Người Mỹ Và Chiến Tranh Việt Nam(Trích) - Nguyễn Kỳ Phong

7/22/2019 Ngi M V Chin Tranh Vit Nam(Trch) - Nguyn K Phong

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Ngi Mv chin tranh Vit Nam(trch) Nguyn KPhong

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

Nguyn KPhong

Ngi Mv chin tranh Vit Nam(trch)Cho mng cc bn n c u sch tdn sch cho thit bdi ng

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To ebook: Nguyn Kim V.

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Phn 1

Phn 2

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Phn 4

Nguyn KPhong

Ngi Mv chin tranh Vit Nam(trch)

Phn 1

Chng 10

ion v iing

T mt a hc tr tiu hc thng b nhng m trthuc nhm c Quc x n hip qu nh,

ri thnh mt anh binh nh o nhng h c nhn y t trong tri lnh M South Carolina...

cho n khi c ngi trong cn phng ln nht tng lu th by ca B Ngoi giao Hoa K, i

ca Kissinger l mt cuc i ngoi hng - da trn bt c tiu chun no. S nghip ca Kissinger

c nhiu ngi ca tng, nhng cng khng thiu k dm pha, kch.

Heinz Alfred Kissinger sanh nm 1923, ti Furth, mt lng nh ngoi thnh ph Nuremburg,

c. M nh ni tr; cha dy hc. Pha bn ni thch con ci theo ngnh s phm; pha bn ngoi

th giu v trung lu hn. Theo li b m k li, lc cn nh Kissinger thch c sch, hay trm t,

v rt ngoan hc kinh o. Nhng nm ng cho i cng l nm nhng lung sng bi Do Thi

ang ni ln c vi nm sau nht th chin. Nuremberg, mt ng vin cung tn c Quc

x l Julius Streicher xut bn mt tun bo, ku gi trit tiu tt c nhng ngi Do Thi[1]. Nm
http://vnthuquan.net/http://vnthuquan.net/http://vnthuquan.net/http://vnthuquan.net/


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1935, phong tro bi Do Thi c ln gn cc khi B lut Nuremberg cm hn phi gia c

v Do Thi; cm Do Thi khng c hot ng hay lm nhiu ngnh ngh, trong c ngh dy

hc - mt ngh duy nht m cha ca Kissinger c th em li tc v nui gia nh. Khi thy chng

tc Do Thi ang b dn dn c lp, m ca Kissinger - c thn nhn ang New York - quyt nh

ra i. Thng 8 nm 1938, khong ba thng trc ngy nhng m ng cung tn c Quc x ni

ln t ph, hu dit vn ho, nh ch x hi v tn gio ca Do Thi (c gi l Kristallnacht),

Kissinger, ngi em trai, v song thn ri c di c qua M. n M, Kissinger i tn Heinz thnh

Henry - Henry Alfred Kissinger.

Kissinger hi nhp vo x hi M chm hn nhng ngi bn cng la, c l ti thch i sng ni

tm, nhng khng n ni b tht li ng sau. T bc trung hc, Kissinger lm vic ban ngy, i

hc ban m. Theo hc b trng, Kissinger hc gii, nu khng ni l xut sc, nhng nm cui

ca bc trung hc v nm u trng i hc City College of New York. Kissinger ni mng ca

ng rt n gin: ch hc ra trng i hc v hnh ngh k ton. V c th Kissinger tr thnh

mt k ton vin nu Hoa K khng nhy vo th chin th hai. Thng 2 nm 1943, Kissinger b

ngvin v ln ng nhp ng. Trong thi gian th hun cn bn qun s trung tm hun luyn

Camp Croft, South Carolina, Kissinger c hp thc ho tr thnh cng dn Hoa K.[2]

Sau kho cn bn qun s Kissinger v tt c nhng tn binh khc c thi mt kho thi nh lng

kh nng chuyn mn. Qun i Hoa K thng tuyn chn nhng qun nhn u t bng loi thi

tuyn ny, la ra cc qun nhn c kh nng chuyn mn v gi i hc cc lp hun luyn c

bit cao hn. Kissinger c tuyn chn v gi v mt i hc Pennsylvania tip tc hun

luyn. kho hun luyn c bit ny, so vi m bn qun nhn u t ng mn, Kissinger

chng t ng ta u t hn. Theo bn b k li, lc no Kissinger cng k k c sch v bnngi:

n, ng, th, u vi sch v. Nin hc Kissinger ly 12 lp v c im u c 12. Nhng kho

hc cha y mt nm th b nh ch vo thng 4.1944: Hoa K chun b b ln u Chu; qun

i cn tt c qun nhn tc chin, d u t, tr thc, hay l khng. Kissinger khng mun ra tc

chin nn thi vo qun y trnh. ng u kho thi nhng khng c tuyn chn. Kissinger vnhm bn b a v tri Fort Claireborne, Louisiana, nhp vo S on 84 b binh, tip tc hun

luyn k thut tc chin chun b b ln u Chu. S on 84 b binh, Kissinger gp mt

ngi lm i ng thay i.

T lnh S on 84 l mt thiu tng. ng thiu tng ny c mt binh nh lm vic cho ng, va

l thng dch vin, va v chuyn vin v chin tranh tm l. Nhng binh nh Fritz Gustav Anton

Kraemer khng phi l mt binh nh tm thng. Sanh nm 1908 c, trong mt gia nh thng

lu ngi gc Ph (Prussia). Gia nh Kraemer khinh b Hitler, coi Hitler ch l mt tn h s qungp thi. Kraemer cchng ch London School of Economics v hai bng tin s i hc


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Frankfurt v i hc Rome. ang lm vic cho Lin hi Quc gia (League of Nations, tin thn ca

Lin hip quc by gi) th nh th chin xy ra. Kraemer quyt nh sng cuc sng t lu

y x ngi, khng mun tr li c. Khi M tham chin, Kraemer qua M u qun. Trong thi

gian phc v ti S on 84, ban hun luyn cn ngi ni ting c gi lm i phng trong

cc cuc tp trn, v Kraemer tnh nguyn gi lm s quan c trong nhng ln tp trn . V t

lnh S on 84 Kraemer v gi ng v lm vic trong b t lnh s on. Ngoi nhim v l

thng dch vin, Kraemer cn ph trch v tm l chin: gii thch v thc h c Quc x v s

nguy him ca Hitler u Chu. (Vo nh th chin, Hoa K ng vin tt c mi thnh phn

trong x hi, v t ngi c min dch nh nhng cuc chin m Hoa K lin h n sau ny. Mt

s ng tn binh l nhng gio s, sinh vin, tr thc... V cc b t lnh thng c nhng bui hc

tp v tm l chin gii thch s gia nhp ca Hoa K vo th chin chng li trc qun s c -

-Nht.)

Mt hm, Kissinger l c to trong mt bi din thuyt ca Kraemer. Nghe Kraemer ging xong,

Kissinger vit cho Kraemer mt l th ngn, t gii thiu, v ngh Kraemer mt cch din thuyt

hay hn. Kraemer (ln hn Kissinger 16 tui) hi sng st v tnh cht thng thn ca Kissinger,

nhng cng mun gp coi Kissinegr l ai. Gp nhau, Kramer thch li suy ngh ca Kissinger

(Kissinger c mt b c chnh tr khc thng, Kraemer ni cho Kissinger bit); trong khi Kissinger

thch tnh ngo mn, thi bt cn v phong cch qu tc ca Kraemer. Quen c Kraemer lm

thay i cuc i ca Kissinger: ch trong ba nm, t mt anh binh nh v danh, vi c vng tm

thng tr thnh mt k ton vin, Kissinger c mi ngi ch v - quan trng nht - nh

Kraemer, Kissinger khm ph ra nhng tim nng tr thc cha c pht trin ng mc bn

trong.

Khi S on 84 b binh b lnu Chu v tin vo nc c, thiu tng Bolling, t lnh s

on, nhn li tin c ca Kraemer, cho Kissinger v lm ti x, thng dch vin v tu vin cho

ng. Trong thi gian cc s on Hoa K c lnh tm thi qun tr cc vng trong phm vi trch

nhim ca h, v khng chuyn vin hnh chnh rnh c hai ngn ng Anh - c, Kissinger cgiao trch nhim qun tr c mt qun l nh gn Frankfurt. Thng 6.1945, mang lon trung s v c

chc v ch huy trng mt bit i phn gin chuyn truy lng nhng ng vin c Quc x ang

ln trn qun i ng minh, Kissinger c thm quyn bt gi tt c nhng ai nm trong vng trch

nhim ca ng[3]. Gi chc v cha y mt nm th Kraemer tm gi Kissinger: Kraemer va

thnh lp mt trng tnh bo gn Munich, mc ch ca trng l hun luyn cc s quan ng

minh khm ph nhng t chc Nazis cn st li, v ti lp thm quyn dn s cho nc c.

Kissinger nhn li. Ban u Kissinger dy nh l mt qun nhn trong ban ging hun ca trng.Nhng khi xut ng v c mn tr li nh mt ging vin dn s, Kissinger c tr lng


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10.000 m kim mt nm, mt s tin kh ln vo nm 1946. Nhng hc vin ca trng - sau ny l

nhng nhn vt c nhiu thm quyn ca chnh ph M, hay khoa trng nhng i hc ni ting -

u cng nhn Kissinger c li ni chuyn v mt t cch rt thm quyn, nu khng ni l c

on. Vi s lng cao nh vy, nhng Kissinger mun tr li Hoa K tip tc hc. Nht l khi

ngi u ca ng, Kraemer, khuyn ng nn c mt mnh bng i hc. Kissinger c nhn

vo i hc Harvard v nhp hc vo ma thu nm 1947. Nm Kissinger c 24 tui.

i hc Harvard Kissinger hc gii v to cho mnh mt tn tui, nu khng ni l mt huyn

thoi. Chn ngnh Chnh quyn v Trit hc l mn cn bn, Kissinger khng gia nhp mt hi on

no trng, khng t tp vo nhng cuc hi hp cui tun, v cng khng tham d vo mn th

thao no. Kissinger ch hc v c mt cuc sng gn nh cc. V Kissinger hc gii t nm u,

ng c lit vo hng sinh vin danh d v c trng c mt gio s lm c vn. V gio

s l William Yandell Elliott, mt trong nhng gio s ni ting v ngnh nhn vn ca i hc

Harvard ng thi. Cng nh Kraemer, lc u gio s Elliott ng nhn Kissinger ch l mt sinh

vin thng nh nhng sinh vin khc m ng b trng bt lm c vn. t s kh chu v

cho Kissinger bit ng l mt gio s c vn kh tnh, gio s Elliott bt Kissinger c 25 quyn

sch vit cho ng mt lun , so snh gia l tr thun tuv l tr thc nghimtrong h thng

trit hc ca Immanuel Kant. Theo li k ca hai ngi bn chung phng, Kissinger vo th vin

mn tt c nhng quyn sch v cht trong phng, ri m no ng cng thc n hai gi sng

c v vit. Ba thng sau Kissinger np bi cho gio s Elliott. Np bi bui sng th bui chiu gio

s Elliott gi in thoi mun Kissinger tr li gp ng. Gp Kissinger, Elliott ni t trc n nay

cha c mt sinh vin no c ht nhng quyn sch ng ch nh, v cha c sinh vin no vit

c mt lun mch lc nh bi vit ca Kissinger[4]. Trong mt l th gii thiu ng vit cho

Kissinger, gio s Elliott ni trong nm nm qua, ngay c trong nhm sinh vin lit vo hng ti u,

ng cha gp ai c mt ci nhn su sc v trit l chnh tr nh Kissinger. Bn nm Harvard,

Kissinger ch c mt lp b im B, tt c cc lp cn li u im A. Vo nm th hai i hc,

Kissinger lp gia nh vi mt c bn quen bit t thi trung hc. V Kissinger cng l ngic gc Do Thi, cng chy t nn Nazis cng thi vi ng.

