara xalxis bedniereba. meorec, igi kargad unda erkveodes im saSualebebSi, ranic am miznis misaRwevad arian aucilebelni. zogierTi xelisufleba orive am niSans moklebulia.”21 aqve sainteresoa kanadis 1867 wlis konstituciuri aqtis IV nawili, romelic gansazRvravs parlamentis uflebamosilebebs da masSi (muxli 91) aRniSnulia: ”...dedofals eniWeba uflebamosileba, ufro meti WeSmaritebis dadgenis mizniT da ara am muxliT dadgenili zogadi debulebebis SezRudvisaTvis, senatisa da TemTa palatis rCeviTa da TanxmobiT gamosces kanonebi mSvidobis, marTlwesrigisa da kanadis kargi mmarTvelobis (“good government”) uzrunvelsayofad...”22
).
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi (1948) aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis safuZvelSi devs sami fundamenturi Rirebuleba: adamianis xelSeuxebloba, Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba. deklaraciam “...ganavrco adamianis uflebaTa platforma, riTac moicva mTeli sfero - samoqalaqo, politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebi, erTmaneTTan daakavSira isini da safuZveli daudo uflebaTa urTierTgaZlierebis tendencias.”23 adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs Soris umniSvnelovanesia mewarmeobis Tavisufleba. msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi mewarmeobis Tavisuflebis idea viTardeba saxelmwifoebrivi politikis humanizaciasTan erTad.24 saqarTvelos konstituciis (romlis preambulaSi gacxadebulia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uryevi neba, daamkvidron ekonomikuri Tavisufleba) 30-e muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom სახელმწიფო ვალდებულია ხელი შეუწყოს თავისუფალი მეწარმეობის განვითარებას. analogiuri debuleba mocemulia msoflios mravali qveynis konstituciaSi, maT Soris daniis, espaneTis da rumineTis konstituciebSi. daniis 1953 wlis 5 ivnisis konstituciuri kanonis 74-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT: “samewarmeo saqmianobisadmi Tavisufali da Tanaswori xelmisawvdomobis nebismieri SezRudva, Tu is ar emsaxureba sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis miznebs, saxelmwifos mier unda aRmoifxvras.”25 espaneTis samefos 1978 wlis 27 dekembris konstituciis 38-e muxlSi mewarmeobis Tavisufleba aRiarebulia sabazro ekonomikis farglebSi: “saxelmwifo organoebi uzrunvelyofen da icaven mis ganxorcielebas, agreTve uzrunvelyofen warmoebis dacvas saerTo ekonomikuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad da, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, dagegmvis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.”26
Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba
1890 wels gamocemul “ekonomikis principebSi” a.marSali ekonomikas ganmartavda, rogorc mecnierebas adamianis yoveldRiuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb: “Economics is a study of men as they live and move and think in the ordinary business of life”.
biznesi da samarTali
30 daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg marSaliseul ganmartebas aRfrTovanebiT xvdeba profesori g.menqiu: “...es ganmarteba dResac iseve WeSmaritad JRers, rogorc 1890-Si, marSalis wignis pirveli gamocemis wels JRerda”.31 gasuli saukunis moazrovne, filosofosi m.fuko, ganixilavda ra evropuli azrovnebis ZiriTad etapebs XVI saukunidan XX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde, aRniSnavda, rom klasikur epoqaSi codnis mwyobrSi ar arsebobda gageba “warmoeba”,32 xolo “monetisa da fasis klasikuri Teoria istoriuli praqtikis mTel manZilze iqmneboda”.33 msjelobda ra iseT sakiTxebze, rogoric aris simdidris analizi, moneta da fasi, merkantilizmi, girao da fasi, Rirebulebis Seqmna, sargebeli da a.S. aRniSnavda, rom XVI saukuneSi ekonomikuri azri moicva fasis da monetis bunebis problemebma,34 xolo XVII-XVIII saukuneSi adamianebi simdidreze, bunebaze da enaze ise fiqrobdnen, rom ar iTvaliswinebdnen wina epoqebis memkvidreobas.35 rac Seexeba XIX saukunis dasawyiss, maSin Seiqmna codnis imgvari dispozicia, sadac erTdroulad warmoCinda ekonomikis istoriuloba warmoebis formebTan mimarTebaSi da adamianuri arsebobis sasruloba dovlaTis ukmarisobasa da SromasTan mimarTebaSi.36 amgvarad franguli filosofiis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli Taviseburad axasiaTebs XVI-XIX saukuneebis evropuli azrovnebis ZiriTad etapebs da ganmartavs, rom “ekonomika im sakmaod orazrovani refleqsiebisaken gvabrunebs, romelTac SeiZleba anTropologiuri vuwodoT”. misTvis homo oeconomicus (Segnebuli da racionaluri subieqti37) aris sasruli arseba, romlis sicocxle xmardeba saarsebo saSualebaTa mopovebas: “ekonomika SesabamisobaSia adamianuri modgmis biologiur TvisebebTan, romelsac, rogorc rikardos Tanamedrove malTusma aRniSna, aqvs mudmivi swrafva zrdisaken, Tu amas raime saSualeba an iZuleba ar daabrkolebs”.38
anglo-saqsonuri terminologiiT valrasis zogadi wonasworobis Teoria warmoadgens).39
ekonomikis profesori m.blogi (M.Blaug) ekonomikas (ing.economics, berZnuli sityvidan οἰκονομία [oikonomia] οἶκος saxli da νόμος, Cveuleba, samarTali) ganmartavs, rogorc socialur mecnierebas, romelic “analyzes and describes the consequences of choices made concerning scarce productive resources. It is the study of how individuals and societies choose to employ those resources: what goods and services will be produced, how they will be produced, and how they will be distributed among the members of society”.40
