NIGERIA An overview. Overview - History - Geography - Economics - Culture.

NIGERIANIGERIAAn overviewAn overview

OverviewOverview

- History- History

- Geography- Geography

- Economics- Economics

- Culture- Culture

History of NigeriaHistory of Nigeria

11th-19th century11th-19th centuryThe area in and around Nigeria parted into The area in and around Nigeria parted into

societiessocieties - North-central: Hausa city-state/Kingdom of - North-central: Hausa city-state/Kingdom of

Katsina,Kano, Zaria, GobirKatsina,Kano, Zaria, Gobir- North-east: Kingdom of Borno- North-east: Kingdom of Borno- South-west: Yoruba city-states/Kingdom of Ife, - South-west: Yoruba city-states/Kingdom of Ife,

Oyo, IjebuOyo, Ijebu- South: Kingdom of Benin- South: Kingdom of Benin- East: Igbo- East: Igbo

The 19th centuryThe 19th century

- slave trade -> agricultural produce - slave trade -> agricultural produce expanded from Africa to Europeexpanded from Africa to Europe

- 1861: coastal territory of Lagos became - 1861: coastal territory of Lagos became British colonyBritish colony

- until 1900: United Kingdom "conquered" - until 1900: United Kingdom "conquered" territory of (nearly) present-day Nigeriaterritory of (nearly) present-day Nigeria

The 20th centuryThe 20th century

- 1903: British forces took Sokoto- 1903: British forces took Sokoto

- 1906: UK controlled whole Nigeria- 1906: UK controlled whole Nigeria

-> 1) Lagos (Colony)-> 1) Lagos (Colony)

2) Protectorate of Southern 2) Protectorate of Southern NigeriaNigeria

3) Protectorate of Northern 3) Protectorate of Northern NigeriaNigeria

- 1914: Northern and Southern Protectorate - 1914: Northern and Southern Protectorate were merged to single territorywere merged to single territory

- 1922: legislative council was built- 1922: legislative council was built

- 1947: federal system of government - 1947: federal system of government introduced by Britainsintroduced by Britains

->3 regions: Eastern-Western-Northern->3 regions: Eastern-Western-Northern AimAim: - accomodating the interest of : - accomodating the interest of diverse ethnic groupsdiverse ethnic groups -reconcile tensions-reconcile tensions

- 1951: ministerial government introduced- 1951: ministerial government introduced

- 1954: self-governing - 1954: self-governing

ProblemProblem: conflicting demands for autonomy : conflicting demands for autonomy and central governmentand central government

SolutionSolution: federal government + regional : federal government + regional autonomyautonomy

-> 1. October 1960: -> 1. October 1960: Federation of NigeriaFederation of Nigeria

ProblemProblem: threats to federal government : threats to federal government

-> political groupings and alliances -> political groupings and alliances

formatedformated

SolutionSolution: ???: ???

- 1963: - 1963: NigeriaNigeria became Republic became Republic

- since then: Eventful time!!!- since then: Eventful time!!!

TodayToday

- Consitution: adopted from 1979- Consitution: adopted from 1979

- Legal system: based on English common - Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law and tribal lawlaw, Islamic law and tribal law

- Legislative branch: National Assembly - Legislative branch: National Assembly consists of Senate and House of consists of Senate and House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

- Elections: last held 2003- Elections: last held 2003

GeographyGeographyNigeria lies in West AfricaNigeria lies in West Africa

- North border -> Niger- North border -> Niger

- East border -> Cameroon- East border -> Cameroon

- South border -> Atlantic ocean- South border -> Atlantic ocean- West border -> BeninWest border -> Benin

- country consists of 36 states and the- country consists of 36 states and the- capital used to be Lagos until 1991 capital used to be Lagos until 1991

Abuja is the current one Abuja is the current one

(it`s also called Federal Capital Territory). (it`s also called Federal Capital Territory).

- Abuja is not really a state, but it takes small - Abuja is not really a state, but it takes small parts of a few states lying centrally located parts of a few states lying centrally located in the country. in the country.