Tiu lun c nhn ca Kissinger i hc Harvard lm ng tr thnh mt huyn thoi; mt tiu"

lun lm cho Harvard ra mt qui lut mi v cch vit tiu lun bc c nhn. Tiu lun ca

Kissinger mang tn ngha ca lch s, dy 383 trang. Ni dung chnh ca tiu lun ni v

phng thc phn tch lch s; thm nh li coi lch s c phi l mt s tt nh - trong ngha

lch s l nh mnh - hay lch s l hu qu ca nhng quyt nh n t nhng c nhn trong lch

s to ra. Kissinger bn v nhn nh ca trit gia Immanuel Kant; nh x hi hc Oswald Spengler;v s gia Arnold Toynbee. Khng my ai ni nhiu - hay c ht - v tiu lun ca Kissinger. Nhng


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vi tiu lun v th hng trong sut bn nm hc, Kissinger tt nghip c nhn hng ti u. V

cng qua tiu lun ca Kissinger, i hc Harvard qui nh t v sau, tiu lun bc c nhn khng

c qu 150 trang.[5]

Nu Kissinger may mn gp c Fritz Kraemer, th Kissinger may mn hn lc c William

Elliott u. Khi Kissinger quyt nh tip tc theo hc ln bc tin s Harvard, Elliott tm mi

cch gip Kissinger v vn ti chnh. Ma h nm 1951, trong lc Kissinger ang vit lun

n tin s, gio s Elliott cho Kissinger ph trch mt chng trnh quan trng m sau ny (khi

Kissinger tr thnh C vn an ninh quc gia, ri Tng trng ngoi giao) gip Kissinger lin

lc d dng vi nhiu yu nhn quan trng trn th gii. Chng trnh do gio s Elliott ngh c

tn l Hi tho Quc t Harvard. y l mt kho hi tho ma h do i hc Harvard t chc.

Nhng thnh phn c chn n tham d l nhng lnh t, khoa bng tr, c nhiu tng lai quc

gia ca h. Kissinger c Elliott cho ph trch tuyn chn nhng ngi tham d[6]. Nhiu ngi

theo di s nghip ca Kissinger cho rng Harvard International Seminar l bt u ca Kissinger

vo thao trng chnh tr. Ngoi nhim v ph trch Harvard International Seminar, Kissinger cn n

hnh mt tp ch vi ni dung v chnh tr quc t c tn l Confluence: An International Forum

(Hi t: mt din n quc t). Tp ch pht hnh bn s mt nm, v Kissinger thu ht c

nhiu tc gi khoa bng c ting lc ng thi.[7]

Thng 5 nm 1954, Kissinger c cp bng tin s qua lun n A World restored: Metternich,

Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace 1812-22. Mt lun n rt li thi so vi nhng si ng

trong gii khoa bn v l thuyt gia v chin lc nguyn t ng thi. Trong lun n, Kissinger

phn tch v vai tr ca Clemens von Metternich, Th tng o, v Ngoi trng Anh, Robert

Steward Castlereagh, trong cuc hi ngh Vienna bn v s phn ca Php v Napoleon, v to

li th qun bnh trn lc a u Chu sau khi nh hng ca quc Php tn ln. Trong lch s

ngoi giao quc t, Metternich c nhc n nhiu vi ng li ngoi giao b mt thng lng

th lc gia cc cng quc. Metternich h ho nhng bin php nh n p v kim duyt duy

tr an ninh ni b ca mt quc gia. Kissinger tn dng Metternich, cho rng nh nh ngoi giaony m u Chu c yn tnh cho n khi th chin th nht bng n.[8]

Vi bng tin s trong tay, Kissinger hy vng c b nhim mt chc gio s trong ban ging hun

ca Harvard. Nhng Harvard khng b nhim ng mt chc g thc th, ngoi chc tm thi l ph

gio. Tht vng, nhng Kissingerkin nhn li Harvard, d hai trng i hc kh c ting khc

mi ng v dy vi chc gio s thc th (i hc Chicago v i hc Pennsylvania). Kissinger

kin nhn li Harvard v bit l t im ca ting tm v danh vng.

Lm ph ging cha y nm th mt may mn tnh c khc xy n vi Kissinger. Gio s s hcArthur Schlesinger, Jr., ca Harvard c vit mt tiu lun ch trch chin lc nguyn t ng thi


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ca Hoa K cho tp ch ngoi giao v chnh trForeign Affairs. ng nh Kissinger c v cho

kin. Kissinger c v vit li ph bnh v bi vit ca Schlesinger. Bi ph bnh ca Kissinger lm

cho Schlesinger thch n ng gi bi ph bnh ca Kissinger n ch bt tForeign Affairs; v

bi vit u tin v an ninh quc gia v chin lc nguyn t ca Kissinger c ng trn mt

nguyt san tn tui, chuyn nghin cu v ng li ngoi giao Hoa K.[9]Sau khi bi vit c

ng trnForeign Affairs, v nh s gii thiu ca nhng gio s danh ting Harvard nh Elliott,

Schlesinger, hay McGeorge Bundy, Kissinger c mi vo lm gim c mt ban nghin cu v

nh hng ca v kh nguyn t i vi ng li ngoi giao. Kissinger xin Harvard cho ngh dy

mt thi gian v dn v New York lm vic. Ban nghin cu do Kissinger lm gim c (m hi

vin l nhng thnh phn ni ting trong gii qun s, tnh bo, kinh t v ngoi giao Hoa K ng

thi) nm trong mt c s c ting ni rt quan trng i vi nn ngoi giao Hoa K: Hi ng Lin

h Ngoi giao (Council on Foreign Relations). Khi t chn vo lm vic cho Council on Foreign

Relations, Kissinger mi tht s i din vi c cu v quyn lc ca Chnh ph Hoa K[10]. Lm

vic chung vi nhng chuyn gia tn tui v qun s v ngoi giao chuyn v chin lc nguyn t,

sau 18 thng lm vic mic mi, nm 1957, Kissinger hon tt mt tc phm c nhiu ngi trong

gii chnh tr, ngoi giao v qun s nhc n:Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy(ng li

ngoi giao v vkh nguyn t). Tc phm c chnh quyn M ch ; gii chuyn nghip bn tn,

v nm trn u nhng quyn sch bn chy nht M trong 14 tun l lin tc. Nhng theo nhng

nh quan st, Kissinger ch khoa bng ho ngh v suy lun ca cc chuyn vin lm vic chung

vi Kissinger. Tc phm ca Kissinger bn chy ch v ng vo thi im v s hiu k ca c gi

trong hon cnh chin tranh lnh ang din ra gia hai siu cng Nga - M[11].

Sau thi gian Council on Foreign Relations, sau khi tn tui c t nhiu s ch trong cng

ng khoa bng, Kissinger tr li Harvard. i hc Harvard b nhim Kissinger chc ging s, ri

ph gio s; v gio s thc th vo nm 1962. Tuy tr v Harvard dy, nhng Kissingervn tip

tc gi lin lc vi Council on Foreign Relations v cc c s c t nhiu lin h vi chnh quyn.

Cui nm 1962, Kissinger c 34 tui, c hai con, trai v gi, v ly d v.Khi chng ta ni v s may mn trong cuc i, c l kh ai gp nhiu may mn nh Kissinger.

Kissinger bit Kraemer lc cn mt binh nh trong lnh; c gio s Elliott gip khi mi vo

Harvard. Ri trong thi gian lm vic Council on Foreign Relations, Kissinger gp mt bo nhn

khc quan trng hn, th lc hn: nh t ph Nelson Rockefeller[12]. Nelson Rockefeller bit

Kissinger qua nhng ln hi tho v tnh hnh an ninh quc gia/quc t (Nelson l ph t cho tng

thng Eisenhower v an ninh quc t mt thi gian), v trong thi gian Kissinger lm vic cho

Council. Nelson knh n Kissinger, ngh rng ng c th nh vo tr thc v khoa bng ca Kissinger c vn trong cho s nghip chnh tr ca ng v sau. T nm 1956 cho n nm 1968, Nelson ch


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thn mn Kissinger son tho v nghin cu nhiu d n cho c nhn ng. Nm 1969, khi

Kissinger chnh thc v lm vic cho chnh ph (C vn an ninh quc gia cho Nixon), Nelson

biu Kissinger 50000. m kim nh mt mn qu a tin[13]. lt vo th giikhoa bng, gio

khoa, i hc Harvard, by gi, nh s quen bit vi Nelson Rockefeller, Kissinger li c gii

thiu, hay c dp lm vic chung nhng khun mt quan trng trong Chnh ph Hoa K.

Nm 1961, khi John F. Kennedy nhm chc tng thng, v tng thng tr tui ny a hu ht cc

bn b ng mn Harvrad v lm vic cho ng (Kennedy cng tt nghip Harvard nm 1940,

hng danh d cum laude). Mt trong hai gio s ang dy Harvard l Schlesinger v McGeorge

Bundy c Kennedy mi v lm cvn v ph t quan trng trong to Bch c. Theo li mi ca

Bundy, Kissinger c v lm c vn bn thi gian Hoa Thnh n. Nhng trong thi gian lm

vic to Bch c, thi v t cch ca Kissinger gy nhiu kh chu cho nhiu ngi - trong

cTng thng Kennedy v c vn an ninh quc gia McGeorge Bundy. Thy mnh khng c trng

dng trong chnh ph Kennedy - hay l thy khng ai thch mnh - Kissinger lm cha ti mt nm

ri th t nhim, tr v Harvard tip tc nghin cu v vit sch. Nm 1964, khi Nelson Rockefeller

ra tranh c vng s tuyn trong ng Cng ho cho cuc bu c tng thng nm 1964, Kissinger l

c vn cho Nelson v vn an ninh quc phng. Nelson thua, v ng Cng ho c Thng

ngh s Barry Goldwater ra tranh c li Lyndon Johnson. Nhng qua ln xut hin nm 1964 vi

Nelson Rockefeller, Kissinger bit c thm mt s nhn vt quan trng trong ng Cng ho. Mt

trong nhng ngi quan trng l Henry Cabot Lodge, mt nhn vt quan trng ng thi trong

ng Cngho. Li thm mt tnh c khc a Kissinger tr li lin h vi chnh quyn. Cng t

Lodge, Kissinger ln u tin bit n Vit Nam v cuc chin ang xy ra min Nam, mt a d

v c cu chnh tr Kissinger rt cn xa l[14].

Qua li mi ca Lodge, Kissinger n Si Gn cui nm 1965, v hai ln tip theo sau vo nm

1966. Trong ba ln quan st nghin cu ny, Kissinger i thm ving nhiu ni, ni chuyn vi

nhiu thnh phn v yu nhn ca Vit Nam Cng ha (VNCH).Sau nhng chuyn quan st ,

Kissinger tng trnh bng ming li cho Lodge v thm quyn Hoa Thnh n. Tuy nhin, theonhng ngi bit chuyn bn trong, Kissinger tng trnh theo ca ngi nghe: ngha l ng thay

i quan im tu theo ngi i din[15]. Thng 8 nm 1966, Kissinger vit ln nhn nh u tin

v vn Vit Nam trn tp chLook. Trong bi vit, Kissinger ni cuc chin Vit Nam kh kt

thc bng chin thng qun s; thng thuyt tm mt gii php ho bnh l chuyn tt nhin s

xy ra. Nhng quan trng nht trong thi gian ny, s rt qun ca Hoa K khi Vit Nam s gy

nhiu tn thng v danh d ca Hoa K i vi cc quc gia ng minh chng cng trn ton th

gii.Lin h u tin ca Kissinger i vi Vit Nam tng chm dt sau ba ln thm ving quan st


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qua li mi ca i s Lodge. Nhng vo nm 1967, mt tnh c khc a Kissinger n nhng lin

h b mt hn ca chin tranh Vit Nam. Trong mt ln tham d hi tho vi nhng gii chc khoa

bng quc t hng nm ti Paris, Kissinger gp li mt ngi bn Php tn Herbert Marcovich. Khi

cu chuyn qua li a n ti v chin tranh Vit Nam, Marcovich ni vi Kissinger ng c mt

ngi bn thn tn l Raymond Aubrac, v Aubrac quen bit rt thn vi H Ch Minh t nm 1946.

Marcovich ngh ng th nh Aubrac nh ting vi H Ch Minh, hay cp lnh o H Ni, khi

u mt lin lc ngoi giao ngm gia H Ni v M v vn Vit Nam[16]. Tr li M,Kissinger

em chuyn ni vi McGeorge Bundy, hi thm quyn c kin g khng. Bundy hi Ngoi

trng Dean Rusk, v Rusk trnh ln cho Tng thng Johnson. Vi tun sau, to Bch c cho php

Kissinger lin lc li vi Marcovich v Aubrac. Nhng trnh s l liu v gi b mt trong

trng hp s lin lc khng i n u, thm quyn Hoa Thnh n ch th Kissinger lin lc H

Ni vi t cch mt c nhn quan tm, mun i tm mt gii php cho chin tranh Vit Nam ch

khng phi i din ca chnhph Hoa K. Trong khi , c s chp thun ca Tng thng De

Gaulle, Aubrac v Marcovich bay qua H Ni ngy 21 thng 7 nm 1967. H Ni hai ngi c

Phm Vn ng v H Ch Minh n tip. Sau khi nghe ngh Hoa K s ngng di bom nu H

Ni thts mun thng lng chm dt cuc chin, Phm Vn ng tr li Hoa K phi ngng

di bom lp tc v v iu kin trc khi mun c mt cuc i thoi no. Aubrac chuyn tin tc t

H Ni v cho Kissinger; Kissinger a li cho to Bch c. Gia thng 10.1967, trong mt bui hp

cao cp di s ch to ca Johnson (v c mt Kissinger), sau khi bn ci v thi s thnh tht

ca H Ni, Tng thng Johnson quyt nh chm dt nhng lin lc ngoi giao gia Hoa K v H

Ni qua Kissinger - Marcovich - Aubrac. Hoa K on ng v thi hiu chin ca cng sn Bc

Vit (CSBV): hn hai thng sau, CSBV m cuc tng cng kch ton din min Nam vo Tt Mu

Thn 1968[17].