amgvarad, saukuneTa manZilze mecnierebi swavloben ekonomikis funqcionirebisa da regulirebis kanonzomierebebs. paralelurad viTardeboda da ixveweboda politikur-samarTlebrivi moZRvrebani, xolo kanonmdeblis gadawyvetilebebi saboloo jamSi, gadamwyvet rols asrulebda ekonomikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. a.smiTis (1723-1790), d.rikardos (1772-1823), s.jevonsis (1835-1882), l.valrasis (1834-1910), k.mengeris (1840-1921), a.marSalis (1842-1924) da j.m.keinsis (1883-1946) paralelurad moRvaweobdnen S.l.monteskie (1680-1755), avtori umniSvnelovanesi naSromisa “kanonTa sulis Sesaxeb” (daiwera 1749 wels, masSi monteskie asabuTebs, rom kanonebi unda Seesabamebodes qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas); C.bekaria (1783-1794), romlis naSromSi “danaSaulTa da sasjelTa Sesaxeb” (1764) mocemulia msjeloba universaluri adamianuri Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb; ekonomikuri da politikuri TanasworobisTvis mebrZoli da kerZo sakuTrebis sastiki mowinaaRmdege f.n.babefi (1760-1797); Tanamedroveobis udidesi filosofosebi, ი.კანტი (1724-1804) da ფ.ჰეგელი (1770-1831); უტილიტარიზმის თეორიის ფუძემდებელი ი.ბენტამი (1748-1832), g.hugo (1764-1844), romelic upiratesobas aniWebda adaTobriv samarTals, g.f.puxta (1798-1846), k.savini (1779-1861), a.tibo (1772-1840), ინგლისელი ლიბერალისტი ჯ.ს.მილი (1806-1873), ავტორი ნაშრომისა „პოლიტიკური ეკონომიის საფუძვლები“, პროფესორები რ.ფ.იერინგი (1818-1892) და გ.ელინეკი (1851 -1911). sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT maT naazrevs da Tvalwin warmogvidgeba kacobriobis ganviTarebis uzustesi suraTi. საბოლოო ჯამში, ეკონომიკური, სოციალური da kulturuli უფლებები aRiarebul iqna, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa Semadgeneli nawili, rasac win uZRoda adamianis uflebaTa yvela kategoriis urTierTadmokidebulebis aRiareba da Semdgom ukve socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis samarTlebrivi bunebis problemis kvleva. ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis dacvis arsebuli sistemis sust mxareebTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikur uflebaTa ganviTarebis maregulirebel saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaTa ZiriTad xarvezad miiCneva “mravali uflebis bundovani formulireba” (p.alstoni).41
dakavebis msxverpli am muxlis debulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, eqneba ufleba kompensaciaze”.82 evropis sabWo, konvenciis da oqmebis qarTuli versia (seqtemberi, 2003w.) - “yvelas, vinc am muxlis moTxovnaTa darRveviT daakaves an daapatimres, aqvs kompensaciis qmediTi ufleba”. koreqtirebuli Targmani (oficialuri qarTuli Targmani, 2006w.) - “yvelas, vinc aris dakavebis an dapatimrebis msxverpli am muxlis debulebaTa darRvevis gamo, aqvs kompensaciis miRebis ufleba”.83 k.korkelia, i.qurdaZe (2004w.) - “yvelas, vinc aris dakavebis, an dapatimrebis msxverpli am muxlis debulebaTa darRveviT, aqvs kompensaciis ufleba”.84 k.korkelia, n.mWedliZe, a.nalbandovi (2005w.) - “yvelas, vinc aris dakavebis, an dapatimrebis msxverpli am muxlis debulebaTa darRveviT, aqvs aRsrulebadi ufleba kompensaciaze”.85 European Acts on Human Rights (1999) - “Everyone who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this article shall have an enforceable right to compensation”.86
Cvens mier Sedarebuli adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis me-5(5) muxlis qarTulenovani Targmanebi metad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. konvenciis teqstis Targmnisas daSvebuli Secdomebi mxolod 2006 wels gamosworda. saWiroa saqarTvelos parlamentma gadaxedos sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebis, SeTanxmebebis da konvenciebis qarTulenovan Targmans, radgan maTi umravlesoba agreTve koreqtirebas saWiroebs. am mizniT metad sasurvelia TanamSromloba specializirebul avtoritetul organizaciebTan, rogoric aris, magaliTad TransLegal (Europe’s leading firm of lawyer-linguists).87
ABBREVIATIONS AACA-American Alliance of Creditor Attorneys AALA-American Agricultural Law Associations AALL-American Association of Law Libraries AGM-Annual General Meeting ASEAN-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,i
ATM-Automated teller machine BBB-Better Business Bureau BIMCO-The Baltic and International Maritime Council ii
BSEC-Black Sea Economic Co-operation
BIS-Bank for International Settlements
BSA-Bilateral Swap Agreements CAC-Central Asian Commonwealth CACO-Central Asian Cooperation Organization CAEU-Central Asian Economic Union /1998-dan: CAEC - Central Asian Economic Cooperation/ CAP-Common Agricultural Policy CASE-Centre for Social and Economic Cooperation CCEC-Coordinating Committee on Electronic Commerce CCFICS-Codex Committee on Food Import and Export CEFTA-Central European Free Trade Agreement CERN-European Organization for Nuclear Research CIBER-Center for International Business Education and Research (USA) CIS-Commonwealth of Independent States CISG-UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna 1980) CSC-Card Security Code EAEC-East Asia Economic Caucus (an EAEG-East Asia Economic Group) EBRD-European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECB-European Central Bank ECCC- European Community Custom Code ECU- European Currency Unit EEC-European Economic Community EFSA-European Food Safety Authority EFTA- European Free Trade Assotiation EGM- Extraordinary General Meeting EMI- European Monetary Institute EMS- European Monetary System EMU- Economic and Monetary Union ESCAP-United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pasific ESCWA- United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EurAsEC /an EAEC/-Eurasian Economic Community FAO-Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations FTA-Free Trade Agreement FTC-Federal Tax Code GATS-General Agreement on Trade in Services
imsoflio qveynebis klasifikatoris a.3 cxrilSi qveynis dasaxeleba qarTul enaze (ix.saqarTvelos erovnuli klasifikatori, saqarTvelos standartizaciis, metrologiisa da sertifikaciis saxelmwifo departamenti; informacia klasifikatorebis Sesaxeb - www.gnims.caucasus.net/clasificators.htm) mocemulia amgvarad: “mianma”, inglisur enaze: “Myanmar (Burma)”, xolo qveynis sruli dasaxeleba - qveynebis dasaxelebaTa CamonaTvalsa da maT kodebSi: “mianmis kavSiri.” iiბალტიის საერთაშორისო საზღვაო კონფერენცია - საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაცია, რომელიც აერთიანებს გემთმფლობელებს, ბროკერებს, გემის აგენტებს; ქმნის და ამტკიცებს საზღვაო გადაზიდვების უნიფიცირებულ ფორმებს, კონოსამენტებსა და სხვა საზღვაო კომერციულ დოკუმენტებს. BIMCO აღიარებულია მსოფლიოს ყველა არბიტრაჟის მიერ. საზღვაო-კომერციული შეთანხმების შედგენისას აუცილებელია მისი დოკუმენტებით ხელმძღვანელობა.
Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba
GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade GNP-Gross National Product GSP-Generalised System of Preferences GUUAM-Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova).iii
Harvard Int. L.R.-Harvard International Law Review
HS-Harmonised Commodity Description HTS-Harmonised Tariff Schedule ICC-International Chamber of Commerce ICT-Information and Communication Technologies IDP-Internally Displaced Person IATA-International Air Transport Association IBL-International Banking Law IFAD-International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO-International Labour Organization IMF-International Monetary Fund INCOTERMS-International Commercial Terms INOGATE-Interstate Oil and Gas Transport to Europe IFA-International Franchise Association ISIC-International Standard Industrial Classification ISO-International Organization for Standardization ITC-International Trade Centre MNE-Multinational Enterprise MNC-Multinational Corporation NTB-Non-Tariff Barriers NTR-Normal Trade Relations NYSE-New York Stock Exchange OCAC-Organization of Central Asian Cooperation OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Administration OECD-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PIL - Private International Law PREGP-Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth Program PRGF-Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (IMF) RSI- Relative Strength Index SAC-World Bank Structural Adjustment Credit TEN-Trans-European Networks TNC-Transnational Corporation TRI- Trade Restrictiveness Index TRIMs-Trade-Related Investment Measures TRIPS-Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights TRACECA-TraUNCTAD- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
nsport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia
UNCITRAL-United Nations Commission on International Trade Law UNITAR-United Nations Institute for Training and Research URCG-Uniform Rules for Contract Guarantees, ICC Publication no.325 (1978) URCB-Uniform Rules for Contract Bonds, ICC Publication no.524 (1993) URDG-Uiform Rules for Demand Guarantees, ICC Publication no.458 (1992) URL- Uiform Resource Locator USITC- United States International Trade Commission USTR-United States Trade Representative VAT-Value Added Tax WCO-World Customs Organisation WTO - World Tourism Organisation WTO - World Trade Organisation
Legal Latin Legal Latin terms, phrases, quotes, mottos and maxims with English equivalentiv
laTinuri iuridiuli terminebi, frazebi, citatebi, devizebi da sentenciebi inglisurenovani eqvivalentiT
Ab absurdo From the absurd Ab Initio From the start; from the beginning. Actus Reus A prohibited act Ad hoc For this purpose; for a specific purpose; For a particular purpose. Ad Infinitum Forever; without limit; indefinitely Ad Litem For the suit Ad fontes To the sources Affidavit “He has made an oath” Alias Otherwise Amicus curiae “Friend of the court” Animus Contrahendi An intention to contract Animus Furandi An intent to do wrong A posse ad esse From possibility to actuality A priori From what comes before Arguendo “For the sake of argument” Audi Alteram Partem “Hear the other side” A Vinculo Matrimonii Of marriage Bene Good Bona fide In good faith. i. e. well Damnum Absque Injuria Harm absent a wrong Damnum Injuria Datum Wrongful injury to the property of another De Bonis Non Assets not yet administered De facto “In fact”; as a matter of fact; something which, while not
necessarily lawful, exists in fact. De Jure Of the law Delict A civil law term which imposes liability on a person who causes
injury to another, or for injury caused by a person or thing under his custody
De minimis “Concerning minimal things” Dominion Utile The property rights of a tenant Dominium Directum Qualified ownership of a land: not having possession or use
of property but retaining ownership Duces Tecum bring with you Emptio (emtio) Latin for 'purchase' or referring to the contract in which
something is bought. Et alii (Semokl. varianti - et al.) And others Et cetera (Semokl. varianti - etc.) And other things of the same kind Ex Aequo Et Bono “In justice and fairness” Exceptio Non Adimpleti Contractus Exception of a non-performed contract Exempli gratia (abr. - e.g.)
For example; "for instance"
Ex officio “By right of office” an “by virtue of one’s office or position” Ex post facto “After the fact” Ex Juris “Outside of the jurisdiction”
ivwyaro: The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations, Jon R. Stone, 2005 (ix.http://www.scribd.com/doc/31398454/Dictionary-of-Latin-Quotations) Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000; Collins English Dictionary, 2003; Random House Dictionary, 2010; Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 1856 Edition (ix.http://www.constitution.org) agreTve: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com
Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba
Ex Parte “Outside the awareness of a party” Ex Patriate A person who has abandoned his or her country of origin and
citizenship and has become a subject or citizen of another country Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius
The expression of one thing is the exclusion of the other
Ex relatione (abr.Ex Rel-Tvis) “On the relation of” Ex Turpi Causa Non Oritur Actio Of an illegal cause there can be no lawsuit Ibidem (Semokl. varianti - ibid.) In the same place (book, etc.)
Used to avoid repeating the name of a male, or female author (sqolioSi, bibliografiaSi da sxv.)
