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olume. By carefulermit the absorpthematically in (Floy crystal structadmium electrodeensities that are
ig. 2) Schematic
ositive Electrod
he nickel-metal hhese electrodes aood capacity. The
he balance betwemited as illustrateositive. The positffuses to the negandling low to mo
ig. 3) Relative El
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of the nickel-meen for use as an hat could capturel selection of thetion and release Fig. 2) where theure. The metal he in a nickel-cadm>20 percent high
of Metal-Alloy S
de
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een the positive aed in (Fig. 3). Thtive will reach fulgative electrode woderate overchar
lectrode Balances
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e much smaller hyhydride electrodemium couple. As her than the equ
Structure Within N
electrode design nd rugged exhibrd NiMH positive
and negative eleis means that thl capacity first aswhere it is recomrge currents.
s During Dischar
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ery negative elecgy source in the hydrogen in volunts and proportioeed at room tempydrogen atom is
e has a theoreticas a result, nickel-uivalent nickel-ca
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draws heavily onbiting excellent he electrode is pas
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ctrode emanated1970s. Certain m
umes up to nearlyons, the thermodperatures. The g
s shown absorbedal capacity >40 pmetal hydride ba
admium battery.
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n experience witigh-rate performsted and includes
ted so that the brode possesses acharged. It then wgen recombinatio
rcharge
Nickel Versio
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d from research ometallic alloys wey a thousand timynamics could be
general result is sd into the interstpercent higher thatteries provide e
h nickel-cadmiummance, long cycle
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on the ere observed
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El Thhy Se Thall Ba Thuspoins Niinsteelerethunof posareon
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attery Construc
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efinitions of Ca
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hydride couple le nickel-cadmiumtive electrodes intallic can that is
de batteries are ch other. The casbattery designs between cells in
vent built into thebination cycle derating conditionsharge or incompen, and hydrogeen to reduce the
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Resealable Vent
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havior of the nicks - especially tho
apacity
ery parameter of nt use profile. Wry screening and tand the conditios on projected pefrom a new, but
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metal hydride baconstituents to e
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nds itself to the wm, LI ion and primnsulated by separsealed after inje
typically sealed dse serves, as the may use a plasti typical battery ae top, as shown escribed earlier is, thus maintaininatible battery/ch
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Mechanism
teristics
kel-metal hydrideose requiring a st
interest to a proWhile establishing
initial design areons under which erformance. Thethoroughly cond
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attery is alkaline, nhance battery p
vides electrical isnon-woven polyo
wound constructmary lithium batterators. The sandw
ection of electroly
designs with mete negative terminic insulating wrapapplications. Nickin (Fig. 4). The ns capable of recong pressure equiharger combinatioated faster than revent battery ruvent can carry el
e battery is genertable voltage for
oduct designer isactual run times
e often performea battery rating
e standard batterditioned battery s
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a 20% to 40% wperformance.
solation betweenolefin.
tion shown in (Fieries. The basic wiched electrodeyte.
tallic cases and tnal for the batterypper shrunk overkel-metal hydridenickel-metal hydrombining gases flibrium within thons for the operait can be recombupture. The vent ectrolyte, which
rally well suited textended period
s usually the run s in the product ed using rated cais established an
ry rating, often asubjected to a co
Nickel Versio
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weight % solutio
the electrodes w
ig. 1), which is scomponents cones are wound tog
tops that are elecy while the top isr the case to proe batteries contaride battery is deformed during ove battery. Howevating environmenbined. In such careseals once themay form crysta
to the needs of tds of operations,
time available uis vital prior to fi
apacities. Designend the impact of
abbreviated as C,onstant-current d
Metal Hydride
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Page 5 of 15
on of alkaline
while still
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ctrically s the positive
ovide ain a esigned so vercharge ver, in cases nt, it is ases the e pressure is als or rust
today’s or high rate
nder a nal adoption ers should f differences , is the discharge at
ypically a moderarotected from oveattery cycle life acceptable and can4 hours is well suC/40) is recommevercharging.
Storage his guidance is
ssentially all battepically due to sloa function of themperature sensitsult in large diffescharge process,r impossible to re
attery storage issapacity after beineriod of time
elf Discharge
MH batteries wilithin batteries. Tpproximately 50%mperatures will s
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apacity Recove
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onsumer usage bscharged) shouldw-level drain reqe sustaining volate eliminated whender load, small qhis creep leakageom the appearanevice componentuch as an insulatiquiring extended
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Charging Rates
ate rate (2 to 3 hercharge by the nd should be limn be an economiuited for NiMH baended. The use o
not intended f
eries gradually dow parasitic reacte battery chemisttivity of the self-erences in self-di, but may also caeverse.
sues of concern tng charged or the
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% to 80% of theiself discharge fastorage Conditionsat the lowest fea
ge temperatures)batteries open-cin a charged conin a clean, dry,
good inventory pr
ery After Storag
, stored batteriesstandard methoone cycle to attarolonged storage
batteries intendedd be removed froquirement on thetile memory, pow
en storing batteriequantities of elece may result in thnce of the batterys. Although suching tape over thed storage of batte
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hour) smart chargsmart charger ci
mited to an as neeical alternative toatteries. Finally aof very small trick
for bulk transpo
ischarge over timtions occurring wtry and the tempdischarge reactioischarging rate. Eause chemical ch
to most consumee ability of the ce
due to slow interradually drain thir capacity after 6ster due to the ins for Maximum Basible temperatu). circuit to eliminatndition (except foprotected enviroractices (first in,
ge
s will provide fulds. Batteries stoain pre-storage ce and rapid resto
d for storage for om the device. Ineir batteries evenwering sense circes for protractedctrolyte can ultimhe formation of cy. In extreme cah occurrences aree positive terminaeries.
