J. Echeverra et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 44
(2014) 55e60 59such as tobacco smoking appears to be at La Granja,
could havedepended solely on the collection of a wild species of
tobacco,whose natural abundance was likely to be low since their
preferredhabitats are strongly disturbed environments which must
havebeen scarce in prehispanic times. It appears more likely that
micro-scale cultivated or domesticated tobacco was smoked, whose
pro-duction could be controlled. Tobacco is among the oldest
cultigensof the Americas (Wilbert, 1987), the two most important
cultivatedvarieties being Nicotiana tabacum, whose cultivation is
believed tohave began in the central Andes and spread into northern
SouthAmerica and the Amazonia, and Nicotiana rustica, probably a
hybridbetween species from Bolivia and Argentina which spread into
thewhole American continent (Prez Golln and Gordillo, 1993).Hence,
the trade routes linking central Chile to areas across theAndes
(Neme and Gil, 2010; Planella et al., 2005, 2011; Sanhuezaet al.,
2004) or to the semiarid north of Chile (Troncoso et al.,2012) make
it possible that cultivated or domesticated tobaccowas brought to
central Chile; alternatively, cultivated or domesti-cated tobacco
may have been produced locally by horticulturalcommunities of the
Early Ceramic period. Clearly, species-specificmarkers for
Nicotiana are needed to determine the speciessmoked. Chemical
markers are unlikely to be reliable because of theinstability of
nicotinic alkaloids in the bowl of a smoking pipe(Seeman, 2005;
Tyrpien et al., 2003); however, archaeobotanicalmarkers show great
promise: seeds of Nicotiana from 12 speciesgrowing in Chile (7
native, 4 introduced, and one cultivated species)showed marked
interspecific differences (Planella et al., 2012b),and microfossils
(Quiroz, personal communication), pollen (Bryantet al., 2012;
Collao-Alvarado, personal communication) andepidermal structures
(Naulin and Valenzuela, personal communi-cation) are also promising
candidates.
The likelihood of finding nicotine was higher in the bowl than
inthe pipestem and mouthpiece. When ground tobacco leaves
wereburned in the bowl, the nicotine-containing vapors were
guidedthrough the pipestem by suction at either of the
mouthpieces,making it likely that concentration of residual
nicotine e and hencethe likeliness of finding it e decreased as the
distance from thebowl increased. Comparable results were obtained
by Eerkens et al.(2012) who did not find nicotine in the mouth
section of a pre-historic tubular pipe from North America whose
bowl section hadindeed shown the presence of nicotine.
The absence of dimethyltryptamines in the pipe residuesanalyzed
merits a comment. The main sources of these compoundsin southern
South America are the seeds of the tree Anadenantheracolubrina,
whose southernmost distribution are the forests nearCrdoba,
Argentina (Hunziker, 1973), distant some 1000 km fromthe La Granja
site. Seeds of this species have been found inarchaeological sites
of NWA (Fernndez Distel, 1980) and di-methyltryptamines have been
found in pipe residues from sites alsoof NWA (Bugliani et al.,
2010; Rosso and Spano, 2005-2006). Thelack of evidence for the use
of this plant in central Chile could beaccounted for by distance
from the source or by cultural prefer-ences of its inhabitants.
Nicotine was not detected in all the artifacts analyzed.
However,this should not necessarily be taken to indicate that
tobacco wasnot ground in the micromortars or smoked in the pipes
analyzedsince, in spite of the high sensitivity of GC/MS analysis
in the SIMmode, quantities of nicotine in some artifacts may be
below thedetection level of this analytical method. Several
argumentsmay beput forward to explain particularly low levels of
nicotine in smokingpipes: i) since the La Granja site was occupied
for nearly 500 years,some of the pipes will have experienced longer
leaching processesthan others eventually leading to larger losses
of nicotine from theirresidues; ii) smoking pipes with a relatively
thicker bowl couldhave led to higher combustion temperatures and
hence to a higherextent of nicotine degradation (Hairfield and
Hairfield, 2002;Rodgman and Perfetti, 2009), iii) differential
leaching due todifferent microenvironments where pipe fragments
were depos-ited could determine different degrees of dilution of
nicotine in theresidues sampled, and iv) pipes could have been used
only a fewtimes leading to little cultural deposition of nicotine.