Id est (abr. - i.e.) “That is” an "in other words" Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat “Ignorance of the law is no excuse” Infra “Below” (is distinguished from supra, Latin for “above”) Inter alia “Among other things” Inter alios “Among others” Inter Partes Between parties Inter Se As between or amongst themselves
Inter Vivos From one living person to another living person In Toto In total Intuitu Personae Because of the person In Pari Delicto Both parties are equally at fault In Personam Regarding a person; a right, action, or entitlement that is attached
to a specific person In rem Regarding a thing; proprietary in nature; a right or judgment
related to the use or ownership of an item of property. Intra vires “Within limited powers” Ipso facto By that very fact itself
Jure By right, under legal authority of the law Jus ex injuria non oritur A legal right or entitlement cannot arise from an unlawful act or
omission Lacuna Denotes an instance when there is no controlling law Lex causae law of the cause Lex fori Latin for the law of the forum Lex loci, rei sitae The law of the place where the thing is situated Lex mercatoria (mercatoris) Law merchant Lex non scripta The unwritten law; the common or custom law. Lex ratio summa or Lex summa ratio
Law is the highest reason
Lex Scripta Written law; statutes Lex Situs A conflict of law rule that selects the applicable law based
on the venue or location of something Lex terrae The law of the land Lex uno ore omnes alloquitur. I versia - “The law speaks with one mouth to all”;
II versia - “Everyone is equal before the law”. Locus classicus "The most authoritative or most frequently cited passage." Locus in quo The place in which Locus sigilli, l.s., L.S. Place of/for the seal Mala fides Bad faith Mobilia sequuntur personam, immobilia situa
Movables follow the person, immovables their locality
Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba
Modus operandi Method of operation Mutatis mutandis “With those things having been changed which need to be
changed”; with changes on points of detail Necessitas indicit privilegium quoad jura privata
From necessity spring privileges upon private rights
Nemo debet locupletari ex aliena jactura
No one should be enriched by another's loss
Non est factum Latin for not his deed and a special defense in contract law to allow a person to avoid having to respect a contract that smb. signed because of certain reasons such as a mistake as to the kind of contract.
Nudum pactum An empty pact; a contract for which there is no consideration Obiter dicta igivea, rac "said by the way" an a “statement in passing” Oco citato, (Semokl. varianti - loc. cit.; l.c.)
In the place already cited; e.g. Smith, loc.cit. (gamoiyeneba sqolioSi)
Pacta sunt servanda Agreements must be kept Pari delicto Latin for of equal fault Per annum (abr. - p.a.) Through a year; per year Per diem "Per day" an "for each day" Per se “By itself” Persona non grata "An unwelcome person" Pia causa Charitable purposes Pollicitation Civil law: an offer which has not been accepted Pro bono (Pro bono publico) "For the public good"; Provided at no cost to the interested party Prima facie At first sight Pro forma “As a matter of form” Pro hac vice “For this occasion” an "for this event", "for this turn." Pro possessore A person who holds something only as possessor, not necessarily
as owner Pro rata “Proportionally”; "in proportion" an “proportional” Pro se "On one's own behalf" (aRniSnavs iseT situacias, rodesac pirs ar
hyavs sasamarTloSi warmomadgeneli, mag., advokati: “he proceeded as pro se
defendant“...); "Litigant in Person" (inglisSi da uelsSi) Pro socio On behalf of a partnership Quantum Amount or extent Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se Person who acts through another, acts himself Quid pro quo “Something for something” Quicquid Plantatur Solo, Solo Cedit
Whatever is planted in the ground, belongs to the ground
Rebus Sic Stantibus changed circumstances Reddendum That part of a lease which sets out the amount of rent and
when it is payable Res gestae things done Res ipsa loquitur "The thing speaks for itself” Res judicata Finally decided; already subject to judicial determination Res nulis Nobody’s property Respondeat superior Let the principal answer Restitutio in integrum Restitution to the original position Retraxit A withdrawal of a legal action Salus populi est suprema lex The welfare of an individual yields to that of the community Sic Thus Sic Utera Tuo Ut Alienam Non Laedas
Use your property in such a fashion so as to not disturb others
Sine qua non without which, not
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Situs Location Stare decisis “To stand by things decided” (“To depart usual rule of stare decisis”...) Sui generis Of its own kind Sui juris one's own law Tenendum To be held. In law, that part of a contract in which an interest in
real property is created that sets out the extent or limitations of that interest.
Uberrimae fidei Of the utmost good faith Ubi jus ibi remedium For every wrong, the law provides a remedy Ultra petita Beyond that which is sought Ultra vires “Beyond the legal powers of a person (body)”; “without
authority”. (Sead. Intra vires) Use Trust Usufruct The rights to the product of another's property Usury Excessive (illegal) interest rate Venditio A sale Venditio Bonorum Sale of goods Verba Fortius Accipiuntur Contra Proferentem
A contract is interpreted against the person who wrote it
Verbatim “Word by word” an “exactly”. Versus (Semokl. varianti - vs. an v.(sasamarTlo saqmeTa citirebisas)
Against
Videlicet (abrev.Viz) As follows; That is; namely. Used to introduce examples, lists, or items.
Vide infra (abr. - v.i.) See below Vide supra (abr. - v.s.) See above Vigilantibus Et Non Dormientibus Jura Subveniunt
“The law assists those that are vigilant with their rights, and not those that sleep thereupon”
Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba
- Recommendation on the Legal Value of Computer Records (1985) - UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) with Guide to Enactment, with additional article 5 bis as adopted in 1998
- UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures with Guide to Enactment (2001) - United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (2005)
- Promoting confidence in electronic commerce: legal issues on international use of electronic authentication and signature methods (2007)
- UNIDROIT Convention on Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities (Geneva, 2009) - Luxembourg Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to Railway Rolling Stock (Luxembourg, 2007)
- Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment (Cape Town, 2001) - Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment (Cape Town, 2001)
- UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (Rome, 1995) - UNIDROIT Convention on International Factoring (Ottawa, 1988) - UNIDROIT Convention on International Financial Leasing (Ottawa, 1988) - Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods (Geneva, 1983) - Convention providing a Uniform Law on the Form of an International Will (Washington, D.C., 1973)
- International Convention on Travel Contracts (Brussels, 1970) - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (The Hague, 1964)
- Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (The Hague, 1964) - Model Franchise Disclosure Law (2002) - UNIDROIT Model Law on Leasing (2008) - UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts - ALI / UNIDROIT Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure - Convention on the law applicable to international sales of goods (The Hague, 1955) - Convention on the law governing transfer of title in international sales of goods (The Hague, 1958) - Convention on the jurisdiction of the selected forum in the case of international sales of goods (The Hague, 1958)
- Convention concerning the recognition of the legal personality of foreign companies, associations and institutions(The Hague, 1956)
- Convention on the Law Applicable to Products Liability (The Hague, 1973) - Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition (The Hague, 1985) - Convention on Choice of Court Agreements (The Hague, 2005).