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ger is preferred frcuitry. Extremeeded basis. Slowo smart chargersa maintenance (okle charges is pre
ortation or bulk
me whether theywithin the batteryperature environmons, relatively smExtended storagehanges after the
ers relate either tells to charge and
nal electrochemihe battery over ti6 months of storncreased reactio
Battery Performaures (-20°C to 30
te loaded storagefor large bulk volonment to minim
first out) to redu
l capacity on thered for an extencapacities. Consuoration of capacit
r extended periodn particular, mann when in the "ofcuits or even maid periods. When mately begin to secrystals of potassses, creep leakage rare, positive mal or removal fro
l citation to authori
for NiMH batteriely fast charging (w overnight times. A charger that or trickle) chargeeferred to reduce
k storage of Ni
y are used or noty. As such, the loment experiencemall differences ie with a load conbattery is discha
to the speed witd discharge "nor
ical reactions thaime. NiMH batterrage. NiMH batteon rates caused bance 0°C being the ge
e effects (see neumes). ize physical damuce time batterie
e first discharge aded period or at ultation with the ty is planned.
ds of time (past tny portable electrff" position. Thesintaining switch nickel-metal hydeep around the ssium carbonate, ge can result in c
methods of electrom the device are
Nickel Versio
ity.
es. The batteries(less than 1 hour
er based chargersapplies a 0.1 C
e rate of less thane the negative ef
MH batteries.
t. This capacity looss rate (self-disced by the batteryn storage tempennected not onlyarged, which may
h which the cellsrmally" after stor
at continually takries will typically eries that are stoby the elevated te
enerally recomme
ext page).
mage to batteries.es spend in stora
after removal froelevated tempemanufacturer is
the point where ronic devices plase micro-current positions. Such l
dride batteries arseals or through which detract cocorrosion of battrically isolating the suggested for a
Metal Hydride
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Page 12 of 15
s are r) can impact s are also rate for 12 to n 0.025 C ffects of
oss is charge rate)
y. Due to the erature may y speeds the y be difficult
s lose their rage for some
ke place retain
ored at high emperature.
ended
. age.
om storage ratures may
they are fully ce a very loads may oads should re stored the vent.
osmetically teries, or the he battery, applications
oncerns regardingattery from heat-e battery and ea
Care and Hhis guidance is
ckel-metal hydrid
eneral Safety P
ckel-metal hydridealing with nickel
• For deunderthe ac
• Nicketo cau
• The acorrosmaint
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sign Construction onstruction for th, and therefore,
designed with n
atteries, nickel-mC); however, withh wider range of
de batteries can nd low ends of thonments without
e usehold batterieshigher temperat
on de batteries canent in day-to-day
sign (Not for bulks emitted from thhydrogen and ox isolation of the te sparks) and pg possible hydrog-generating compase design of app
Handlingnot intended f
de batteries for c
Precautions for
de batteries are l-metal hydride bevices with tightr normal or abusccumulation of dl metal hydride buse burns or igniactive materials insive and capabletained intact.
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iderations
he nickel-metal hare resistant to a
nickel-metal hydr
metal hydride batth careful attentiotemperatures.
be used in temphe range. Designt damaging the b
s are best stored tures is feasible.
withstand the noy handling and sh
k transportation ahe nickel-metal hxygen. Although vbattery compartrovision of adequgen ignition. Batponents and venpropriate chargin
for bulk transpo
consumer use an
r Device Design
safe; however, libatteries include ly sealed or wateive conditions neangerous levels
batteries can gention of flammabln the negative el
e of causing chem
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s
hydride battery eattack by most e
ride batteries in a
teries operate opon to design para
peratures from 0 n charging systembattery. Overcha
in temperatures (Not for bulk tra
ormal shock andhipping.
and storage) hydride battery wventing of gas totment from otheruate ventilation tttery compartmentilation around th
ng systems.
ortation or bulk
nd device designs
n
ike any battery, the following:
er proof battery ceeds to be addreof hydrogen gas
nerate high currele materials. lectrode can igni
mical burns. For
l citation to authori
external surfacesenvironmental ag
any orientation a
ptimally in a nearameters, they re
to 50°C with apms to return caprge requires spe
s from 0 to 30°C ansportation or s
vibration loads e
when subjected too the outside envr electronics (espto the compartmnt should not behe battery will al
k storage of Ni
s should be hand
they should be t
compartments, hessed as a potents within the devicents if shorted. T
ite on exposure tthese reasons, t
Nickel Versio
ity.
s are largely comgents.
as long as proper
r-room-temperatemain functional
propriate deratinpacity in high or lcial attention.
although storagestorage)
experienced by p
o excessive overvironment shouldpecially mechanic
ment are requirede air tight. Isolatiolso reduce therm
MH batteries.
dled with care.
treated with care
hydrogen gas getial safety issue tce. These currents ar
to air. They electthe battery shou
Metal Hydride
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Page 14 of 15
prised of
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