NICKEL_Magazine Vol24 02Jul2009.Ashx

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nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009 Nickel iN Use 1

Pt Maza, Sa:

Harm ad Drabt

Watr Btts:

Fr Hath ad Ermt

T Bg Bag:

Part Aratr

Ethanol’s Evolutionnd wht it mns to th

nic indsty

J u l y 2 0 0 9 V o l . 2 4 , N o . 2

The Nicel Advantagein Stainless Steel:

It’s what’s inside



With nickel you get...

…a wide range o versatile stainless steels in dierent amilies: the austenitic 300 and

200 series, duplex, PH grades

…stainless steels with proven reliability in tens o thousands o applications

…stainless steels combining resistance to corrosion, a wide range o mechanical

properties rom cryogenic to elevated temperatures and ease o abrication

… stainless steels or hygienic equipment in the ood, beverage and pharmaceutical

industry, which can be cleaned with aggressive chemicals and ensure product purity

…stainless steels o the 18/8, 18/10 or 18/12 type associated with high quality in

consumer goods

…stainless steels that meet the need or extreme formability

…stainless steels with very good weldability over a wide range o thicknesses

…stainless steels that are widely available in numerous product orms and sizes

…stainless steels that come in a wide variety o surace fnishes and even colours or

impressive results

…stainless steels that can have low magnetic permeability necessary or electronic

applications and even medical implants

…stainless steels that provide long-lasting value and at end o use they have a high

intrinsic value as scrap

…a wide range o other nickel alloys with valuable engineering properties and uses:

Together, the above attributes mean that with nickel you get a highly versatile material

Photography from top to bottom: Petronas Towers sourced by B -M, Cleanup Corporation, Johnsen Ultravac, Ron Arad Associa tes, Car l Pott

• nickelplating

• nickelcatalysts

• nickelalloysforresistancetoextreme

corrosion and high temperature requirements

• copper-nickelalloysforanti-foulingresistance

• nickel-titaniumalloysforshapememory

• iron-nickelalloysforlowthermalexpansion

The Nickel Advantage



The Magazine Devoted to Nickel and its Applications

Nic Mzin is pishd y

The Nickel Institute

Stephen Barnett, PresidentStephanie Dunn, [email protected]

Constctiv Commnictions, Dsin

Ciction, 27,000 in 95 contis

Th Nic Institt cn contctd t:Sixth FloorAvenue des Arts 13Brussels 1210, BelgiumTel. 32 2 290 [email protected]

To civ -mi notics o Nic Mzin Onin, pso to: www.nickelonline.org/subscribe

Mti hs n ppd o th n inomtiono th d nd shod not sd o id pon ospcic ppictions withot st scin comptnt

dvic. Whi th mti is ivd to tchnicycoct, Nic Institt, its mms, st nd constntsdo not psnt o wnt its sitiity o ny no spcic s nd ssm no iiity o sponsiiityo ny ind in connction with th inomtion hin.

ISSN 0829-8351

Pintd on cycd pp in Cnd.

Cover:Frank Gehry’s Neuer Zollho buildings, Dusseldor

Photo: iStocPhoto © ywv

The next issue of Nickel Magazine will be availableonline Dec. 2009.

Table OCONTeNTSInFocus

InFcus 3

InUse

Climate Change 4

Bridges in Ital 5

Mbile Phnes 11

Stainless Water Bttles 12

Q-Max Carriers 13

Feature StoriesNicel Advantage Editrial 6

Particle A cceleratr 6

Stainless Steel Sculpture 7

Ethanl’s Evlutin 8, 9

Winemaing Tans 10

InBrie

All Game 14

Cnstructin In Centre 14

U N S D e t a i l s 1 4

LaQue Award 15

The Nicel Institute is being restructured in respnse t increasing legisla-tin restricting the use nicel and its cmpunds, and t enable the

industr t weather current glbal ecnmic cnditins

The activities the Nicel Insti tute will be spear headed rm its mai n -

ice in Brussels, Belgium, with additinal lcatins in the USA, Canada and

Asia t serve the needs members and marets The new structure

sme 23 peple will cnsist three main divisins: Haard Quantiicatin

and Classiicatin headed b Dr Hudsn Bates; Regulatr Deence run b

Hug Waeterscht; and Prmtin managed b Dr Peter Cutler, all re-

prting t msel as President the Nicel I nstitute

The rerga nisatin will enable the Nicel Institute t cus its activities nregulatr cmpliance, particularl with REACH and GHS (Glball Har-

mnised Sstem Classiicatin and Labelling Chemicals), while en-

suring that nicel and its cmpunds are apprpriatel classiied b these

Regulatins based n sund science The new structure will be cmpleted

b the end 2009

The Nicel Institute wil l cntinue t suppr t the users nicel in meeting

the requirements health and envirnmental regulatins as well as the

technical standards needed t ensure that the prduct can be used t the

mst exacting requirements

Stephen Barnett

President, Nicel Institute

DeeNDINg MarkeT aCCeSS aND PrOMOTINg uSe

Volume 24, Number 2, July 2009

P N: This will be the nal print editin Nicel magaine

All uture issues will be available nline nl

Please register at www.nickelonline.org/subscribe t receive email

nticatin uture issues

nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009 Nickel: iN FocUs 3

HE NE NSE HAS A NEW MSSN: O EnsurE markE accEss

Or nickEl hrOugh dEEnding markEs and prOmOing usE O

nickEl-cOnaining maErial s.



Nickel: iN Use nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009

P

H o T o I S T o C k P H o T o © D A N E C k E R T

Timin is vythin, s th syin os.

