Nguyen Tac Thiet Ke Nha O

8/6/2019 Nguyen Tac Thiet Ke Nha O

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I HC HU

TRNG I HC KHOA HC HU

KHOA KIN TRC

Ths. Kts. Trn nh Hiu

NGUYN L

THI

T KKIN TRC NH

Hu, 10/2007


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LI NI UC th ni kin trc nh c ngha rt ln trong quc k dn sinh, n lun l tm

im ca nhng vn x hi, bt lun khng gian hay thi gian no.

Nh l loi hnh kin trc xut hin sm nht. l nhng khng gian kin trcphc vcho i sng sinh hot gia nh v con ngi. Trc tin, nh n thun ch lmt ni tr thn n gin nhm bo vcon ngi chng li nhng bt li ca iu kinthin nhin hoang d nh nng, ma, tuyt, gi, l, bo, th rng...ng thi to iukin thun li cho ngi v gia nh ca h nhng iu kin nghngi ti phc sc laong, sinh con ci bo v ni ging, sau cng cn c th lm kinh t sinh tn vpht trin.

Trong x hi hin i, nh cn l nhng trung tm tiu th, ni hng nhngthnh tu ca khoa hc k thut do x hi cung cp vi y nhng tin nghi ca vnminh th. Nh t mt n vkinh t - hng th vn cn ang tin ho dn n

x hi tng lai trthnh mt n vtm - sng to ca con ngi trong x hi cngngh thng tin, sinh hc hin i. Nh - tm gia nh ngy nay, thc s l mt phcli ln ca con ngi do x hi vn minh em li. Ti nh , con ngi cn c nhngphng c, nhng khng gian tho mn mi nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi vth cht, tinh thn v tr tu; tin ti nh s c nhng th vin gia nh, xng sng tchay nghin cu v nhng tin nghi phc v cht lng sng cao cp.

Nh l mt nhu cu hnh phc i sng chnh ng, quan trng ca tt c mingi trn hnh tinh ny. Mt x hi tin b l mt x hi phi bit chm lo v to iukin con ngi v gia nh mu cu c mt chn nh tho mn nguynvng chnh ng an c lc nghip ny. Kin trc nh tlu l mi quan tm lnca kin trc s nhiu th h . Nhng kin trc s bc thy ca th gii khng ai l khngquan tm v c nhng kin nghng gp cho s pht trin ca kin trc nh . Mi nhnvo kin trc nh tng chng nh n gin nhng thc ra chng li ht sc phc tpbi v n c mi lin quan mt thit n sthch, li sng ca tng con ngi v tng gianh. Trong x hi c bao nhiu con ngi l c by nhiu tnh cch, bao nhiu gia nhth c ngn y nguyn vng, sthch v hnh mu tm gia nh.

Ngi Vit nam v ngi Phng ng c quan nim c an c mi lpnghip nn nh c yu tnh hng quan trng v trc tip n cht lng cuc sng.Nh gp phn quan trng trong xy dng cuc sng gia nh v x hi. Di mt minh lm cho ngi kho mnh, bnh yn, lm vic, lao ng, hc tp hng say v c ktqu, kinh t gia nh pht trin, gio dc con ci thnh t, gic truyn thng vnho tt p, lnh mnh, xy dng c np sng vn ho vn minh, on kt hu i vicng ng.

Mn Nguyn l thit k kin trc nh cung cp nhng kin thc cbn v nh v gip cho vic hc n thit k cng trnh nh ca i tng l sinh vin nm thhai. Nguyn l thit k kin trc nh l kin thc tng hp nhm gii quyt cc vn ca vic l lun v a ra cc cscho thit k cc th loi cng trnh nh .

Gio trnh Nguyn l thit k kin trc nh c son tho da trn cscccun sch ca cc tc gi c xut bn v p dng ging dy trong ngnh kin


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2

trc cng trnh dn dng nh PGS.TS. Nguyn c Thim; KTS Lng Anh Dng; Tiuchun v nh ca B xy dng,....Ni dng gio trnh ny da trn c s cngging dy cho sinh vin kin trc ca cc trng o to kin trc s trong c nc. cckin thc c tng hp, v pht trin nhng ni dung m bo tnh cbn, hin iv ph hp vi iu kin Vit nam.

Cc ni dung v t chc cc khng gian trong cc loi nh , cc thnh tu trongvic xy dng nh hin i, cng nh cp n cc vn v phong tc tp qun lisng truyn thng ca ngi Vit nam. Cc s liu mi c nghin cu thc tca vo cho ph hp vi iu kin mi ca Vit nam v p ng kin thc mi chongi hc. V vy gio trnh ny l mt ti liu cbn c tnh nguyn l thit k cngtrnh nh , nhm cc cn b ging dy tham kho v l gio trnh ging dy chosinh vin chuyn ngnh kin trc cng trnh.

Ti hy vng, ti liu ny s mang li cho cn b v sinh vin thuc chuyn ngnhkin trc nhng kin thc thit thc v cung cp phn ln kin thc cbn v lnh vcnh . Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp chn thnh ca cc ng nghip cho giotrnh ngy cng hon thin hn.

Xin chn thnh cm n!

Tc gi


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3Chng 1

S lc qu trnh pht trin kin trc nh v nhng yu t nh hng n kin trc nh

1.1. S lc qu trnhpht trin ca kin trc nh 1.1.1. Kin trc nh thi x hi nguyn thuCon ngi thi nguyn thu cn phi sng kiu du c thnh tng n, cha hnh

thnh gia nh. Vo thi , do trnh sn xut rt thp km v lc hu, ni ca b lccon ngi cn rt th s. H sinh tn v pht trin da trn kinh t sn bt v hi lm.H sng lang thang nay y mai , khng n nh v khng nh c mt cch lu di mt ni no c. Nh nhng ngnh khoa hc mi, c bit l ngnh kho c hc m ngynay chng ta bit c r hn nhng ni n gin ban u ca h (khi pht hin khaiqut ln nhng di ch cng trnh t xa xa, hay nhcc cng trnh nghin cu nhng blc nguyn thu cn tn ti sng ri rc trn khp th gii hin nay).

Vo thi k c con ngi c xa sng trong nhng hang ng nguyn shoc cao hn l nhng hang ng c gia cng cht t, nhng hc ni nhng h tnhin c xp chn thm nh, vn, chung quanh hay c ken t, cnh l cho kn o.

Tip n, nh ca h c hnh thc kiu lpche chn th s, nhng vm l kn o trn cao to nn ch n nu trnh c ma gi, trnh c nh hng trc tip cakh hu t nhin, trnh c him ho ca nhng cn nc l, ma rng v cn trnhc s dm ng, e do ca th rng. Sau l n ni c mt bng hnh trn xydng bng hay l kt bng cc cnh cy (hnh 1).

Mt th k sau khi pht hin ra chu M, ngi ta cn pht hin ra nhng b lcsng t thi . Loi lu ca h c th xy bng v cy hoc bng t. c loi nhvm cy bng t c tr ca trn nh mi ly nh sng v kt hp thng thong

(hnh 2)Cch dng lu in hnh ca th dn da (theo Oatecman) c bt u t xydng mt khung hnh ch V ngc, buc li ch giao im, ri dng thm mt chicso th ba lm thnh th chn vc, nhiu so ph khc c dng tip theo v dngthng chng cc so li vi nhau cui cng mi so c buc cht vo khung vghim cht xung t bng cc.

Lu thng thy chu M l loi lu lm bng thn cy c lp v cy hoc phbng da ca Hu Tun lc.

iu kin a l khc nhau, lu cng c hnh thc khc nhau. Nhng ngiEtxkim Bc Cc trong nhng lu trn xy dng bng bng v bng cng mi nh cngm. Trong khi , ngi vng sng Amua dng nhng lu hnh yn nga; cn lu ca

ngi dn du mc vng Bc Phi c dng hnh ch nht ph l cy hoc da th. Khi cuc sng du cchuyn sang nh c, con ngi vn sng theo ch x hi

nguyn thu nhng hnh thnh gia nh v c th tc cng tham gia xy dng nh ,lm xut hin mt loi nh di cho vi gia nh. C nh cha c hng chc gia nhhay hng trm ngi. Ti New Youk, ngi ta tm thy nhng nh di t 15 n 18 mt,gia nh c hnh lang rng 1,8 n 2,5 mt c vch ngn bng v cy. C bn gian li cmt bp l v to nh c t nm n by bp l.


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4Lng xm by gi, ngoi chng ngi vt bao xung quanh cn c thm kho v

chung sc vt. Ti Ba Lan tm thy mt di ch mt thn xm x hi nguyn thu vinhng nh di t 3-12 gian, mi gian c mt bp l. Cc nh xp song song v cch nhaumt con ng c lt g rng t 2,1-3,1m. Lng Bixcupinxki nguyn thuny rng ti2,5 ha. Mi nh trong lng c tng t p v mi nh dc.

Hnh 1:Mt bng b tr cc khng gian thi Nguyn thuCc nh kho c hc cn tm ra c c mt ngi lng ni trn h Zurch Thu

S. B mt ny c pht hin vo nm 1854.Trong mt vng rng khong 4000m2pht hin c bn vn ct g si, bch dng hay g thng, u ct c vt nhn bngru . Nhng vt liu xy dng cn c gi cho n ngy nay l do c mt lp bndy che ch. Ngi ta cng tm thy ru v nhng sn phm bng gm c hoa vn ngin. iu ny gip con ngi hin i khi phc li c bc tranh sinh hot ca conngi trong thi k khi m hc nh canh, nh c t b cuc sng du mc.


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5l nhng ngi nh sn hnh trong c mi hnh nn c t trn mt mt sn t ni trnmt nc nh mt h thng ct. Lc by gi con ngi thch sng trn h hay gn bsng tin li sinh hot v chng li c th d hay b lc k th.

Hnh 2:Hnh thc nh bng lu tranh, l1.1.2. Kin trc nh thi k chim hu n l

Loi ngi khi y hon ton chuyn t nn kinh t du canh sang nh c tinhng vng t ph nhiu d dng kim sng lu di.

Lc ny nn kinh t ca loi ngi c s kt hp gia sn bn v lao ng snxut. Thi k ny con ngi ch ng can thip vo thin nhin. H tm ra nhiucch ci to nn mi trng sng thch ng v tt p hn. Ngoi vic canh tc trng


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6trt, sn bn, hi lm, h cng bit thun dng th hoang d v cc khu vc cthm nhng chung tri n s. Cng lc ny x hi loi ngi phn ho hnh thnhnhng gia nh v bt u s phn cng x hi r rt. Bn cnh nhng ngi lao ng tdo, x hi cn hnh thnh nn tng lp n l v ch n. Nh ca h lc ny c nhngbin i su sc. S phn ho giai cp thy cng r nt hn khi chng ta ngi vo ngi

nh ca h, l nh ca giai cp thng tr (bn ch n...) v ca giai cp b thng tr(ngi n l). Cc ch n thng sng trong nhng ngi nh ln hay trang tri c bphng k lng xy dng kin c, cn nhng ngi lao ng t do v n l phi sngtrong nhng ngi nh c t chc n s bng nhng vt liu c sn trong thin nhinnh tho mc, t , rm r. Ch ca h i khi cn tu tin, bn nhin hi thi. Nidung nh cn mn r tnh cht dn ch v bnh ng vi nhng khng gian n s va nng. Trong x hi n l th dn dn nhng khng gian ny c chia nh th nhnhng khng gian ring bit nhkho cha lng thc d phng, ni chn nui v sinhhot... iu cng cho ta thy c s khc bit rt r nt gia nh ca ch n v nh ca n l v ni dung cng nh hnh thc t chc khng gian. Nh ch n l mtqun th to ngang, dy dc quy quanh nhng sn trong vi tng khnggian vi chc

nng ring, cc chung tri, ch ca n l c tch xa v xy dng tm b. Thi ch chim hu n l, nn vn minh nh c bc l rt r nt AiCp, Hy Lp, La M v n , nhng ci ni ca nhn loi.

Ti Ai Cp c i, nh thng lm bng t st, lau sy v gch nung ch thy ctrong nh ca qu tc. Khong 4000 nm trc cng nguyn, gn Cairongi ta pht hin ra mt im dn c ln vi hai loi nh c in.

Loi nh khung g, tng g, trn khung c ci tng bng g xen sy. Nh cphong cch nh nhng v cht lng thm m tng i cao.

Loi nh c kt cu gch khng nung, tng mng lm bng hc, hnh dngnng n khng n nh.

Nh by gi phn nh r nt s i lp giu ngho. Mt bng nh qu tc Ai Cp thi k ny c nhng c im sau: mt gip ph khng tr ca s, ch c ca hpthng vo sn trong, Trong nh c cc phng cho nam v n ring bit, phng ln c cao ln, phng nh c cao b hn, phn chnh lch v cao ny dng lm catri thng gi, t sn c cu thang ln mi c dng lm ni hng mt.

Pht trin gn nh song song vi Ai Cp c th chu c t nc Trung Hoa vn cng c mt nn vn minh nh c i cng rt ng c ch .