-საქართველოს ადმინისტრაციულ სამართალდარღვევათა კოდექსი 1993
-საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის კანონი საქართველოს მოქალაქეობის შესახებ 1994 -saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb 1995 -saqarTvelos konstitucia -საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის კანონი საავტომობილო ტრანსპორტის შესახებ -saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni Tamasuqis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni Cekis Sesaxeb 1996
-saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni საინვესტიციო საქმიანობის ხელშეწყობისა და გარანტიების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni სასოფლო-სამეურნეო დანიშნულების მიწის საკუთრების შესახებ -საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის კანონი საზღვარგარეთის ქვეყნებისა და კომპანიებისათვის კონცესიების გაცემის წესის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni პროდუქციის და მომსახურების სერტიფიკაციის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni საქართველოს ტერიტორიაზე ნავთობის ტრანსპორტირების ზოგიერთი საშუალების მშენებლობის, ფუნქციონირების, მომსახურების, შეკეთებისა და ექსპლუატაციის და ამ საშუალებებით ნავთობის იმპორტის, ტრანსპორტირების, შენახვისა და ექსპორტის სამართლებრივი პრინციპების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni იძულებით გადაადგილებულ პირთა - დევნილთა შესახებ 1997
-saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi -saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi The Civil Code of Georgia (contains legislative amendments through May 31, 2001). Translated by I.Gabriadze. Tbilisi 2001.
Das Zivilgesetzbuch Georgiens, vom 26.06.1997. Deutsche Übersetzung von Dr. M.Mandshgaladze. Tbilisi 2001. prof. r.kniperisa da prof. l.Wanturias winasityvaobiT. -saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi -saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni dazRvevis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni საქართველოს საერთაშორისო ხელშეკრულებების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ტურიზმისა და კურორტების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni საქართველოში შემოსული და საქართველოდან გასული ტურისტების აღრიცხვის მოწესრიგების შესახებ -საქართველოს ორგანული კანონი საზოგადოებრივი საჭიროებისათვის გადაუდებელი აუცილებლობისას საკუთრების ჩამორთმევის წესის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni აუცილებელი საზოგადოებრივი საჭიროებისათვის საკუთრების ჩამორთმევის წესის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos teritoriaze narCenebis tranzitisa da importis Sesaxeb
Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba
1998 -saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni pesticidebisa da agroqimikatebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni vazisa da Rvinis Sesaxeb 1999 -saqarTvelos kanoni saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb -საქართველოს საპატენტო კანონი -saqarTvelos kanoni sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni ინტეგრალური მიკროსქემის ტოპოლოგიის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni საქონლის ადგილწარმოშობის დასახელებისა და გეოგრაფიული აღნიშვნის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ინტელექტუალურ საკუთრებასთან დაკავშირებულ სასაზღვრო ღონისძიებათა შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni სასაქონლო ბირჟებისა და საბირჟო ვაჭრობის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni sursaTisa da Tambaqos Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni navTobisa da gazis Sesaxeb 2000 -saqarTvelos kanoni samSeneblo saqmianobis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni adamianis organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb 2001 -saqarTvelos kanoni samewarmeo saqmianobis kontrolis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni კულტურულ ფასეულობათა საზღვარგარეთ გატანისა და საქართველოში შემოტანის შესახებ 2002 -saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebebis - sakredito kavSirebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni სალიზინგო საქმიანობის ხელშეწყობის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni mefutkreobis Sesaxeb 2003 -saqarTvelos kanoni salicenzio da sanebarTvo mosakreblebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni თამბაქოს ნაწარმით ვაჭრობის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni უკანონო შემოსავლის ლეგალიზაციის აღკვეთის ხელშეწყობის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTveloSi Tambaqos kontrolis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb
2005 -saqarTvelos kanoni licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni თავისუფალი ვაჭრობისა და კონკურენციის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni ელექტრონული კომუნიკაციების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni regulirebis safasuris Sesaxeb
Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba
-saqarTvelos kanoni mkacri aRricxvis formebis Sesaxeb 2006 -saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni mikrosafinanso organizaciebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni ინვესტიციების სახელმწიფო მხარდაჭერის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ცხოველთა ახალი ჯიშების დაცვის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni mcenareTa axali jiSebis dacvis Sesaxeb 2007 -saqarTvelos kanoni გადახდისუუნარობის საქმის წარმოების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ტრანსპორტის სფეროს მართვისა და რეგულირების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ფიზიკური და კერძო სამართლის იურიდიული პირების მფლობელობაში (სარგებლობაში) არსებულ მიწის ნაკვეთებზე საკუთრების უფლების აღიარების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ბინათმესაკუთრეთა ამხანაგობის შესახებ 2008 -saqarTvelos kanoni okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb 2009 -saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni arbitraJis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni სახელმწიფო საკუთრებაში არსებული ქონების სარგებლობაში გადაცემის შესახებ (Zaladakargulia saqarTvelos 2010 wlis 21 ivlisis #3512 kanoniT) 2010 -saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi -საქართველოს კანონი საქართველოს კონტროლის პალატის შესახებ -საქართველოს კანონი ტექნიკური საფრთხის კონტროლის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni dizainis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb (2010 wlis 21 ivlisis #3512 kanoni)
saqarTvelos kanoni saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni qobuleTis Tavisufali turistuli zonis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb საქართველოს კანონი საინფორმაციო ტექნოლოგიური ზონების შესახებ
LEGAL ACTS
- German Civil Code. ix.www.bundesrecht.juris.de/englisch_bgb/index.html - The Fiscal Code of Germany. ix.www.bundesrecht.juris.de/Teilliste_translations.html - Act on Digital Signature (Gesetz zur digitalen Signatur) (1997) Federal Law Gazette (Bundesgesetzblatt) 1997 I 1872 ix.www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/SiG.htm#ToC16 - California Commercial Code. ix.www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html - California Corporations Code. ix.www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html - Civil Code of Québec. ix.http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/accueil.asp
НОРМАТИВНЫЕ АКТЫ - Закон Украины о Международном Частном Праве (2005). - Гражданский кодекс Республики Казахстан (1999). - Гражданский кодекс Республики Армения (1998). - Гражданский кодекс (ГК РФ) (1994). - Закон Республики Казахстан от 02.04.2001 N 173-2 об амнистии граждан Республики Казахстан в связи с легализацией ими денег.