Th Nic Institt cnty co-hostd

pic dt on cimt chn with

inds o eop, mjo eu thin tn,

nd th vnt’s sccss ows ot to itsschdin.

Th dt too pc Dcm 18,

2008. otitosy, ony dys i, unitd

Ntion cimt ts in Poznń, Pond, hd

com to n nd nd n ny-cimt

pc ws doptd y th eu Conci nd th Pimnt.

l biiothèq Sovy in bsss ws d to cpcity s in-

tntion xpts dtd th otoo o o cimt poicy.

Th vnt povidd pct oppotnity o th Nic Institt

to mind th toy commnity, th mdi nd th pic o

th cci o pyd y nic-sd tchnoois.

“Indsty ivs i-cyc ppoch is th ony wy to t

comphnsiv nd cct viw o th iss,” sid Nic

Institt spospson. “W nd not ony th pict t th

movi. Podcin nic psnts sinicnt invstmnt nd,

om sstiniity pspctiv, th is c tn on tht

invstmnt.”

“Whi w psnt ony sm pt o th pom – ot

0.1 p cnt o nhos s missions – w sinicnt

pt o th sotion, oth intny thoh th continos

impovmnt o o pocsss t pimiy xtny thoh

th contition o nic podcts to th

sstiniity os o socity.”

Nic is citic mnt o th v tch-

noois commndd y th Intntion

Pn on Cimt Chn o mtin onhos s dction tts. Ths

incd s-d pnts, nc ny,

-fcint cs, thno podction, nd

con cpt nd sqsttion.

Th Nic Institt d o v

toy pyin d in od to psv th comptitivnss

o o indstis. a th sps, incdin Stt eiznstt,

th u.S. mssdo to th eopn union om 1993 to 1996,

nd Jim Ci, om Dicto gn t th eopn Commis-

sion with sponsiiity o th eu’s nvionmnt poicy, w

in mnt tht dcin con dioxid missions qis

o sotion.

Th wod is witin to s wht coms o th nxt ond o

cimt ts. On thin is ctin: indsty nds to pt o

th dt s w s pt o th sotion. as o nic, it is c

it pys n impotnt o in dvncin cn pow nd ny

fcincy, which cnt os in th o ot to tc

cimt chn.

Innvative nicel-basedtechnlgies cntributet the reductin

greenhuse gasesTe ne ittte oot b ebte Be.

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/climate

“N s a rta mt th f thgs rm-mdd b th Itrata

Pa Cmat Chag rmtg gba grhs gasrdt targts.”



nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009 Nickel: iN Use 5

mbg Asthts, Ft ad Sstaabt Stass st brdgs add bat t taa ats

U

tilitarian design has its wn aesthetic,

thugh ten engineers grapple withthe tensin between ecnmics and the

desire t build structures that are cmpat-

ible with the surrunding envirnment

When the envirnment is as histric and

beautiul as Ital’s, aesthetic chices

assume new imprtance I the existing

harmn is nt t be disrupted, cnsidera-

tin must be given t mdern engineering

requirements as well as t the preservatin

histrical buildings and the surrunding

envirnment

Siena and Padova

Stainless steel bridges recentl built in

the Italian prvinces Siena and Padva

er a beautiul illustratin hw

structures can be made t blend in with

their surrundings Crssing rivers and

railwas, the uid arcs these bridges

create a rened and delicate impressin

The Chianti regin, situated midwa

between Flrence and Siena and amus

r its wine, has sme the mst beautiul

cuntrside in Ital Siena’s prvincial

capital, which ges b the same name, is

surrunded b live grves and the

vineards Chianti Perched n three hills

with winding allewas, steep steps, and

histric landmars, it is ne the mst

beautiul cities in Tuscan Few twns rival

its beaut In additin t vineards and

live trees, Siena is nted r its harsh rc

rmatins, captivating castline, and

nature reserves

It is largel r aesthetic reasns that themunicipalit Siena chses t use

stainless steel in man its inrastructure

prects Cit planners have taen advan-

tage the unique prperties ered b

lean duplex stainless steels

Althugh duplex grades are mainl

assciated with industrial applicatins,

duplex Uranus® 35N (S32304), prduced b

ArcelrMittal-Industeel in France, was

recentl used t build a bridge in Siena

Cnsisting 23% chrmium and 4%

nicel, this lean duplex grade has excellent

atmspheric crrsin resistance – equiva-

lent t that 316L (S31603) S32304 is

abut twice as strng as S31603, is easil

abricated and is highl resistant t atigue

The bridge’s stainless steel tubular arcs,

which cnsist sme 110 tns S32304

will require minimal maintenanceDuplex S32304 was als used in the

recent cnstructin a bridge in the

prvince Padva other parts this

bridge have an external sheathing AISI

304 (S30400) stainless steel which again,

translates int minimal maintenance

Designing or the environment

Metallic bridges are tpicall designed

and built t last 100-200 ears, s durabilit

is essential Decisin-maers are well aware

that chsing the right materials canensure lng-term cst-efcienc The use

stainless steel in cnstructin guarantees

crrsin resistance and durabilit whilesatising sustainabilit criteria

Using duplex stainless steel, in particular,

helps ensure envirnmental sustainabilit

It is 100% recclable and des nt degrade

Stainless steel in inrastructure cnstructin

nt nl ers lie-ccle cst advantages

ver ther materials, it enables the design

sphisticated creatins that please even

the mst demanding ee

Ponte Malizia in Siena is built with an

ecological sustainablility approach.

For more inormation please go to:

www.nickelmagazine.org/pontemalizia

Te be’ te tee tb ,

w ot o oe 110 to o s32304w eqe tee.