House of Parliament, AbujaHouse of Parliament, Abuja

The National Mosque, AbujaThe National Mosque, Abuja

- Total Area - 923,770 sq. km

- Total Land Area - 910,770 sq. km - Total Land Boundaries – 4047 km

- Coastline – 853 km

- arable land 33%- arable land 33%

- permanent crops 3%- permanent crops 3%

- - permanent pastures 44%permanent pastures 44%

- - forest and woodland 12%forest and woodland 12%

- - other 8%other 8%

- Lying between the Equator and the Tropic - Lying between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer -> very hotof Cancer -> very hot

- 2 main “temperature regions”- 2 main “temperature regions”

- tropical region in the south, temeratures - tropical region in the south, temeratures

around 90°Faround 90°F

- subtropical regions in the north. - subtropical regions in the north.

temperatures between 60°F and 100°F temperatures between 60°F and 100°F

ClimateClimate

- 2 main seasons:- 2 main seasons:

- the rainy season- the rainy season

May – September (North)May – September (North)

March – November (South)March – November (South)

- dry season- dry season

- Harmattan season (South) – dry and - Harmattan season (South) – dry and coldcold

- main rivers:- main rivers:

- Benue- Benue

- Niger (gave Nigeria its name)- Niger (gave Nigeria its name)

- Region where Niger meets ocean - Region where Niger meets ocean

-> known as “Delta”-> known as “Delta”

RiversRivers

EconomicsEconomics GovernmentGovernment

political instability, corruption, poor political instability, corruption, poor economic managementeconomic management

overdependence on the capital-intensive overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenuesbudgetary revenues[1][1]

PopulationPopulation

Population below poverty line: 60% Population below poverty line: 60% Labor force: 66 million Labor force: 66 million Labor force by occupation: agriculture Labor force by occupation: agriculture

70%, industry 10%, services 70%, industry 10%, services 20% 20%

Unemployment rate: 28% Unemployment rate: 28% Budget revenues: $3.4 billion Budget revenues: $3.4 billion expenditures: $3.6 billion expenditures: $3.6 billion

Basic dataBasic data

Industries: crude oil, coal, tin, Industries: crude oil, coal, tin, columbitecolumbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, , palm oil, peanuts, cotton,

rubber, wood, hides and skins, rubber, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other textiles, cement and other construction construction materials, food products, footwear, materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel ceramics, steel

agricultural sector has failed to keep agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population growth up with rapid population growth food has to be importedfood has to be imported

reform urged by IMF: modernization reform urged by IMF: modernization of the banking system; to curb of the banking system; to curb inflation by blocking excessive wage inflation by blocking excessive wage demands; and to resolve regional demands; and to resolve regional disputes over the distribution of disputes over the distribution of earnings from the oil industryearnings from the oil industry

agricultural sector has failed to keep agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population growth up with rapid population growth food has to be importedfood has to be imported

reform urged by IMF: modernization reform urged by IMF: modernization of the banking system; to curb of the banking system; to curb inflation by blocking excessive wage inflation by blocking excessive wage demands; and to resolve regional demands; and to resolve regional disputes over the distribution of disputes over the distribution of earnings from the oil industryearnings from the oil industry

Industrial production growth Industrial production growth rate: 0.4% rate: 0.4%

Oil reserves: 27 billion Oil reserves: 27 billion bblbbl Petroleum interests lead to Petroleum interests lead to

armed conflicts among local armed conflicts among local population and militiaspopulation and militias

Natural gas reserves: 4.007 Natural gas reserves: 4.007 trillion trillion cu mcu m

Agriculture products: Agriculture products:

cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghumcorn, rice, sorghum[2][2], , milletmillet[3][3], cassava, cassava[4][4] (tapioca), yams(tapioca), yams[5][5], rubber; , rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, timbertimber[6][6], fish , fish

32% of Nigeria’s land is arable32% of Nigeria’s land is arable Bad quality of the country’s water, Bad quality of the country’s water,

air and soil air and soil human and human and environmental factors (periodic environmental factors (periodic droughts, flooding; rapid droughts, flooding; rapid deforestation, soil degradationdeforestation, soil degradation[7][7], , desertificationdesertification[8][8], urban air and , urban air and water pollution, rapid urbanization water pollution, rapid urbanization destroys arable land and pollution destroys arable land and pollution by oil spills)by oil spills)