Ch mi mt nm t ngy Kissinger xut bn tc phm v chin lc nguyn t, cho n nm bu

c tng thng 1968, tn tui Kissinger c nhc n nhiu trong gii chin lc, chnh tr gia, v

khoa bng. Ging nh nm 1964, Kissinger c mi lm c vn quan trng trong cuc vn ngtranh c tng thng ca Nelson Rockefeller vo nm 1968. vng s tuyn tranh c ni ng Cng

ho, Kissinger ra mt ch trch ng c vin Nixon[18]. Kissinger tuyn b: Nixon khng xng ng

lm tng thng, u c Nixon nng cn, v Nixon l mt thm ho cho ng Cng ho... Nhng

may mn, Nixon khng th c c tng thng, nu khng th [s c c ca Nixon] l mt thm ho

cho M quc"[19]. Nhng sau khi Nixon nh bi Rockefeller v c ng chnh thc c,

Kissinger yn lng. Nhng Kissinger yn lng khng lu: khi cuc tranh c tng thng i vo giai

on hai -Nixon ca ng Cng ho i li Humphrey ca ng Dn ch - th ban c vn caNixon gi Kissinger, mi ng gip mt tay, c vn v ng li ngoi giao quc t. Kissinger chn


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ch vi ngy ri nhn li vi mt iu kin: ng mun c vn sau lng v khng mun ra mt lm

vic cho Nixon cng khai. Ban tham mu Nixon chp nhn[20]. Giu mt pha sau, Kissinger cung

cp mts tin tc lin quan v nhng mt m s khi ang xy ra Paris gia CSBV v M. Vi

nhng tin liu cung cp t Kissinger, ng c vin Nixon theo m tuyn b mt cch d dt, theo

chiu, v ng li ngoi giao ca ng i vi cuc chin Vit Nam ang xy ra. Tuy nhn tin tc t

Kissinger, nhng Nixon lc no cng phng mt ngi tng lm vic cho i th ca mnh.

Theo nhng ngi bit chuyn, tin tc Kissinger cung cp cho Nixon khng quan trng hay ti mt

lm, nhng c th dng c[21].

Ri chuyn xy ra nh chng ta thy: Nixon c c nm 1968. Vi li ha l ng s gii quyt

vn Vit Nam, Nixon cn mt ngi mi nhng bit cht t ni v thng ngh ang xy ra

Paris. Kissinger c th ng vai tr . Gn mt thng sau ngy cc, Nixon gi Kissinger v v

giao cho chc C vn an ninh guc gia.

Ch trong vng 26 nm, t mt anh lnh qun, Kissinger ngy nay tr thnh c vn quan trng cho

mt v tng thng mnh nht trn th gii.

By gi, anh bnh nh Henry Alfred Kissinger c quyn s dng s quan cp tng lm ph t cho

mnh[22].

*

phn trn l nhng im sng, nhng thnh cng ca cuc i Kissinger. Nhng pha sau nhng

thnh t, nhng khen ngi , t cch v o c ca Kissinger b rt nhiu tai ting, ch bai, ph

nh. Nhng ting nh con , thng im, hai mt, tro tr, m sau lng, c s dng

ch con ngi Kissinger.

Theo nhng ngi bit Kissiger t lc bt u lm ph kho Harvard, cho n lc ng richnh

ph sau nhim k ca Tng thng Gerald Ford, t cch v o c ca Kissinger c th tm gntrong cu nnh trn hip di. Kissinger s v tun lnh nhng ngi c quyn hn ng; i vi

ngi di trng th ng do nt v y i. Mt ngi thyc ca Kissinger Harvard ni

Kissinger nnh rt gii; thch lm quen vi cc gii thng lu, quyn th, c th nh v v sau.

Nhng ngi bn ng mn ni ting sau ny nh Zbigniew Brzezinski, James Schlesinger, Adam

Ulam (Brzezinski l C vn an ninh quc gia cho Tng thng Jimmy Carter; Schelesinger lm Gim

c CIA, ri Tng trng Quc phng thi Nixon v Ford; Ulam l Gim c trung tm nghin cu

v Nga X ca i hc Harvard) u ngh Kissinger thch quan trng ho c nhn, t cch h , tcao t ti, thch c mi ngi ch . i vi nhng ngi , Kissinger ch l mt tn ni la di


10/82



khng bit ngng; mt k v lun. Kissinger khoi la di, v khi s la di cng phc tp,

Kissinger cng thch th. James Schlesinger ni v t cch ca Kissinger: Mi ngi thy xu h

khi ni di; nhng i vi Kissinger, ni di l mt trang vt; Kissinger ni di c phong . V

Kissinger qu mong mun c mi ngi thch v chp nhn mnh nn ng ta phi lm va lng,

phi chiu d nhiu loi ngi khc nhau. lm nh vy, Kissinger to ra nhiu khun mt cho

tng loi ngi Kissinger mun mua chuc, ly lng, khi giao thip. Morton Halperin, mt trong

nhng c vn tng thng nh Kissinger trong to Bch c, nhng sau ny tha Kissinger ra to v

Kissinger ra lnh thu m ng in thoi ca Halperin, ni v Kissinger: Khng cn bit ng hay

sai, tht hay gi di khi ng ha hn, thng thuyt vi mt ngi no: Kissinger ni i ra ri tnh

sau[23]. Fritz Kraemer, ngi u t lc Kissinger mi vo lnh, phi ln ting ph bnh, Dn

dn, ti thy ngi ny [Kissinger] chng nhng c mt khc vng v tri thc, m cn c mt tham

vng v s nghip c nhn. Nahum Goldmann, mt lnh t tinh thn ca cng ng ngi M gc

Do Thi - v l bn thn ca gia nh Kissinger - tuyn b, nu Kissinger bt thng minh i mi

phn, v thm vo mi phn chn tht, th ng ta l mt ngi v i.

Trong lin h ngh nghip gia c nhn v c nhn, Kissinger thng lnquyn nhng ngi bn

ng nghip, mt i khi ht h ra khi vng nh hng ca quyn lc nu c. Lc cn lm vic

trong chnh quyn Kennedy, Kissinger i ln sau lng cp trn nh McGeorge Bundy, tm cch

c gn Kennedy n v tng thng kh chu, phi ra lnh gii hn li s ra vo ca Kissinger

[24]. Trong thi gian Nixon ang vn ng tranh c, chnh Richard Allen trong ban tham mu ca

Nixon l ngi gii thiu v mi Kissinger v lm vic trong ban tham mu. Nhng khi tr thnh c

vn cho Nixon, Kissinger ht Allen ra, v c lp ng ny trong vng nh hng quyn lc to

Bch c. Trng hp tng t cng xy ra vi tng Alexander Haig: khi thy Haig c s tnh

nhim ca Nixon, Kissinger ngh Nixon thng cp cho Haig cho ng tng ny tr v lm vic

vi qun i B Quc phng[25].

V phng din ngh nghip cng v, trong khi i thng lng ngoi giao, Kissinger coi trng

quyn li Hoa K trn tt c quyn li ca nhng quc gia khc. Chuyn d hiu v thng cmc. Nhng khi c s xung t gia quyn li c nhn ca Kissinger v ca quc gia m ng ang

phng s, Kissinger t quyn li c nhn ca ng trn quyn li Hoa K: Kissinger coi trng tn

tui ca mnh hn ht. Brzezinski gi li ngoi giao b mt, khuynh o, la di ca Kissinger l

v lun, l i ngc li nhng nn tng ca ngi M. Khi i thng lng, Kissinger thng ni

xu pha bn kia ly lng pha bn ny; qua bn ny li ni xu bn kia. Ni chuyn vi Trung

Cng, Kissinger chi Nga; trc mt th vui ci, gi Leonid Brezhnev l bn, nhng khi ni chuyn

vi cc nh ngoi giao Anh quc th chi nhng nh lnh o Nga l ni lo khng khip. Lckhi u thng lng vi Tu, Kissingerkhen ngi Chu n Lai v Mao vi Nixon; nhng khi ni


11/82



chuyn vi Tng thng Ford v sau ny th gi nhng ngi nhng thng con ri v tnh cm.

Sau khi Kissinger b mt lin lc vi Trung Cng vo nm 1971, ri n chuyn ving thm lch s

ca Nixonvo nm 1972, ly lng l bi cng sn Tu, Kissinger ngh vi Chu n Lai v Mao

Trch ng, l Hoa K s cung cp tt c hnh nh chp bng v tinh v v tr ng qun ca Nga

bn kia bin gii Trung Cng, v s cp nht ho nhng hnh nh chin lc nu cn. n nm

1974, trong lc thng lng vi Nga v vn gim thiu ho tin nguyn t lin lc a, khi i

s Nga Anatoly Dobrynin cht vn Kissinger v vic Hoa K cung cp hnh nh v tinh cho Trung

Cng, Kissinger tr li: Anatoly, bn ngh ti tay m n nh vy sao? khng phi l chuyn

chng ta cn lo lng. Kissinger cng gi di, la o nh vy khi thng lng ging ho Trung

ng gia Do Thi v khi Rp. V s ngi ngoi thy c s gian di v hai mt ca mnh,

Kissinger khng bao gi cho ai bit s thng lng i n u, ang iu nh chuyn g, v thi

kho biu ra sao. Kissinger giu Ngoi trng William Roger khi thng lng bang giao vi Trung

Cng; giu ban tham mu lin qun khi thng lng v vn gim thiu v kh chin lc; v

trong trng hp Vit Nam, Kissinger giu Tng thng Thiu v c i s Ellsworth Bunker khi ni

chuyn b mt vi cng sn Bc Vit v vn Vit Nam[26].

Hu ht nhng ngi phc v cng vi Kissinger trong hai chnh ph Nixon v Ford, khng ngi

no nhc n Kissinger bng ting tt li khen. Nhng hn hc v khinh b v Kissinger cng gia

tng khi s lng h s lin h v nhng vic lm b mt ca Kissinger c gii mt sau khi

Kissinger ri cng v, v sau khi h s mt mn hn theo lut nh. Theo thi gian, nhng mnh

nh t chic mt n ca Kisisnger b rt ra, v n nay chng ta c th thy kh r khun mt tht

ca Kissinger. Rt khn ngoan, sau khi mn nhim k Tng trng ngoi giao,Kissinger em tt c

ti lit ca chnh ph, v ti liu c lin h n ng t lc cn lm C vn an ninh quc gia cho n

khi ri chnh quyn, giao cho Th vin Quc hi (The Library of Congress) vi iu kin nhng ti

liu ch c bch ho nm nm sau khi ng cht. Tuy nhin, t u tp nin 1990, da vo B

lut Quyn T do Tin tc (Freedom of Information Act), Lin hi Bo ch v T nhn (s gia,

chuyn vin nghin cu, gio s), yu cu Nha Vn kh (The National Archives) v Th vin Quchi HoaK phi gii mt mt s tin tc ti liu ang nm trong h s ca Kissinger, nu nhng ti

liu khng lm nguy him n nn an ninh quc gia hay gy nguy him cho c nhn no. Bt u

t , mt s vn kin v tin tc c gii mt v cng b sau khi To n Lin bang x cho pha

nguyn co. Da vo nhng ti liu c gii mt, da vo nhng hi k ca nhng ngi tng lm

vic chung hay c lin h vi Kissinger, chng khng th hon ton tin Kissinger, khi so snh s

kin trn th liu v nhng g Kissinger vit li - nht l nhng giai on Kissinger thng lng

ngoi giao b mt[27]

. Sau ny, vi nhng chng c c phi by, khi Kissinger c hi ng cth gii thch nhng khc bit gia nhng g ng vit v nhng g c ghi li chnh thc...,


12/82



Kissinger tr li l ng khng cn nh r. D nhin, ni theo tm l hc hin sinh, Kissinger ch nh

nhng g ng mun nh; v qun nhng g ng mun chi. c Elmo Zumwalt, cu ch huy

trng hi qun M Vit Nam v sau ny l t lnh hi qun Hoa K ni v Kissinger: Li vit s

ca Kissinger ging li vit s ca nhng ngi cng sn: H bt u t hin ti v gii thch ngc

v trc; tng chi tit mt. Vit s nh vy th lch s khng xy ging nh xy ra[28].