Nickel: FeatUre story nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009

T N Adatag hrmm prds th bas rrs rssta that

mas stass st “stass.” Yt abt tw thrds

th stass st prdd tda tas . th -

wg pags w prst xamps whh strat th b-

ts rd b -tag stass st.

Wh hsg a matra, rrs rssta s part

th ptr. Y mst b ab t ma th art as ad

t ma d thr prprts. t s th th amar

8/8 grad (p ) stass st (8% hrmm, 8%

) whh gs a astt strtr whh aws th

a t b as rmd t mpx shaps, as wdd

th ad th sts, ad t b sd rm r w t

hgh tmpratrs wtht bmg brtt. T 8/8 a

s as as prdd, amar t srs ad wd aaab.

Fr ths rass t s prbab th mst wd sd grad

ard th wrd.

thr aspts ma d t b sdrd. Astt

grads bm strgr wh drmd. Tat mas that

d-wrd matra a b sd t ma ghtr strtrs.

A t rg s absrbd wh t s drmd, whh a b

s dsgg h strtrs that prd prtt

th t rashs.

Asthts ar mprtat t. ard a mdrt. T appara -tag astt stass

sts has mad thm ppar a art sra shs

r arhttra appats as w as th hm.

Tr ar thr tps stass st. Wth w r r

w – ad th abs thr mts ma-

gas r trg that

stabs th ast-

t strtr – sta-

ss st has a rrt

strtr. trmdat

tts thg a mxd astt

ps rrt – r dpx

– strtr. N has

a mprtat r d-

trmg th strtr

ad prprts mst

ths grads.

Tr rrs rsst-

a as srs that,

In the beginning Prbg th rgs th rs

late n 2009 sentsts hpe t rereate ndtns nearer t

the “Bg Bang” than ever bere aheved. Te mpatns

r r nderstandng eementa physs are enrms . . . asare a the nnvatns that d fw rm sh nderstandng.

in ther experments, sentsts and engneers w be dependng

n spea ne-ntanng grades staness stee t hep eep

the ast-mvng parte beams rm strayng rse.

w hgh-ay staness stees spped by Tyssenkrpp

Nrsta GmbH kreed, Germany, are abe t wthstand the

extreme ndtns that w r n the 27-metre rar

tnne the uS$2-bn large Hadrn cder (lHc), the

wrd’s argest parte aeeratr, as sentsts see t nder-

stand the rgn the nverse.

Te experment w attempt t rereate ndtns mmentsater the Bg Bang by aeeratng prtns t a whser bew the

speed ght n ppste dretns n tw separate vam ppes

100 metres beneath the Jra Mntans whh stradde Swtzer-

and and Frane. Tere are 4 separate areas where the prtns an

de and the experments an be sey bserved by sentsts.

Extreme oerating onditions

Abt 500 magnets abrated sng 860 tns Nrsta®

4375 (EN N.1.4375), a manganese-ntanng astent

staness stee w prde eds t aeerate and gde the

partes. Ts ay an wthstand the near abste zer

(mns 271º cess) temperatres and the strng res

wthn the magnet , whe ts w magnet permeabty

ensres the stee tse des nt beme magnetzed.

“Ts spea hgh qaty matera was essenta r the

smth prdtn and tstandng prpertes the mag-

nets,” says Dete krshe, senr manager AccEl instr-

ments, respnsbe r the magnets.

P H o T o T H y S S E N k R U P P S T A I N L E S S

In their experiments, scientists and engineers will be depend-

ing on special nickel-containing grades o stainless steel to help

keep the ast-moving particle beams rom straying of course.

continued on page 15 continued on page 15



nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009 Nickel: FeatUre story 7

Etr th Drag

one Canada’s mst prmising newartists, kevin Stne, is attracting inter-

natinal attentin r the massive, visinar

sculptures antas gures he rges ut

nicel-cntaining stainless steel

A metallurg graduate, Stne hned his

crat as a specialt metal abricatr ver 18

ears In 2005, at the age 35, he decided

t cmbine his ears welding experience

with a lielng passin r antas art b de-

vting himsel entirel t sculpture

Stne cnstructs his pieces rm hundreds

highl reective stainless steel cmp-nents which he has patientl designed and

abricated His wrs are rmidable in scale

and prduce a striing interpla reected

light wherever the are placed

“i ee to ow tt y ee e

te eeet, tey . Tey’ t

o e o oe ye – tt’ ow

oooett te tee .”

Stne’s newest creatin, the Chinese Im-

perial Water Dragn, came t lie in his Metal

Animatin studi in suthern British Clum-

bia It stands 36-42 metres tall with a width

and length 57 metres and 105 metres,

respectivel The sculpture is cmprised

rughl 324 sq metres 15 millimetre 304

(S30400) stainless steel

Why stainless steel?