ImportImport

Imports: $13.6 billion Imports: $13.6 billion

Import commodities: machinery, Import commodities: machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live manufactured goods, food and live animals animals

Import partners: UK 8.8%, US 8.6%, Import partners: UK 8.8%, US 8.6%, Germany 7.9%, France 6.8%, ChinaGermany 7.9%, France 6.8%, China

ExportExport Exports: $17.3 billion Exports: $17.3 billion Export commoditiesExport commodities[9][9]: petroleum and : petroleum and

petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber, petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber, palm kernelspalm kernels[10][10], cotton, yam, hides, cotton, yam, hides[11][11] and skinsand skins

Export partners: USA 47.7%, Spain Export partners: USA 47.7%, Spain 10.0%, India 7.7%, France 6.1%, 10.0%, India 7.7%, France 6.1%, Brazil (2001), Germany, Italy, India Brazil (2001), Germany, Italy, India

Electricity exports: 20 million kWh Electricity exports: 20 million kWh Nigeria is a transit point for heroin and Nigeria is a transit point for heroin and

cocaine intended for European, East cocaine intended for European, East Asian and North American marketsAsian and North American markets

FinancesFinances Currency: Naira (NGN), coins: Kobo Currency: Naira (NGN), coins: Kobo

(100 Kobo = 1 Naira) (100 Kobo = 1 Naira) Bills: 1-, 5- 20-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and Bills: 1-, 5- 20-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and

500-Naira bill500-Naira bill Exchange rates: Naira per US dollar - Exchange rates: Naira per US dollar -

NA (2002), 111.231 (2001), NA (2002), 111.231 (2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.3381 (1999), 21.886 101.697 (2000), 92.3381 (1999), 21.886 (1998) (1998) inflation inflation

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.2% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.2% Economic aid recipient: ODAEconomic aid recipient: ODA[12][12] $250 $250

million million

$1 billion credit from the IMF$1 billion credit from the IMF[13][13]External dept: $29.7 billion External dept: $29.7 billion GDP composition by sectors: GDP composition by sectors:

agriculture: 45%; industry: 20%; agriculture: 45%; industry: 20%; services: 35% services: 35%

Major money-laundering centre Major money-laundering centre major problem (cf. corruption, major problem (cf. corruption, unwillingness and criminal unwillingness and criminal activity of government)activity of government)

[1][1] Einnahmen, Staatseinkünfte Einnahmen, Staatseinkünfte [2][2] Hirse Hirse [3][3] Hirse Hirse [4][4] Maniok Maniok [5][5] Süßkartoffeln Süßkartoffeln [6][6] Nutzholz Nutzholz [7][7] Abbau, Abtragung Abbau, Abtragung [8][8] Das Vordringen der Wüste Das Vordringen der Wüste [9][9] Waren, Wirtschaftsgüter, Bedarfsartikel Waren, Wirtschaftsgüter, Bedarfsartikel [10][10] Samen, Kerne Samen, Kerne [11][11] Fellhaut Fellhaut [12][12] Official Development Assistance Official Development Assistance [13][13] International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund

- “Naira”- “Naira”- coin equivalents, the “Kobo”- coin equivalents, the “Kobo”-> 100 Kobo = 1 Naira-> 100 Kobo = 1 Naira- Bills: - 1-Naira bill, - Bills: - 1-Naira bill, - 5-Naira bill, - 5-Naira bill, - 20-Naira bill, - 20-Naira bill, - 50-Naira bill, - 50-Naira bill, - 100-Naira bill, - 100-Naira bill, - 200-Naira bill and - 200-Naira bill and - 500-Naira bill- 500-Naira bill

CurrencyCurrency

CultureCulture

CultureCulture- - population:population: 133.881.703 133.881.703

-- average life expectancy: average life expectancy: 51 years 51 years

-- median Age:median Age: total:total: 18.63 years (2005 est.) 18.63 years (2005 est.)

-- total fertility rate:total fertility rate: 5.53 children born/woman 5.53 children born/woman (2005 est.) (2005 est.)