Nhng trong nm nm lm vic cho Nixon, ti sao Kissinger c th lng hnh, tc qui, theo c tnh

ca ng ta c m khng b mt phn i no t Nixon hay t nhng vin chc cao cp trong ni

cc ca Nixon?

Nhiu tng trng, c vn quan trng ln ting phn i Kisisnger vi Nixon nhng v hiu qu.

Nixon bit li lm vic ca Kissinger, bit s va chm ca Kissinger vi nhng c vn khc, nhng

ng vn gi Kissinger v Nixon cn Kissinger thi hnh nhng k hoch ring ca Nixon. Chnh

Nixon th nhn ng dng mt hai c vn thn cn chm vo gia Kissinger v cc tng trng

khc gim thiu nhng xung t xy ra hng ngy gia nhng cn thn thn tn ca ng[29].

Nixon cn mt ngi nh Kissinger lm nhng vic m cng v mt tng thng khng th no

lm c.

Nixon khng phi l mt chnh tr gia c o c hay lng thin khi chng ta so snh ng vi

nhng ngi tin nhim - nht l sau khi nhng lin lc, m mu, v th on ca Nixon c phi

by ra cng lun. Nhng ngc li, Nixon cng khng phi l mt v tng thng bt ti, thiu nhng

ci nhn chin lc.

*

Khi Richard Milhous Nixon tr thnh Tng thng Hoa K vo ngy 20 thng Ging nm 1969, th

Nixon c nhiu kinh nghim trong u trng chnh tr lm ri. Nixon phc v mi bn nm

trong chnh ph qua nhng chc v nh l dn biu, thng ngh s, v ph tng thng trc khi trthnh tng thng. Trong on ng chnh tr , Nixon c i phng gn cho mt hn danh l

Tricky Dick. Hn danh khng qu xa s tht, da vo nhng th on chnh tr, ngoi giao

Nixon p dng ni a v ngoi quc[30].

Sanh nm 1913 ti Yobar Linda, California, trong mt gia nh va n. Theo hi k, Nixon ni

thi ng cn nh th gia nh rt vt v; nhng lc ng c hn mi tui th nh c c mt trm

bn xng v tp ho... v tng i kh gi so vi hng xm cng thi. Tt nghip trung hc nm

17 tui, mun qua min ng theo hc i hc nhng nh khng tin nn theo hc mt trng ihc cng ng ti a phng. Hc c hai nm th Nixon xin c mt hc bng v lut ca


13/82



trng i hc Duke Durham, North Carolina. Nixon qua North Carolina theo hc v ra trng

nm 1937, ng hng th ba ca kho tt nghip nm . Tr li California, ly giy php hnh ngh

v lm vic cho mt vn phng lut s Whittier. Nixon lp gia nh nm 1940, ri xin c mt

vic lm vi chnh ph lin bang Hoa Thnh n vo nm 1941, ngaykhi Hoa K bc vo th

chin th hai[31]. Lm cng chc cho Nha Kim sot Vt gi Hoa Thnh n c chng mt

nm th Nixon tnh nguyn i s quan hi qun. Mn kho cn bn qun s, Nixon b thuyn chuyn

v Iowa, mt tiu bang min trung M vi mt a hnh lm cho ch hi qun tr nn khi hi.

Nhng theo Nixon, cuc sng Iowa rt bnh yn cho cp v chng mi ly nhau, tuy nhin v

mun chng kin mi binh la, Nixon xin thuyn chuyn ra mt trn Thi Bnh Dng; v c

chp nhn. Thi Bnh Dng, mi binh la m Nixon kinh nghim c, ch di ci nhn ca

mt s quan tip liu, ng nhng cn c hi qun d chin trn cc o va chim li c t

Nht nh New Caledonia, Bougainville, Guadalcanal.

Sau cuc chin, do s thc gic ca cc chc sc trong ng Cng ho, Nixon quyt nh ra tranh c

dn biu ca n v ni ng ang c ng. Kt qu l Nixon c c c vi s phiu kh xa i

phng. Trong thi gian lm dn biu ca Quc hi th 80, Nixon c nhiu ngi bit n v

c ch nh nm trong mt u ban iu tra v nhng cng chc thn cng ang phc v trong

chnh ph M. Lm dn biu sp ht nhim k th Nixon quyt nh tranh c ngh s. V trong cuc

bu c quc hi nm 1950, Nixon thng vi ts cao nht trong cc cuc bu c ngh s trn ton

quc.

Nm 1951 trong mt chuyn i cng l bn u Chu, Nixon c dp tip chuyn vi thng tng

Eisenhower, lc l Tng t lnh qun i NATO ng Paris. Khi trao i kin qua li, Nixon

ngh Eisenhower l ngi xng ng ra tranh c tng thng vo nm 1952. Trong vng ni ng

Cng ho nm , Robert Taft (con trai Tng thng th 26, William Howard Taft) v Dwight

Eisenhower l hai ngi c c hi nh bi Adlai E. Stevenson ca ng Dn ch (chu ni cu Ph

tng thng M c cng tn, thi Tng thng th 24, Grover Cleveland). Vi cuc chin ang xy ra

i Hn; vi ln sng ang ln dn Chu v u Chu, c tri on ca ng Cng ho - vquan im ca a s ca dn M lc ng thi - ngh Eisenhower l ng c vin thch hp cho thi

cuc: Eisenhower thng c Quc x; Eisenhower s kh nng ngn chn ln sng trong

thi k bo hnh nht sau nh th chin. Theo hi k, Nixon ni t u nm 1952, Robert Taft c

n ni chuynv nh ng ng h Taft. Nhng Nixon ni thng ng knh trng Taft, nhng dnh

s ng h cho Eisenhower. Vi thi , Nixon c ni b ca Eisenhower mi n ni chuyn.

Sau khi Eisenhower c ng Cng ho c, ng chn Nixon ng chung lindanh[32]. Lin

danh Eisenhower-Nixon thng hai nhim k lin tip - nm 1952 v 1956. Tuy nhin vo nm 1956,khng hiu g l do g, c tri chn tng thng v ph tng thng ng Cng ho nhng li dn phiu


14/82



cho dn biu v ngh s thuc ng Dn ch, mt hin tng chnh tr ln u tin xy ra trong 108

nm ca lch s chnh tr Hoa K[33]. Trong tm nm lm Ph tng thng, Nixon gi vai tr nh

mt i s lu ng cho Tng thng Eisenhower: ng cng du vng quanh th gii, din t ch

thuyt t do ca Hoa K v ng minh vis-a-vis ch ngha cng sn ang hm do quyn t do cn

bn ca nhn loi. Mt trong nhng chuyn cng du, Nixon c ving thm Vit Nam nm 1953;

tranh lun vi Nikita Khrushschev nm 1959 Moscow; v chuyn ving thm gy ra nhiu biu

tnh bo ng Venezula vo nm 1958 - mt thi im chng M cao nht cc quc gia Nam M

sau khi Fidel Castro chim c Cuba. Trong tm nm , Nixon c d lun v bo ch cp

nhiu v thi cng rn trong ng li ng u vi cng sn quc t[34].

Eisenhower, sau khi mn hn hai nhim k tng thng theo hin nh, nhng gh th lnh ng

Cng ho li cho Nixon. Nixon ng nhin c ng ra tranh c tng thng nm 1960. Cuc

bu c nm 1960 gia hai lin danh Nixon-Lodge v Kennedy-Johnson c coi l mt cuc bu c

c t s chnh lch st nht trong lch s Hoa K. Nixon thua Kennedy ch 113000. phiu trong tng

s 68 triu 400 ngn phiu c tri. Theo Nixon, ch cn thay i na phiu mi n v u phiu th

kt qu cuc bu c thay i. C tin n nhiu v gian ln phiu xy ra hai tiu bang Texas v

Illinois... nhng Nixon quyt nh chp nhn thua Kenney vi kt qu cng b[35].

Thua chc Tng thng vo tay Kennedy, Nixon tr li California nhn lm vic cho mt cng ty lut

quen bit t lu. Nhng vi nhng kinh nghim v quen bit v chnh tr t trc, tuy tr li mt

cng dn thng hnh ngh luts, nhng Nixon vn tip tc sinh hot khi c nhng hi on

chnh tr mi n pht biu kin. Cui nm 1961, qua s thc gic ca cp lnh o ng Cng

ho, Nixon quyt nh ra tranh c chc Thng c tiu bang California. Qua nhng thm d kin

s khi, a s kin cho thy Nixon s nh bi i phng d dng. Nhng khng may cho Nixon

vo nm : trong nhng thng cui cng ca cuc bu c, bo ch California phanh phui ra l, em

rut ca Nixon da vo tn tui ca anh mnh mn mt s tin kh ln t mt cng ty chuyn

u thu lm n vi chnh ph Hoa K. Mc d v phanh phui khng dn n u, nhng thanh

danh ca Nixon b nghi ng v bo ch c cu hi sut thi gian tranh c. Ci xui th hai cho Nixon- v cho c ng Cng Ho - l Kennedy, trong cuc i din vi Khrushchev Vnh Cuba thng

101962., dn mt Nga S bng mt thi tht cng rn khin Nga phi tho g v kh nguyn t

khi Cuba. V thng c Khrushchev a Kennedy v ng Dn ch ln cao trong lng tin

ca c tri Hoa K. Vi hai bin c , Nixon tht c chc Thng c tiu bang California - Nixon

thua xa. Lin sau , qua mt cuc trao i vi bo ch trong lc c phng vn, Nixon khng dn

c nng gin, cng kch gii bo ch khng cng bng khi iutra v phanh phui, t nghi vn

v t cch v lim s ca ng. Ln Nixon th ng s khng tr li chnh trng; v bo ch skhng bao gi cn c hi ln lc ng na. Li tuyn b ca Nixon mt ln na c gii


15/82



truyn thng trn c nc Mbn tn[36].

Thua cuc California; tuyn b s khng bao gi tr li vi chnh tr, Nixon dn v New York khi

c mt cng ty lut danh ting mi gia nhp. Nhng khi v New York, Nixon li c thm nhiu

thn ch c v mt thng mi ln chnh tr: v thng mi, Nixon i din cho nhiu i cng ty c

sn phm v chi nhnh trn ton th gii; v chnh tr, Nixon vn c nhiu ng c vin trong ng

Cng ho mi din thuyt gip h ly phiu c tri cp tiu bang v quc hi. Nixon gip nhng

ng c vin ng Cng ho khi c ku gi, nhng rt b mt v yn lng v nhng d tnh chnh

tr trong tng lai. T nm 1962 n cui nm 1964, Nixon ng bn ngoi chnh trng, yn lng

quan st cuc bu c tng thng nm 1964gia hai lin danh Johnson-Humphrey v Goldwater-

Miller. Nm 1964 ng Cng ho b thm bi phng phiu: Goldwater thua Johnson n 16 triu

phiu ph thng; 434 phiu c tri on; v ch thng c 6 trn 50 tiu bang. Chng nhng c

gh Tng thng, ng Dn ch cn gia tng s ngh vin ca h hai vin quc hi. S tht bi

ch ca Barry Goldwater a uy tn Nixon ln cao hn trong cc tay lnh o ng Cng ho cn

li. Cng thi gian ngoi vng chnh tr , Nixon c dp i nhiu ni trn thgii, ni chuyn vi

nhiu nh lnh o, thy c phn ng v thi ca h i vi chnh sch ngoi giao Hoa K

di quyn lnh o ca Johnson.

Nm 1965, khi Johnson bt u a qun tc chin vo Vit Nam, ng Cng ho kim c ch trch

Tng thng Johnson hy vng ly c phiu trong ma bu c ti. Ring c nhn Nixon, d ni

vi mi ngi l ng cha quyt nh tr li vi chnh tr, nhng trong nm Nixon ni chuyn

nhiu v chnh tr hn l v ngh nghip. Th t lin lc, li mi i din thuyt chnh tr nhiu n

ngi th k v v ng lm khng ht. Nixon mn thm nhn vin bt u thit lp mt ban

tham mu chn b cho hai k bu c quan trng ca nm 1966 v 1968[37]. Cui nm 1965, coi

nh hng chnh tr ca mnh cn hay khng i vi c tri Hoa K, Nixon quyt nh ng ra vn

ng gim cho cc ng c vin thuc ng Cng ho trong ma bu c quc hi v thng c nm

1966. Trong ma bu c nm 1966, Nixon ni chuyn vi hn 400 hi on 40 tiu bang, v

quyn c hn bn triu m kim vn ng bu c cho cc ng c vin ng Cng ho.Khi kt qu cuc bu c nm 1966 c cng b, Nixon bit tng lai chnh tr ca mnh ang trn

ng khi phc: nh nhng vn ng v h tr ca Nixon, ng Cng ho thng 47 gh H vin;

3 Thng vin; 8 thng c; v 470 ngh vin quc hi cp tiu bang. ng Cng ho thng ln

ln ny ging nh ng Dn ch thng hai nm v trc. V Nixon c quyn ni - cng nh

khng ai ph nhn - nh c bn tay Nixon trong chin thng .

u nm 1967 Nixon quyt nh: ng ra lnh cho ban tham mu chun b thu thp tin tc, nghin

cu tnh hnh chnh tr chun b cho nm bu c tng thng 1968. Nixon ni vi ban tham mung vn yn lng v gi kn k hoch chnh tr n gia nm 1967, nhng ng c thc ban tham


16/82



mu phi lm vic hng hi hn c th nh bi cc i th trong i hi c ton quc ca

ng Cng ho vo ma h 1968.