Stne preers t wr with a durable ma-

terial such as stainless as it allws him t

prduce pieces timeless qualit while stillcapturing ne details and realism

“A lt m wr as a pressinal welder

was with stainless steel – plishing welds,

grinding welds, bending, and s n The

crrsin-resistance stainless is imprtant

t me I need t nw that m pieces can

handle the elements, and the can The’ll

last r a hundred r mre ears – that’s hw

crrsin-resistant stainless steel is”

Stne capitalies n the reective qualities

stainless steel b mirrr-plishing all his

pieces b hand“The plishing is crucial because ide-

all m pieces will be displaed ver water

with dierent-clured lights dancing

them The l especiall striing at night

in a untain envirnment I tend t envi-

sin them either indrs r utdrs in a Las

Vegas-tpe setting”

Labour intensive and requiring skill

All the pieces in Stne’s sculptures are cut

b hand using a pwer shear r a grinder with

a cut- wheel, then careull t and tac-weld-

ed int place using a gas tungsten arc weldingmachine Ater all the welding is cmpleted, he

grinds dwn the welds and starts the multi-

step prcess plishing the metal with ner

and ner grit plishing pads, ultimatel result-

ing in a grgeus mirrr nish

Sculptr kevin Stne uses stainless steel t turn antas int realit

“Thin stainless is tric t weld yu havet tae care t avid verheating and burn-

ing thrugh it,” Stne sas “It als requires

plishing t bring ut its beaut, which is

labur-intensive But the ert is wrthwhile

because, nce plished, the pieces are read

r the elements: the wn’t crrde, rust r

lse their mirrr-lie qualit ”

He adds that since stainless steel is a

better insulatr than carbn steel used b

mst welders, maintaining a lw heat in-

put when welding is critical

Stne has n intentin slwing dwnIn act he hpes t build a bigger studi t

huse his creatins – ne large enugh r

an verhead crane

“I’m ust a new artist n the scene tring t

mae a name r himsel Ding the largest

stainless steel pieces in the wrld – and d-

ing them n a highl detailed level – is sme-

thing I hpe t be nwn r”

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/dragon



Nickel: FeatUre story nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009

T

he rise in the prductin uel ethanl

has been bth extrardinar and cntr-

versial Seen as an imprtant part the slu-

tin r climate change and dmestic energ

securit, uel ethanl has als been blamed

r the spie in d prices that t place in

2008 New plic develpments have led t

new technlg develpments Whatever

balance uels emerges in the lng term,

there will be a cntinuing cntributin rm

nicel-cntaining stainless steels

Ethanl is an increasingl cmmn bi-uel

alternative t gasline in man parts the

wrld While uel ethanl prductin in the

United States is almst exclusivel derived

rm crn, Brail prduces almst as much

ethanl using sugar cane, and in the EU wheat

is an imprtant part the eedstc mix

Ethanl is an attractive uel because it

cmes rm renewable surces The use

ethanl as an additive t petrleum-based

uels can als result in cleaner burning with

less emissin carbn mnxide and par-

ticulates Fr the United States, ethanl pr-

ductin has als been encuraged as a wa

t decrease dependence n il, and thereb

imprve natinal securitConstruction Boom

As a result the US Energ Plic Act

2005, which called r increasing vlumes

ethanl t be blended with the US uel sup-

pl, a cnstructin bm t place in the

US in 2004 t mid-2008 which generated

cnsiderable demand r stainless steel It

is estimated that the ethanl industr in the

US used abut 227,000 tnnes stainless

steel in this same perid Sme 60% this

tnnage was in stainless plate; 27% went

int pipe; and the remainder t the rm

tubes and ttings and the lie

The perating cnditins an ethanl

rm crn plant are nt particularl cr-

rsive t mst stainless steels: pH ranges

rm 58 t 2 in mst areas and, with a ew

exceptins, temperatures are relativel lw

Therere 304L (S30403) is b ar the mst

cmmnl used grade stainless steel, ac-

cunting r sme 90% ttal stainless us-

age in an ethanl plant The remaining 10%

is mainl 316L (S31603) There are als small

applicatins r All 20 (N08020), varius

duplex grades, and sme erritic grades

Pure ethanl is quite nn-crrsive, but it

is ver hgrscpic, ie absrbs water Cer-

tain impurities rm the biethanl prcess,

such as rganic acids, sulphuric acid and

chlride-cntaining salt, will cncentrate in

the water phase, maing it quite crrsive

t carbn steel

A 400-millin-litre-per-ear ethanl plant

wuld tpicall require abut 1,600-2,300tnnes stainless steel Applicatins r

stainless steel include equipment such as

crn steepers, centriuges, lters, mixers, dr-

ers and evapratrs Stainless steel tans at

varius stages prductin include lique-

actin, ermentatin, east slurr, beer well,

washing, stillage, centrate surge and srup

tans Heav walled tans are candidates r

lean duplex stainless steel, which has higher

strength than the standard 300 series alls

Mst piping sstems, including pumps and

valves, are stainless steelOngoing development and trends

Criticism grain ethanl prductin grew

in 2007-2008 as industr critics lined rising

wrld d prices t the diversin crn t

ethanl prductin Industr critics lined

increased grain cnsumptin and higher

grain prices t the prductin ethanl

Crn-based ethanl was als criticied r its

lie ccle envirnmental impacts It was dis-

puted whether crn-based ethanl as an au-

tmtive uel increases rather than reduces

greenhuse gas emissins, particularl whenrests are cnverted int arm land

Althugh it is nw suggested b sme

that high and rising grain prices were driven

mre b strng glbal ecnmic grwth and

il and gas prices than b the demand r

ethanl, gvernments have been rced t

examine the ull lie ccle impacts the bi-

uels that are prduced

In 2007, the Energ Independence and

Securit Act (EISA) was passed in the US

The legislatin increased the renewable uel

Mre than tw hundred ethanl

plants exist in the United States

ethno’sevotion

Expas th tha dstr mas hghr dmad

r -tag stass st

P H o T o S I S T o C k P H o T o © R o B E R T k y L L o © D A V I D F R E U N D

