NH 3 EMISSIONS Intercomparation of different techniques for the storage and application of Slurry M.J. Sanz, Carlos Monter- Fundación CEAM Pilar Illescas,

NH3

EMISSIONS

Intercomparation of different techniques for the storage and

application of Slurry

M.J. Sanz, Carlos Monter- Fundación CEAM

Pilar Illescas, Gema Montalvo, Tragsega S.A.

Carlos Piñeiro, PigCHAMP Pro Europa S.A.Studies in 2004-2005

1. Measure air concentration fields with passive sampler (low cost to cover large surface).

2. Compare NH3 air concentration fields generated by different field application methods of slurry

3. Preliminary estimate of emission rates related to the activities.

Compare NH3 volatilization resulting from different field applications and storage methods for slurry

Objetives

Type of activities / Experiments already carried out

Inter-calibration of 3 types of passive samplers with a photoacustic monitor (Innova) inside a pig farm installations- 2005

Comparison of different ways to cover the storage containers of slurry (Balsas 2005)

Comparison of different techniques for application of slurry in agricultural lands and grasslands, including as control mineral fertilizer (2004-05)

Concentration fields around different pig and poultry installation 2005

Intercalibration

2 types of samplers are being tested.

T. I (H2SO4 impregnated mesh)

T.II (Citric acid impregnated filter)

Under very high concentrations, samplers were not showing saturation before 2 days of exposure

Type I showed to be better in terms of reproducibility for low concentrations. Therefore was selected for the gradients with short exposures, and type I was kept for field concentrations, were minimum time of exposure were above 12 h

Type I

Type II

SLURRY STORAGE

Met tower

C- Plastic cover A- Straw

D- Reference - none

B- Natural Crust

Concentration fields – Red dots

(2 m, Sampler Type I)

Gradients - Blue dots 3 heights above surface = 1.2; 2; 3 m/ plot centre , (Sampler Type I, II)

SLURRY STORAGE

Concentration fields

A- StrawB- Natural CrustC- Plastic coverD- Reference

Concentraciones NH3 (ug/m3) - 6 horas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2

Altura(m)

A B C D

Concentraciones NH3 (ug/m3) - 12 horas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2

Altura(m)A B C D

SLURRY STORAGE

6 h 12 h

Vertical Gradients in the centre of the plot22-24 July 2005. A,B,C,D; average of the 6 and 12 h of application

A- StrawB- Natural CrustC- Plastic coverD- Reference

Concentraciones NH3 (ug/m3) - 24 horas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2

Altura(m)

A B C D

Concentraciones NH3 (ug/m3) - 48 horas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2

Altura(m)

A B C D

Vertical Gradients in the centre of the plot22-24 July 2005. A,B,C,D; average of the 24 and 48 h of application

24 h 48 h

SLURRY STORAGE

A- StrawB- Natural CrustC- Plastic coverD- Reference

Flujo vertical de emisiones NH3 (ug/m^2s) 48 horas de exposición

-3.0

0.0

3.0

6.0

9.0

12.0

15.0

18.0

21.0

24.0

27.0

30.0

33.0

36.0

39.0

42.0

45.0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Estimated vertical emissions – calculated from the averaged 48 h concentrations in the gradients

z

CKF zz

Preliminar estimations, have to be taken with caution

SLURRY STORAGE

1- Straw2- Natural Crust3- Plastic cover4- Reference

Concluding Remarks

Slurry storage

The use of plastic cover results in very low or no emissions, followed by the use of straw (with substantial reductions, >60 %), being the formation of natural crust less efficient (around 30% reduction). Problems were found in the reference since it was very difficult to prevent the formation of the crust.

Although emission rates may still be not best ones, in terms of comparability the experimental design let us to cost efficiently compare among different treatments.

The results are preliminary, and should be taken with caution.

Grassland application

Concentration fields – Red dots

(2 m, Sampler Type I)

Gradients - Blue dots 3 heights = 1.2; 2; 3 m/ plot centre , (Sampler Type I, II)

Treatments

Gradient

A- Discs systemB- Splash plateC- Band spreadD- Reference / Mineral Fert.

A

B C

D

Concentraciones NH3 (ug/m3) - 6 horas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2

Altura(m)

A B C D

Concentraciones NH3 (ug/m3) - 12 horas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2

Altura(m)

A B C D

Grassland applicationVertical Gradients in the centre of the plot

2,3,4 August 2005. A,B,C,D; average of the 6 and 12 h of application

A- Discs systemB- Splash plateC- Band spreadD- Reference / Mineral Fert.

Concentraciones NH3 (ug/m3) - 24 horas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2

Altura(m)

A B C D

Concentraciones NH3 (ug/m3) - 48 horas

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2

Altura(m)

A B C D

Grassland applicationVertical Gradients in the centre of the plot

2,3,4 August 2005. A,B,C,D; average of the 24 and 48 h of application

A- Discs systemB- Splash plateC- Band spreadD- Reference / Mineral Fert.