T thng Ging cho n thng 6.1967, Nixon i thm ving nhiu ni trnth gii (trong c Vit

Nam) mt ln na thm d phn ng th gii v ng li ngoi giao ng thi ca M. Khi

n Chu, Nixon ni vi hu ht cc nhn vt lnh o ly cm ngh ca h v vai tr ca Hoa

K Chu, i vi Trung Cng, v i vi cuc chin ang xy ra Vit Nam. Tr li M, sau

khi i thm cu Tng thng Eisenhower v ni chuyn vi hu ht cc thng c tiu bang thuc

ng Cng ho, Nixon vit mt tham lun, ni ln kin v ng li ngoi giao Hoa K i vi

Chu, nht l i vi Trung Cng. i chnh ca bi vit ng tp chForeign Affairsl: Cng sn

Trung Cng ch bung tha - nu khng ni l khng xm ln c - cc quc gia ln bang Chu,

nu cc quc gia ny c sc lc v kinh t, qun s v chnh tr... V Hoa K ch ni chuyn vi

Trung Cng nu quc gia ny chp nhn nhng lut l cn bn quc t. Hoa K mun thy Trung

Cng pht trin theo cng ng th gii, ch khng phi l mt trung tm ca cch mng th gii[38]

.

Da vo nhiu cuc thm d d lun, sau khi bit chc mnh ang ng ngang nga vi cc ng c

vin tng thng ca hai ng, Nixon tuyn b ra tranh c tng thng vo u nm 1968. Nixon

khng quan tm nhiu v hai i th trong cng ng Cng ho l Rockefeller v George Romney;

Nixon ch s phi ng u vi ng kim Tng thng Johnson. Nhng khi Johnson tuyn b

khng ra ti c thm mt nhim k na, v pha Dn Ch ch cn Hubert Humphrey v George

Wallace, Nixon thy bt lo ngi i vi hai i th cn li. T lc tuyn b ra tranh c cho n

nhng ngy cui cng trc khi u phiu, Nixon lc no cng dn u i phng khng t th

nhiu. ng kim Tng thng Johnson, sau khi khng ra ti c, tm nhiu cch gip Humphrey ly

phiu c tri. Nhng hocl qu tr, hoc l lng c tri M mun thay i, Humphrey cha bao

gi ng trc Nixon trong cc cuc thm d d lun ngi i bu.

Vn si ng nht ca nm bu c 1968 l chin tranh Vit Nam. Bit c s u t ca qun

chng M v vn nn ,Nixon cn thn ch trch tng im sai lm ca chnh ph Johnson trongcuc chin v trong sch lc gii quyt cuc chin. Khi Johnson ra lnh ngng di bom khuyn

khch H Ni ngi vo bn hi ngh, Nixon ngoi mt ln ting ng h, nhng pha sau,Nixon sai

nhng ph t ln ting ch trch Johnson quyt nh qu hp tp. Nh ni n chng trc,

Nixon b mt lin lc vi Tng thng Thiu, khuyn ng Thiu phn i k hoch ca Johnson. Vi

nhng mnh kho chnh tr , Nixon rt xng ng vi hn danh Tricky Dick[39]. Nixon c c

nm 1968; t s thng khng xa, nhng thng. Cng vo nm bu c 1968, trong khi ng Cng

ho chim c to Bch c, to nh Quc hi th ri vo tay ng Dn ch: Thng v H vin,ng Dn ch chim khi a s.


17/82



[1]Tun boDer Studermer ca Julius Streicher h ho nhiu ng li bo hnh v s trit tiu ton

din chng tc Do Thi. Sau khi c u hng, Streicher b a ra ta n ti phm chin tranh

Nuremberg, v b ktn t hnh bng treo c.[2]V giai on t thiu thi cho n ngy Kissinger nhp ng, c: Walter Isaacson,Kissinger: A

Biography, trang 17-39.

[3]Isaacson, Sd, trang 53. V thn th v tr thc ca Kraemer, c: Issacson, trang 44-45; Marvin

Kalb v Bernard Kalb, Kissinger, trang 38-39.[4]Isaacson, Sd, trang 61-64. Trong phm vi trit hc,Lun v l tr thun tuvLun v l tr thc

tinl hai tc phm c coi l khhiu nht ca Immanuel Kant.[5]Tiu lun ra trng bc c nhn ca Kissinger c ta l The Meaning of History: Reflections on

Spengler, Toynbee and Kant. Gii sinh vin n vi nhau l Carl Friedrich (hay l Elliott), mt

trong nhng gio s trit ca Kissinger Harvard, ch c n 150 trang tiu lun ca Kissinger ri

b v ging vn qu chn. Kissinger u bng c nhn hng summa cum laude (ti u). c:

Isaacson, Sd, trang 64- 67; Marvin Kalb v Benard Kalb, Kissinger, trang 42-46.

[6]Mi kho hi tho c chng 35 hi vin tham d, n t mi ni trn th gii. Mt trong s nhng

ngi n Harvard International Seminar sau ny lnh o nc h, nh cc th tng, tng thng,

l Valery Giscard dEstang (Php); Yasuhiro Nakasone (Nht); Leo Tindermans (B);Mahathir Bin

Mohammad (M Lai ); Bulent Ecevit (Th Nh K); Yigal Allon (Do Thi); hay Pierre Trudeau

(Gia N i). Chng trnh ko di n nm 1967 th b bo ch khui ra l do CIA cp ngn qu.

Chng trnh Harvard International Seminar chm dt vo nm 1969.[7]Mt s tc gi gp bi vit cho Confluence l McGeorge Bundy; Paul Nitze; Hans Morgenthau;

Czeslaw Milosz; Walt Rostow; Arthur Schlesinger; John Kenneth Galbraith. Trong thi gian , ctin n Kissinger lm mt bo vin cho FBI. Khng chc chn tin n ny c tht hay khng, nhng

c san Confluencevi khuynh hng chng ch ngha cng sn rt c lng Chnh ph Hoa K

trong giai on u ca chin tranh lnh. Hn na, Harvard International Seminar l mt ni qui t

nhiu thnh phn u t quc t... nn s ch ca cc c quan tnh bo Hoa K khng phi l mt

iu ngc nhin. Mt chi tit khc ng ch : theo hai tc gi Marvin Kalb v Bernard Kalb trong

Kissinger (trang 49), trong hai nm 1951-52, Kissinger cmn lm c vn t cho lc qun, v

Ban tham mu lin qun, vi nhim v nghin cu v qun i Hoa K Nam Hn, v v chinlc tm l chin. H s v tng trnh ca FBI v Kissinger c nhc n trong Isaacson, Sd,


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trang 71; v ph ch 23.[8]V vai tr v l thuyt ngoi giao ca Metternich v Castlereagh, c Isaacson, Sd, trang 74-77;

David Landau,Kissinger: The Uses of Power, trang 29-30; v Kalb, Sdd, trang 46-48. Lun n ca

Kissinger c mt gii thng v gi tr khoa bng.[9]Arthur Schlesinger, Jr l bn ca John F. Kennedy. Khi Kennedy tr thnh tng thng, Schlesinger

c Kennedy mi lm ph t c bit. Khi Kennedy cht, Schlesinger c gia nh Kennedy mi

lm s gia chnh thc ca c Tng thng Kennedy. Trong thp nin 1950, di thi Tng thng

Eisenhower, chin lc nguyn t ca Hoa K v ng minh NATO l tr a ton b v hu dit

ton b nu phi khai chin vi Nga S hay ch hu. Schlesinger ch trch k hoch ny khng cn

hiu qu v Nga S theo kp Hoa K v s lng v kh nguyn t sn xut hng nm. Bi ph

bnh ca Kissinger, Military Policy and the Defense of the Grey Areas, (Foreign Affairs, April,

1955) cng i theo ng li tng t nh ca Schlesinger, nhng nhn mnh mt ch thuyt mi

v ng li s dng v kh nguyn t: gii hn v theo tng vng, tng a phng; s tr a ca

Hoa K v ng minh l mt s tr a gii hn tu theo vng xm ln v mc xm ln ca Nga S

v ch hu.[10]Council on Foreign Relations l mt t chc t, do gia nh t ph Rockefeller thnh lp nm

1921. Vi nh hng v kinh t v th lc ti chnh, Rockefeller Foundation mi v chiu d c

rt nhiu nhn vt danh ting trong x hi M v lm gim c v ng trong ban chp hnh. Cc

gim c ca Council on Foreign Relations phn ln l nhng ngi lnh o trong chnh quyn v

hu, hay t nhim v lm cho Council. TForeign Affairsdo Council on Foreign Relations n

hnh; ch bin ca t l nhng ngi c rt nhiu kinh nghim trong Chnh ph M, nh William

Bundy, William Hyland, Leslie Gelb... V mt s khun mt trong Council, c David Landau, Sdd,

trang 43-48; Kalb, Sd, 52-58.[11]Hai pha khen ch tc phm ca Kissinger u n t nhng ngi c tn tui. Ph tng thng

Nixon vit th ring khen ngi; ngoi trng John Foster Dulles ng l thuyt chin tranh gii

hn v v kh nguyn t chin thut c l (Dulles l ngi tng hm do Nga S, nu cchintranh, th s l mt chin tranh ton din; mt s hu dit khng gii hn). Gii ch trch l thuyt

ca Kissinger c nhng ngi nh George Kennan, Paul Nitze, Dean Rusk, l nhng tay lo luyn

trong ngnh ngoi giao Hoa K. c Landau, Sd, trang 55-57; 76-78; Isaacson, Sdd, trang 88-90;

Charles R. Ashman, The Adventure of Super-Kraut, trang 65-68; Kalb, Sd, trang 54-55. Kissinger

tr mt gi t v phng din tnh cm gia nh cho cng trnh ny. Kissinger sng trong mt th

gii hon ton khc bit trong thi gian vit sch: ng ta yu cu v khng c ni chuyn vi ng

nu khng cn thit. c Kalb, Sd, cng trang dn.[12]Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908-1979) l chu ni ca nh t ph u tin, John D. Rockefeller.


19/82



Khi u t John Rockefeller, dng h Rockefeller thnh lp v s c s bt v li lo v t thin,

gio dc, cng nh kinh t, ngoi giao hay chnh tr. i Hc Chicago; i hc Rockefeller; Council

on Foreign Relations; Rokefeller Brothers Fund... l mt trong nhng c s tng trng ca dng h

Rockefeller. Nelson Rockefeller lm Thng c tiu bang New York gn bn nhim k (10 nm) ri

ra tranh c ng vin tng thng s tuyn trong ng Cng ho. Nm 1974 ng l Ph tng thng

di thi Tng thng Gerald Ford.[13]Theo Isaacson, Sd, trang 92, nm 1960 Nelson Rockefeller tr cho Kissinger 12.000$; nm 1964,

18.000$; v nm 1968, 20.000$. Nh mt so snh, 12 ngn m kim ca nm 1960 tng ng vi

50 ngn ca nm 2000; v 50 ngn m kim Kissinger nhn t Rockefeller vo nm 1969, tng

ng 200 ngn hin nay.[14]Nh chng ta bit, nm 1960 Henry Cabot Lodge ng chung lin danh vi Richard Nixon ca

ng Cng ho tranh c i li lin danhKennedy-Johnson ng Dn ch. Lin danh Kennedy

thng c. Nhng c mt kin a ng trong ng li ngoi giao v Vit Nam, Kennedy b

nhim Lodge lm i s ti Si Gn nm 1963. Lodge ra mt ng h cuc o chnh Tng thng

Dim; v sau khi cuc o chnh thnh cng, Lodge t nhim tr li Hoa K tham d cuc bu c

tng thng nm 1964. Ln ny Johnson ca ng Dn ch cng thng na, v Johnson li b nhim

Lodge lm i s ti Vit Nam ln th hai. Khi nhn nhim s vo nm 1965, Lodge yu cu Th

trng V Vin ng, William Bundy (anh ca McGeorge Bundy, C vn An ninh Quc gia cho

Kennedy v Johnson) mn con ca ng (ang l mt gio s dy Harvard) v Kissinger lm t

vn cho ng v vn Vit Nam. Lodge ni l do ng cn hai ngi vng mun c mt ci nhn

mi v vn Vit Nam t nhng chuyn vin bn ngoi, thay g nhng kin ca cc nhn vin

chnh ph t bn trong nh v ang xy ra. Henry Cabot Lodge c lin h su m i vi Vit

Nam t nm 1963 cho n lc ng t chc Trng phi on thng thuyt Hi ngh Paris vo

gia nm 1969, khi Nixon ln nhm chc Tng thng.[15]Li lm vic ca Kissinger l ng tng trnh cho tng ngi nghe, v khng bao gi c nhiu

ngi nghe cng mt lc. Theo mt nhn vt trong cuc, nhng tng trnh ca Kissinger khngnht thit ging nhau khi ng bo co li cho mi thm quyn. Marvin and Bernard Kalb, Sd, trang

68.