C o M P o S I T I o N C o N S T R U C T I V E C o M M U N I C A T I o N S



nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009 Nickel: FeatUre story 9

standard t 163 billin litres (36 billin gal-

lns) b 2022 In respnse t the criticism

acing the ethanl industr, EISA capped

crn-based ethanl cnsumptin in the US

at 68 billin litres (15 billin gallns) per ear

b 2015 This revised legislatin cntinued t

create the cnditins r the US bi-uels in-

dustr t expand, while encuraging research

and develpment int prducing ethanl

rm alternative surces such as cellulse

Prducing ethanl rm cellulse is a new

apprach which ma alleviate cncerns

abut using rest land r d t prduce

uel Cellulsic ethanl can be prduced

rm an plant material – including waste

agricultural material such as crn stals –

ptentiall dubling ields and reducing its

impact n climate change

Evolution o material demands

Cellulsic bimass requires pretreatment

bere it can be cnverted int ermentable

sugars There is an arra pretreatment

prcesses, man them invlving crrsive

envirnments Regardless the technlg

used t brea dwn the bi-mass in rder t

release the sugars, whether it’s acid hdrl-

sis r enmatic hdrlsis, pretreatment

tans will be required as part the prduc-

tin prcess In the case acid hdrlsis,

the perating cnditins will be quite crr-

sive as a result high temperatures and sul-

phuric acid present in the perating media(2% sulphuric acid) Acid hdrlsis tans r

small-scale pilt and demnstratin plants

have been cnstructed rm All C-276

(N10276) and super-duplex grades other

acids are being cnsidered which ma result

in ther grades stainless being used The

pretreatment tans r enmatic hdrlses

are expected t be made rm 316 stainless,

thugh ther grades such as duplex 2205

(S32205) ma als be cnsidered

Prcess technlgies r the prductin

cellulsic ethanl are still at the develp-

ment stage Althugh the rst cmmercial

cellulsic plants are being built, large scale,

cst-cmpetitive, cmmercial prductin

cellulsic ethanl is nt expected t get

under wa until 2-5 ears rm nw

Enter the Obama Administration

As part the American Recver and Re-

investment Act 2009, passed in Februar,

US President Barac obama included US$58

billin t be devted t energ investments

in the cming ears o that amunt, at least

$800 millin is t be directed specicall at

bimass-driven energ prects President

obama has als declared that the gvern-

ment will invest US$15 billin annuall t

develp renewable energ technlgies,

including advanced bi-uels and uel-ef-

cient vehicles

More change to come

The ethanl industr, bth in the US and

internatinall, will require cnsiderable

quantities stainless steel ver the next 10-

12 ears In the US alne, the bi-uels in-

dustr is expected t require abut 500,000

tns stainless The bi-uels industr in

Nrth America will remain a e end-use

maret r stainless steel; it is recast t ac-

cunt r hal glbal prductin grwth

in bi-uels ver the next 20 ears Ethanl

prcess technlg cmpanies lie the wa

304L perrms and perceive it t be bth

reliable and cst-eective With the advent

cellulsic ethanl, 316L stainless will cer-

tainl pla an increasingl imprtant rle

The uel mix used b scieties in the 21st

centur will nt resemble thse the late

20th While technlgical prgress and

plitical pririties ma avur certain al-

ternatives at dierent times, what remains

cnstant is the need r nicel-cntaining

materials t prvide the perrmance need-

ed t prduce them

Corn Delivered to Plant

Distillers Grain to Market

Thin Stillage or Syrup to Market Wet Stillage or Syrup to Market Centrifuge

Rotary Drum Dryer Evaporation System Ethanol Transported to Market

Grinder Cookers

CO2

Scrubber Distillation Columns

Molecular Sieve Ethanol StorageFermenter

Dry Milling

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/ethanol



P H o T o T H y S S E N k R U P P A C C I A I S P E C I A L I T E R N I

P H o T o S : I S T o C k P H o T o © I N A P E T E R S

Sss wmag ds t m

as. Wmars mst t -

sdr th grap art, bt as th sp

trrr (ggrapha dts) rm

whh th graps am ad th sas

whh th wr pd wh pag th

bdg ad agg prsss that w b

sd t dp th far th w.

majr r s dsrd tsrm th matras that m tat

wth th w drg th prdt pr-

ss. Wmars mst ar st

th matras th s; thrws th

rs atrg th w’s rgapt har-

atrsts (tast, sm, r, ad s

). T matras sd r th w tas

ad th dtrgts ad sts sd t

a thm mst drg a rag tsts

t sr that th w ha at th tast r arma

th w.

Wmars pa ar attt t

sts, bt as t thr rmta t-

prt drg w prdt, r xamp

as t rats t ag qpmt.

a bette e o te tee

Stass st has g b th ma-

tra h r parts th w-

mag prss, arg wg t ts as

aabt. What’s mr, t s pssb t

ptmz sra shs r sp ap-

pats sh as w mag.

sh prprtar stass sra

sh s xWNE™ rm Tssrpp

Aa Spa r. Ts spa sra

sh, whh a b prdd (S) r 6

(S6) d-rd stass sht, was dpd atr arr-g t abratr smats dts sd w-

mag prsss. partar ss sd th rma-

t ptassm btartrat qpmt was, ad ts as

rma rm ars sra shs.

T ag ad mata w tas rqr th s

arg amts watr-tag ag hmas, whh

mst b hadd ad dspsd ar. T washg tas

wth ths w sh s amd t rqr ss hma ad watr

sag, rstg rdd wast dspsa. T shrtr washg

mas th tas ar aaab r r-s sr; whh -

rass prdtt, ad rds abr rqrmts.Qty wt efey

Fr wmars ard th wrd, sss rqrs th ma-

pat th arabs atr prds ad th maag-

mt (r xs) arabs that a trr wth th d-

srd rst. Stass sts wth apprprat shs ab

th wmars t trat th thgs that ma thr

prdts s q t thr rgs ad s spa t ths wh

thr ws.