This lattersituation may arise, for example, if pipes were used for
ceremonialpurposes, i.e., during a limited time period. This
argument is sup-ported by the finding of only pipe fragments in the
La Granja site,i.e., not a single complete pipe was recovered
(Falabella et al., 2001;Planella et al., 2000), pointing to the
ritual breaking of the pipes.This is consistent with the tradition
of symbolic destruction ofceramic containers by making a hole in
them noticed at EarlyCeramic period sites of central and southern
Chile (Dillehay andGordon, 1979; Falabella and Planella, 1980;
Gordon, 1985), andalso the intentional destruction of smoking pipes
characteristic ofEarly Woodland Period (1000e0 B.C.) archaeological
sites in NorthAmerica, a practice that persists in later periods
(Rafferty, 2004). Inother words, it is likely that pipes of the La
Granja site were notused extensively before breaking and deposition
in the ground.
Nicotine was present in a high proportion of micromortars
andpestles found together with pipe fragments. These artifacts
werepresumably used in grinding and homogenizing dried plant
ma-terial prior to smoking. These micromortars are
considerablysmaller than those which served domestic purposes and
whichwere found associated with macroremains of edible species such
ascorn (Zea mays), quinoa (C. quinoa), squash (Cucurbita sp.)
andbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Planella and Tagle, 1998). Hence,
thecultural operative chain of the smoking complex (Planella et
al.,2012a) has now been described to include species of Nicotiana
asa plausible plant source with nicotine as the compound involved
inthe physiological effect, micromortars and pestles as the
artifactsused in the preparation of plants for smoking and finally,
thesmoking pipe through which the plant compounds were taken upby
the smoker. Future efforts should be directed at identifying
thespecies of Nicotiana used, particularly since such information
willshed light on patterns of exchange and mobility during the
EarlyCeramic period in central Chile.
Acknowledgments
Funding from FONDECYT project N 1121097 to MTP and post-doctoral
FONDECYT fellowship N 3130327 to JE are gratefullyacknowledged. We
thank Carolina Belmar, Luciana Quiroz, XimenaAlbornoz,
FernandaMeneses, Silvia Alfaro and Carolina Carrasco forhelp with
selecting samples and extracting residues from them,Csar Mndez for
information on micromortars, and Carmen delRo for access to the
collections curated at Museo Regional deRancagua. We are deeply
indebted to Diego Salazar for his com-ments and suggestions to an
earlier version of this manuscript andto two anonymous referees who
generously provided interestingcriticisms, comments and
suggestions.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.016.
References
Aguerre, A., Fernndez, A., Aschero, C., 1973. Hallazgo de un
sitio acermico en laQuebrada de Inca Cueva (Provincia de Jujuy).
Relac. Soc. Argent. Antropol. 7,197e235.
Babot, M.P., 2007. Granos de almidn en contextos arqueolgicos:
posibilidades yperspectivas a partir de casos del noroeste
argentino. In: Marconetto, B.,Oliszewsky, N., Babot, M.P. (Eds.),
Paleoetnobotnica del Cono Sur: Estudios de
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.016http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.016http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref1http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref1http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref1http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref1http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref2http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref2http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref2
J. Echeverra et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 44
(2014) 55e6060Casos y Propuestas Metodolgicas. Centro Editorial de
la Facultad de Filosofa yHumanidades, Universidad Nacional de
Crdoba, pp. 95e125.
Bruhn, J.G., Holmstedt, B., Lindgren, J.E., Wassn, S.H., 1976.
The Tobacco from NioKorin: Identification of Nicotine in a Bolivian
Archaeological Collection. In:Gteborgs Etnografiska Museum rstryk,
pp. 45e48.
Bryant, V.M., Kampbell, S.M., Hall, J.L., 2012. Tobacco pollen:
archaeological andforensic applications. Palynology 36,
208e223.
Bugliani, M.F., Calo, C.M., Scattolin, M.C., 2010. Fumando en la
cocina. Determi-nacin de contenidos por tcnicas fisicoqumicas en
dos pipas cermicas delsitio Cardonal. In: La arqueometra en
Argentina y Latinoamrica, pp. 231e236.
Capparelli, A., Pochettino, M.L., Andreoni, D., Iturriza, R.D.,
2006. Differences be-tween written and archaeological record: the
case of plant micro remainsrecovered at a Northwestern Argentinean
pipe. In: Proceedings of the IVthInternational Congress of
Ethnobotany (ICEB 2005), pp. 397e406.
Cooper, J., 1949. Stimulants and narcotics. In: Steward, H.
(Ed.), Handbook of SouthAmerican Indians, vol. 5. Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, pp. 525e558.
Cortella, A.R., Pochettino, M.L., 1994. Starch grain analysis as
a microscopic diag-nostic feature in the identification of plant
material. Econ. Bot. 48, 171e181.