[16]Marcovich lc l mt nh sinh vt hc vi phn; Aubrac, tt nghip t hai i hc ni ting MIT

v Harvard, l vin chc ca Lin hip quc, lm cho c quan Lng nng Th gii Rome. Theo

Aubrac, nm 1946, khi H Ch Minh qua Php thng thuyt vi Chnh ph Php v vn ch

quyn ca Vit Nam, ng nh Aubrac, v hai ngi thn nhau n ng H Ch Minh nhn con

ca Aubrac lm con u. Xem David Kraslow v Stuart H. Loory, The Secret Search for Peace inVietnam, trang 219-224. S liu cng sn Vit Nam vit v nhng hi hp b mt trong thi gian u


20/82



nm trong, Lu Vn Li v Nguyn Anh V, Tip xc b mt Vit Nam - Hoa K trc Hi ngh

Paris (H Ni: Qun i Nhn Dn, 2000).[17]V nhng lin lc ngm u tin ny vi mt danh Pennsylvania c Isaacson, Sd, trang 121-

123. Cuc hi ng gia H Ch Minh v Aubrac H Ni c ghi li trong Kalb, Sd, trang 71-73.

Ti liu chnh ph Hoa K s lc tng chi tit v Pennsylvania nm trong The Pentagon Papers,

Gravel Edition, Vol. IV, Chng 4.[18]Tranh c vng s tuyn ni ng l primaries v caucuses chn mt trong nhng ng c vin

cng mt ng, trc khi i n ngh hi c ton quc (national nomination convention). ngh

hi c, ng c vin c nhiu phiu t nhng i biu cc tiu bang s c ng c ra tranh c

vi ng c vin ca ng i lp. B sch The Making of the Presidentca Theodore White l b

sch rt hay bit v h thng bu c, vn ng bu c, v ng li chnh tr chung quanh nn

tng thng hin i HoaK.[19]Isaacson, Sd, trang 126-128.[20]Isaacson, op. cit., trang 214. Ngi gi mi Kissinger l Richard Allen, sau ny l C vn An

ninh Quc gia cho Tng thng Ronald Reagan trong mt thi gian ngn.[21]V nhng tin tc Kissinger cung cp cho Nixon v hi m Paris, v nhng g Nixon bit c

t nhng ng giy khc (Chennault, Bi Dim...), tc gi vit mt s chi tit chng 9. Tng

thng Nixon trong The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, trang 323- 324, ni nhng tin tc do Kissinger

cung cp i khi m h v c v b mt. Nixon ni ng nhn tin t Kissinger nhng khng hon ton

tin lm.[22]Ph t qun s cho C vn An ninh Quc gia thng l cp chun tng tr ln. Kissinger nhn

Alexander Haig lm ph t cho ng lc Haig cn l i t. Haig c thng chun tng u nm

1970 c cp bc ph hp vi chc v. Ngi ph t qun s th nh ca Kissinger l trung tng

khng qun Brent Scowcroft. Scowcroft thay Kissinger lm C vn An ninh Quc gia cho Tng

thng Ford.

[23]Isaacson, Sd, kin ca Ulam v Kissinger trang 97-98; Brzezinski, trang 699-700; Halperin

v Schlesinger, trang 763-764. Chng 34trong sch ca Isaacson ni rt hay v su sc v tm l

ca Kissinger.[24]Isaacson, Sd, trang 762. gii hn khun kh ca cc ph ch trong bi vit, ngi vit ch

ch dn nhng li ph bnh, ch trch quan trng v t cch v o c Kissinger. Ngoi mt s th

liu ph, ngi vit c nm tc phm vit v Kissinger son chng ny: Kissinger, ca hai anh

em k gi Marvin Kalb v Bernard Kalb;Kissinger: A Biography, ca Walter Isaacson;Kissinger:

The Uses of Power, ca David Landau; The Trial of Henry Kissinger, ca Christopher Hitchens; vThe Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, ca Seymour M. Hersh. Sch ca anh em


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Kalb vit thin v v Kissinger; Isaacson th vit trung thc, c khen ch. Sch ca Hersh v Landau

hon ton ni v nhng khim khuyt o c v t cch la di ca Kissinger. Sch ca Hitchens

nh ta sch gi kt n Kissinger v v o chnh bn Ch Li v nhng v di bom b mt

ni a Cam Bt. V s kh chu ca Kenendy i vi Kissinger, c Isaacson, Sd, trang 111.[25]Haig ni, Kissinger thng cp cho ti vng khi to Bch c, Seymour, Sd, trang 621.

Alexander Haig c thng chc t thiu tng ln i tng trong vng su thng (mang chc i

tng, T lnh ph lc qun, vo thng 1.1973; thng 6.1972 vn cn mang lon thiu tng).[26]Isaacson, Sd, trang 764-765; i thoi gia Kissinger v Mao Trch ng, Chu n Lai; v

Leonid Brezhnev. Anatoly Dobrynin, nm trong ti liu thuc Nixon Presidential Materials

Collection/Presidnts Office Files/Memoranda for the President, hin lu tr ti National Archives.

Nht bo Washington Postc s lc ni dung trong s bo ra ngy Ch Nht 10.1.1999. Trong

khong 1969-1974, cc chuyn vin quan st quc t u bit Hoa K ang dng l bi Trung Cng

chn p Nga v dng l bi Nga a Trung Cng vo qu o quc gia t bn Ty phng. T

nhng ti liu gii mt ni trn, nhiu vn kin cho thy Nga gin tip hi M ngh th no nu h

tn cng nhng cn c chin lc ca Trung Cng bng v kh nguyn t. Vo thng 4.1972,

Kissinger b mt gp i s Trung Cng ti Lin hip quc l Hong Hoa, ngh M s cung cp

thm nhng phng nh v tinh v v tr cc n vca Nga dc theo bin gii Nga-Hoa. Trong cuc

gp b mt , khng bit hai bn c bn g lin h n Vit Nam hay khng (thi gian l ngay

vo trn ma h la), nhng vi thng sau, Hong Hoa vit th cho Kissinger hi Hoa K c

phn ng g khi Trung Cng tin chim qun o Hong Sa hay khng. Kissinger tr li l hm i

M c lnh trnh xa khi nhng qun o ang tranh chp , v Chnh ph Hoa K khng c

kin hay mun tham s vo nhng tranh chp ang xy ra. c n xanh, hi qun Trung Cng

tin nh qun o Hong Sa vo thng 11.974. c thm, Nayan Chanda,Brother Enemy, trang 20-

21; Kissinger, White House Years, trang 1114.

[27]Kissinger vit tt c (n nm 2002) 15 quyn sch v 45 tiu lun. Trong s bn tc phm c

nhc n Vit Nam l White House Years(1979); Years of Upheaval(1982);Diplomacy(1994), vEnding the Vietnam War(2002). Chng ta s ni n nhng chi tit lin h trong nhng tc phm

ny chng ti.[28]Larry Berman, No Peace, No Honor:Nixon, Kissinger, and the Betrayal in Vietnam, trang 9. c,

Elmo Zumwalt, On Watch, trang 411-511, thy Ban tham mu lin qun khinh mit Kissinger

nh th no. Sau khi gii ng, Zumwalt l ngi cng khai ch trch t cch ca Kissinger trong cc

v thng lng ngoi giao. c Isaacson, Sd, trang 696-698.[29]

c RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, trang 443-444.[30]Hn danh Tricky Dick c n dn biu Hellen Douglas gi Nixon ln u tin khi hai ngi


22/82



tranh gh ngh s vo nm 1950. Dick l ting rt thn mt gi tn Richard. Trong tp qun

M, ch cha m, ngi thn lu i, hay c cho php, th mi gi ngi c tn Richard l Dick.

Nhng, dick li l ting lng tc ch dng vt ca n ng. Tricky l mnh kho, mu m.

y l mt li chi ch khi gi Richard Nixon l Tricky Dick.[31]Phn ln nhng chi tit v c nhn ca Nixon, tc gi trch theo hi k ca Richard Nixon, RN:

The Memoirs of Richard Nixon.

[32]Richard Nixon, Sd, trang 78-88. Nhng lin danh Eisenhower -Nixon gp nhiu tr ngi t lc

c c cho n ngy bu c v Nixon b t co ang s dng mt qu en do nhiu thng gia

cung cp, vn ng cho quyn li ca h quc hi. Sau ny, trong nm nm ri lm tng thng

(1969-1974), Nixon li b bo ch v i th khui ra chuyn s dng qu en thm ln na. V

nhng nghi vn ca qu en nm 1952, c cng sch, trang 92-110.[33]Nhng nm bu c tng thng cng l nm bu li tt c dn biu v mt phn ba thng ngh s

(v mt s thng c cc tiu bang). Thng thng, uy tn chnh tr ca ng c vin tng thng

gip thm cc ng c vin quc hi cng ng ly thm c c tri, v nh vy, ngi tng thng

tng lai c c a s ngh vin cng ng trong quc hi mt li th cho tng thng khi cn d

lut no c ph chun. t khi no mt ng thng chc Tng thng nhng li thua t l a s

hai vin Quc hi nh trng hp ca Eisenhower vo nm 1956. Nm 1972 hin tng chnh tr

ny xy ra mt ln na: Nixon thng c Tng thng nhng ng Dn ch chim phn a s Quc

hi. Chnh nhng ngh vin ng Dn ch i lp gy nhiu kh khn cho Nixon, t nhng d

lutphn i chin tranh Vit Nam cho n gii hn quyn hnh php ca Tng thng, v sau cng

l quyt ngh h b Nixon vo thng 8.1974 qua v phm php Watergate. c Nixon, cng sch,

trang 180.

[34]Mt trong nhng chi tit vtng thng Nixon t c sch bo ni n, l lin h ca ng trong

cuc chin Vit - Php vo nhng ngy cui cng: Nixon ngh gi thm chuyn vin c kh

khng qun (trc M gi 200 ngi ri) gia tng u cu khng vn hu cu vn in

Bin Ph; ngh dng khng qun oanh tc mnh nh ting vi Trung Cng v Vit Minh lHoa K sn sng can thip nu ngi Php khng gi ni. Nixon c mt trong tt c cc cuc hp

quan trng ca Hi ng An ninh Quc gia v tnh hnh in Bin Ph trong thng cui cng trc

khi Php tht th. V chuyn ving thm Si Gn, H Ni, ca Nixon, c Richard Nixon, Sd, trang

122-125; v nhng quyt nh lin h n in Bin Ph, trang 150-155.[35]Nixon, Sd, trang 224-226. Kt qu s phiu chnh thc l, Kennedy, 34.221.463; Nixon,

34.108.528. Kennedy c 49,7%; Nixon 49,6%. Hai bn cch nhau 0,07%. V chuyn lng ln,

phiu gi Texas, Johnson mt ln b tai ting v chuyn trong cuc bu c thng ngh snm 1949. Vcuc bu c ho hng Kennedy -Nixon, c Theodore H. White, The Making of the


23/82



President 1960, ph lc s 1.[36]Nixon, Sd, 442-447.[37]Nixon, Sd, trang 271-272.[38]Nixon, Sd, trang 285.[39] Chng 9, Nhng con kh ca nm Mu Thn, ngi vit s lc mt s chi tit quan

trng ca nm bu c 1968 gia Nixon v Humphrey. Nu Johnson c vi mu lc gip

Humphrey, th Nixon cng i li bng mt s xo thut chnh tr ang c trong tay (dng Tng

thng Nguyn Vn Thiu lm nh tr k hoch ca Johnson). c Nixon, Sd, trang 322-335,

thy Nixon th nhn ng quan tm v nhng mnh kho ca Johnson vo nhng tun cui trc

ngy bu c; mt tc phm khc tht hay ca William Safire, Before the Fall, v nhng mu lc v

k hoch chnh tr ca Nixon t khi tuyn b tranh c vo thng Ging 1967, cho n khi c c vo

thng 11.1968.

gun:Nguyn K Phong, Vng ly Bch c - Ngi M v chin tranh Vit Nam, Ting Qu

Hng xut bn, Virginia 2006

Nguyn KPhong

Ngi Mv chin tranh Vit Nam(trch)

Phn 2

Sau hai nm lm dn biu, bn nm ngh s, tm nm ph tng thng, v hai ln tht c, Richard

Nixon tuyn th nhm chc Tng thng th 37 ca Hoa K vo u nm 1969.