Flujo vertical de emisiones NH3 (ug/m^2s) - Tratamiento A

-5.0

-2.5

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

27.5

30.0

32.5

35.0

37.5

40.0

42.5

45.0

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

Grassland applicationEstimated vertical emissions – calculated from the averaged 6, 12, 24, 48 h concentrations in the gradients

Flujo vertical de emisiones NH3 (ug/m^2s) - Tratamiento B

-5.0

-2.5

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

27.5

30.0

32.5

35.0

37.5

40.0

42.5

45.0

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

Flujo vertical de emisiones NH3 (ug/m^2s) - Tratamiento C

-5.0

-2.5

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

27.5

30.0

32.5

35.0

37.5

40.0

42.5

45.0

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

A- Discs systemB- Splash plateC- Band spread

Time of exposure of Passive Sampler

Flujo vertical de emisiones (ug/m^2*s) - Comparativa tratamientos A,B,C,D

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

Q_A Q_B Q_C Q_D

Grassland application

Estimated vertical emissions – calculated from the averaged 6, 12, 24, 48 h concentrations in the gradients

A- Discs systemB- Splash plateC- Band spreadD- Mineral fertilizer application

Time of exposure of Passive Sampler

Emission (g/m2s

Cropland appication

2004 2005

Wind conditions for both experiments very similarSame plot

Cropland appication

Concentration fields – Red dots

(2 m, Sampler Type I)

Gradients - Blue dots 3 heights = 1.2; 2; 3 m/ plot centre , (Sampler Type I, II)

A- Splash plateB- Splash plate + till after 6 hC- Mineral Fert.D- Mineral Fert. + till after 6 h

Treatments

2005 Data still being analysed

Summary 2004Cropland appication

Fertilizer and slurry applications:

• Mineral fertilizer (NH4NO3) – Plot 1

• Slurry open slot-injection – Plot 2

• Slurry applied by band spread – Plot 3

• Slurry applied by splash plate and ploughed after 24 h – Plot 4

• Slurry applied by a splash plate – Plot 5

Experimental setup

Theoretical load of N

= 170 kg N /ha = 12.000 l of slurry per plot (30 m x 40 m)

2004NH3 concentrations (µg/m3) interpolated (Kriging) for different

time periods, 24, 48, 72, 168, 240 hours

-200 -100 0 100 200

-400

-200

0

200

400

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

910

1112

13

1415

16

1718

19

2021

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

33

35

36

37

38

40

-200 -100 0 100 200

-400

-200

0

200

400

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

910

1112

13

1415

16

1718

19

2021

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

33

35

36

37

38

40

-200 -100 0 100 200

-400

-200

0

200

400

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

910

1112

13

1415

16

1718

19

2021

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

33

35

36

37

38

40

-200 -100 0 100 200

-400

-200

0

200

400

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

910

1112

13

1415

16

1718

19

2021

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

33

35

36

37

38

40

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

-200 -100 0 100 200

-400

-200

0

200

400

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

910

1112

13

1415

16

1718

19

2021

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

33

35

36

37

38

40

Concentration fields

Center of the plots + passive sampling

Passive sampling points

(µg/m3)

2004-

Splash plate + ploughed (24 hr)

Mineral Fertilizer application

Slurry open slot-injector

Band spread system

Splash plate

+ Source BREF 2003 SLURRY APPLICATION

NH3 EMISSION REDUCTIONS (%), IN

BREF

NH3 EMISSION REDUCTIONS (%), IN

OUR STUDY FOR CROPLANDS

Mineral fertilizer - 63Splash plate Ref RefBand spread 30 63Inyection 60 53Splash plate + till (before 24 hr)

40 45

Concluding Remarks

Slurry application It is difficult to determine the background concentration in the areas

were the different experiments were held, likely around 8 gr m-3.

It seems that the different techniques of application performed similarly for the two different land uses where slurry as applied in terms of what is best, being injection and band application similar in term of emission reduction in our cases

Although emission rates may still be not best ones, in terms of comparability the experimental design let us to compare efficiently among different treatments.

Most of the emissions happened within the 48 h after application. The importance of the temperature in the 48 h period after application needs to be further studied .... For example, select colder days (Q: Are emissions increased later by raising the temperature?)

Concentration fields / Pig and Poultry Farms

Concentration fields around point sources:

Laying hensBroilersFarrow to finishFinishersFarrow to 20 Kg

2550350 250 200 150 100450 2550350 250 200 150 100450

Concentration fields

Meteorological data 1,5 m mast in the roof of the instalation:

Wind Direction (10 min)Wind Speed (10 min)Data logger

Solar panels for power

Passive samplers, Type II (citric acid, badge tipe)5 Days exposure

Valtiendas

Pig farm

2 Buildings 2700 pigs

Max. Concentration

81.6 ugr/m3

Cuellar

Poultry/ egg production

5 Barns75000 Laying hens

Max. Concentration

77.6 ugr/m3

Aguilafuente

Pig farm

480 sows + pigletsup to 20 kg

Max. Concentration

62.6 ugr/m3

Cantalejo

Pig farm / one site

586 sows + pigsup to 100 kg

Max. Concentration

61.9 ugr/m3

Navalmanzano

Poultry farm / meat prod.

2 Barns13000 Broilers

Max. Concentration

27.5 ugr/m3

Thank you for your attention!!