Th gii bit n ngi n c i nh nhng nh quy hoch th tin phongqua du vt ca cc thnh ph c Mohenzo davo v Sanho daro ( vng Vnh) cng nhHarrappa. Ti y c nhng ngi nh gch mu , mi bng c tng ngn xy lng ntrn thng gi. Trong thnh ph cn c c nh hai tng, tng di l bp, nh tm,

kho, ging, tng trn l cc phng ng.T thi i tin ln thi i ng Vit Nam t tin xa xa ca chng ta

cng ri b hang ng min ni xung min trung du v ng bng, qun t theotng cm mng cc nh g, sn i chn ni v i t. Do sinh tr gia tri nnvic dng nh sao cho vng cng n nh tr thnh nhu cu bc thit. Tri qua mt qutrnh di thc nghim v ci tin, n giai on vn ho ng Sn, m hnh ngi nh hon chnh v kh phong ph m hnh nh c th ca n cn c lu gi khc trn mts trng ng ng Sn m du vt vt cht ca n cng c tm thy di ch ng


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7sn (Thanh Ho), l nhng ging tre, nhng mnh phn an v c bit l nhng ctnh bng g di n 4,5m c l mng ( bc sn?) cch chn ct trung tm 1,25m. lnhng ngi nh trn sn, khng c tng, mi cong vng hnh thuyn v chy xungst sn, kim lun chc nng vch che, hai u mi pha trn un cong cun li v nh ra pha xa, trn nc mi trang tr c mt hoc hai con chim u. Cnh nh cn c nh kho

cng trn sn, mi cong vng ln hnh mui thuyn, tnh m li rt ng, thanh thot mrt chc chn, thch nghi vi kh hu c nng nng v ma to, hp vi khung cnh thinnhin vn nhiu ngi lch chng cht m hng nm vo ma ma nc dng ln ngptrng c vng. dng ln nhng ngi nh sn ny, c dn ng Sn dng ngay vt liusn c trong rng nh tranh, tre, g vi cu trc b khung ct chuyn xung t, mtngoi c mt s m tp hnh chim, g s dng va phi khng h lm dng, lm duyn. Ngi nh sn ng Sn vng nc hnh thuyn ny c thy tn ti ccdng nh hnh thuyn ca ngi Dayake v ngi Toraja trn qun o Indonesia, hoccn thy c nh sn ng Sn c nc thng cn thu mt s dng nh khc hocnh m ca mt s b phn th dn trn qun o Innxia, hoc cn thy c cnh ngi trn Ty Nguyn... chng t gia cc khi c dn ny c mt mi lin h

mt thit m ring kin trc c mt s bo th dai dng, qua (khng h khingcng) thy c c khung cnh ng Nam chu s to sng ca vn ho ng Sn.1.1.3. Kin trc nh giai on x hi phong kin

Thi kx hi phong kin s phn ho x hi v giai cp ngy cng su sc. Nh lc ny c s khc bit rt ln gia nhng ngi nng dn t do sng bng kinh tnng nghip nh canh, nh c v tng lp cai tr quan li.

Nh ca vua cha thng tr thng l nhng lu i trng l, c xy dng bphng kin c vi nhng thnh lu, nhng ho su, kn cng cao tng. C ngi ca hcc xy dng bng nhng vt liu kin c, t tin vi tng cao t hai n ba bn tngvi h thng khng gian ni tht a dng v phong ph.

a. Ti Chu u

Php,loi dinh th v trang vin ca nh giu thi k ny cng c pht trinmnh m. Dinh th xy bng m c tng chu vi bo v bn ngoi cng c xybng dy bao quanh c khu vc sn gia cc nh, bn trn nc nh c b tr nhiuthp va trang tr va phc v phng th vi hnh thc mt bng bng bt kn o.Nhng trang vin ln thng c tng lu v ho nc bao quanh, trn thnh c vng luv ca vo c cu treo. B mt bn ngoi ca trang vin rt nng n nhng ngc li nitht li rt giu tnh trang tr.

c, vt liu xy dng chnh l gch v . Trn mt tng gch v cng thhin s n gin m vng chc. Nh tng l c mi dc v nhiu tng gc p mi, ctng di l ca hiu, tng trn dng , c tng hi nh c ch trang tr. Ngi

nh Dessau l mt ngi nh in hnh ca tng lp trung lu cng l mt kit tc tiubiu cho kintrc nh ca c thi k ny n gin, thn mt v hp dn bit bao.

b. Ti Vit Nam

Kin trc nh Vit Nam xy bng gch t lc cha bit dng ximng. H thngdng mt th va m thi gian tn ti chng minh cho s bn vng lu di. rn tnhin khng c dng ph bin mc d t nc Vit Nam c nhiu v cng xy mt s ni, k c cc loi hoa qu nh chng minh trong lch s kin trc VitNam ( c nhng cng trnh kin trc bng s, mch ni tinh vi nh Thnh v


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8H)... Nu rn t c dng trong kin trc dn d th ong li l mt vt liu thngdng trong nh dn gian v d s dng v khai thc, ph bin dng xy tng.

1.1.4. Nh thi t bn ch ngha

Khi ch ngha t bn bt u pht trin, cng nh giai on t bn c quynlng on th trong lnh vc kin trc, nh lun l mt vn x hi ng c quan

tm hn bao gi.X hi t bn vi cuc cch mng khoa hc ln th nht, vi s xut hin vi nn

kinh t hng ho, cc th phong kin khng cn l trung tm sn xut chnh tr,hnh chnh n thun m l trung tm sn xut hng ho. X hi xut hin nhng tnglp mi nh nh t bn sn xut, cc thng nhn, nh khoa hc, cc tng lp nng dnph sn bin thnh cng nhn phc v trn cc cng trng, cc nh t bn. Chnh vth m nh cng xut hin nhng dng nh mi nh cc bit th sang trng thnh phcho cc tng lp t bn v thng nhn, cc nh cho thu kiu k tc x cho cc tng lpcng nhn v nng dn ri b nng thn ra thnh ph, cc kiu nh lin k v chung ccho cc tng lp trung gian, cc th dn, cc tr thc, ngi bun bn nh t do. Ni dung tng lp trn c nhng bin i quan trng, c khu chc nng r rt, c nhiu bung,

phng bit lp cho tng thnh vin, to iu kin cho ch ngha c nhn pht trin. Thnhvin c sng trong nhng khng gian bit lp pht trin c tnh, xy dng tm hn.Cc tin nghi mi do tin b ca khoa hc k thut mang li nhanh chng c trangb cho nhng khng gian to iu kin nng cao cht lng sng trong ngi nh bitth. V d nhqut gi c kh, h thng si m nhnto v kh hu, nh sng in thaycho nh sng nn, un nu ci than c thay bng bp in, bp gas... Cc tin nghi vgiao tip, gii tr nhin thoi, radio, v tuyn cng nhanh chng thm nhp vo isng gia nh.

Hnh 3:Nh cn h chung cti Marseille (Cng ho Php)

Kin trc nh giai on ny c nhn nhn di gc c th hn ca kinh tth trng tr thnh mt th hng ho c gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i, cn nmt s ci cch v phng php thit k cng nh phng thc sn xut mang li


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9nhiu li nhun hn. Chnh v vy vn thch dng v vn m quan v th hiu nh c t ra.

cc nc phng Ty, t sau chin tranh th gii th II c nhng tm ti tronglnh vc nh x hi. Nhng thnh cng ny mt phn do nhng c gng ca mt skin trc s c lng tm ngh nghip, m nhiu ngi xut thn t nhng tro lu kin

trc tin b nn xut hin ch ngha cng nng. Nhiu kin trc s bc thy v tinng ng gp sng kin v tr tu ca mnh cho lnh vc nh chung c, c bit l nh x hi.

ng ch l to nh Marseille mt tc phm c tm c di sn vn ho th kca kin trc s ni ting Le Corbusier. Cng trnh ny l s kt tinh mt phn nhng ttng duy l ca ch nghacng nng v tnh nhn vn m ng coi l mt xut phtim cn coi trng, l vai tr x hi ca kin trc (hnh 3).

1.1.5. Nh giai on x hi t bn pht trin cao

X hi t bn pht trin cao sn sinh ra mt s tng lp mi y quyn lc vgiu sang nh cc nh t bn cng nghip c mp, cc nh t bn thng nghip c ti -a quc gia, bn cnh mt s tng lp ngi lao ng b bn cng ho sng vt vngbn l nhng th ln. Nh ca h thi k ny c s phn ho v mu thun ht scr rt trong ni dung v hnh thc gia cc tng lp trong x hi. Ni dung nh tng lptrn rt hin i phong ph, a dng. Tt c nhng tin nghi th v i sng vn minhhu nh c tp trung vo ngi nh h. Trong cn nh c trang b tin nghi cuc snghin i ca h c c b bi, sn qun vt, sn chi gii tr ngoi tri, sn khiu v... .Bn trong cn nh l trang thit b vn minh tn k v vt dng hng th siu hin ivi h thng truyn tin, nhng tr chi in t, cc bung WC kthp th gin bng kiuto sng nhn to. Nh ca tng lp ny khng phi ch c mt ni sang trng m cnc nhng ngi nh ph: nh ngh ng, nh ngh h... Trong khi nh ca cc tnglp trung lu ngoi ngi nh chnh hin i cn c nh ngh nh cui tun ngoi .Phn ln s dn c phi sng trong nhng chung c nhiu tn, cao tng ven o vi tinnghi trung bnh. Ngoi ra cn c mt b phn dn chng, nhng ngi dn ngho thphi sng trong nhng ngi nh chut tm b (bidonville).

Trong thi k kinh t t bn hu cng nghip pht trin cao tc l thi k ca vnminh tin hc, ca cng ngh - k thut cao, cng ngh - sinh hc nh s cn tin ho vpht trin mnh th k XXI. thi k ny con ngi s lao ng t ngy i, qu thigian rnh ri tng ln, nhu cu sng to nghip d v pht trin vn ho tinh thn v isng tm linh s tng nhanh ln. Nh lc ny tr thnh n v t m + sng to. phng tin thng tin ngy cng pht trin tt nhin tin li cho vic giao tip ...nhng nli c mt tiu cc l lm khong cch gia ngi giu v ngi ngho ngy cng mrng, v n c th gii cnh tnh bo ng v s tha ho, phi nhn ca khng gian ctr, nhim mi trng, mt can bng sinh thi... lm cho vic th ho bng n trnlan kh kim sot. S c dn th s ng hn s c dn cc vng nng thn truynthng. Bi vy vic khc phc cc hu qu ca mt th k khng hong v cht lngsng ca cc th, nh v vic chun b hnh trang bc vo th k thng tin, cngngh cao - th k XXI ang l vn bc xc ca cc x hi nhn loi tm v m cngnh ton th kin trc s trn th gii. Nh th k mi chn chn s c nhng cuccch mng trit , ton din v y sng to nhng cng y thch thc mi c th bov c s tn ti vng bn ca hnh tinh ca nhn loi v hnh phc tm cao l tng,


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10 l hnh phc c sng to ca con ngi tr tu. Chng hn trong cuc trin lmngi nh th k ti c t chc ti vin bo tng ngh thut hin i New York ca 26kin trc s M xut hin nhng con chim n bo hiu ma xun: nhng ngi nh chc mt ngi (gia nh tan r v khuynh hng sng c thn), ri ngi nh ch c chai phng (mt phng ng v mt th vin vi 10.000 cun sch) m phng ng khng

cn kn o, ch ngn cch vi thin nhin bng vch knh trong sut.1.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n kin trc nh 1.2.1 Yu t t nhin

a.V tr a l v kh hu- V tr a l

Vit Nam c ng bin gii gip vi Trung Quc (Min bc); Lo, Campuchia(Min trung v Min Nam). Phn ranh gii cn li gip vi Bin ng. Vi chiu di bbin khong 3260 Km. T Mng ci n H tin. Chnh v v tr a l nh vy m kintrc ni chung v kin trc nh ni ring chu s nh hng ca cc nn vn hokhc nhau. Nhng chu nh hng mnh nht l nn Vn ha Trung Quc. (Thi k

Phong kin). Mt vn quan trng na l do phn chia quyn lc gia cc phe phi vchu s h t cc nc phng ty (Php thuc), mt phn no nh hng nhnh thc kin trc nh ti Vit Nam.

- iu kin kh hu

Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i gi ma M inbc chia lm 4 ma r rt, Min namchia lm 2 ma (nng v ma), Mtrung (pha bc) mt phn ln nh hng ca kh huMin bc v Mintrung (pha Nam) nh hng ca kh hu Min nam. Do a hnh lnhth tri di nn dn n s chnh lch nhit gia 2 min Nam - Bc kh r rt. Chnhv s chnh lch nhit nh hng n hnh thc to hnh v gii php kin trc.

b. a hnh, a cht thu vn v Mi trng

- a hnh c cc vng a hnh chnh l+ Vng i ni

+ Vng trung du v cao nguyn

+ Vng ng bng v ven binNh ti cc vng min ni cao, trung du hay ven bin phi c thit k ph hp

vi iu kin thin nhin ca vng m bo phc v tin li v hiu qu. Nh snca ngi dn tc l kiu nh ph hp vi iu kin mi trng rng ni, chng cth d, cch m mt t, trnh l.... Nh ti cc vng ven bin thng c bo lt nnnh c lm bng vt liu tre na v c th tho lp, di ng trnh bo.

- a cht, thu vn

a cht, thu vn thay i theo tng vng lnh th, c cc vng c trng nh vng Cao bng, Lng sn (vng ni pha bc) h tng a cht lun lun thay i cho nnxy ra s chn dng gy ra ng t. Vng ven bin v vng hay ngp lt xy ra hintng sp l t... Ngun nc tng vng cng thay i theo cp ca tng a cht,thu vn.

Khi xy dng nh cn ch n cc tng a cht v ngun nc. cth thitk v qui hach khu hay tng vng dn c cho ph hp, trnh nhng thit hi lnn cuc sng


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11- Mi trng t nhin

Mt dn c tp trung ch yu cc th, mi trng cht hp. vi mt cdn cao cc th cc gii php nh phi ch trng n tit kim t, tn dng khnggian theo chiu cao. Trong cc khu chung c cao tng cn phib tr vn, cy xanhcng cng vi cc dng mt bng nh lp v di, gii php kin trc cn lu vic thng

thong chiu sng t nhin (vic s dng ging tri l mt gii php c truyn c sdng trong khu ph c H Ni rt hiu qu cn c pht huy trong kin trc nh midng ny.)

Cy xanh c chc nng lm sch mitrng, ngn ting n, bi, to cnh quan pcho th v cng trnh kin trc v iu ho kh hu.

Ao h c tc dng t lm sch (nu hng nc thi chy vo mt gii hn chophp). Cn c tc dng lm gim nng, to cnh quan p cho khu v th, nngthn n c tc dng v kinh t (nui c,.....)

- Mi trng nhn to

Mi trng nhn to l mi trng do con ngi to ra. N c th c hiu

rng trong phm vi khu , bao gm nh , vn hoa, cy xanh, h thng ng x...Trong phm vi hp hn, mi trng nhn to c hiu l mi trng vi kh hu bntrong ngi nh. Mi trng ny t c bi gii php thng thong, chiu sng, chngnng, cch nhit ca nh, kt hp vi cc trang thit b: n, qut, l si, my iu hokhng kh.