Dillehay, T., Gordon, A., 1979. El simbolismo en el
ornitomorfismo mapuche. Lamujer casada y el ketru metawe. In:
Proceedings of the VII Congreso Nacionalde Arqueologa Chilena.
Altos de Vilches. Ediciones Kultrn, pp. 303e316.
Dougherty, B., 1972. Las pipas de fumar arqueolgicas de la
Provincia de Jujuy. Relac.Soc. Argent. Antropol. VI, 83e89.
Echeverra, J., Niemeyer, H.M., 2013. Nicotine in the hair of
mummies from SanPedro de Atacama (Northern Chile). J. Archaeol.
Sci. 40, 3561e3568.
Eerkens, J., Tushingham, S., Lentz, K., Blake, J., Ardura, D.,
Palazoglu, M., Fiehn, O.,2012. GC/MS analysis of residues reveals
nicotine in two late prehistoric pipesfrom CA-ALA-554. SCA Proc.
26, 212e219.
Elferink, J.G., 1983. The narcotic and hallucinogenic use of
tobacco in Pre-ColumbianCentral America. J. Ethnopharmacol. 7,
111e122.
Falabella, F., Planella, M.T., 1980. Secuencia cronolgico
cultural para el sector dedesembocadura del ro Maipo. Rev. Chil.
Antropol. 3, 87e106.
Falabella, F., Planella, M.T., 1988-1989. Alfarera temprana en
Chile central: unmodelo de interpretacin. Paleoetnologica 5,
41e64.
Falabella, F., Planella, M.T., Tagle, B., 2001. Pipes and
smoking tradition in the pre-hispanic societies of the Early
Ceramic period of the central region of Chile.Eleusis 5,
137e151.
Fernndez Distel, A.M., 1980. Hallazgos de pipas en complejos
precermicos delborde de la Punajujea (Repblica Argentina) y el
empleo de alucingenos porparte de las mismas culturas. Estud.
Arqueol. 5, 55e75.
Ginocchio, R., Rodrguez, P.H., Badilla-Ohlbaum, R., Allen, H.E.,
Lagos, G.E., 2002.Effect of soil copper content and pH on copper
uptake of selected vegetablesgrown under controlled conditions.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 1736e1744.
Goodspeed, T.H., 1954. The Genus Nicotiana. Chronica Botanica,
Waltham, Massa-chusetts, USA.
Gordon, A., 1985. El potencial interpretativo de la fractura y
perforacin intencio-nales de Artefactos Smbolos. Chungar 15,
59e66.
Guevara, T., Oyarzn, A., 1912. El tabaco y las pipas
prehistricas de Chile. In: Actasdel XVII Congreso Internacional de
Americanistas, Buenos Aires, Argentina,pp. 414e437.
Haberman, T.W., 1984. Evidence for aboriginal tobaccos in
eastern North America.Am. Antiq. 49, 269e287.
Hairfield, H.H., Hairfield, E.M., 2002. Smoking out the Past.
Anthropology uses GCeMS to determine the botanical origins of
residue in ancient clay pipes fromChile. Todays Chem. Work, 27e31.
American Chemical Society. http://pubs.acs.org/tcaw.
Hilger, S.M.I., 1957. Araucanian Child Life and its Cultural
Background. In: Smith-sonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 133
(Washington, USA).
Hunziker, A.T., 1973. El cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina var.
cebil) en la Provincia deCordoba. Kurtziana 7, 265.
Musshoff, F., Rosendahl, W., Madea, B., 2009. Determination of
nicotine in hairsamples of pre-Columbian mummies. Forensic Sci.
Int. 185, 84e88.
Neme, G., Gil, A., 2010. Discusiones Terico-metodolgicas y el
desarrollo de lainvestigacin en la macroregin Cuyo-Chile central.
In: Proceedings of the XVIICongreso Nacional de Arqueologa Chilena.
Valdivia, vol. I, pp. 373e382.
Prez Golln, J.A., Gordillo, I., 1993. Alucingenos y sociedades
indgenas del nor-oeste argentino. An. Antropol. 30, 299e345.
Prez Golln, J.A., Gordillo, I., 1994. Vilca/Uturuncu. Hacia una
arqueologa del usode alucingenos en las sociedades prehispnicas de
los Andes del Sur. Cuicuilco1, 99e140.
Planella, M.T., 1988. La propiedad territorial indgena en la
cuenca de Rancagua,siglos XVI y XVII. Tesis para optar al ttulo de
Magister en Historia, mencinEtnohistoria. Departamento de Ciencias
Histricas, Universidad de Chile, San-tiago, Chile.Planella, M.T.,
Tagle, M.B., 1998. El sitio agroalfarero de La Granja: un aporte
desde laperspectiva arqueobotnica. Museo Nacional de Historia
Natural de Chile.Ediciones de la Direccin de Bibliotecas, Archivos
y Museos DIBAM. PublicacinOcasional N 52.