-- people living with Aids: people living with Aids: 3, 5 millions 3, 5 millions

-- literacy: literacy: 68% of the people over 15 can read 68% of the people over 15 can read and writeand write

Ethnic groups: Ethnic groups: - more than 250 ethnic groups - more than 250 ethnic groups

- Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo - Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo

(Ibo)(Ibo)

Religions:Religions: - Muslim 50% - Muslim 50%

- Christian 40% - Christian 40%

- traditional African beliefs- traditional African beliefs

Languages:Languages: - about 430 languages - about 430 languages

- more than 1000 dialects- more than 1000 dialects

Most important languages: Most important languages: - English (official), - English (official),

- Pidgin - Pidgin

- Hausa - Hausa

- Yoruba - Yoruba

- Igbo (Ibo) - Igbo (Ibo)

- Fulani - Fulani

Pidgin EnglishPidgin English

- variation of English- variation of English

- called ‘Pidgin English’ or ‘broken English’- called ‘Pidgin English’ or ‘broken English’

- examles: “I’m going” -> “I de go”- examles: “I’m going” -> “I de go”

“ “I won’t” -> “I no”I won’t” -> “I no”

“ “what” -> “wetin” what” -> “wetin”

- Traditional men’s clothing:- Traditional men’s clothing:

- comfortable- comfortable

- shirt extending to the knees- shirt extending to the knees

- Traditional women’s clothing:- Traditional women’s clothing:

- long wrap-around skirt- long wrap-around skirt

- short-sleeved top- short-sleeved top

- scarf- scarf

Dress codeDress code

Types of foodTypes of food- - meats:meats: goat, cow, chicken, turkey, goat, cow, chicken, turkey,

geese, guinea fowls, pigeon, fish, geese, guinea fowls, pigeon, fish, shrimp, crab, seafood in general shrimp, crab, seafood in general

- - fruits & vegetables:fruits & vegetables: oranges, oranges, bananas, pineapples, tangerines, bananas, pineapples, tangerines, carrots, watermelons, guava, melons, carrots, watermelons, guava, melons, limes, grape fruits, mangos, apples, limes, grape fruits, mangos, apples, peppers, tomatoes, onions, peas, peppers, tomatoes, onions, peas, yams, etc.yams, etc.

- Palm oil (made from palm kernels) ist - Palm oil (made from palm kernels) ist often used for cookingoften used for cooking

yamsyamsroasting cornroasting corn

DrinksDrinks

-- drinks: drinks: water, palm wine, soft drinks, water, palm wine, soft drinks,

fruit drinks, beer, wine, zobo fruit drinks, beer, wine, zobo

(tastes like fruit punch)(tastes like fruit punch)

- young man, Obi Okonkwo- returns to Nigeria after years of studying in England- job in the civil service- introduced to bribery- gets to know consequences of bribery- his own world of a well educated young Nigerian falls apart

No longer at ease

SourcesSources- www.emkweltmission.de/laender/Nigeria/Nigeria_Fakten.htm- www.emkweltmission.de/laender/Nigeria/Nigeria_Fakten.htm- www.seibel-ps.de/Nigeria-Allgemein.html- www.seibel-ps.de/Nigeria-Allgemein.html- www.seibel-ps.de/Nigeria.html- www.seibel-ps.de/Nigeria.html- www.seibel-ps.de/Nigeria-Daten.html- www.seibel-ps.de/Nigeria-Daten.html- www.ipicture.de - www.ipicture.de - - http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ni.htmlhttp://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ni.html- - http://www.motherlandnigeria.com/people.htmlhttp://www.motherlandnigeria.com/people.html- - http://food.oregonstate.edu/images/fruitveg/yam/yamsred.jpghttp://food.oregonstate.edu/images/fruitveg/yam/yamsred.jpg - -

http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/0385474555.01.LZZZZZZZ.jhttp://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/0385474555.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpgpg

- http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/nolonger/summary.htmlhttp://www.sparknotes.com/lit/nolonger/summary.htmlhttp://http://www.theodora.com/wfb2003/nigeria/nigeria_economy.htmlwww.theodora.com/wfb2003/nigeria/nigeria_economy.html

http://www.ideels.uni-bremen.de/nigeria.htmlhttp://www.ideels.uni-bremen.de/nigeria.html