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/inoxwine

Blending Tradition and ProgressWe wt ew te tee e

Stainless steel has long been the

material o choice or key parts o the

winemaking process, largely owing to its

easy cleanability.

Wine tanks abricated with InoxWINE TM fnish

0 Nickel: FeatUre story nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009

P H o T o S : I S T o C k P H o T o © C H I y A L I





2 Nickel: iN Use nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009

P H o T o G U y o T D E S I G N S

Stainless steel water

bttle maret sars A ha th ad gr h

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/guyot

How Green is my Bottle?

The New yr Times t an in-depth

l at the issue stainless steel cn-

tainers versus plastic bttles The article

was authred b Daniel Gleman (au-

thr Eclgical Intelligence: Hwknwing the Hidden Impacts What

We Bu Can Change Everthing) and

Gregr Nrris (pressr Industrial

Eclg at the Universit Aransas)

The authrs’ cnclusin: “I ur stainless

steel bttle taes the place 50 plastic

bttles, the climate is better , and i it

gets used 500 times, it beats plastic in all

the envirnment-impact categries

studied in a lie ccle assessment”

P H o T o I S T o C k P H o T o © A D A M B o R k o W S k I

W hen Gyt Desgns started ma-

ng staness stee water bttes n

2005, the Mane, u.S.A.-based mpany

was prmtng a greener aternatve t

past, ne that wd ast nger and be

reyed mre easy. ltte dd they nw

that ther bttes wd sn be n ht

demand r heath and saety reasns.

in 2007, canada deded t reassessthe saety bsphen A (BPA), a m-

pnd sed n the manatre py-

arbnate pasts nd n hsehd

tems sh as baby bttes, water bt-

tes, and d strage ntaners. Te

annnement trggered a respnse by

retaers, and sddeny saes Gyt’s

staness stee bttes were sarng.

As a preatnary measre, canada

added the hema t ts st tx

sbstanes n 2008 and, ater dearngBPA sae n ts rrent se, the Fd and

Drg Admnstratn (FDA) n the u.S.

s nw rensderng the sse.

consumer resonses

Retaers, ndng hgh-pre

names sh as Wa-Mart and ys “R”

us, are nt watng r the rests the

FDA nvestgatn. Tey have respnded

swty t nsmer demand by tang

past water bttes ther sheves

and repang them wth meta nes.

“i thn there’s a t rm r stan-

ess bttes n the maretpae,” says

Jhn Steed, prdt manager r Gyt.“Mre and mre pepe are nerned

abt past n genera nw. Te BPA

sare pt a t meta bttes n

sheves, and that, n and tse, seems

t renre pepe’s nerns.”

Athgh amnm s anther ater-

natve t past n bttes, the meta

has t be ned – mmny wth a BPA-

ntanng epxy resn.

Gyt’s bttes are made rm 316l

(S31603) staness stee, a grade that s

hghy resstant t rrsn. car-

na-based kean kanteen, Gyt’s arg-

est mpettr, ses d-grade 304(S30400) staness stee as aed 18/8.

Bth these staness stee grades are

mmny sed n ther d-ntat

appatns sh as tery, ware,

mmera d pressng eqpment,

as we as water treatment and dstrb-

tn systems.

Other benefts

on tp beng a heathy he, stan-

ess stee s a better envrnmenta ater-

natve t past bease the ay asts a

ng tme and s ready reyabe. cs-

tmers have the pprtnty t retrn

d bttes s that Gyt an have themreyed, sng the e ye p.

“Staness stee s drabe, s t asts

nger and s y reamabe, ths ept

t a and when the btte s at the

end ts se e,” says Steed.

Staness stee has ther advantages.

it s easy t ean, santary, and desn’t

p p favrs rm the sbstanes

ntaned n the btte. Ang wth

the heath and envrnmenta benets,

thse eatres shd sdy stanessstee’s hgh standng n the water btte

maret r a ng tme t me.

on tp being a health chice,stainless steel is a better envirn-mental alternative t plasticbecause the all lasts a lngtime and is readil recclable



nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009 Nickel: iN Use 13

Mssiv Q-Mx cisT trasprtat qd atra gas trs a w ra.

W

hen it cmes t shipping liqueed natu-

ral gas t distant marets, bigger is betterLarge-scale taners save energ, prduce less

carbn emissins, and ensure that nearl 100%

the carges arrive at their destinatins

These are amng the advantages a new

generatin LNG taner nwn as the Q-Max,

designed t carr 80% mre gas than cnven-

tinal carriers while reducing transprt csts

b as much as ne-third

The rst Q-Max vessel, named Mah, was

delivered in December 2008 t Exxn Mbil

Crp, which develped the giant ships in

partnership with Qatar Petrleum it will de-liver the Persian Gul state’s natural gas t mar-

ets in Eurpe and Nrth America Each ship

is lnger than three tball elds, stands 20

stries high rm eel t the tip the mast,

and basts a strage capacit 266,000 cu-

bic metres – enugh gas t suppl the energneeds 70,000 American hmes r a ear

That’s almst duble the capacit the

largest LNG carriers t enter service in the

past three decades In the wrds Neil Du-

n, president Exxn Mbil Develpment

C, the Q-Max carriers “brea the LNG ship-

ping muld in nearl ever wa”