Hin nay vic thit k nh thng coi nh vic iu ho mi trng trong nhbng gii php t nhin m lm dng qu nhiu cc trang thit b. Vic ny dn n tiuth nhiu nng lng v cc ngun thin nhin khc. Cc nh my nhit in ang thi racc cht nhim mi trng c tc hi ln. Vic s dng thit b dng nng lng mttri cn c y mnh. Cc thit b nhn to cn gy ra cc tc dng ph nh hngtrc tip n sc kho con ngi v mi trng sng trn tri t.

S dng nh sng nhn to s lm da ngi nht nht, tr em chm ln. S dngmy iu ho khng kh cn gy ra hin tng o nhit, v khi cc my iu ho nylm lnh nhit trong nh, n ng thi thi nhit ra mi trng xung quanh bn ngoi,vic ny lm tngnhit kh quyn ca thnh ph mt cch ng k.

1.2.2 Yu t chnh tr, kinh t, x hi v vn ho li sngVit nama. Chnh tr - x hi

- Thi k Phong kin

Li xy dng gian - v ko cng l mt biu hin ca xu hng khai thc thngminh h cu trc tre - g vng chc trong iu kin ca vt liu xy dng vng ngbng, trung du Bc B thi by gi. Ngi ta chng t c s kt hp thc dng v

tinh t chc nng chu lc vi cc cu kin g lm cho cng trnh g truyn thng dngian Vit Nam c kh nng biu cm cao, c tnh hm sc v n d r.

C th ni, trong x hi phong kin, nh dn gian hay nh cha, lng, miu... uch yu xy dng t g v gch t nung, trong g lim b bn vua quan phong kincm ngi dn khng c dng, km hm sc sng to ca nhn dn trong xy dng.

Vua cha v Quan licn c quyn xy dng cc khng gian kin trc to rnghonh trng vi nhng trang tr kin trc kiu sang qu lm bng t nung cao cp qu him hay c sn son thp vng.


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12

Hnh 4: Kin trc cha

Hnh 5:Kin trc nh

V b cc tng th khng gian kin trc cc ngh nhn Vit Nam rt ch n ahnh, a vt. Khi cng trnh c xy dng ng bng th b con trch cao hn mtnc vi ba mt l mt a hnhcn ch (nh mt g ng hay i ni). Hu nhbao gi nh , cng t cng chim lnh v tr lng i, cng trnh kin trc khng mykhi xy ni nh cao ch ng khng gian m thng ta lng vo i v chn ni tr thnh mt b phn t xut t nhin ca thin nhin. B cc ton b ca cng trnhbao gi cng c b tr cn i c ng trc thn o r rng. B cc cn i ca


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13toqn b cc cng trnh va lm cho tng th ho hp vi nhau va lm tng thm v quym, tnh honh trng ca kin trc, khin cho kin trc v cnh vt t lu vn thngnht vi nhau cng ni bt ln s hi ho nht th v tr ca ba yu t c quan h huc (con ngi, ch th sng to, thin nhin do h ci to v cng trnh kin trc do hdng nn), mang ti mt s sc thi v phong cch kin trc ring, li hi ho c vi

tm hn v tm vc ca h.- Thi k Php thuc

Thi k ny cc th loicng trnh kin trc ch yu l cc cng trnh nh bit th,nh th, v cc cng schnh phc v cho chnh quyn, c qui m nh v va. Cc cngtrnh c s dng vt liu gch, ch yu l dung tng gch chu lc, nn quy m cngnh chiu cao cng trnh t 2 n 4 tng.

Hnh 6:Nh bit th


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14

Hnh 7:Nh bit th

Hnh 8:Nh bit th

- Thi k qun l theo kiu tp trung bao cpVic xy dng nh hon ton do nh nc u t v qun l, thc hin chtrng phn phi nh cho cn b, nhn dn. Phng chm thit k trong thi gian nyl: Thch dng, kinh t, bn vng, m quan trong iu kin c th: Ch yu trong giaion ny nh nc tp trung xy dng cc khu chung c ln theo nguyn l thit k tiukhu nh kiu lin x c. Ngun gc l thuyt n v xm ging ca Clarence perryng dng vo xy dng mt s khu chung c ti H ni v TP. H Ch Minh, nhng ciu chnh ph hp v c th kh hu, iu kin kinh t, phong tc tp qun v li


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15sng... Tuy nhin qu trnh chuyn i l thuyt c bn cha c hon thin v nidung cng nh yu cu (khng mang tnh ton din), cng thm trong thi im xydng (do iu kin kinh t khng thun li), h thng tiu chun thp, t chc xydng khng lin tc, qun l thiu kinh nghim v c bit ch nhm tho mn din tch tng nhanh theo k hoch ra, khng quan tm n tin nghi mi trng dn n cht

lng cng trnh v cht lng mi trngkm. V vy cc cng trnh c xy dngxong b xung cp nhanh chng, khai thc khng hiu qu. Bn cnh h tng k thutkhng m bo, bt lc trong qun l, khng gian hnh thibin i, cm nhn v gi trkin trc n iu.... o ngc ton b ni dung cu trc ca tiu khu, khng thitlp c gi tr vn ho x hi ca mi quan h xm ging l gi tr c bn ca lthuyt tiu khu , ca i sng tp th cng ng.

- Giai on c ch kinh t th trng

Pht trin chnh sch nh l theo kiu nh nc v nhn dn cng lm, nhmhuy ng vn trong nhn dn cng xy dng nh . Nhng nm gn y, nh ncch trng t nhn ho qu nh . Cng v th m vai tr ca nh nc v qun l vnh hng pht trin nh ang b qun lng. Vn cp bch nht hin nay ang cn

tr s pht trin nh l chnh sch qun l t, to qu t v gi t cho chngtrnh pht trin nh . Lut t ai c nhng qun l t ai ang b th ni cng vigi ca n.

Trong bi cnh ca s pht trin th hin nay ngoinhng yu t v mt quyhoch, thit k cng trnh, h tng c s v qun l th chnh sch nh l mt trongnhng yu t quyt nh hnh thnh cc khu .Xy dng cc chnh sch hp l nhm mtmt khuyn khch cc t chc tp th v c nhn tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh xydng nh, nng cao gi tr qu nh , mt khc c th iu tit v pht huy quy lut cnhtranh cung cu, to iu kin thun li cho ngi dn chuyn i ch , tho mn khngngng nhu cu bin ng v ni ca tng gia nh v ca x hi.

b. Kinh t - x hi

- S thay i v cc chnh sch khuyn khch v to iu kin thun li chonn kinh t pht trin t nn kinh t tp trung bao cp sang nn kinh t th trng athnh phn. T c ch ng sang m c nhng bin chuyn ln lao, thay th tonb cho hnh thi c. Cc kh nng nh hnh cuc sng thay i, bin ng a dng, phongph tc ng su sc n c cu x hi, m c im chnh l phn tng x hi vi cckh nng kinh t gia nh pht trin mnh.

- Trc nhng bin i ln v kh nng kinh t gia nh tng thu nhp vnhng thnh qu nht nh t c v mc sng ln thay i nhng nhu cu v mimt cuc sng r nt. i i vi s pht trin ny l s chuyn i cc nh hng gi trv thc x hi. Vic nghin cu t chc khng gian cn quan tm n tng bc kinh

t ca cc cng ng dn c v y l nhn t quan trng to ln nhng nh mc v tiuchun .

c. Li sng

- c im ca li sng v vn ngy nay chu s chi phi su sc ca sphn tng x hi. S khc bit gia nng thn v thnh th c th da trn nhiu yu tsong c bn nht vn l yu t vn ho v li sng. l s khc nhau v kiu loi haycht ch khng phi l s khc bit v lng nh mc sng, kh nng tiu dng hay ccyu t k thut khc.


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16- c im ca li sng tc dng trc tip ti vic t chc khng gian ,

khng gian th. S khc bit v li sng l s khc bit trong cch cm nhn, nh gi,do nhu cu ca c nhn hay mt cng ng dn c trong quan h gia con ngi vi conngi, con ngi vi mi trng thin nhin. Biu hin vt cht ca nhng khc bit yc th tmc trong cc hot ng x hi, hot ng sn xut kinh t thc tin ca i

sng hng ngy ca mi con ngi. Cc nhm x hi chim v th trong mi khng gianm h chim lnh c, n s th hin nhng c im v trnh vn ho ca h trongcch tchc khng gian, hnh dng kin trc v phong cch sinh hot. V d nh t cchn mc, i li cho n t chc mi trng cho mnh nh mt biu hin vn ho c thcho mi nhm v c nhn vn lun th hin nh mt biu hin bn sc c nhn hay cngngx hi ca h.

- Mt nhn thc r rng, l con ngi thng coi khng gian nh l cc biuhin cho c mong v s la chn phong cch sng. Ngi nh hay cn h l biu hinnng lc kinh t, v tr x hi v quan nim v thm m. S la chn ny cng th hintrong s la chn quan h v ng x. Nh , khng gian , khng gian sn xut , khnggian dch v cng cng c quan h cht ch v chu s nh hng ca li sng , v l

mi trng con ngi tin hnh cc hot ng lao ng sn xut, phc v sinh hot, giaotip tho mn cc nhu cu v vt cht v tinh thn. Chnh v vy khi bn v cc loim hnh , m hnh pht trin th, chng ta phi nghin cu v hiu r v li sng cacc nhm x hi khc nhau t l gii nhng nhu cu, kht vng v hnh ng trongqu trnh t chc, thit lp v hon thin mi trng ca h. L ng nhin khi cnhiu li sng khc nhau th s xut hin nhiu kiu nh khc nhau ph hp gn linvi chng, sng cng ng - sng cho c nhn.

d. Phong tc tp qun truyn thng

Nhiu dn tc phng ng, trong c Vit Nam, cc gia nh rt coitrng vic th cng. Mt khng gian d ln hay nh cng khng th thiu dnh chovic th cng t tin. V tr ca n thng l ni trang trng nht trong cn h v vic th

cng c ngha rt thing ling, tn knh vi ngi Vit Nam chng ta. Vy th kin trcs phi c nhng gi tng i v v tr khng gian th cng, gp phn to nn gi trtruyn thng, gi tr tm hn ca ngi . Phong tc ta c cu tr nh cha, gi cy con cng biu hin tp qun gia nh nhiu th h cng chung sng trong mt ngi nh,thng l 3 th h (ng b, cha m, con ci). Bn cnh , l tt, hi h ngi V it cngrt coi trng, v y l yu t tinh thn v giao tip m mi ngi V it Nam u coitrng. V vy khi thit lp cn h cn ch to ra c nhng khng gian , sinh hota nng ph hp vi tu hon cnh, to iu kin tho mn cho ngi s dng.

e. Dn s, nhn khu- Dn s gia tng thc s l nhng vn ht sc nan gii trn ton th gii,

c bit l nhng nc c din tch nh b t ai hn hp v ang thi k pht trin nhVit Nam chng ta. Sc p v vn gia tng dn s tc ng mnh m n th vmi mt nhmt , mc sng trung bnh, cc yu cu v phc v dn sinh nh nhtr, trng hc, bnh vin...

- Tnh hnh nhn khu chu s nh hng ca qu trnh gia tng dn s v sxo trn dn s l mt trong nhng vn quan tm ch yu v n nh hng rt ln nvic thit k nh , khu .C cu cc thnh vin trong nhn khu gia nh c vai tr quantrng trong vic xc nh t l loi cn h c s phng ph hp v s lng v din tch.


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17S ngi ca gia nh sng trong mt cn h v xu hng bin i ca n l thng s htsc quan trng cho vic thit lp tng loi cn h.

1.2.3. iu kin k thut

a. Vt liu kt cu v cng ngh xy dng

- S pht trin ca nh thnh ph cng nh nng thn t trc ti naythng da trn c s vt liua phng v kt cu truyn thng nh cc loi tre, na,g, gch, ngi, xi mng, b tng ct thp, thp , tn hoc fibrxi mng lp mi. Gn y kt hp ng dng nhiu loi vt liu mi, nh nh thp hp kim, nhm, b tng xp,nha tng hp...

- Kt cu theo vt liu tre, na, l, g, gch, ngi, t

Phn ln p dng cho nh nng thn nng nghip v cc loi vt liu ny c khp cc a phng trong nc v h t trng t cung t cp c, kt cu thng ckhu 4 - 6m, bc ct 2 -3m, thi gian s dng khng lu, phi thng xuyn xy li.

Nh c kt cu tre na, mi l, mi tranh, tng t thuc nhng gia nh c thu nhpthp

Nh c kt cu bng g, c th kt hp vi tre, mi ngi hoc fibr xi mng thucngi c thu nhp trung bnh tr ln

Nh xy gch tng b tr mi ngi hoc tn hay fibr xi mng thng gi l nhcp IV mt tng c xy dng v s dng cc khu ph lao ng thnh ph hoc khucng nghip nhng nm sau ngy MinBc gii phng (1954). H kt cu chulc l (3mx 4.5m) hoc (3m x 6m) ct gch b trtr 0.22m x 0.22m, xy thu hi, mi dc lpbngngi hoc vt liu c gi thnh thp khc.

u im l gi thnh r, nhn cng xy dng khng cn k thut cao, thi cng nhanh,khng cn thit b thi cng hini.

Nh gch xy tng chu lc thng lm cho nh 2 - 3 tng, c th ti a 4 - 5 tng

nu x l nn mng tt, sn g (2 - 3 tng), tm an b tng ct thp, panen hoc xygch cun (4 -5 tng) mi bng hoc mi dc. H chu lc chnh l tng theo phngngn nht nu vt cc khng gian ln thng c dm kt hp. H Sn cng truyn titrng ngang v tng chu lc, tng bin i khi xy thu hi to mi dc lp ngi,loi ny a s l mi bng c s n thot nc pha trong hoc pha ngoi. yl loi nhkh ph bn trong thi k u xy dng nh trong cc khu vc chung c v n cnhiu u im l vt liu n gin d sn xut v xy dng theo kiu th cng, k thutxy dng ph thng.