Planella, M.T., Belmar, C., Quiroz, L., Estvez, D., 2012a.
Propuesta integradora paraun estudio del uso de plantas con
propiedades psicoactivas en pipas del PerodoAlfarero Temprano y sus
implicancias sociales. Rev. Chil. Antropol. 25, 93e119.
Planella, M.T., Belmar, C.A., Quiroz, L.D., Falabella, F.,
Alfaro, S.K., Echeverra, J.,Niemeyer, H.M., 2014. Towards the
reconstruction of the ritual expressions ofsocieties of the Early
Ceramic period in central Chile: social and cultural con-texts
associated to the use of smoking pipes. In: Bollwerk, E.,
Tushingham, S.(Eds.), Perspectives on the Archaeology of Pipes,
Tobacco and other SmokePlants in the Ancient Americas. (submitted
for publication).
Planella, M.T., Collao-Alvarado, K., Niemeyer, H.M., Belmar, C.,
2012b. Morfometracomparada de semillas de Nicotiana (Solanaceae) e
identificacin de semillascarbonizadas provenientes de un sitio
arqueolgico en Chile central. Darwin-iana 50, 207e217.
Planella, M.T., Cornejo, L., Tagle, B., 2005. Alero Las Morrenas
1: evidencias decultgenos entre cazadores recolectores de finales
del Perodo Arcaico en ChileCentral. Chungara 37, 59e74.
Planella, M.T., Falabella, F., Tagle, B., 2000. Complejo
fumatorio del perodo AlfareroTemprano en Chile central. Contrib.
Arqueol. 5, 895e909.
Planella, M.T., Scherson, R., McRostie, V., 2011. Sitio El Plomo
y nuevos registros decultgenos iniciales en cazadores del Arcaico
IV en Alto Maipo, Chile central.Chungar 43, 189e202.
Rafferty, S.M., 2002. Identification of nicotine by gas
chromatography/mass spec-trometry analysis of smoking pipe residue.
J. Archaeol. Sci. 29, 897e907.
Rafferty, S.M., 2004. They pass their lives in smoke, and at
death fall into the fire:smoking pipes and mortuary ritual during
the Early Woodland Period. In:Rafferty, S.M., Mann, R. (Eds.),
Smoking and Culture: the Archaeology of TobaccoPipes in Eastern
North America. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville,
pp.1e41.
Rafferty, S.M., 2006. Evidence of early tobacco in Northeastern
North America?J. Archaeol. Sci. 33, 453e458.
Rafferty, S.M., Lednev, I., Virkler, K., Chovanec, Z., 2012.
Current research on smokingpipe residues. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39,
1951e1959.
Rodgman, A., Perfetti, T.A., 2009. The Chemical Components of
Tobacco and TobaccoSmoke. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, New
York.
Rosso, C., Spano, R., 2005-2006. Evidencias del uso de
alucingenos en pipas hal-ladas en dos sitios tempranos de los
Valles Calchaques. Arqueologa 13, 79e99.
Sanhueza, L., Falabella, F., Fonseca, E., Andonie, O., 2004.
Aplicacin de anlisis depastas macroscpicos, petrogrficos y de
composicin de elementos qumicos alproblema de la procedencia de la
cermica en el Periodo Alfarero Temprano deChile central y Cuyo,
Argentina. Estud. Atacameos 28, 121e132.
Schultes, R.E., Hofmann, A., 1979. Plants of the Gods: Origins
of Hallucinogenic Use.McGraw-Hill, New York.
Seeman, J.I., 2005. Using basic principles to understand complex
science: nicotinesmoke chemistry and literature analogies. J. Chem.
Educ. 82, 1577e1582.
Torres, C.M., 1999. Psychotropic substances in the archaeology
of Northern Chileand NWArgentina. A comparative review of the
evidence. Chungara 30, 49e63.
Torres, C.M., Repke, D.B., 2006. Anadenanthera. Visionary Plant
of Ancient SouthAmerica. The Haworth Herbal Press, NY.
Troncoso, A., Larach, P., Alfaro, S., Pascual, D., Pavlovic, D.,
2012. Nuevos antecedentspara el periodo Alfarero Temprano en el
valle del Choapa: el sitio Los Mellizos(Cuenca superior del ro
Illapel). In: Actas del XVIII Congreso Nacional deArqueologa
Chilena. Sociedad Chilena de Arqueologa, pp. 309e327.