- Закон Республики Казахстан от 5 июля 2006 года № 157-III ЗРК об амнистии в связи с легализацией имущества.
- p.samuelsoni, v.nordhausi, ekonomiksi. ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. Tbilisi 1992. - j. f. stenleiki, ekonomiksi damwyebTaTvis. Tbilisi 1995. - T.Sengelia, biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi 2008 (nawili I, II). - ekonomikuri Teoria, Tbilisi 2001. - z.gabisonia, sainvesticio davis monawile iuridiul pirTa iurisdiqcia, Tbilisi 2002. - z.gabisonia, qarTuli saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, Tbilisi 2006. - z.gabisonia, უცხო ქვეყნის იურიდიულ პირთა უფლებაუნარიანად აღიარების პრობლემა. ჟურნალი “სამართალი“, #2, 2002.
- z.gabisonia, EWIV - evropis axali tipis iuridiuli piri. ჟურნალი “სამართალი“, 2001. - z.როგავა, გადასახადები, საგადასახადო სისტემა და საგადასახადო სამართალი. Tbilsi 2002.
- T.liluaSvili, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali. Tbilisi 2001. - კ.ცვაიგერტი, ჰ.კოტცი, შედარებითი სამართალმცოდნეობის შესავალი კერძო სამართლის სფეროში (ორტომეული). თბილისი 2001.
- ლ.იზორია, კ.კორკელია, კ.კუბლაშვილი, გ.ხუბუა, საქართველოს კონსტიტუციის კომენტარები: ადამიანის ძირითადი უფლებანი და თავისუფლებანი. თბილისი 2005.
- a.barnevici, investiciebi saqarTveloSi - samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi; qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva - მეოთხე kvartali, 1998 წელი.
- ა.ბარნევიცი, ადგილობრივი მრეწველობის დაცვა მსოფლიო სავაჭრო ორგანიზაციის უსაფრთხოების ზომების შესახებ შეთანხმების საფუძველზე; qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva - მესამე kvartali, 1999 wეli.
- პ.ხოტენაშვილი, საბანკო (დამოუკიდებელ) გარანტიათა ზოგიერთი საკითხი ეროვნული კანონმდებლობისა და საერთაშორისო კერძო სამართლის მიხედვით. qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, 6 #2-3, 2003.
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ЛИТЕРАТУРА - Р.Гуд, Руководство к унифицированным правилам для гарантий по требованию, 1999. - Покровский И.А. История Римского Права. Издание 3-е, исправленное и дополненное. 1917. ix.www.allpravo.ru/library/doc2527p/instrum3503/
- Л.Григорьев, Работать на экономику страны, Ноябрь 2005. ix.http://sr.fondedin.ru/new/admin/print.php?id=1132298769&archive=1132299029
- Постатейный комментарий к Закону Республики Казахстан “об амнистии в связи с легализацией имущества» от 5 июля 2006 года № 157-III. ix. www7.zakon.kz/site_main_news/73658-zakon-respubliki-kazakhstan-ot-5-ijulja.html
- Н.С.Касьяненко, Недружественные поглощения (рейдерство) организаций в России. Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2009. №2(140). Экономика. Вып.18. С.119-124. www.lib.csu.ru/vch/140/019.pdf Сводъ Законовъ Россiйской Имперiи, в пяти книгахъ, С.-Петербургъ, 1912.
ix.www.civil.consultant.ru - Доклад о торговле и развитии, 2007 год. Организация Объединенных Наций.
leqsikonebi
- didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, or tomad, londoni 2006. - s.jorbenaZe, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tbilisi 1998. - inglisur-qarTuli iuridiuli leqsikoni, II gamocema; profesorebis, l.Wanturias da vl.papavas saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi 2002.
- qarTul-franguli da frangul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Semdgeneli n.qeraSvili. Tbilisi 2007.
- Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisi 2003. . DICTIONARIES - A Law Dictionary, by Henry Campbell Black, M.A. Second Edition; Union, New Jersey 1995. - Dictionary of Jurisprudence, by J.J.S. Wharton; London MDCCCXLVIII/1848. - The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition, 2008. Bouvier's Law Dictionary,
1856 Edition, ix.http://www.constitution.org/bouv/bouvier_l.htm - A Smaller Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mithology and Geography, by Sir William Smith,
D.C.L. & LL.D. Twenty-fifth edition. London 1893 (saqarTveloSi wigni xelmisawvdomia prezident T.ruzveltis saxelobis biblioTekaSi (Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library at Georgia-USA Strategic Collaboration and Good Governance Foundation)
- ENCYCLO - Online Enciclopedia - http://www.encyclo.co.uk - The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary - http://www.merriam-webster.com - Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 1856 Edition - Oxford Dictionary of Law, Fifth Edition, Edited by E.A.Martin, gv.382. Oxford University Press,
2003.
СЛОВАРЬИ - Русско-Немецкий Словар, под редакцией А.А.Лепинга. Издание двадцать четвертое.
Москва 1974.