- Nh khung ct kt hp tng chu lc

Loi ny kt hp gia chu lc bng tng gch v khung ct thng dng cho nht tng (khong 3 tng) y l loi s dng kt cu ct v tng kt hp chu lc, thi cng

n gin v c th xy dng theo phng php th cng.- Nh khung sn b tng ct thp lin khi

Tng bao v ngn chia xy bng gch c xy dng kh ph bin nc ta hinnay, nht l nhng thnh ph ln, loi kt cu ny ch yu dng vt liu b tng ctthp, ng dng a dng cho cc loi nh t t tng n nhiu tng vc rt nhiu u imnh thi cng n gin, qu trnh xy dng tng i nhanh nu c h thng ct pha y


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19

Hnh10: Thit b trong phng bp

1.2.4 Yu t quy hoch v th ho

a. Quy hoch vi kin trc nh

- Trong tng th cng trnh kin trc con ngi - x hi - thin nhin ng mtvai tr rt quan trng trong mi quan h nu trn, m trong kin trc th mi quan hkhng gian c th - giao tip - cng ng to nn s bn chc ca quy hoch. Kin


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20trc cho con ngi mt mi trng sng, mt thi ng x trong mi trng quanhng c th khng gian nh nht l cn h cho n cng ng dn c (cm nh ).

-Nh chim mt t trng ln trong cc cng trnh th. Kin trc nh , khu p hay xu c nh hng ln n thm m th v ngc li kin trc nh c tc hiu qu cao trong thm m hay khng l do hnh thc t chc v quy hoch khu .

- C cu t chc khng gian cn thit phi l s kt hp hi ho gia 3 khnggian

+ Khng gian c th (nh )+ Khng gian giao tip (vn ho x hi)

+ Khng gian cng cng (phc v cng cng)

-Ngoi ra cn c khng gian m gia nhng khng gian trn. Trong quy hoch,vic xc nh hng cho mi nh trong khu l rt quan trng v khi t ng hngcng trnh s tn dng c cc iu kin thun li ca mi trng t nhin v theo quyhoch s c v tr cc cng trnh vi cc hng khc nhau. iu khc nhau ny cn phic nhng mu cn h, mu nh khc nhau (cc gii php ring bit) thch hp vi n.

b. th ho kin trc nh trong iu kin th hoVit Nam- Qu trnh th ho to nn s di chuyn dn c t cc vng khc nhau ca c

nc v thnh ph qu trnh gia tng dn s c hc cc th). N c xem l qutrnh t chc li mi trng c tr ca con ngi do tc ng ca nn kinh t pht trin.Nhng c im c bn ca dn nhp c v thnh ph l vn ho thp v ch yu lkhng c k nng lao ng.Khng c o to v ngh nghip v khng c chunb v li sng th dn nhp c ny s lm cho thnh ph kh trnh khi tnh trngnng thn ho vn l cn bnh nan y.

- c nhng d bo v tng lai ca cc th cc nc ang pht trin trong c Vit nam. Vi cc thnh ph ln thng tr thnh nhng cc ht quan trng, ns phi tip nhn ln sng dn c trong vng chuyn n tm cng n vic lm. Thtrng sc lao ng xut hin ngy cng r nt trn a bn cc thnh ph vi s gia tngnhanh ca khu vc dn c phi chnh quy. Tch cc v tiu cc song trc mt l nhnghu qu x hi do th qu ti v lm vo tnh trng ci o qu cht. C s h tngpht trin khng kp vi s pht trin dn s, nn khan him nh ,s phn tng x higiu ngho dn n pht sinh nhng ngi nh chut v xm liu. Vn c bn lmt dn s tng, trong khi qu t ginh cho xy dng v t hn hp dn n khkhn cho quy hoch, qun l tiu chun v chnh sch .

Phn cu hi:Cu 1: Trnh by hon cnh hnh thnh nh

Cu 2: Trnh by pht trin nh thi k x hi Nguyn thuCu 3: Trnh by pht trin nh thi k T bn ch ngha v T bn ch ngha phttrin caoCu 4: Nhng yu t no nh hng n nh ? Hy trnhby mt trong nhngyu t.

Danh mc sch tham kho


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211. PGS. TS. KTS. Nguync Thim - 2004 Nguyn l thit k kin trc nh dn

dng - NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H ni

2. KTS Nguyn Ti My1995 - Kin trc cng trnh - Nhng khi nim cbnHBch khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh.

Website tham khowww.kientrucviet.com.vn,www.diendanxaydung.vn,www.ashui.com,www.act.com.vn,www.wiki.com,....
http://www.kientrucviet.com.vn/http://www.kientrucviet.com.vn/http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/http://www.ashui.com/http://www.ashui.com/http://www.ashui.com/http://www.act.com.vn/http://www.act.com.vn/http://www.act.com.vn/http://www.wiki.com/http://www.wiki.com/http://www.wiki.com/http://www.act.com.vn/http://www.ashui.com/http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/http://www.kientrucviet.com.vn/


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22

Chng 2

T chc khng gian kin trc nh 2.1. H thng khng gian nh (khng gian khu )Cn c trn c s c cu t chc khng gian, h thng khng gian bao gm

- Khng gian c th

- Khng gian giao tip

- Khng gian cng cng

2.1.1. Khng gian c th

y l khng gian quan trng nht trong nh (khu ), l khng gian ca ngi nh bao gm cc cn h gia nh ring bit c t hp vi nhau. Trong chung c haytrong khu nh , cc cn h cn m bo tnh c lp v mi quan h bn trong, nhngng thi m bo mi quan h bn ngoi (quan h cng ng). m bo s ring t cacc cn h, nh n khng lm phin nh kia, cc khu snh, giao thng cng cng, li vocc cn h cng khng lm phin n s yn tnh, ring t ca cc cn h. C cu cn h

c hnh thnh gii quyt din tch , mt nhn khu, thit lp cc nhu cu tinnghi ti thiu v gii quyt cc vn k thut c lin quan. ng thi khi thit lp cnh , ngi nh cn phi da trn phng din tng qut bao gm viccn i mt chung, cn i c cu nh vi khong lu thng (cy xanh, mt nc...), vi kh nng b tr nhu cu phc v cng cng v ph hp vi tiu chun mt khng gian quyhoch trong t hp .

2.1.2.Khng gian giao tip

L thnh phn khng gian nn (mang tnh tp th, x hi) ca khng gian c th vkhng gian cng cng

Cu trc khng gian giao tip c to nn bi c cu khng gian c th c

chuyn ho v hnh thnh h thng tng bc trong khng gian, c lin kt t nh nln, n gin n phc tp, nng cao gi tr mi trng , to iu kin tin ngh cho khu. Trn c s cc iu kin t chc c cu khng gian c th xc nh cc kh nng hpl cho khng gian giao tip c th (gia cc cp nh) khng gian giao tip nhm, khnggian giao tip ngoa nhm v to kh nng thit lp s hi ho vi khng gian giao tiptrung tm.

2.1.3.Khng gian cng cng

L khng gian phc v cng cng c t chc thnh tng nhm, cm cc cngtrnh dch v, thng mi, nh tr, trng hc, cngtrnh vn ho... Qua h thng khnggian giao tip, khng gian cng cng phc v cho khng gian c th. Khng gian cngcng c thit lp da trn cc gii php ca khng gian c th v khng gian giao tip.

Ton b h thng ba khng gian trn c hnh thnh theo nguyn tc t hp linkt khng gian t thp n cao, gn b v c quan h cht ch vi nhau to thnh n v, trong khng gian c th, cng cng mang tnh cht cng trnh, cn khng gian giaotip mang tnh cht x hi, cnh quan, mitrng.

2.2. Khng gian c bn trong cn h2.2.1.nh ngha cn h


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Cn h l phn din tch khp kn (bao gm din tch , din tch sinh hot, dintch ph tr v l thnh phn c bn ca nh , mi ngi nh c t hp nhiu cn h.Cn h ng vi mi nhn khu cho mt gia nh.

Cn h gm nhng phng tu theo s lng ngi trong gia nh, mi cn h cdin tch ln, nh khc nhau v mt s phng khc nhau (s phng trong cn h ch tnh

s phng , khng tnh cc phng phv din tch ph).Cn h thng t chc trong nh ti cc th

Cn h thng c t chc vi mt s kiu tng ng vi mt s c cu gia nhkhc nhau.

- Cc ch s v din tch ca cn hBng 1:tiu chun din tch thit k cc loi cn h vit nam

s

p.ng

s

nhn

khu

cn h phng cc khng gianph

tng

dintch

(m2)

dintch

sd

chnh(m

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hot(m2)

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(m2)

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)

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(m2)

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24 14 10 12 3,5 1 1 4 3

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27 17 10 12 4 1-2 1 4 15%

4 4-5 70-

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5 6-7 80-

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6 8-9 105-

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6-8 3-5 2 9 1 3,5 15%

- Trong mc tiu v cc gii php ln thc hin chng trnh mc tiu nh nnm 2005 ca ngnh xy dng nh sau

n nm 2005 phn u thc hin mi ngi dn u c nh , din tch bnh qunti cc th l 9m/ ngi.

Sau giai on 2005 phn u t ch tiu din tch bnh qun l 10m- 12m/ngiBng 2: kch thc v din tch ti thiu cho cc b phn chc nng trong cn h

Stt Loi bung, phngtrong cn h Din tch khng nh

hn (m)

Chiu rng phng

khng nh hn (m)1 Phng khch 15 3,6

2 Phng sinh hot chung 12 3,6

3 Phng bp v n kt hp 10 3,3

4 Phng ng 9 3,0

5 Phng v sinh 3 1,2


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Bng 3: din tch cc khu chc nng ca cn h

Stt Loi bung, phngtrong cn h Din tch ti a (m) Din tch ti thiu(m)

1 Tin snh 10 6

2 Phng khch 30 15

3 phng ng 20 9

4 Bp + phng n 22 10

5 Lgia, bancong 18 12

6 Phng v snh 8 3

2.2.2.Thnh phn v c cu cn h

1. Cc phng

a. Phng tip khch

y l loi phng ln nht v p nht trong cn h v thng th hin tnh cch vs thch ring ca ch nhn. Ni dung chnh l lm nhim v ch giao tip tr chuyn vibn b ngi thn. V tr thch hp cn phi thun tin vi cng, ng, vi sn vn vphi gn bp vi phng n. Hnh thc v kch thc ca phng do iu kin cc trang bcn thit phic trong phng quyt nh, thng thng din tch ca phng khch binthin t 14 - 30m vi h s chim ch l Z.

Din tch tng c chim

Din tch sn phng

Khu vc tip khch thng cn mt b gh salon, t a nng, n dng cm...

Phng khch v khu v sinh chung th cn phi b tr sao cho gn tin phng,khng i qu su vo trong cn h. Tuy nhin phng khch khng ch tip khch, mcn l mt ni sinh hot chung cho mt gia nh, n l ni giao lu gia cc thnh vintrong gia nh, nhng cng l ni giao lu ca cc thnh vin trong gia nh vi khch.Xu hng hin nay dndn tch ting thnh hai khng gian ring bit

Phng khch cn l mt khng gian sinh hot tp th chung dnh ring cho mithnh vin, l th hin b mt v s thch thm m ca gia ch,c th c trang tr bngmu sc sinh ng ti vui, nhng giam mu m nng kt hp vi cy xanh v tranh nh.Khng gian phng n ca gia nh thng kt hp vi phng khch to nn nhng

phng ln c khng gian phong ph v tin vic t chc t hi ng ngi, tip i bnb khi cn thit.

Cc phng khch thng lin h trc tip c vi hin, snh. Ca ra vo thngrng 1,2m cao 2,2m m hai cnh hay bn cnh nu l rng trn 2m. Phng khch i khic t chc nh mt trung tm b cc ca ngi nh lm u nt giao thng t cth lin h vo cc b phn khc ca cn nh. nhng cn h thng tng trong phngkhch thng c mt cu thang thit k kiu h, kt hp trang tr lm cho khng gianphng khch cng thm sinh ng, phong ph v c o (hnh 11 v 12.)

Z =0,34


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Hnh 11: Ni tht khng gian phng khch

Hnh 12: Ni tht khng gian phng khch

b. Phng sum hp gia nh (trung tm nh ca mt gia nh)

y cng l mt khng gian ln c tnh cht s dng chung cho cho tp th ccthnh vin trong gia nh. Khng gian ny khc vi khng gian phng khch l sdng ni b gia nh, ch nhng ngi khch thuc din than thit, tin cy ca gia nhmi a vo tip n khng gian ny.

V ni dung hot ng cng nh trang thit b ni tht cng tng ng nhphng khch. Tuy nhin, c mt s kha cnh cn lu l gn lin vi khu sinh hot m(cc phng ng) to c s kn o m cng ca sinh hot ni b gia nh.


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V trang tr ni tht th phng ny gn lin vi li sng v tm l th hiu dn tcnhiu hn, trong khng gian thng c t chc gc bn th gia tin v s dng cc c kiu c hay truyn thng.

Trong cc cn h tiu chun thp, ngi ta c th kt hp ba loi phng tipkhch, n, sum hp gia nh) gii thiu trn y ch t chc mt khng gian a

nng kt hp gi l phng sinh hot chung vi din tch 14-24m2

theo quy m gia nh.- Tnh cht c im

+ Khng gian tip khch, sinh hot gia nh (ni chuyn, xem ti vi, hp...)

+ Khng gian c hai tnh cht i ni v i ngoi.

+ C hai trng hpkhng gian l mt khng gian kt hptip khch v sinhhot chung, hoc tch hai khng gian ringbit.

Hnh 13: Ni tht khng gian phng sinh hot chung

- B tr nitht phng sinh hot chung gm

+ Cc thnh phn ni tht

i vng (salon), bn tip khch (sinh hot gia nh)

K ti vi, m thanh...

Tby lu nim

B bn gh n(b tr nn chim t 35 - 45 % din tch phng)

+ Din tch ly t 16 - 18 - 22 m2(trong mt vi trng hp ln hn 30 m2)

Chiu rng thng thng: 3,3 - 3,6 - 4,2 - 4,5

Chiu di: 4,2 - 4,5 - 5,4

T l ca chiu rng vchiu di l: 1/1,5 - 1/1

+ Giao thng


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Lin h trc tip tng phng -phng n, bp cnh mtphng ng

Lin h gn b vi hin, sn, ban cong, logia

Hnh 14: Ni tht khng gian phng sinh hot chung

c. Phng n

- Trn nguyn tc phng n c th link vi bp hay t chc kt hp vi khnggian tip khch. Nu l mt phng n ring th v tr thch hp nht phi gn bp v linh thun tin vi phng khch, sum hp gia nh. Thit b ch yu trong phng n l bbn kch thc tu theo s ch phc v ba n, thng thng trong bit th phng n cdin tch t 12-15m2.