Trong nm nm tm thng gi chc v tng thng, nhng thnh qu ca Nixon c nhiu ngi

nhc n l tho c gim thiu v kh nguyn t gia M v Nga; thit lp ban giao vi Trung

Cng; v a qun i v trch nhim ca Hoa K ra khi chin trng Vit Nam.

Chng ta phi phn bit chuyn Nixon a qun i M khi Vit Nam, v chm dt chin tranh

Vit Nam. V mi ngi u thy: Nixon thnh cng a qun i M ra khi cuc chin, nhng

cuc chin vn cn sau khi ngi M rt i. Nixon p buc VNCHphik vo hip nh Ba L

nm 1973, vi li ha l nu pha cng sn xm phm hip c, Nixon s dng bin php mnh

bo v nhng iu khon ghi trong hip c. Nixon ha ringvi Tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu


24/82



l ng s dng tt c kh nng ca mt v tng thng bo m gi tr ca mt hip c m ng xin

mun VNCH phi k. Nhng s kin lch s cho thy Nixon khng c c hi chng t vi VNCH

- v nhng ng minh b b ri trn th gii, nh trong trng hp i Loan - l ng c gi ng li

ha hay khng. Nixon khng c dp chng t danh d ca ng v b truy t trc Quc hi Hoa

K v phi t chc khi phi b trut ph.

phn di y chng ta s bn s v thi v hnh ng ca Nixon i vi chin tranh Vit Nam

t lc ng ln nm quyn cho n ngy t nhim.

T nm 1953 cho n nm 1967 Nixon ving thm Vit Nam tt c bn ln. Sau mi ln quan st,

kin ca Nixon v cuc chin Vit Nam vn ging nhau: Nga v Trung Cngng sau lng cng

sn Bc Vit trong cuc chin xm ln min Nam. V ch c mt cch lm CSBV t b nh

xm lc l p dng p lc qun s. Nixon khng s mang ting l k mnh hip yu; ngc li,

Nixon thch cho i phng bit ng ta sn sng hip i phng nu cn. Trong nhng ln pht

biu kin v chin tranh Vit Nam lc ng c tng thng, Nixon ch trch chnh ph Johnson l

Hoa K khng quyt tm gii quyt cuc chin Vit Nam bng qun s. Trong chuyn thm Si

Gn vo thng 4.1967,ng c gii ch huy qun s trnh by cho ng bit s bc tc ca h khi

khng c thm quyn qun s cho php nh qua bin gii, hay nh thng vo bt c ni no

CSBV dng lm so huyt. Nixon, trong mt vi ln pht biu, nhn nh rt ng v tnh hnh

trung lp ca Lo. i vi Nixon, khi Lo thnh mt quc gia trung lp kiu , Lo nm

trong qu o - nu khng ni thuc v - CSBV v cng sn Tu. Mt mnh n c, Nixon nhn

mnh, Lo khng bao gi c th gi c s trung lp theo ngha mt quc gia c c lp v

thc h chnh tr vi mt lnh th ton vn. Suy lun song song theo chiu hng chin lc qun s

, Cam Bt cng nm trong hon cnh tng t nh Lo. Nixon ch trch chnh ph Johnson

khng tht lng khi khng t vn , hay gii quyt, hai yu t quan trng Lo v Cam Bt trong

cuc chin Vit Nam. Nixon tuyn b vo nm 1967, nu Hoa K khng i din vi tnh hnh Cam

Bt v Lo; nu Hoa K khng th nhn s phc tp ca chin tranh Vit Nam trong a hnh ca

ng Dng ngay by gi, th Hoa K s phi th nhn v i din vn nn v sau. Nixon nhnmnh - v chng ta thy iu tht ng vo nhng nm cui cng ca cuc chin - chin tranh

Vit Nam khng phi ch gii hn vo Vit Nam, m l ton ci ng Dng[1].

Chng ta nn s khc bit v tinh thn ca cc Tng thng Kennedy, Johnson v Nixon trong

chin tranh Vit Nam: Kennedy thch ho hng, qun t, nhng bn trong th nht; Johnson th hm

h cung n nhng khng c tr thng minh, ti ngoi giao, hay s kin nhn thc hin nh;

cn Nixon th c tt c nhng tnh tnh ca hai tng thng kia, cng thm tnh thch hnh ng b

mt t bn trong hay nh tay ngi khc hnh ng cho mnh, v i khi hnh ng ngoi vng phplut. Nixon mnh mung hn Kennedy v Johnson khi mun hon tt mt nh. T Truman cho


25/82



n Nixon, mi v tng thng u c lin h n cuc chin Vit Nam bng mt hay nhiu quyt

nh v mi quyt nh c thc hin qua cch ny hay cch khc. Truman, v nhng quyn li ca

M u Chu, phi nh nhng b v t niu gip Php tip tc s h Vit Nam.

Eisenhower v Kennedy, vi nh mun thit lp mt tin n chng cng ng Nam gng

bi p v gy dng mt nn t do dn ch mt quc gia mi gi l Vit Nam Cng ho. Sau

Kennedy, Tng thng Johnson mun gii quyt cuc chin nhanh hn vi qun tc chin, vi v kh

c hu, vi cp s vi ba qun on. By gi cuc chin chuyn n tay Nixon. n Nixon th

nhim v kh khn hn: ng phi em ngi M ra khi cuc chin trongchin thng - hay t ra,

phi bo v min Nam vi mt nn ho bnh trongdanh d.

Khi ra tranh c tng thng, cng khng khc hn nhng ng c vin trc v cng lc vi ng,

Nixon ha s chm dt cuc chin Vit Nam, s em li ho bnh trong danh d. Nixon khng ha

hn g v mt chin thng qun s, hay mt thng thuyt ngoi giao no kt thc chin tranh.

Mt thng sau khi c c, Nixon rt t tin ng s gii quyt cuc chin Vit Nam trong vng 12

thng[2]. Nhng khi thy H Ni ch li dng cuc thng thuyt cu gi v cuc chin ko

di ngoi d nh, Nixon quyt nh cho i phng thy ng l ngi bit dng v lc thuyt

phc, v Nixon khng ngnngi dng v lc. Chng ta c th thy mt phn tinh thn ca Nixon

i vi cuc chin Vit Nam khi ng tuyn b trc cng chng: Li lm quan trng nht lc ti

cn l tng thng, l ti khng lm vo u nm 1969 nhng g ti lm vo ngy 3 thng

5.1972, v 15 thng 12.1972, ngha l di bom v phong to Bc Vit. Ti c bn chuyn ny vi

Kissinger. Nhng kt l chnh ph tin nhim Johnson quyt nh ngng di bom i n hi

m Paris... ti khng tin h [CSBV] mun thng thuyt tht s,v d nhin sau ny chng ta

thy s gi to ca cuc thng thuyt . Nu chng ta thc hin chuyn [di bom v phong to

Bc Vit] chng ta c th kt thc cuc chin vo nm 1969 ch khng phi n nm 1973. l li

lm ln nht ca ti trong thi gian lm tng thng[3].

Nhiu tc gi loi b cu, phn chin, v chng Nixon, thng lun bn l sau nm 1968, sau khi

CSBV chu vo bn thng ngh, l ra cuc chin Vit Nam c c hi chm dt... Nhng khi lnkv Johnson, Nixon ko di thm cuc chin, a n hn hai mi ngn ci cht ca qun nhn

Hoa K, hn mt trm ngn qun VNCH v bn hay nm ln s thng vong bn pha Bc Vit [4]. L lun ny khng vng im nhng tc gi, s gia ni trn khng ni ti sao Nixon khng th

chp nhn nhng ngh thng thuyt cn bn ca CSBV[5].

T ngy u nhm chc, Nixon cho php gii qun s dng mi k hoch, k c nhng k hoch

qun s phmlut ca Quc hi M v cng php quc t, cho H Ni thy Hoa K - di s

lnh o ca Nixon -bit dng sc mnh khi cn. Sau khi Tng thng Johnson ra lnh ngng dibom t v tuyn 20 tr ln, Nixon ra lnh cho MACV[6]dng tt c khng lc dng vo min Bc


26/82



trc nh vo chin trng Lo v nhng cn c hu cn ca CSBV dc theo bin gii Cam

Bt. Tuy ni l ngng di bom, nhng tht s phi v oanh tc gia tng nhiu hn. Nm 1968 khng

lc Hoa K bay 3.377 phi v trn h thng ng xm nhp H Ch Minh; nm 1969 s phi v tng

ln 5.567, vi khong 160 ngn tn bom th xung H Lo. Ch trong nm thng u nm 1969, b

t lnh on 559 Trng Sn thy c cng oanh tc di ni cc mi[7]. Nhng cha

, Nixon mun CSBV thy r nh ca ng hn. u thng 3.1969, Nixon nghe theo ngh ca

ban tham mu lin qun - mt ngh b b qun nhiu nm v McNamara v Johnson khng cho

php thc hin - l phi hu dit c s hucn ca CSBV bn trong ni a Cam Bt. Nhng nh

qua Cam Bt th khng c (t ra l trong thi im ), di bom th li vi phm cng php quc t

v tnh cht trung lp ca Cam Bt. Ch cn mt cch duy nht l b mt di bom -b mt y cng

c ngha l phm lut[8]. Vi tt c thn trng nh la bo ch v Quc hi, Nixon cho php B

t lnh Khng qun Chin lc v MACV hnh ng. T thng 3.1969 cho n thng 4.1970, khng

qun chin lc bay 3630. phi v, b 110 ngn tn bom xung cc cn c hu cn v binh trm ca

CSBV nm trong lnh th Cam Bt t vng tam bin Pleiku cho n M Vt Ty Ninh.

trnh bom, qun i CSBV ln su vo ni a Cam Bt v hng ty, gn cc khu dn c. Vi

chin thut ny, CSBV v hiu ho cc cuc oanh tc chin lc bng B-52 ca Hoa K vo mt

khu ca h trn t Cam Bt. Khi i tng Abrams t lnh MACV bo co Hoa Thnh n vn

, Nixon khng ngn ngi quyt nh tin xa hn: dng b binh nh qua Cam Bt. Chng ta phi

chng t cho i phng bit chng ta cng quyt vi nhng g ha Vit Nam, Nixon pht

biu khi ng k hoch nh qua Cam Bt[9]. gii hn nhng phn i n t cc ngh vin

i lp Quc hi v cc cuc biu tnh ca sinh vin trong v ngoi nc, Nixon ch cho php qun

i Hoa K hot ng trong vng 30 cy s trong ni a Cam Bt, v qun M s rt ra khi Cam

Bt sau 60 ngy. Thm vo , qun i VNCH s khai din cuc tn cng trc v s l thnh phn

ch ng. Cuc hnh qun qua Cam Bt ch thu gt c mt s thnh cng gii hn: ba s on c

hu ca Vit Cng, 5, 7, v 9, c lnh phn tn mng t mt thng trc . Cc n v CSBV

c lnh trnh giao tranh nu khng cn thit v rt xa v hng ty, v mt c a mi tnhKratie. Tuy khng gi by c cc n v cng sn nh mun, qun i VNCH v ng minh

khm ph v tch thu mt s qun trang dng, v kh v lng thc trang b v tip t cho tt c

cc n v cng sn min Nam hn mt nm tri[10].