- Англо-Русский Словар, составил В.К.Мюллер. Изд.10-е, Москва 1963.
- Англо-Русский Словар, составил В.К.Мюллер. Изд.17-е, Москва 1978.
- Словари и энциклопедии на Академике - www.dic.academic.ru
damatebiTi E-masala (Additional E-reading)
Oxford University Comparative Law Forum - Codification of Private Law in Scotland: Observations by a Civil Lawyer - Andreas Rahmatian: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/rahmatian.shtml#a
- Juxtaposing BTE and ATE: the Role of the European Insurance Industry in Funding Civil Litigation - Willem H. van Boom: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/vanboom.shtml
- The Case for Market for Corporate Control in Korea - Hwa-Jin Kim: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/kim2.shtml
- Unjust Factors or Restitution of Transfers Sine Causa - Duncan Sheehan: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/sheehan.shtml#fn0anc
- The New German Law of Obligations Historical and Comparative Perspectives - Reinhard Zimmermann: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/zimmermann_summary.shtml
- The German Civil Code and the Development of Private Law in Germany - Reinhard Zimmermann: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/zimmermann.shtml
- The search for a medieval Lex mercatoria - by Albrecht Cordes: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/cordes.shtml#fn1anc
- Critical Approaches in Comparative Law - by Iain Stewart: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/stewart.shtml#fn1anc
- The German Act to Modernize the Law of Obligations in the Context of Common Principles and Structures of the Law of Obligations in Europe - Peter Schlechtriem: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/schlechtriem2.shtml#fn2sym
- Restitution for Wrongs: a Comparative Analysis - by Francesco Giglio: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/giglio.shtml#fn*anc
The New York Times Collections: (wyaro: http://www.nytimes.com) - Kazakhs Given Tax Amnesty In Move to Bring Money Home by B.Brauer. Published: June 15, 2001
- Tax-Amnesty Revenues Coming Up Short, McCall Says. Published: March 15, 1997. - Strategies; A New York State Tax Amnesty, but Not for New Yorkers by J.M.Rosen. Published: November 05, 1994.
- Metro Briefing | New Jersey: Trenton: Tax Amnesty Advances By Steve Strunsky (NYT) (Compiled by Anthony Ramirez) Published: March 05, 2002.
- Lawmakers in New Jersey Move on Tax Amnesty Plan by L.Mansnerus. Published: December 21, 2001.
- Albany to Offer Tax Amnesty by M.Wilson. Published: November 19, 2002. - Briefing: Taxes; Amnesty Results by K.DeMasters. Published: January 05, 2003. - Newark Offers Tax Amnesty by T.Pristin. Published: December 07, 1996. - A Third Tax Amnesty Is a Bad Idea. Published: December 30, 2001. - New Jersey Opinion; Why Tax Amnesty is Fair, Equitable and of Benefit to All by CH.Hardwick (Republican of the 21st district (The Speaker of the Assembly).
- Gas Drilling Technique Is Labeled Violation by Tom Zeller Jr. Published: January 31, 2011 - Small-Business Guide - Intellectual Property by Darren Dahl. Published: August 5, 2009 - Small-Business Guide - Managing an Online Reputation By Kermit Pattison. Published: July 29, 2009
*** - Kazakh tax amnesty nets twelfth of GDP by O.Auyezov, Reuters, 13 August 2007
(wyaro: http://prosites-kazakhembus.homestead.com). - Government Claims Success in Kazakhstan Capital Amnesty by A.Zaslavsky (July 22, 2001)
(wyaro: http://www.eurasianet.org).
vebografia/vebliografia WEBOGRAPHY/WEBLIOGRAPHY
Selected Internet Sites for Legal Information
www.cisg.law.pace.edu www.lexmercatoria.org www.wto.org www.wipo.org www.gcci.ge www.uncitral.org www.tldb.uni-koeln.de/ - CENTRAL's Transnational Law Digest & Bibliography (TLDB), the world's first online knowledge & codification platform for transnational commercial law. www.trans-lex.org - a free research and codification platform for transnational law. www.archive.org www.gutenberg.org - Project Gutenberg. www.lexadin.nl/wlg - The World Law Guide. www.iuscomp.org - The Comparative Law Society. http://resourcehelp.com/law_search.htm - Legal research engine. http://www.findlaw.com http://web.lawcrawler.com/ - Legal research site. http://gsulaw.gsu.edu/metaindex/ - Links to other legal sites. http://www.lawnewsnetwork.com/ - Legal news. http://www.thomas.loc.gov - U.S. Congress. http://www.loc.gov - Library of Congress.