- Cc khng gian tin ch lm phng n gia nh khng nht thit phi lm ca mch ngn cch bng hnh thc bnh phong di ng, nhng vch lng hay rm che. Phng


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n cng l mt khng gian cn c trang tr bng cy cnh to nn khng gian thongmt trong gia nh.

- Phng n l ni din ra cc sinh hot tp trung ca c gia nh v vy nn t v tr trung tm ca nh .

- Tu theo yu cu, phng n c th kt hp vi bp hay t ring

d. Phng ng- Phng ng trong cn h hin i gm

+ Phng ng v chng

+ Phng ng c nhn

+ Cc phng ng d phng cho ngi thn

+ Hthng ny ph thuc cc yu t nhs nhn khu gia nh; quan h gii tnhv la tui ca cu trc gia nh.

+ Yu cu v sinh mi trng, thnh tu v trnh khoa hc k thut. c imm hnh vn ho ca gia nh v ca tng thnh vin.

+ Cc thnh vin trong gia nh phi c cc phng ng ring c lp da trnnguyn tc

N trn 13 tui, nam trn 17 tui phi c ging ring.

Tr em trn 7 tui phi tch khi ging hay phng b m.

- Xut pht t nhng yu cu trn, cc phng loi trn c chia ra nh sau

+ Bung ng c nhn c din tch ti thiu khong 6m chiu ngang ti thiu2,1m; h s chim hpl l khng qu 0,4 n 0,5

+ Bung ng tp th thng l phng hai ngi, din tch ti thiu t 10 n12m2, h s nh sng 1/8 n 1/6.

+ Xu hng hin nay l tng din tch n chung, nhng li gim thiu din tch

cc phng ng c gng to cho tng thnh vin vin c bung ng ring. - Tnh cht c im

+ Bao gm cc phng ng l khng gian ring bit cho tng i tng trong cnh.

+ Xu hng hin nay l tng din tchng gim s lng ngi trong mt phngng

+ m bo v sinh thong, yn tnh

+ Ch n tng c im ca i tng

+ B tr ni tht

Ging i hay n (ging tng cho tr em)

T qun o

T u ging c sch

Din tch

+ Phng 2 ngi ly t 14 - 16m2(chiu ngang 3m)

+ Phng n 1 ngi ly t 9 - 12m2(chiu ngang 2,4m)

+ Phng b m ly t 12 - 14 m2(chiu ngang 3m), c con nh di 3 tui


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+ Giao thng

Lin h trc tip tin phng, c th lin h vi phng sinh hot chung

Khng gian giao thng trnh i qua phng ng

Phng ng b m c th c v sinh ring

- Phng ng v chng

Phng c din tch t 12-18m2, phi v tr kn o, c khu v sinh ring, thit bch yu gm cging i c bn m hai bn -b tr ging i cho phng ng phim bo vo ch t hai pha, bn trang im,t qun o, bn vit.

H schim c khong t 0,4 - 0,45 l ti a.

bo m c khng gian tp th dc bui sng cnh phng ng v chng phi chin hay lgia tip cn khng gian t nhin. Khng nn thit k phng ng tip xc trctip vi t nhin, cn phi hn ch nh sng t nhin (ASTN c h s bng 1/8). Phi cthit b che nng,c ca chp knh thch hp, trn cc ca s phi c vng v rm chechng chi, chng ma tt. to kn o cho phng th ca ra vo ch nn rng 75 -90cm mt cnh v m vo pha trong.

Mu sc trang tr tu s thch ring ca tng i tng, c bit ch nh, nhngthng ph bin dng mu m du, sng to cm gic mt, chiu cao thng thu thngthng 2,6 - 2,8m.

Hnh 15: Ni tht khng gian phng ng

- Phng ng c nhn

Phng thng c din tch t 6-10m2, trong c ging c nhn (80-120) x (190-200), bn m 40 x 60 hoc 45 x 45 bn hc nghin cu 60 x (80-100) gh 45 x 45, cgi sch treo, t qun o c c nhn 50 x (80-100). H s chim 0,4 - 0,45 l tia.


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V tr phnglm vic c th b tr gn vi ca vo bit th. Nu ch nhn ca bitth cn giao tip x hi nhiu, cn nu phng lm vic ch mang tnh ni b th gn linvi khu ng. khng gian yn tnh. thng khng gian lm vic nn c vo mt gcphng ng c nh sng pha trc. va k mt bn vit v mt gi sch (gi sch cth treo tng tit kim khng gian). Ch lm vic cho nhng ngi lao ng tr c

phi c chiu sng tt (nh sng ban ngy hoc n bn ban m). t khu yn tnh rng v tin sp xp sch v, my tnh, dng c vn phng. Trn thc t phng lmvic ca ch nh ng thi l phng c sch, din tch khong t 12 16m2st tng lnhng t, gi sch c th cao st trn nh, din tch to hn nhng su mng hn tsch a nng phng khch.

H s nhsng hp l cho phng lm vic l 1/8 1/5.

2. Cc phng ph

a. Bp

- c im tnh cht

Bp l ni chun b ba n cho cc thnh vin trong gia nh. v tr bp thun tin

cho vic i t ch v c ht vo thng bp. bpcn li tip trt tip vi phng n vphng khch.

Bp cng cn cnh khi v sinh tin cung cp nc sch v thi nc bn. bit th v nh li k th bp cn c ca quay ra vn ra cng, bo m ngi ni trtrong lc chun b cm c th qun xuyn gia nh nh mt n cng ng, bit cngi l vo ra hoc theo di con nh ang chi ngoi vn.

V tr ca bp phi lin h thun tin vi cc b phn khc ca nh nh tinphng, phng sinh hot chung, ban cong, logia. Bp nn t st khu v sinh.

Kch thcca bp phi tho mncho cc hot ng ca ngi ni tr, cho cctrang thit b v dng ni tht.

Bp phi c mi trng vi kh hu, v sinh ti u.

Din tch ca bp c th t 6 n 15m2. bp to nh v hnh thc c th ty thucvo cc thit b v ay chuyn b tr cng nng bn trong. Dy chuyn cng nng ca bpthng t kho ra gia cng kh gia cng tinh l nu n t lnh. Trongbp thng xuyn c nhng thit b nh ttreo lm din tch kho, bn n tm.

Hnh thc kch thc c th ca bp t thuc cch bi tr cc thit b v c ththam kho cc hnh (hnh 16). Ngoi ra cn phi quan tm n vic chiu sng cho bp,trnh hin tng sp bng khi thao tc v hot ng.

Bp lb phn s dng nc nhiu, do tng bp thng p gch mem knhvi cao ti thiu l 1.6m tin vic lm v sinh. i vi cc cn nh hin i nay,bp khng gian quan trng khng km g cc phng khch, nn n c trang tr rt p

c cy xanh, tranh nh.Nu t chc trang tr phng n th cn phi bo m t l nh sng t nhin 1/7

1/8. Khib tr nh sng c bit l nhsng n trong bp cn c gng trnh to nn spbng vo khu gia cng v nu, ra.

Trong cc cn h nh mt phong dnhcho ngi c thn, ngi ta khng cn tchc nhng bp c lp m ch cn t chc cc gc nu nng nm ngay trong tin


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phng hoc gc phong sinh hot chung vi din tch 2.5 3m2c che du kho khngs dng bng rnche hoc cc ca la.

Hnh 16: Ni tht khng gian bpv n- B tr ni tht+ Kiu b tr mt pha

+ Kiu b tr hai pha

+ Kiu L

+ Kiu U

+ Thit b l t + bn gia cng; bp, l sy; chu ra; t lnh


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Hnh 17: Ni tht khng gian bp v n

Hnh 18: Ni tht khng gian bpv n

- Din tch

+ Chiu rng 3 m

+ Chiu di 4m

+ Phng bp 9 - 12 m2

- Giao thng

+ Lin h trc tip vi tin phng + SHC (t bp n c th c li vo phng ng)


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+ Lin h n khu WC, ban cng, l gia

b. Khi WC (v sinh)

- Trong nh ca gia nh, khi v sinh nhm bo m cc hot ng v sinh cnhn nh tm git, i tiu tin, cn t chc thch hp vi hot ng gia nh. Trong ccbit th nh, ngi ta c th dng hai hocba khi wc s dng thun tin trong gi

cao im. trong bit th hin i, cc phng ng, c bit l phng ng v chng nhtthit phi c wcring. khi wc din tch ti thiu c th 2 9m2ty theo iu kin gianh. Kch thc v hnh thc ca ni phi cn nhc k lng bo m c s b try cc thit b bn trong ca n nh cc thit bra, phc v tm, phc v x tiu s dng an ton v thoi mi.

- C hai loi t chc cc thit b

+ Khi WC kt hptrong bung wc c din tch 3 -6m2ngi ta t chc y cc thit b tm ra c nhn, i tiu tin trong trng hp ny ngi ta ch c dng xbt m thi. dng ny thng gp trong phng ng v chng

+ Khi WC tch bit thng ch yu thuc khu vc sinh hot m gn lin vi

cc khi phng ng tp th v cho php c th khng dng nh sng t nhin m dngnh sng nhn to. T l nh sng t nhin 1/9 , 1/10

+ Cc ca s khi wc cao hn mt sn t 1.2m tr ln cc nh sng nhn to chyu l p dng cho khu vc wc nm subn trong v c thit b ht kh v thng gi caphng thng ch cao 2.2 2.4m, phn trn st trn thng dng giu cc ng ngthit b. Nu phng thng thp hn cc va ximng ct vng chng thm tt, thngthng ton b cao ca phng t nht l 1.6m t nn tr ln phi p gch men, gch ptrn nn sn phi dnggchchng trn.

- Tnh cht c im

+ Ch tm, x, tiu, git.

+ C th kt hp hoc tch ring.

+ Gia nh ng ngi nn tch ting tm v x (c th c nhiu khu WC)

- Yu cui vi khu vc v sinh

+ S dng thuntin, gn phng ng v bp, sinh hot chung

+ p ng c yu cu tm l con ngi. Khi thit k nn ch vn tp qundn tc.

+ Thit b v sinh bn chc

+ Bo m ch nh sng thng thong t nhin

+ t cui hng gi

- B tr ni tht

+ Chu ra (ch ra)

+ Chu tm (ch tm)

+ Tiu treo

+ X xm hay bt

+ C th kt hp my git hay chu git

- Din tch


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+ Chiu rng ln hn 1,5m

+ Chiu di ly t 2 - 3 m

- Giao thng

Lin h tin phng, phng ng, SHC, bp (nu phng ng c v sinh ring thphi gn lin vi phng ng ).

c. Kho v t tng

m bo cho cc phng ngn np v t chc cuc sng vn minh khoa hctrong phng khng th thiu c cc din tch v khi tch ct giu cc vt dngthng ngy ca gia nh cng nh c c tnh cht s dng theo ma nh va li, tixch, chn bng tng din tch sn v thng ly 1- 6m2theo quy m can h. Tuy hincng cn tn dng nhng khng gian cht,cc kho thng nmcc gc c su lnv cc kho c th tn dng bn di cu thang quanh khu vc bp hay gn lin vi khi phng ng. Cc t tng l cc dng t c nh nm cc vch ngn gia hai phngthng c su nh hn hoc bng 60cm.

Hnh 19: Khng gian t t ng- c im tnh cht

+Ni ct gi c trong nh, t t s dng n s dng thng xuyn

+ Kho thng l mt khng gian c lp

+ T tng thng kt hp vi khng gian trong cn h

+ T tng thng tn t din tch hn l t g - lm khng gian gn gng hn

- B tr ni tht


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+ Thang dng c qun o

+ Gi cao chn, m

- Din tch

+ Kho ly t 2 - 4m2

+ T tng c chiu su , 60cm, chiu rng 1,2m (bng chiu rng ca phng)

- Giao thng

+ Lin h tin phng, bp, cc phng ng

d. Tin phng

Tin phng l b phn ph thuc khu ca vo ca cn h. cc nc x lnh, tinphng lm nhimv u nt giao thng v iu ha nhit khng kh trong v ngoiphng cho nn ngi ta thng thit k nhng tin phng kn (cc phng khc thng vitin phng qua cc ca), cn cc nc x nng, tin phng ch lm nhim v to nn skn o ng thi c th kt hp lm u nt giao thng. ngi ta c th t chc dng htc l ngn cch gia khng gian tin phng vi cc khng gian trong nh ch yu lvch lng hay vch thng thm ch ch cn bnh phong. Cc tin phng thngt 3,5n 6m2nhng b rng ti thiu phi ln hn hoc bng 1,2m. Ti tin phng thng btr cc thit b nhch treo m, o, giy dp, gng, in thoi, v mt s kho vt nh km, bakhng gian tin phng timt s nc trn th gii, cn c th tchc di dng ni xe y xe p, ch tip khch s b hay phng n v bp thnggn lin vi khng gian tin phng ny. V khng gian din tch st trn ca tin phngnh nn chiu cao cng ch cn 2,4m l va phi. Khng gian tha st trn ca tinphng c th c khai thc l khng gian cho kho treo vi ca ca kho ny m v phacc phng hay cc phng khc.

Tin phng l khng gian ca ng cho cn h; khng gian chuyn tip gia trongv ngoi nh (cn h) v l khng gian trung chuyn lin h cc bphn khc nhau trongnh (khng gian trung tm giao thng)

- Tnh cht c im

+ Snh, cu thang cho cc nh nhiu cn h + k tc x + khch sn

+ Tin phng l nt giao thng chnh trong khng gian cn h

+ T snh chung, t bctam cp hay cu thang ln cn h

+ Khng gian qu gia trong nh v ngoi nh (hnh lang...)

+ Tin phng c vai tr l iu ho phn phi dng ngi i li gia cc khnggian khc; m bo yn tnh, chng n; Trnh t ngt ca khng kh lnh - x lnh;khng gian chuyn tip trong vng kh nng - m ma

- B tr ni tht

+ Tin phng c th kt hp t tng, gi ... (kho tm)+ Theo iu kin c th rng xe may ... (trc y)

- Din tch (theo TCVN t 6-8m2)

- Giao thng

L ni tp trung cc u mi giao thng, p ng s c lp ca cc khng giantrong nh bit th v trong cn h.

e. Ban cng, lgia, sn tri, ging tri


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- Ban cng l khng gian h hay na kn na h, gn lin vi nh hay cn h, lni tip cn vi thin nhin ca sinh hot gia nh. Cc ban cng l nhng phn nh rakhi mt nh vi din tch t 2 n 3m2.