Tushingham, S., Ardura, D., Eerkens, J.W., Palazoglu, M.,
Shahbaz, S., Fiehn, O., 2013.Hunter-gatherer tobacco smoking:
earliest evidence from the Pacific northwestcoast of North America.
J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 1397e1407.
Tyrpien, K., Dobosz, C., Chrsciewicz, A., Cio1ecka, M.,
Wielkoszynski, T., Janoszka, B.,Bodzek, D., 2003. Investigation of
nicotine transformation products by densi-tometric TLC and GCeMS.
Acta Chromatogr. 13, 154e160.
Valdivia, Pedro de, 1960 [1545]. Cartas al Emperador Carlos V.
Biblioteca de AutoresEspaoles. In: Crnicas del Reino de Chile, Tomo
131, pp. 1e74.
Vivar, Gernimo de, 1979 [1558]. Crnica y relacin copiosa y
verdadera de losReinos de Chile. In: Saez-Godoy, L. (Ed.),
Bibliotheca Ibero-Americana. Collo-quium Verlag, Berlin.
Wilbert, J., 1987. Tobacco and Shamanism in South America. Yale
University Press.Wilbert, J., 1994. The cultural significance of
tobacco use in South America. In:
Seaman, G., Day, J.S. (Eds.), Ancient Traditions: Shamanism in
Central Asia andthe Americas. University Press of Colorado &
Denver Museum of Natural His-tory, Denver, pp. 47e76.
Winter, J.C., 2000. Tradicional uses of tobacco by native
Americans. In: Winter, J.C.(Ed.), Tobacco Use by Native North
Americans. University of Oklahoma Press,Norman, pp. 9e58.
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref2http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref2http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref2http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref3http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref3http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref3http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref3http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref4http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref4http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref4http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref5http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref5http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref5http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref5http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref6http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref6http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref6http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref6http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref6http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref7http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref7http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref7http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref8http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref8http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref8http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref9http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref9http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref9http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref9http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref10http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref10http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref10http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref11http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref11http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref11http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref12http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref12http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref12http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref12http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref13http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref13http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref13http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref14http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref14http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref14http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref15http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref15http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref15http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref16http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref16http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref16http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref16http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref17http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref17http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref17http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref17http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref18http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref18http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref18http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref18http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref19http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref19http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref20http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref20http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref20http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref21http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref21http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref21http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref21http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref22http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref22http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref22http://pubs.acs.org/tcawhttp://pubs.acs.org/tcawhttp://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref24http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref24http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref25http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref25http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref26http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref26http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref26http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref27http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref27http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref27http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref27http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref28http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref28http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref28http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref29http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref29http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref29http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref29http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref30http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref30http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref30http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref30http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref31http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref31http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref31http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref31http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref31http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref32http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref32http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref32http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref32http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref33http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref33http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref33http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref33http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref33http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref33http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref34http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref34http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref34http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref34http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref34http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref35http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref35http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref35http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref35http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref36http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref36http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref36http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref37http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref37http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref37http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref37http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref38http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref38http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref38http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref39http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref39http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref39http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref39http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref39http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref40http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref40http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref40http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref41http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref41http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref41http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref42http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref42http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref43http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref43http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref43http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref44http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref44http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref44http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref44http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref44http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref45http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref45http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref46http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref46http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref46http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref47http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref47http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref47http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref48http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref48http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref49http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref49http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref49http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref49http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref49http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref50http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref50http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref50http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref50http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref51http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref52http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref52http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref52http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref53http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref53http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref53http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref54http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref55http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref55http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref55http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref55http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref55http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref56http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref56http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref56http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0305-4403(14)00024-7/sref56
Nicotine in residues of smoking pipes and other artifacts of the
smoking complex from an Early Ceramic period archaeologica ...1
Introduction2 Materials and methods2.1 Archaeological samples2.2
Extraction of residue samples from archaeological artifacts2.3
Preparation of extracts from residue samples2.4 GC/MS analysis
3 Results4 DiscussionAcknowledgmentsAppendix A Supplementary
dataReferences