ix.The Federalist No.57, The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation; New York Packet; Tuesday, February 19, 1788 [James Madison]; http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa57.htm “...[the House of Representatives] can make no law which will not have its full operation on themselves and their friends, as well as on the great mass of the society. This has always been deemed one of the strongest bonds by which human policy can connect the rulers and the people together. It creates between them that communion of interests and sympathy of sentiments...If it be asked, what is to restrain the House of Representatives from making legal discriminations in favor of themselves and a particular class of the society? I answer: the genius of the whole system; the nature of just and constitutional laws; and above all, the vigilant and manly spirit which...nourishes freedom, and in return is nourished by it.” ix.“federalisti”, #57, 1788w. 19 Tebervali, medisoni (aleqsandre hamiltonTan erTad). qarTulenovani Targmani: federalisti, a.hamiltonis, j.medisonis, j.jeis politikuri eseebi. Tbilisi - 2008. gv.319. aqve vkiTxulobT: “If this spirit shall ever be so far debased as to tolerate a law not obligatory on the legislature, as well as on the people, the people will be prepared to tolerate any thing but liberty” (“Tu es suli odesme im zomamde Seiryvneba, rom Tundac erT iseT kanons moiTmens, romelic arafrad argia arc kanonmdeblobas da arc xalxs, maSin xalxi mzad iqneba yvelaferi Seiwynaros, garda Tavisuflebisa”). 20
ix.The Federalist No.1, General Introduction For the Independent Journal; Author: Alexander Hamilton. October 27, 1787; http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_01.html “It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force. If there be any truth in the remark, the crisis at which we are arrived may with propriety be regarded as the era in which that decision is to be made; and a wrong election of the part we shall act may, in this view, deserve to be considered as the general misfortune of mankind.” ix.“federalisti”, #1, 1787w. 27 oqtomberi, hamiltoni. qarTulenovani Targmani: federalisti, a.hamiltonis, j.medisonis, j.jeis politikuri eseebi. Tbilisi - 2008. gv.7. 21
ix.The Federalist No.62, The Senate; Independent Journal; Wednesday, February 27, 1788 [James Madison]; http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa62.htm “A good government implies two things: first, fidelity to the object of government, which is the happiness of the people; secondly, a knowledge of the means by which that object can be best attained. Some governments are deficient in both these qualities”. ix.“federalisti”, #62, 1788w. 27 Tebervali, medisoni. qarTulenovani Targmani: federalisti, a.hamiltonis, j.medisonis, j.jeis politikuri eseebi. Tbilisi - 2008. gv.347. 22
ix. Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982, http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/3.html “It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make Laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada...” ix.qarTulenovani Targmani: sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili III, Tbilisi 2006. gv.432. 23
ix.a.eide - “ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebi - adamianis uflebaTa Semadgeneli nawili” - ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saxelmZRvaneloSi (redaqtorebi: a.eide, k.krauze, a.rosa), Tbilisi - 2006; gv.23-24. 24Tavad termini “politika” misi Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT mravalgzisi transformaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda. platoni miiCnevda, rom politika aris adamianis mier adamianTa marTvis sfero da politika Tavisi bunebiT racionaluri da intuiciuri elementebis erTobliobaa. aristoteles azriT samarTlianoba dakavSirebulia saxelmwifosTan da politikaSi sikeTe aris samarTlianoba, romelic mTeli sazogadoebisTvis sasargebloa. Sesabamisad, politika saerTo sikeTis mosapoveblad warmarTuli saqmianobaa, misi mizania sazogado sikeTisadmi samsaxuri. ix.a.berZeniSvili, politika, rogorc socialuri movlena, “politikuris” cneba. krebuli “filosofiuri Ziebani”, tomi VI, Tbilisi 2001. gv.134-149.
muxlis oficialuri inglisurenovani versia: “§ 74 Any restraint on the free and equal access to trade, which is not based on the public interest, shall be abolished by statute.” ix.The Constitutional Act of Denmark of June 5, 1953; The Act of Succession of March 27, 1953. Published by the Folketing, Copenhagen 1999 (The text is identical with that of Fact Sheet/Denmark (010279/7) of the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. veb-gverdze: eu-oplysningen.dk/upload/application/pdf/0172b719/Constitution%20of%20Denmark.pdf 26
muxlis oficialuri inglisurenovani versia: “Section 38 Free enterprise is recognized within the framework of a market economy. The public authorities guarantee and protect its exercise and the safeguarding of productivity in accordance with the demands of the general economy and, as the case may be, of economic planning.” veb-gverdze: ix. http://www.senado.es/constitu_i/index.html 27
ix.sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili III, gv.562. rumineTis konstitucia, Targmani inglisuri enidan v.Jvaniasi. Tbilisi 2006. rumineTis konstituciis qarTulenovan Targmans erTvis mTargmnelis SeniSvna sqolioSi, rom Targmani Sesrulebulia rumineTis parlamentis deputatTa palatis oficialur veb-gverdze http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=339&idl=2 gamoqveynebuli rumineTis konstituciis inglisurenovani teqstidan. aqve minda avRniSno, rom mTargmnelis mier miTiTebul misamarTze amJamad ganTavsebulia rumineTis konstituciis teqsti, sadac ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb muxli aris ara 411-e, aramed 45-e muxli: “Economic freedom - article 45 Free access of persons to an economic activity, free enterprise, and their exercise under the law shall be guaranteed. ix. http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=2#t2c2s0a41 28
ix.m.fuko, dasax. naSromi. 29miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika da biznesi mWidrod dakavSirebuli cnebebia, maT Soris aris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba: ”ekonomika” ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre ”biznesi”...”biznesi” aris mewarmeobriv urTierTobaTa ufro konkretuli maxasiaTebeli, romelic viTardeba gansazRvrul subieqtebs Soris, individualuri da jgufuri konkurenciis safuZvelze......”ekonomika” izRudeba konkurenciis aucileblobis aRiarebiT, ”biznesisTvis” mniSvnelovania is, Tu raoden agresiuli, neitraluri an pasiuria es konkurenciuli brZola. ”ekonomika” mxolod afiqsirebs samarTlebrivi normebis arsebobas, ”biznesisTvis” isini warmoadgenen moqmedebis ZiriTad faqtors.” ix.T.Sengelia, biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi 2008 (nawili I, II). gv.31.
ix.m.abdalaZe, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da saqarTveloSi maTi mozidvis problemebi. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centris biuleteni #64, 2002 wlis ianvari. 57
ix.l.yorRanaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv.4. 58
ix.z.gabisonia, sainvesticio davis monawile iuridiul pirTa iurisdiqcia. Tb., 2002. 59
ix.The National Security Strategy (September 2002); I.Overview of America’s International Strategy. President Bush, West Point, New York, June 1, 2002.
60ix.iqve, President Bush, monterrey, Mexico, March 22, 2002.
61ix.s.rouz-akermani, korufcia da xelisufleba, Tbilisi 2002. gv.3. metad sainteresoa
akermanis Semdegi mosazreba: “korufcia amcirebs investiciebis mTel odenobas da zRudavs ucxour pirdapir investiciebs, magram is aqezebs Warb saxelmwifo infrastruqturul investiciebs (Tanzi and Davoodi 1997)”.
konstituciebi”, nawili I. Tbilisi 2008. gv.59-60. 66
ix.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, Tbilisi 1993. gv.31. 67“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” (U.S. Const., Amend. XIV. §1). 68
ix.qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, tomi VI. Tbilisi 1960. gv.281. sityva “privilegia” momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan “privilegium”.