Hnh 20: Khng gian ban cng

- Lgia l nhng din tch nm tht vo trong mt nh vi ba pha l tng cn mtpha l khng gian htip xc trc tip vi thin nhin, din tch 3,56m2. Lgia c hailoi chnh

Loi c th ngh ngi gii tr, ngm cnh ta khng gian xanh, ni hot ng nghthut nghip d v thng gn lin vi phng ng v phng sinh hot chung.


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Loi lgia phc v ni tr gn kin vi bp v khi v sinh. Sn ca ban cng,lgia bt buc phi thp hn sn trong sn v nn nh 3-5cm m bo vo ngy manc khng trn vo phng, ca m tt nht l ra pha ngoi.

- Tnh cht c im

Khng gian ngh ngi, hng mt, iu tit kh hu, khng gian m gia trong v

ngoa nh hoc phc v ni tr hong phi.+ Ban cng c 3 mt tip xc thin nhin

+ Tm nhn tt, khng gian thoi mi khi ngh ngi

+ Logia n su vo phng ch c mtmt tip xc thin nhin

+ Ban cong logia chia lm hai loi

Ngh ngi + phc v

- B tr ni tht

+ chu cy hoa

+ Bn gh ngh, c sch

+ Ging, gh di ng nghngi tc thi- Din tch lyt 4 - 6m

Chiurng > 1,2m < 2,4m

Di theo bc ca gian phng 3m, 3,3m, 3,6m

- Giao thng

+ Lin h trc tip vi sinh hot chung - ng - ngh ngi

+ Lin h bp v khu v sinh -phc v

g. Sn tri v ging tri

- Sn tri (sn trong) l nhng sn thong thng c c nh li dng cc mi

bng c gi l sn thng vi bn trn khng c mi che nhng c th c nhng gincy, c din tch ln hn ging tri, c th b tr cy cnh v h thng hn non b.

- Ging tri l nhng khong sn trng nm gia khng gian khng c mi chevi din tch 9 -12m2. Ging tri rt hay c s dng trong khu nh vng nhit i vn tokh nng pht trin mt xy dng, to mt c tr cao cho nh thp tngnhng vn bo m thng thong cch nhit, togi i lu rt tt.

h.Khng gian lm vic sn xut

- Khng gian lm vic, hc tp, kinh doanh

Thng ch p dngi vinh ti cc th (rtph bin), thng b trcccng trnh nh cao cp nh bit th, chung c cao cp, cn cc cng trnh nh bnhthng khc th c b tr kt hp vi cc khng gian nh sinh hot chung, thcnghoc trong phng ng

- Khng gian sn xut gn vi nh nng thn

Khng gian sn xut khng th thiu i vi nh nng thn, v vn sn xut lmt nhu cu tt yu ca nng thn (c bit ti cc lng ngh truyn thng).


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38

Hnh 21: Khng gian lm vic2.3. Phn khu chc nng trong cn h

2.3.1.Phn khu cng nng trong cn h(dy chuyn)

- C nhng thnh phn v ph tr (khng gian) cng cng + khng gian ph trv sinh + khng gian ng + lao ng sn xut)

- Vic phn khu cng nng cn c thch hin rt r rng. Thng thng cphn chia l hai khu chnh

+ Khu sinh hot hng ngyl nhng nhm thng c sinh hot chung, tp th cth chp nhn s n o, c khai thc s dng vo ban ngy l ch yu. nhm phngny c gn vi sn vn, cng, ng, c mi quan h cht ch, thun tin vi x hi bn

ngoiPhng khch.

Bp.

Tin phng, snh, phng n.

Phng sum hp gia nh (cng c th a vo khu sinh hot m)

Ch xe t (gara).

+ Khu sinh hot m thngyu cu yn tnh, knh o, ring t, gn vi sn tri,ban cng, lgia

Cc loi phng ng tp th.

Cc phng c nhn.Phng v chng.

Phng lm vic, hc tp nghin cu (cng c th a vo khu sinh hot ngy nuc s dng i ngoi)

Cc phng WC, kho

- Mi lin h gia cc b phn theo s sau


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39

Khu hotngm Khu hotng ngy

Hnh 22: S mi lin h cc khng gian trong nh

(ly snh v tin phng lm trung tm)

Khu hotngm Khu hotng ngy

Hnh 23: S mi lin h cc khng gian trong nh

(ly phng khch lm trung tm)


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40

Hnh 24: S trnh t cc khng gian trong nh

2.3.2. Phn khu chc nng giao thng

Trong cn h giao thngcn c chia hai hnh thc giao thng kh v t

- Giao thng kh l giao thng gia cc phng

- Giao thng t l giao thng gia cc phng ph tr

- Giao thng lin h vo ra cn h

- Giao thng t phng ng ti v sinh

- Giao thng bp n - v sinh- Giao thng sinh hot chung - n ng - v sinh

2.3.3 Din tchcc loi cn h in hnh

- Phn chia theo thnh phn nhn khu, chng ta c th c nhiu loi cn h khcnhau nhng in hnh nht l c cc loi cn h c din tch trung bnh dng cho chungcnh sau

+ Cn h 2 phng - din tch 45 - 60m2 (10 - 15%)


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41

+ Cn h 3 phng - din tch 60 - 75 m2 (25 - 30%)

+ Cn h 4 phng - din tch 75 - 90m2 (40-45%)

+ Cn h 5 phng - din tch 90 - 105m2 (15 - 20%)

Trong cn h 2 - 5 phng chim 25 - 30%, cn h 3 - 4 phng chim 70 - 75%

(khng bao gm din tch chung v din tch ph)

- Phn loi cc chc nng trong cn h th c bn loi l khng gian chung,khng gian ring t, khng gian phc v (din tch ph) v khng gian mrng cho ccchc nng ch yu trong cn h

Bng 4: Phn loi cc chc nng ca cc khng gian trong cn h

Khng gian chung Snh, tin phng, hnh lang, tip khch, n, sinh hot chung,

th vin, th cng

Khng gian phc v Bp, v sinh, kho

Khng gian ring t Cc phng ng ng b ,b m, con trai, con gi

Khng gian mrng Ch phi, hin ngh, ban cng, logia

Phn cu hi:Cu 5: C nhng h thng khng gian nh no? Hy phn tch c th mt khng gian Cu 6: Cn h l g? Nu cc thnh phn trong cn hCu 7: Hy cho bit din tch chun cho cc thnh phn v phn bit r cc loi dintch trong cn hCu 8: Hy phn tch mt thnh phn khng gian m Anh (Chi) thch trong cn h Cu 9: Hy v s dy chuyn mi quan h ca mt cn h Cu 10

: Hy phn bit nh chung c v nh tp th, v s minh ho

Cu 11: Anh (ch), hy phn tch im khc nhau gia nh nhiu cn h v nh kiukhch sn.

Danh mc sch tham kho1. PGS. TS. KTS. Nguync Thim - 2004 Nguyn l thit k kin trc nh dn

dng - NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H ni

2. B xy dng - 1997 - Tuyn tp (tp IV) Tiu chun xy dng ca Vit nam - NXBXy dng, H ni

3. KTS Lng Anh Dng - 2003 - Cht lngcho th sau nm 2000 - NXB Khoahc k thut,H ni

Website tham khowww.kientrucviet.com.vn ,www.diendanxaydung.vn,www.ashui.com,www.act.com.vn,

www.wiki.com,....
http://www.kientrucviet.com.vn/http://www.kientrucviet.com.vn/http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/http://www.ashui.com/http://www.ashui.com/http://www.act.com.vn/http://www.act.com.vn/http://www.wiki.com/http://www.wiki.com/http://www.wiki.com/http://www.act.com.vn/http://www.ashui.com/http://www.diendanxaydung.vn/http://www.kientrucviet.com.vn/


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42Chng 3

Cc loi nh

3.1. Phn loi nh theo yu cu quy hoch

3.1.1.Nh th

a. L nh c xy dng trong cc th, hnh thc t chc nh l theo dng tptrung dn c thnh cc khu (thng gi l chung c hoc nh mt ph), c h thng kthut h tng th hon chnh nhcp, thot nc; cp in; cp nng lng; thng tin linlc; truyn thanh truyn hnh; h thng ng giao thng; mi trng v h thng cc cngtrnh dch v-phc v cc nhu cu v cuc sng vt cht v vn ho, tinh thn ca con ngi.

Trong cc th, nh chim mt t trng ln khi lng xy dng, cho nn c th nib mt kin trc ca th l do nh quyt nh.

Cc loi nh th rt a dng v phc tp. Nh t tng (1-3 tng), nh c s tng

trung bnh (4-5 tng), nh nhiu tng t (6-17 tng), nh cao tng (> 18 tng), nh cao chctri hoc nh theo hnh thc t hp (vi nhiu chc nng trong mt cng trnh).

b.Nh th phi p ng c cc yu cu sau

m bo c tiu chun din tch cho tng b phn chc nng sinh hot c th btr c cc trang thit b ni tht v cc khng gian thao tc trong sinh hot vi li snghin ti, vi nhng trang thit b hin i, k thut cao ca gia dng

m bo s c lp, khp kn cho tng cn h, m bo s c lp tng i cho tngthnh vin trong gia nh, m bo s ngh ngi cho ngi ln tui, s t nh kn o cho cham v m bo s gio dc vn minh cho con ci la tui thanh thiu nin.

m bo nhng ni dung sinh hot trong cn h khng tch bit, khng chng cho vgiao thng s dng; trt t, v sinh, sch p cho ni tip khch, phng ng, phng bp, phng n, ni v sinh. C th t u tin v iu kin kh hu, nh sang, thng thong tnhin.

m bo c thun phong, m tc, c bit l li sng ca ngi ng rt quan tmn ca ra vo, bn th t tin, bp,

Cn lu n vn v sinh cng cng, kh thi, rc thi,

Cng trnh bn vng, tit kim nng lng v cng phi p ng c vic thay i,hiu chnh khng gian cn h khi cn thit ph hp vi hon cnh ngh nghip, s thchring cho tng cn h.

3.1.2.Nh nng thn

a. c im chung (hnh 25)

Nh nng thn mang nhng nt c trng v t chc khng gian, cu trc hnh khi,b cc tng th, to nn bn sc ca kin trc vng dn c nng nghip, tiu th cng nghip.

y l loi hnh nh gia nh dnh ring cho nhng ngi lao ng nng nghip, nthng phi gn lin vi ng rung - ni sn xut ch yu ca gianh ngi nng dn.

y l loi nh phc v cho cc gia nh nng dn, thng gp cc qun c nngnghip, cc lng xm tiu nng ngy xa.

Mi gia nh tiu nng thng sng trn mt khun vin c lp khp kn, c t chcvi kin trc 1-2 tng l ch yu gm nhiu b phn kin trc nh nh nh chnh, nh


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43ngang, chung tri quy quanh mt khng gian thong, nhiu nng, l sn phi. Qun thkin trc nh ny c cy xanh, thm nc vy quanh che ch to nn mt cuc sng phhp vi mt gia nh nng nghip la nc, c th va sinh hot, va sn xut; sng hi hovi thin nhin.

- Mi gia nh nng dn Vit Nam thng vn t chc cuc sng t rn mt lt ringc din tch khong mt so (360m2). Trong c nhng gia nh bnh d vi ging, ao, snvn c ro du bao quanh. Nh nng thn ngy xa l mt n v va , va lm kinh ttrn quy m gia nh (n v cn bng sinh thi). Ngun liu xy dng l t cc vt liu ns, nh, d kim ca a phng, ly t t v tho mc nh g, tre, rm r, t, ong, hc... K thut xy dng cng rt n gin m tng ngi nng dn c th tham gia trc tipxy dng nh ca mnh. T cch sp xp khng gian chnh ph, t chc sn vn, cng,ng, ao c, b tr chung gia sc, gia cm n kinh nghim khai thc, bo v chng u niln mt mu hnh cuc sng cn c, nng ng c s hi ho cao gia con ngi vi thinnhin: nhiu dng t chc khng gian kin trc kh c o, thch nghi vi cuc sng tranhth thi gian, hng ra bn ngoi l chnh gm khng gian khp kn (cc bung phng) khng

gian na kn (hin, thm, gin cy...), khng gian h (sn, ng, cu, ao, ging nc...).

- Trong cch phn b cc khng gian ca nh nng thn th ni chnh chim v trquan trng nht, ch cao nht ca khu t, c s dng lm ni th cng v sinh hotchnh. Ci sn phi trc nh chnh ni ln c im ring c o ca nh dn gianVit Nam v mang tc dng r rt: ni tin hnh sn xut, ch phi phng, khng gian tothong mt v sinh cho ngi nh chnh. Ao c thng ch thp nht, pha u gi, trcnh. Cc cng trnh ph nh bp, ni v sinh, ni tin hnh ngh ph... th c t hp quanhcng trnh chnh. m ly sn phi rng theo nguyn tc coi sn coi sn l b cc khng giansinh hot gia nh. Cc cng trnh chnh, ph u c gng n mnh trong vm cy xanh cacy ly g v cy n qu trong vn nh vi mc ch va che ch va bo v ngi nh chnhchng gi bo, l qut va ci to iu kin kh hu, tn hng khng kh trong lnh

(hnh 26)

- Tuy vy ngi nh nng thn truyn thng Vit Nam cn mang m mt s hn chv cht lng cng nng, k thut xy dng iu kin v sinh mi trng. Mun c mt nnkin trc nng thn mi th chng ta cn phi phn u c nhng mu nh mi, ph hpvi np sng ca thi i mi, vt liu k thut mi, m hnh vn ho mi.

-Nh nng thn l nh c xy dng cc vng nng thn c t ai xy dngrng ri, mt xy dng thp. Nh nng thn ch yu l nh nh, t tng, xy dng ngin v xy dng theo phng php truyn thng. Tu theo vng kh hu, a hnh, tp qunxy dng v vt liu xy dng a phng m nh nng thn chia thnh cc loi nh sau

+Nh nng thn vng ng bng bc bthng c kt cu chu lc bng vt liug, h mi lp bng ngi t nung. Ngi nh c to dng c kh nng chu c gi bov nhng tc ng khc ca mi trng kh hu (ci rt vo ma ng, ci nng vo ma h).