Demanding environment, impressive scale

Q-Max carriers stre natural gas in the larg-

est n-bard LNG tans ever built Fr strage

purpses, the natural gas is cled t –163º C,

which transrms it int a liquid and reducesits vlume t ne six-hundredth its gaseus

state Each tan is 48 metres wide, 28 metres

high and 58 metres lng and lined with a thin

metal membrane

The membrane is ashined rm ne

tw nicel-cntaining alls, depending n

the shipard one is 304L (S30403) stainless

which is 12 millimetres thic with a crru-

gated surace that will allw r cntractin

n cntact with the LNG The stainless cvers

staced am panels The ther uses a duble

membrane 07-mm thic nicel-irn Invar®

(k93600) all which cvers staced plwd

bxes that are lled with insulatin With 36%

nicel and 64% irn, this all is quite special

in that it has the prpert an extremel lw

thermal expansin and cntractin rate Abut

700 tnnes metal are needed r the tans

a single Q-Max carrier In bth cases, the

insulated tans will have the same eect as a

gigantic therms bttle, eeping the cntents

cld during the vage

“Bth these materials were chsen r their

tughness and ductilit at crgenic temper-

atures,” ntes Exxn spespersn kimberl

jhnsn Brasingtn “The 36 per cent nicel

steel all has the advantage having an ex-

tremel lw cefcient thermal expansin”

Technological innovation

Q-Max designers have empled a number

technical innvatins Sme LNG vapr-

ies during transit and ther classes carrier

use it t pwer the ship, but during the lng

vage rm Qatar t the United States, upt 5% the carg culd revert t gas and be

“Eah shp s gr tha thrtba fds, stads strshgh rm t th tp thmast, ad basts a strag apa-t , b mtrs.”

rThe membrane is ashioned rom

one o two nickel alloys.

The frst Q-Max carrier, Mozahw

continued on page 15



4 Nickel: iN BrieF nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009

he Steel Cnstructin Institute (SCI) has

recentl launched and nline Inrmatin

Centre r Stainless Steel in Cnstructin The

Inrmatin Centre, www.stinssconstc-

tion.com, is designed t encurage practitin-

ers t use stainless steel b helping them nd

inrmatin n successul applicatins and

technical guidance n speciing, designing,

abricating and installing stainless steel The Inrmatin Centre prvides access t a

wide range up-t-date inrmatin r architects, engineers, abricatrs, installers and academ-

ics, including technical guidance, design stware, design data, case studies and research papers

T his nline game available at: http://

nobelprize.org/educational_games/

physics/steel/ is a crash curse in hw t

mae steel alls Alls are mixtures sub-

stances in which the resulting material has

metallic prperties The are

usuall prduced b melt-

ing the mixture ingredi-

ents Steel, brass and amal-

gam are a ew examples

alls Invar, rm the wrd“invariable”, is a special steel

all – used tda in tasters and CRT-mn-

itrs, r example In the game u will be

given “an rder” t mae a special steel prd-

uct – a dierent prduct each time u pla

yur missin will be t nd the steel all

that suits this prduct best, mix the “ingredi-

ents”, and nall, tr t place as man mlds

as pssible n a “steel dugh” I u’re quic

at maing alls u culd end up n the all-

time high scre list!

The Invar & Steel Alls educatinal game

and related reading are based n the 1920

Nbel Prie in Phsics awarded r discv-

ering the steel all Invar

inv® & s a Gm

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/invar

ste stee cotto ioto cete

Online Invar® & Steel Alloy Game

N i c k e lM A G A z I N E o N L I N E

SubSCrIbe to Nic Mzin o ch

nd civ n -mi notic whn nw

iss is postd onin.

www.nickelonline.org/subscribe

IN 7 laNguageS, d Nic Mzin

onin. enish, Chins, Jpns, rssin,

nch, gmn nd Spnish.

www.nickelmagazine.org/language

SearCH baCk ISSueS o Nic Mzin om

o onin chiv, oin c to Jy 1998.

www.nickelmagazine.org/archive

WaTCH nin shot nic vidos on Yo T.Sch o “Nic Institt” nd visit th

Nic Institt Chnn. Incds o nw

“Cimt action” vido, th bbC Wod

commcis nd th cyc stinss

st commcis.

www.youtube.com/user/NickelInstitute

www.nickelinstitute.org

Q: What is an alloy?

Q: What kind o ingredients could a steel alloy have?

Q: What diferent kinds o steel alloys are there?

Q: What are the diferent steel alloys used or?

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/ssinocentre

Alloy Al B C Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Mo Nb N Ni P Pb S Si Sn Ti V W Zn Zr Other

K93600 - - - - - - 64 - - - - 36 - - - - - - - - - - -p. 13

N10276 - - 0.02 2.5 14.5- - 4.0- 1.00 15.0- - - rem 0.030 - 0.030 0.08 - - 0.35 3.0- - - -p. 9 max max 16.5 7.0 max 17.0 max max max max 4.5

N08020 - - 0.07 - 19.00- 3.00- bal. 2.00 2.00- min 8 x C - 32.00- 0.045 - 0.035 1.00 - - - - - - -p. 8 max 21.00 4.00 max max 3.00 max 1.00 38.00 max max max

S30400 - - 0.08 - 18.00- - - 2.00 - - - 8.00- 0.045 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -p. 5,7,10,12 max 20.00 max 10.50 max max max

S30403 - - 0.03 - 18.00- - - 2.00 - - - 8.00- 0.045 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -p. 6, 8, 13 max 20.00 max 12.00 max max max

S31600 - - 0.08 - 16.0- - - 2.00 2.00- - - 10.00- 0.045 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -p.11 max 18.0 max 3.00 14.00 max max max

S31603 - - 0.030 - 16.0- - - 2.00 2.00- - - 10.00- 0.045 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -p. 5,8,10,12 max 18.0 max 3.00 14.00 max max max