+Nh nng thn vng ng bng sngCu Long c kt cu nh n gin, mi lpl, t kh nng chng bo lt.

+Nh nng thn vng ng bng Trung trung bs dng kt cu chu lc bng vtliug, gch, , mi lp ngi hoc tn,.... c kh nng chu gi bo nng nng.

+ Nh Trung du v min ni pha bc vi hnh thc nh sn l ph bin, kt cu baoche ch yu s dng vt liu g, tranh, tre, na, l.

+Nh nng thn vng min ni Trung b Ty nguyn s dng kt cu chu lc bngg v cc vt liu a phng.


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44+Nh nng thn min ven bin s dng kt cu khung ct c kh nng chu gi bo

ngp lt.

- Ngoi cc loi nh chnh ni trn, cn c cc loi nh xy dng cc vng ven th, cc th trn , th t, ven cc trc l giao thng, nh thuc loi t gin dn,...

Hnh 25: S mi quan h gia cc khng gian nh nng thn

Hnh 26: Loi hnh nh nng thn

b. Yu cu quy hoch

- B cc m, phn tn.

-Nh thp tngt 1-2 tng, mt trc nh thong.


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45- Cy xanh bao bc quanh nh

- Khng gian ln, c th ngn chia linh hot

- Chuyn ho khng gian gia trong - ngoi nh

- S dng khng gian m nh mt phn ca nh.

- Khng c s tch bit qu ln gia cc khng gian chc nng

- Khng gian trong nh c th pht trin m rng ra sn vn.

- C s lin h gia khng gian v chn nui chung tri

- Vt liu xy dng a phng (tre, g, gch, a). Kt cu n gin

3.2. Phn loi theo chc nng s dng

3.2.1.Nh kiu bit th

a. Khi nim bit th

L ngi nh c xy dng trn mt khun vin sn vn ring bit, bit th c phngkhch ln, nhiu phng ng, c phng nghe v chi nhc, th vin, c nh n ln t tp hngtrm khch. Bit th cn l s kt tinh ca khoa hc v xy dng v trang tr ni ngoi tht.Thng mi bit th c mt tn ring v lun c nhc ti trong lch s. Bit th thngc xy trn nhng din tch ln, thung lng, trn i, ven sui hay th trn, thnh ph....Vit Nam cc khng gian , qun th c t cc triu i thi L, Trn, L, Nguyn. T cuith k th XIX, chng ta c thm cc loi hnh bit th Chu u cn i. Da vo s lngv cht lng bit th c th nh gi i sng con ngi trong cc mt tinh thn, vt cht vvn ho. N vn lun tn ti, l mi quan tm chung ca nhiu nc trn th gii. V vy cnc nhng cuc nh gi v a ra cc ch tiu ca bit th l cn thit, c cc quan nimng trong vic o to thit k cho sinh vin, nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca

con ngi.Nhiu quc gia hin nay coi nh bit th khng cn l loi nh chnh ca khu trung

tm thnh ph na, m chng ch c xy dng ngoi thnh hoc nhng khu ngh mt. Timt s nc khc, nh bit th vn c xy dng trong ni mt s thnh ph v th trn mc va phi. trn t nc chng ta, nh bit th mt s thnh ph ln cn chimmt t l ng k, nn vic tm nghin cu loi nh y xy dng ring bit mt cchng mc vn l cn thit. Hn na loi nh khi ghp t tng l loi nh vn xy dng hnglot ph bin trong thnh ph nh v th trn hin nay trn th gii nn li cng cn c ch thch ng.

Nh bit th dnh cho nhng gia nh c iu kin thu nhp kinh t cao, nhng ngic iu kin sng cao nhcc quan chc cao cp, cc thng nhn giu hay cc tr thcln,c tim nng trang b nhng tin dng gia nh khng hn ch. V vy t ni dung khnggian, din tch s dng cng nhiu kin, tiu chun trang tr thm m n cht lng cchnh thc bn ngoi ca ngi nh u rt cao. Ngi nh c nhiu kh nng ng gp v pm quan cho th, cho ng ph. Nh bit th hn bt c loi hnh nh no khc l nc th th hin c th hiu thm m ca ch nhn nhiu nht.

Nh bit th thng t trong nhng khu vc yn tnh, c nhiu cy xanh ven .Nh bit th thng c tiu chun sinh hot cao, iu kin tin nghi y . Ngi nh chnhthng cao t 1 n 3 tng.L t ca bit th thng t 300-800m nhng ch c phpxy dng vi mt nh hn hoc bng 35%.

y l loi nh tiu chun cao cc th, mi cn nh cng c mt khun vin clp, cho migia nh c lp. Thng c xy dng nhng khu vc p ca thnh ph v


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46cng c th ngoi vi cc th hoc xen k ln trong cc khu nh ln xa trung tm nhng ni c phong cnh p c iu kin kh hu thch hp cho vic ngh ngi yn tnh, gngi thin nhin.Nh c sn vn bao bc quanh v tip cn vi thin nhin nhiu hng .S tng ca n c th l 1-3 tng. Trong nh,c nhng b phn nh snh hay tin phng hochin, phng tip khch, phng sinh hot chung, phng ng, phng n, nh bp, nh xe...

ngoi din tch dnh cho cc khng gian trn, cn c ch t (gara), c ch th gin hotng hay ngh ngi ngoi tri.

Theo s tng nh bit th c th chia ra loi bit th mt tng, hai tng, ba tng. nh bit th cn c th chia ra loi bit th mt cn (mt hgia nh) - n lp, bit th hai cn(hai hgia nh) - song lp, ngoi ra cn c cm bit th t 4 -8 cn nh, nhng nc takhng pht trin bi v mt s gia nh s khng c hng gi tt.

- t ai dnh cho mi bit th c th tu theo qu t v nh hng quy hoch cathnh ph nhng din tch thng Sk 300m

2v c mt tin khng hp hn 12m.

+ nhng khu t ven Sk = 400-600m2

+ nhng khu ngh mt, thnh ph nh, khu du lch S=8001000m2

.- Trn khu t xy dng bit th th mt xy dng hn ch.

3,02,00

k

xd

S

SK

+ thnh ph: K0=0,250,35

+ ven : K0=0,200,25

+ khu ngh mt, thnh ph nh: K0 = 0,150,20

V khng hn ch v iu kin kinh t nn s bung phng ca bit th ch yu theo

yu cu ca tng gia nh v mc ch s dng bit th. S bung phng gia nh trong bitth thng tnh bng s nhn khu trong gia nh t (45 ngi).

N = n + (45 ngi)

Trong : N - s bung phng

n - s nhn khu gia nh

b. Cc thnh phn trong bit th

- Phng khch

Trong bit th phng khch thng c din tch ln c dng cho cc cng vic banngy ch yu tp trung vo cc sinh hot x hi ca gia nh quanh bn tr, bn c ph, ungru, ht thuc v cho cc hot ng gii tr vo bui ti: nghe nhc, khiu v... cho nn ihi phng phi c khng gian rng ln c th s dng linh hot. K bn phng khchthng thng vi khu vn ln, cnh sc thay i bn ma kt hp vi mu sc ni tht lmtng gi tr v ngha ca phng khch. Cc phng lin k vi phng khch l cc phng c ,th vin, phng lm vic, phng nghe nhc,.....

- Phng n


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47Din tch phng n cn tng i ln, c th cha c t 2 n 24 ngi. N thng

c thng vi phng khch v khi c th cha c hng trm ngi. Phng n c th cch n ngoi tri, ni c mi che hoc sn ngoi.

- Bp

Trong bit th phng bp l mt khu ring v thng vi phng n. Phng bp tt nhtnn t v hng ng hay ty -bc, ni lin vi mt ngang ca ca trc hoc dng li iring. Phng bp thng ni vi khu ra bt, git gi, kho cha , khu v sinh.

- Phng ng

Phng ng thng rng t 25 - 36m2, c th b tr ging n hay ging i. N lni trng by c, c t ruu, t ng qun o, bt, chu ra, kho cha . Trong mt strng hp khu tm v x t ring. Tng din tch khong t 4 - 123m2.

- Phng nghe nhc

B tr gn phng khch, kch thc tu thuc vo s khn gi, loi cng nh s nhc c.

Phng nghe nhc thng thit k hnh vung vi cc tm vch bng g hoc cc vt liu cchm hiu qu. Trong cc cn phng ln ngi ta t cc mt phn m xung quanh nhc cngv cc mt phn m pha sau khn gi.

- Th vin

Din tch th vin gia nh ch cn 16 - 24m2. Mt ngi c quay v hng bc. Dintch ch ngi c 3-5m2, v tr t bn lm vic v bn tip khch. K sch tnh theo dintch tng 120 - 150 cun trn 1m2, cao ca k 1700mm.

- Khu vc cu thang

Cu thang l s lu thng theo chiu ng ca ngi nh. Cu thang v v tr cu thang

c tc ng quan trng trong nginh. N c tc ng trc tip n h thng khng gian sdng, l im nhn va mang tnh m thut, tnh k thut hp l tu theo tng kiu b cc msp xp cu thang. Chiu rng catng vcu thang trong bit th t 1,2m - 1,5m. Cc v kthp vi nhau to nn ging ly sng. Din tch s dng ca cu thang khong 6 - 12m2, cth dng thang trong, thang vung, thang mt v, hai v hay ba v. Trong mt bit th c thdng t 1 3 cu thang.

- Phng th thao

Phng th dc th thao cn c din tch rng t ch cao ro ca tng mt hay tng mini thong gi v c tm nhn, c mihoc khng c mi che s dng cc phng tin thdc vo bui sng hay ti. Din tch trung bnh 36m2, b bi, bung tm, thay qun o.

- Phng hc con ciNi hc tp c th t ngay trongphng ng, din tch 4-8m2, bn hc v gi sch b tr

ni ca s c khu vc chi ring. Phng hc tp v chi thit k gn phng ng hay thng viphng ng bng gi sch, ngn vch. Mi phng trung bnh rng 18m2, b tr ni yn tnh,quay v hng bc.

- Phng m o v o chong

Cn c khong trng trong hoc ngoi li i vo tin snh treo m v o chong v cc loi giy dp i li ngoi tri.

- Kho


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48Hnh dng phng kho quan trng khng km kch thc ca n. Nh kho phi thun

tin cho mi hot ng c lin quan.Trong mt nh cn c nhiu kho nh kho bp, kho changuyn liu, kho ru, kho cha thi. Trung bnh mi kho phi t 2 - 9m2. Kho c tht cc v tr tng hm, cc tng hoc trn tng thng.

Hnh 27: S mi quan h cc khng gian trong nh 2-3 tng

(ly snh, thang lm trung tm)

Hnh 28: S mi quan h cc khng gian trong nh 2-3 tng

(ly phng khch,snh lm trung tm)


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49- Ga ra t

Khi thit k gara t kch thc khng , khong cch ti thiu gia xe v tng l1,2m, pha trc mi xe ti thiu 0,5m. Nh xe nn gn li vo nh, d vo. dc cagara khng qu 20%, ng xe khng qu 6% ng xe chy, tng nn lm bng cc chtliu khng b phn hu do du m v d ra, phi c rnh thot nc khi ra xe.

-Ngoi ra sn ring, vn b cnh, i phun nc ng vai tr quan trng trong bit th

To ra nhng cnh quan thin nhin nhvn, cy ci; lm thnh mt vch ngn tnhin i vi ting n, bi, nng v gi ; thit k nhng v tr trng cy trong nh lm cho cmgic rng ra v khng kh ti mt; nn to nhng b cnh hoc h nh, non b kt hp vi

b cc vn v cng trnh lm tng m quan, gy cm gic hng phn, mt m, nh nhngcng trnh.

c.Cc loi hnh kin trc bit th

- Loi hnh xp theo quy m gm c

Bit th lnBit th trung bnh

Bit th nh

Lch s li cc bit th Chu u, chu , chu Phi nay c th dng lm cu lcb, to i s, nh lm vic. l cc bit th ln, cc bit th thng c gian phng ln nhsnh, phng khch, phng n, thu vin, tip l cc phng v phng lm vic.

Vi phong cch kin trc c in + snh + cu thang + G1, G2 (l khng gian todng ni tht quan trng). N ni ln phong cch th hiu ca ch h. G1 v G2 l hnh lang,tn c latinh gi l galgrie. Ngy nay Gallery c hm ngha l Phng tranh, gian trng by.

Trong kin trc bit th xa nay u tn dng snh v G1, G2 trng by. hiu qutrng by c tt ngi ta dng thc ct, phn v tng, trang tr trn, nn nh t hpthnh mt b cc kin trc c ch , phong v c thit k t m, chu o. Cu thang gp

phn cng vi snh v Gallery tng thm gi tr cho phong cch kin trc ni tht.

Ni tht cc phng khch, phng n, th vin, phng ng c kin trc thng nht, hiho t tng th n chi tit. Ngoi ra mi gian phng thng c mt mu sc, mt b cc nitht ring, tng v a dng cho nh .

C bit th loi siu cp l Hong cung, Hong cung l nh ca Vua cha, cngtc... tu theo cch gi trong lch s. y l bit th, l kin trc cc ln, m rng thnhqun th kin trc hong cung cng vi bit th khai thc n ti a cc thnh tu ngh

thut ca qu kh v tng lai.- Loi hnh bit th theo a im xy dng

+ Bit th ngoi c iu kin vng rng, ly v tr c phong cnh p. Ngh thutvn ca nhn loi c gn gi, k tc ch yu qua kin trc vn ca bit th.

+ Bit th ni c sn vn va cho yu cu yn tnh, cch l, b cc ni tht y s phng cn cho ch h. l xu th ca kin trc bit th trn th gii t th kXVI n th k XIX.

+ Trc cc bit th ni thi phc Hng ca ITalia, Ty Ban Nha, Anh Ct Li,tuy khng c vn nhng c sn trong, c i snh, cc phng khch, thu vin rt ln vi

trang tr ni tht ni ting c nhc n nhiu trong lch s kin trc th gii. +Nhn chung vi tm nhn lch s v quy m quc t, nc ta c bit th ni c nh.


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50

Hnh 29: Mt bng nh bit thSamois

Hnh 30: Nh bit thSamois (Le-corbusier)


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51

Hnh 31: Nh bit th

d. Cc yut b cc vn bit th gm c

- Mt nc

- a hnh (cao, thp)

- Cy

- C, hoa

- Sn

- Li i- Mt s tiu phm nhiu khc, non b, i phun nc

- Cc nhn t to nn cc khung cnh khc nhau xung quanh bit th

Vi truyn thng nguyn tc vn Chuu ngi ta cn to ra vn tn v tr cakin trc nh ; lm vui cnh vt quanh nh, nht l v ma ng cn c nh knh trng hoangoi vn.

Hnh 32: Vn nh bit th


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52Nguyn tc b cc vn Chu ct tn hiu qu cnh quan ca nh l to ra bc

tranh m phng, lin hon hng ngon bn ma ngoi nh. Cnh vt lun c b trlc n, lc hin, khng to nhn mt lc nhn thu mi ni.

- Bitth c nh c c im chung

+ Khng gian cc phng , snh nhhn.+ Trang tr ni tht khng mc i hi c phong cch th hiu ngh thut cao.

+ Vn xung quanhbit th gp phn tng hiu qu cnh quan, vi kh hu, t ch trngngh thut vn.

e. Yu cuthit k

- Yu cu vi nh t th k th I trc cng nguyn, KTS la m Virtuvi trong 10cui sch v kin trc ra yu cu bn vng, thch dng v p vi mt ngi nh.

Ngy nay, do iu kin pht trin ca x hi, ca khoa hc v ca k thut ni chung v doxy dng ni ring, do s pht trin ca quan im mi v nhu cu thc t m yu cu vi

nh ni chung v bit th ni ring c nng cao. Ngoi nhng yu cu chung vi nh nhgii quyt c mi quan h gia iu kin sng vi kh hu bn ngoi, m bo ch vsinh, chng nng, thng thong, chiu sng, cch m, chng m,... th nh kiu bit th phitho mn cc yu cu sau

+ p ng yu cu tin nghi, ph hp vi iu kin sng, m bo vic ngh ngi, hctp, ti sn xut sc lao ng,...

+ Bo m iu kin sinh hot tin nghi mc cao. m bo cch ly, yn tnh, tipxc tt vi thin nhin, khng kh trong sch, c vn rng ri. i vi nh bit th cho phpmthoc haili vo.

+ Bo m s c lp cn thit gia cc phng trong khng gian c th nhng vn c s

lin h vi khng gian sinh hot chung cng cng.+ Do din tch chim t ln, nhiu ng ng k thut v thit b cc b nh my

bm, x l nc nn cn c mt s khng gian ph nh kho, tng hm, hng hin... trongtrng hp c th.

+ C s t hp hp l nhm tho mn s lin h gia cc khng gian chnh nh khnggian sinh hot chung, khng gian c th, khng gian ph tr.

+ Khng gian snh, hin trong bit th ng vai tr l nt giao thng ton nh. Tuynhin, vi iu kin kh hu VN khng nn ngn cch mt cch khin cng loi hnh khnggian ny m ch to khng gian mt cch t l m bo thng thong v to cm gic rng

ri v cm th khng gian.- Yu cu quy hoch sn vn ca nh bit th

+Nh chnh li su vo trong chng n, chng bi v to kn o.

+ Cc nh ph c t theo hai gii php

t pha sau c gara, ng vo thng thng mt bn ngi nh chnh, c thghp st nh chnh.

t pha trc ng gp v p cho ng ph.

+ Pha khng gian trc nh v hai bn hng nh chnh thng b tr cc khng gian

trang tr hoc cc bi cy thp, bn hoa mu sc, nhng b cnh hay nhng cy cnh c tn l


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53tha nhm lm khng gian thong mt. Khng che chn nhiu mt ng, hnh khi cng nh ng ph.

+ Pha sau nh thng l cc sn ni tr, ch phi v vn cy bng mt, ni nghngi tch cc ca gia nh: cc b bi, ng nhy, sn khiu v (ng piste), sn qun vt...

+ Trong cc ngi nh ph thng t 1-2 tng c b tr gara tc ch xe t(1820m2), kho cha nhng dng c lm vn, nhng dng c th thao v cn h ngh cacc ngi gip vic. V tr thch hp ca n nn pha hng xu.

+ Ngi nh chnh thng 1-4 tng dnh cho ch nhn. Trong trng hp t cht hpth ngi ta c th t chc khu ph nm tng trt, to thnh mt tng b nh cao khong2,4-2,7m v ch nhn s t lu mt tr ln. Khi y thng thng t pha cng v vn trcca nh c mt cu thang ngoi tri dn ln snh chnh ca nh lu mt.

+ Cng v hng ro ca nh bit th l mt b phn rt quan trng trong nh bit th to nn v p cng nh tnh c o ca ngi nh. Hng ro ca nh khng c cao qu2,2m, Pha quay ra ng ph phi bt buc thong mt v trang tr kin trc nh nhng.

Hng ro ny thng c pha di c (cao 40-60cm), c th trang tr bng t nhin hay pcc vt liu qu; pha trn l nhng song hoa st hay nhng tng hoa btng gch rng haynhng rng cy xn.

+ Kin trc cng vo ca bit th rt a dng, thng thng c cng ln cho xe con ravo vi b rng trn 2,5m v cng nh cho khch b hnh vi v rng 1,2 -1,4m. Cng c thl nhng tr kt hp vi nhng n bo v hay cng c th kt hp vi nhng b phn c miche hoc nhng gin cy trn tr.

+ Gara c th t chc theo cch sau

t trong nh ph pha sau tch ri khi nh chnh (c hoc khng c hnh lang)

t trong nh ph gn lin vi nh chnh pha trc v lch v bn sn. t trong khi kin trc chnh (tngtrt hay tng b nh)

t ngoi vn c mi che, hoc gin hoa bn trn...

- Yu cu t chc khng gian mt bng kin trc nh chnh.

+ Bit th l loi nh dng v hng th nhng tin nghi sng gia nh vi chtlng cao. Mt tin ti thiu l t l 12m cnb su ti thiu l 15-20m.

+ Trn ngi ta b tr

Ngi nh chnh phi t li vo hng ro t nht l 5-6m, bo m b mt kin

trc ng gp c vi ng ph v to cho sinh hot gia nh c kn o v trnh cn o, bi bm t ng ph.

Ngi nh ph dnh cho ch xe con, cho dng c th thao v lm vn, v ngigip vic c th t li su vo bn trong v phi to ng vo thun tin, con ng ny

phi rng ti thiu 3m. C th b tr nh ph pha trc lch bn nh xe gip vingph. c th ly nh sng v thng gi tt cho cc bung phng th mt bn ca nh phicch tng ro t nht l 2m. Nu ch cch di 2m th nh chnh ch c th m c ca s

ph (l ca nh, trn cao).

Vn cnh pha trc ngi nh ch c trng cc bn hoa, cy cnh.

+ Kin trc nh bit th nhm phc v sinh hot l chnh v dnh cho cc gia nh

c iu kin sng cao. V vy s bung phng c th trong tng gia nh rt khc nhau vkhng ph thuc vo s nhn khu m ch yu theo yu cu ca tng gia nh. V vy ta c


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54th thy y mi loi hnh phng trong mt cn nh hin i. Vic t chc khng gian,din tch ni tht ca bit th tu thuc trc tin vo ngi nh chnh c thit k theo mttng hay nhiu tng.

+ Gii php kin trc

i vi nh mt tng, vic phn khu ngy - m c th hin rt rKhu ngy

(c gara, bp n, tip khch...)

D tip cn vi ng ph.S dng mang tnh tp th,n o...

Khu m

(Phng ng, WC, kho, chnghin cu, lm vic)

D tip cn ving ph.S dng mang tnh tp th,n o...

Dng tin phng, tin snh lm unt giao thng t gia hai khu vc hay cn gi l

kiu Phng Ty. Kiu ny c cc u khuyt im nh ring t, kn o; khng kh cch bit,lnh lung; yn tnh, theo li sng thin v cao t do c nhn.

Dng phng khch lm trung tm v u nt giao thng cn c gi l kiu Phngng, Kiu ny c cc u khuyt im nhm cng, gn gi li sng truyn thng ng;Hot ng nh hng ln nhau; Thiu yn tnh, kn o; cao li sng chan ho, thnthng, gia trng.

i vi nh nhiu tng th thng thng th tng trt v lu mt dnh cho khu sinhhot ngy v i hi s t chc khng gian gn b vi sn vn. Cc khu vc sinh hot mcn yn tnh, kn o,b tr tng cao vi s kt hp ban cng, sn tri v lgia to iukin tip cn vi thin nhin.

+ Gii php kin trc ni tht c hai gii php chnh

Dng snh thang lm u mt giao thng l v tr trung tm, l nhn b cc ca nh(h.I.4.3).

Dng phng khch lm trung tm (c th c thm thang ph pha sau).

+ Cu thang lin h giao thng ng gia cc tng c th t trong nhng bung thang,c th gn lin khng gian snh, c th t ngay trong phng khch l ni sinh hot trungtm cho c gia nh hay t gc thch hp di hnh thc mt b phn trang tr

Cc cu thang ny thng c kch thc nh sau

Bc rng 28-30cmBc thang cao 16-17cm (tng ng vi tc 30-350)

rng thn thang 1-1,1m.

S bc lin tc trong mt v thang khng qu 14 bc.

+ Khi b tr cc phng chnh, ph cn phi ch n hng gi v hng nng. minBc th cc phng ph nhgara, cu thang, bp, khi v sinh, hnh lang, lgia... nn t vpha ty hay Ty - Bc ca ngi nh nhm to nn mt khu vc m trnh nh hng canng ty kh chu, dnh hn pha Nam v ng - Nam t chc khu vc (phng chnh).c bit l cc phng ng cn phi c kh nng thng gi xuyn phng trc tip v phi c

iu kin trnh c cc lung gi lnh ca ma ng.


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55+ Cc th phpt hp kin trc mt ng.

Bit th l mt khi kin trc khng ln, tuy nhin loi hnh li c th to nn v pphong ph ca tng th mt ng ph gp phn vo v p chung ca th, v mi bit thu c phong cch ring ca n, gn lin vi th hiu c o ca tng ch nhn.

Mt khc, ch nhn ca cc ngi bit th vn c iu kin kinh t di do nn c thphn no gp phn xy dng to ra nhng v p sang trng cu k y hp dn.

C th ni trc tin kin trc bit th p cn phi ho nhp nhiu nht vo th giithin nhin. Do khi thit k bit th th ngi kin trc sphi c gng to nn v p kintrc khng ch trong ni tht m cn ch c nhng hnh khi bn ngoi, cc khng gian kcn vi n cng nhmt ng ca cng trnh. Lgic cng nng v lgic kt cu c tc ngquan trng i vi hnh tng kin trc ca bit th cng nhvi bt k cng trnh no.

Hnh tng kin trc chu s chi phi ca hai yu t trn nhng ng thi cng cnhng quy lut ring ca n to nn sc truyn cm ngh thut. Chnh v vy, mt s kintrc sc th c nhiu cng trnh bit th kh hp l nhng c th khng h c tc phm

ngh thut kin trc ch thc.+ Mt s gii php thng dng khi t hp kin trc hnh khi v mt ng bit th

To nn s gng b hi ho gia khi kin trc v thin nhin (cy xanh bn hoa...)

Ch n s phong ph mi dc mi bng trn hnh khi xinh xn.

To nn s phong ph v cht liu trn mt ng (p t nhin, nhn to, g, knh,kramich, nhm, gch trn...), mu sc phong ph kt hp vi thin nhin to nn s hi hogia mt ng v phong cnh thin nhin, bi cnh kin trc.

S dng cc hnh thc ca, ban cng, lgia, lan can... v c vng c nghin cu klng vi hnh thc l kt hp cng vi kiu mi to ra va mt th thng nht hi ho vi

khung cnh xung quanh, va c nt ring.Cc hnh thc ca s gc, ca s sinh i, bn hoa bu ca, cu thang ngoi tri l cc

th php hay c khai thc

Ch to ra s c o ca mi hin,ca li i vo snh, ti cn kt hp vi bn cyxanh, gin hoa pergola, cc bc tng nh, b cnh cng vi i phun nc; di li i cn

phi sch s hai bn li i c th trng nhng hng c xn, bn hoa khi thm nhp gi chocon ngi nhlc vo mt th gii bt ng v y n tng.

Hnh thc cng, hng ro cng c dng tch bit ngi nh ny vi cc nh khc.cng v hng ro khng ch bo v ngi nh m cn trnh cho ngi nh khng b nhng nh

mt t m ca ngi qua ng. Hng ro phi bo m s thng thong vi bn ngoi, anton cho bn trong. Chiu cao ca hng ro phi t 2m tr xung v hnh thc hng ro tutheo mt ng ca ngi nh m thit k cho ph hp, c o.

-Mt vi gii hay in php trc hnh kin

+ Trong nc

Nm 1994, ti H Ni c cuc kho st gi tr kin trc vn ho ca 1049 ngi nhbit th kiu kin trc cn i vi s gip ca cc nh nghin cu kin trc Nht Bn mtheo nh gi sb ban u, H Ni c mt gia ti qu gi v kin trc bit th.

Nhng kin trc s ngi Vit Nam c o to ti Trng cao ng m thut ng

Dng c ng gp khng nh vo kin trc bit th H Ni giai on ny (thi thucPhp).


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56Cc to nh 65 L Thng Kit v to nh 77 Nguyn Thi Hc l nhng bit th theo

tro lu hin i do kin trc sNguyn Cao Luyn thit k. i theo tro lu kin trc ngDng c kin trc s T M Dut vi bit th s 27 Nguyn nh Chiu; bit th 84

Nguyn Du ca kin trc sNg Huy Qunh hay bit th s 1 Bch Cu ca kin trc sNguyn Gia c. i vo hng tm ti tnh dn tc v tnh hin i c to bit th s 215 i

Cn, s 7 Thin Quang do kin trc sNguyn Cao Luyn thit k.

Nguyen Tac Thiet Ke Nha O

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