S32205 - - 0.030 - 22.0- - - 2.00 3.00- - 0.14- 4.50- 0.030 - 0.020 1.00 - - - - - - -p.9 max 23.0 max 3.50 0.20 6.50 max max max

S32304 - - 0.03 - 21.5- 0.05- - 2.50 0.05- - 0.05- 3.00- 0.040 - 0.040 1.00 - - - - - - -p. 5 max 24.5 0.60 max 0.60 0.20 5.50 max max max

EN 1.4375 - - 0.040 - 19.00- - - 8.00- - - 0.30- 6.00- 0.045 - 0.015 1.00 - - - - - - -p. 6 max 21.00 10.00 0.45 8.00 max max max

UNS details Chemical compositions (in percent by weight) of the nickel-containing alloys and stainless steels mentioned in this issue of Nickel.



nickel, vol. 24, no. 2, July 2009 Nickel: iN BrieF 15

The Sea Hrse Institute’s Francis L LaQue Award was presented t

james F “jim” jenkins at the 55th Sea Hrse Marine Crrsin Cn-

erence, held in Daytna Beach, Flrida, USA, octber 26 – 30, 2008

jim was emplyed by the US Navy r thirty years His respnsibili-ties included research in deep cean crrsin and the applicatin

crrsin engineering t a wide variety U S Navy acilities jim has

been a cnsultant t the Nickel Institute since 1995 He has authred

r c-authred a large number publicatins, including many guide-

lines r cntrlling crrsin in marine service jim is a NACE Cer-

tifcated Crrsin specialist and a registered Pressinal Engineer in

Crrsin (Calirnia)

NI Cnsultant jim jenins Receives LaQue Award

In the beginning cnt’dStaness stee s as a ra mpnent the ppes that arry qd he-

m t the magnets. devep magnet eds hgh engh t aeerate

the partes t se t the speed ght, the magnet s mst be ed t

near abste zer s that they an beme sperndtng and transer a-

mst a ther energy nt magnet eds. he dstrbtn system ppes

that rns parae t the magnets and sppes them wth hem s made

EN N.1.4307, a hrmm-ne staness stee smar t 304l (S30403) that

as des nt embrtte at these extremey w temperatres. Apprxmatey

450 tns the matera were needed r the 120 metres ppe.

Athgh the Erpean organzatn r Near Researh was red t hat

the prjet n September, 2008, bease a aty eetra nnetn betweensegments the lHc’s sperndtng abe, t s sheded t resme n ate

September 2009 and mae the rst sn experments n ate otber.

pure siene, innovation and nikel

he lHc s aready an engneerng trmph ntwthstandng the start-p

prbem. Mrever, the nsghts ganed rm t w nene tehnges and

hman ambtns r deades, ndeed generatns. it s apprprate that ne

– that s, part the ne rmed at the nan-nstant ater the Bg Bang – s

essenta t ts sess.

rrt sd, stass st tms w b sr r ma

ars. Ts drabt mas th ha a bg part t pa

dpg a mr sstaab st: mprg rg -

, rdg pt, rdg th s matras.

Frthrmr, th a a th ag mts – t jst

th – prds a strg t t t th tms

at th d thr s ad t r th stass st.

dd, stass st s th mst rd a ma-

tras. T amt stass aaab r rg s

mtd bas s ma stass st tms ar st s

atr ma ars.

N pas a rta r prdg th mbats

prprts that ma stass st th astst grw-

g matras s tda ad a mprtat st t th

sstaabt hags that th wrd s ag.

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/laque

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/niadveditorial

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/bigbang

burned as uel The slutin was t install an

n-bard plant t re-lique the vapur and

return it t the strage tans This maes lng

vages mre easible while enabling engi-

neers t replace cnventinal steam bilers

with high-efcienc, lw-speed twin diesel

engines that cnsume an estimated 40% less

energ per unit carg The new ships als

have imprved re-prtectin sstems and

bast twin prpellers and rudders r better

maneuvrabilit

Three krean shipards – Samsung Heav

Industries, Daew Shipbuilding & Marine

Engineering, and Hundai Heav Industries

– have been cntracted t build a ttal 45

carriers These include nt nl Q-Max but the

smaller, et still massive, Q-Flex taners, which

have a capacit 212,000 cubic metres Exx-

n Mbil has rdered seven Q-Max vessels, all

t be delivered b the end 2009

Massive Q-Max Carriers cnt’d

For more inormation please go to:www.nickelmagazine.org/qmax

The Nicel Advantage cnt’d



This is nickel.

This is noT a bridge.

nickelinstitute.org

But it does provide a path to a more sustainable future, connect import ant

innovations to the needs of society and s upport millions of jobs in the EU

and billions in economic development.

Look closely at nickel stainless steels and you’ll see both their brilliance and their beauty.But nickel’s role in sustaining our planet is also well worth looking at. Most importantly,nickel in all its forms is recyclable. Beyond that, nickel improves the corrosion resistance ofalloys like stainless steels. This means less maintenance and less expensive rehabilitation.

And nicke l’s st rength and duct il it y make it idea l for creating supe ra lloys f or turb ines thatburn biogases—from landfills, for example—to generate electricity.

Nickel also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in many ways. Hybrid cars use nickelmetal hydride batteries; waste-to-energy plants use corrosion-resistant nickel alloys for along, maintenance-free operating life; and wind turbines use nickel alloy castings becausethey perform so well under cold operating conditions.

Nickel. Take a closer look. You’ll see so much more.

NICKEL_Magazine Vol24 02Jul2009.Ashx

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