Nixon tr mt gi rt cao v uy tn chnh tr vi cuc tn cng qua Cam Bt: sau khi bn sinh vin

b V binh Quc gia bn cht trong mt cuc biu phn chin i hc Kent State, tiu bang Ohio,

hn hai trm ngn ngi tham d biu tnh chng Nixon th Hoa Thnh n - mt thnh ph

rt nh cha hai trm ngn cng dn bc tc. Quc hi Hoa K ch trch Nixon; thm vn liquyn hn hin php ca tng thng c hay khng khi em qun tn cng qua mt quc gia trung


27/82



lp nh Cam Bt. Nhng i vi mt chnh tr gia lo luyn nh Nixon, nhng cuc biu tnh hay

nhng kin i lp t quc hi l chuyn thng: Nixon tip tc gia tng lc qun s i vi

CSBV. Hai ngy sau khi qun i M v VNCH vt bin gii, Nixon ch thn n Ng gic i

c tng trnh v bin chuyn ca cuc hnh qun. Khi nhn bn ghi ch a im cc cn c

hu cn khc ca CSBV bc Cam Bt v H Lo, Nixon hi nhng s quan ang c mt, l qun

i VNCH v Hoa K c kh nng tn cng tt c nhng cn c khng. Khi c tr li l nhng

cuc tn cng tip theo qua bin gii s gy nhiu phn ng bt li t d lun v Quc hi..., Nixon

tr li cho cc s quan l chuyn li hi v chnh tr ng lo, ng ch mun h tr li l nh c

hay khng. Chng ta b thit hi v chnh tr trong cuc hnh qun [qua Cam Bt] ny ri. Nu

c th hu dit c tt c cc mt khu ca ch gim thiu thit hi cho qun ta, th y l ng

lc hnh ng... Ti mun tn cng tt c cc cn c . Chun b cc k hoch cn thit v thc

hin ngay, Nixon tuyn b vi ban tham mu lin qun[11]. Vi thng sau khi VNCH v M kt

thc cuc hnh qun Cam Bt, Tng Abrams ca MACV trnh ln ban tham mu lin qun k

hoch nh qua Lo. Thng 12.1970 ban tham mu lin qun ng k hoch v mt thng sau,

Nixon cho php tin hnh. Trong khi k hoch nh qua Lo vo thng 2.1971 c thnh cng nh

tin liu hay khng l mt vn chng ta s bn ci sau, y, qua nhng quyt nh qun s,

chng ta mun chng minh tinh thn quyt lit ca Nixon khi thng lng vi H Ni. Trc ,

vo cui thng 11.1970, Nixon cho php thc hin mt k hoch rt to bo: dng n v lc lng

c bit bay t Thi Lan qua Sn Ty, mt tnh ch cch H Ni vi chc cy s, tip cu vi

chc t binh M, d bit bit k hoch c xc sut tht bi nhiu hn thnh cng, nhng Nixon mun

lm cho i phng thy ng sn sng chp nhn may ri nu phi hnh ng[12].

u thng4.1972, khi nghe tin CSBV em tt c lc lng tinh nhu ca h tn cng ba mt min

Nam, Nixon phn ng mnh lit vi mt cng lm ngay c gii qun nhn phi quan tm: Nixon

mun di chuyn tt c B-52 m b t lnh qun chin lc c th di chuync, em qua Thi Lan

v Guam tr a CSBV. Khi CSBV t xua qun ch lc tn cng VNCH, Nixon nng mt v

thi ngoan c ca H Ni lm tn thng danh d ca mt v tng thng. Cng lc, Nixonthy mnh b Nga v Trung Cng la v hai n anh quan trng ca H Ni tht ha trong vic

kim to n em ca h. Thng Ging va qua Nixon c vit cho Brezhnev mt l th, trong nhn

kho vi ng Ch tch ng Cng sn Nga l Hoa K khng c chn la no khc hn l phn ng

mnh nu Bc Vit cnhng hnh ng lm nhc chng ti". Ri n thng Hai, Nixon va hon tt

cuc ving thm lch s Trung Cng, ni chuyn vi Mao v Chu n Lai. cnh co trc,

Nixon khng th nhng li cnh co ca Tng thng Hoa K b coi thng. Hn na, nm 1972

l nm bu c tng thng, cuc tn cng ca H Ni khng c i qu xa tr thnh mt skin c th lm h k hoch c c nhim k th nh ca Nixon. Theo hi k ca nhiu nhn chng


28/82



v theo nhng ti liu c gii mt v sau, ch thn Nixon ch huy cuc phn cng vo nhng

ngy u khi CSBV tn cng ton din min Nam vo nm 1972. Trong giai on cui cng ca

chin tranh Vit Nam, chng ta c th ni l cuc chin ca c nhn Nixon - l thi ca

Nixon vis-a-vis VNCH v H Ni.[13]

i ph vi cuc tng tn cng ca CSBV, Nixon ra lnh hi qun c quyn x dng hai hm

i cho chin trng ng Nam , nu cn. Nixon mun ni, nu hi lc ca Hm i 7 cha ,

b t lnh Thi Bnh Dng c quyn trng dng chin hm ca Hm i 1 (trong thi gian

vng bin Thi Bnh Dng, Hoa K c hai hm i, Nht v Tht). Nixon ra lnh nu b t

lnh khng qun Thi Bnh Dng cn thm khng lc chin thut (v lc Hoa K s dng

phn na khnglc chin lc, B-52, phn cng) h c ton quyn trng dng t nhng b t

lnh khc trn th gii. V y l mnh lnh do ch thn Nixon phn, ch khng phi n t ban

tham mu lin qun, hay c s yu cu ca i tng Abrams MACV.

Cng trong nhng tun l u tin ca cuc tn cng, nhiu ti liu cho thy Nixon c nhc n hai

k hoch trit tiu ti nguyn v nhn s ca min Bc. Hai k hoch Nixon nhc n - qua hi

m hay in thoi vi cc c vn thn cn - l di bom nhng b quantrng dc trn sng Hng

H v s dng v kh nguyn t chin thut gii hn hu dit qun i CSBV. Nhng phi ni,

cho n by gi, sau khi kho st nhng ti liu v nghe li in m c gii mt, chng ta vn

khng c yu t xc nh Nixon ni n vic s dng bom nguyn t chin thut nh l mt

tnh ton thn trng, hay ch l nhng pht ngn trong cn thnh n i vi k th. y khng phi l

ln u tin mt v tng thng Hoa K ngh n chuyn s dng v kh nguyn t chin trng

Chu hay Vit Nam. Truman c t vn chin tranh Triu Tin khi qun M i din vi

chin thut bin ngi ca Trung Cng; Eisenhower bn lun v bom nguyn t chin thut trong

lc thi gian in Bin Ph ang hp hi; v Johnson yu cu ban tham mu cho ng bit k hoch

nguyn t, nu cn phi s dng, khi hn ba s on CSBV bao vy Khe Sanh. Nixon ngh n v

kh nguyn t trong trng hp ny khng phi l mt ngoi l. Nhng y chng ta khng hiu

c c tm l v tinh thn ca Nixon ra sao khi ng ni n chuyn . C th Nixon ungqu nhiu v ni trong cn say, trong ngha ru ni - v chuyn Nixon ung nhiu vo cui tun,

hay khi cn phi quyt nh i s, l chuyn mi c vn thn cn u bit. Trong khi chng ta

khngbit r Nixon ni tht hay chi khi ni n v kh nguyn t, nhng chng ta bit r Nixon

cng quyt khng cho min Nam b trn ngp trong cuc tng tn cng nm 1972[14].

Ngy 2 thng 51972., khi nhn c tin Qung Tr tht th trc s tn cng t ca hn ba s on

CSBV, Nixon mt mt ra lnh gia tng phi v oanh tc cc c im qun s chung quanh Hi Phng

v H Ni, mt khc, Nixon ch thn nh mt in vn cho Tng thng Thiu, cho ng bit HoaK vn ng sau lng VNCH trong gi pht nghim trng nh lc ny. Cng ngy, Nixon ra lnh


29/82



cho ban tham mu lin qun pht ho k hoch phong to cc giang cng, bn tu Bc Vit bng

thu li[15].

Lin sau khi ban hnh lnh, khi thy gii qun s c v chm chp trong lc thi hnh cc phi v trn

min Bc (khng lc ca hi v khng qun ch cung cp c trn hai trm phi v Bc Vit mi

ngy v thi tit khng cho php), Nixon vit cho Kissinger mt hun lnh, yu cu Kissinger tm

cch c thc gii qun s v cc vin chc trong Hi ng An ninh Quc gia phi tm mi cch

gia tng p lc qun s vi Bc Vit. Trong hun lnh cho Kissinger, Nixon ng thi t cu hi v

s trung thnh ca nhng vin chc cao cp B Quc phng v Ngoi giao. Theo hi k ca i

tng Alexander M. Haig - mt trong nhng ph t thn cn ca Kissinger v Nixon - Tng thng

Nixon mt tin tng vo i tng t lnh MACV, Abrams, v Tng trng Quc phng Melvin

Lair. Nixon ngh hai vin chc trnkhng tht s gip VNCH ht lng nh ng mun. Nixon vit:

Ti khng th nhn mnh thm hn, l ti quyt nh chng ta s nh cn lng. V chng ta

phi lm sao cho ch thy c n tng ... i phng quyt nh nh cn lng; chng ta

cng nh cn lng. Chng ta c trong tay quyn lc hu dit b my chin tranh ca h. Nhng cu

hi l chng ta c ch s dng quyn lc khng. S khc bit gia ti v Tng thng Johnson

l, ti c ch [s dng quyn lc] rt r rng. Nhng nu chng ta tht bi ln ny th cng ti v

nhng vin chc quan li B Quc phng v nhng ng minh ca h B Ngoi giao. H c

gng tm cch ph hoi nhng quyt nh mnh bo v quyt lit m ti mun chng ta phi thi

hnh[16].

Ngy 5 thng 5.72, khi Kissinger t Paris tr v bo co l H Ni t chi tip tc thng thuyt,

Nixon khng chn ch: tra ngy 8 ng ra lnh cho c Thomas H. Moore, Tham mu trng

lin qun, chun b phong to tt c giang v hi cng Bc Vit, v chun b khi din cuc hnh

qun khng lc Linebacker. Chn gi ti cng ngy, Nixon ln i truyn thng, thng bo cho dn

chng M nh ca ng. Trong thng ip, Nixon ni Hoa K c ba chn la: lp tc rt tt c

qun i Hoa K khi ng Nam ; tip tc thng lng vi H Ni tm mt gii php; v,

dng p lc qun s p buc i phng. Nhng, Nixon tuyn b, kinh nghim cho thy haichn la u ch ko di cuc chin, ko di thm cht chc. By gi ch cn chn la th ba: Hoa

K s oanh tc cho n khi no Bc Vit chu ngi li thng thuyt.

Ngy 9 thng 5, hi qun th thu li phong to Vnh Bc Vit. Tu b ngoi quc c 48 ting ng

h ri bn. Sau thi hn , ngi n t ng ca thu li s hot ng k t sng ngy 11. Ngy

10 thng 5, cuc hnh qun khng lc Linebacker khi din. Hm , ch trong 12 ting ng h,

phi c chin thut ca khng v hi qun bay 414 phi v th bom chung quanh Hi Phng v H Ni[17]

.

Nixon tnhn mnh l mt tay nh ph gii, bit coi mt on bi i phng[18]. Nixon bit


30/82



lc no phi t; v cng t mnh khi c bi trong tay. n cui thng 9.1972, cuc tng tn cng ca

CSBV hon ton tht bi: An Lc c gii to; Kontum vn nm trong tay qun i VNCH nh

t lc u ca cuc tn cng; v c ca VNCH tung bay tr li c thnh Qung Tr. i din

vi s tht bi qun s, Bc Vit chu tr li bn hi ngh. Nhng Hoa K - v VNCH - khng th

chp nhn hai ngh ca H Ni a ra vo ngy 26 v 27 thng 9.1972 Paris. Trong khi

Kissinger tip tc thng lng vi H Ni - v khn ni Si gn phi nghe theo k hoch ca M -

Nixon vn gi yn lng v thi ca CSBV cho n qua ngy bu c tng thng. Kt qu bu c

cho thy Nixon c s tnh nhim ln ca c tri Hoa K. Vi kt qu c c trong tay, ngy 14

thng 12.1972 Nixon quyt nh cho H Ni thy h khng c chn la no khc. i ngc li

nhng c vn qun s ca Tng trng Quc phng Laird, Ban tham mu lin qun, v T lnh Thi

Bnh Dng, ngy 17 thng 12, Nixon ra lnh khai din cuc hnh qun khng lc Linebacker II tip

theo. Trong ba ngy u di bom, ha tin a khng ca Bc Vit bn rt 14 B-52. Khi thy Ban

tham mu lin qun v B t lnh Thi Bnh Dng nao nng, Nixon ra lnh cho c Moorer

tip tc cng oanh tc v bt v tham mu trng lin qun ny phi ch thn chu trch nhim

v kt qu ca chin dch oanh tc.[19]Sau mi mt ngy di bom, hn mt ngn phi v chin thut

v 770 phi v chin lc B-52, L c Th xin tr li bn hi ngh ln cui.

Khng ai c th ni Hip nh Ba L 1973 em li mt nn ho bnh cho Vit Nam, hay mt danh

d cho Hoa K. Hip nh Ba L 1973 chl mt vn kin cho Hoa K rt chn ra khi vng ly

Vit Nam mt cch danh chnh ngn thun. Trong khi mt s ngi ch trch hnh ng di bom ca

Nixon, a s dn chng Hoa K coi ng li ca Nixon l mt phng cch duy nht khut phc

CSBV. T u thng 5.1972, bt u chin dch Linebacker, khi Nixon tuyn b ng sn sng tht

c nhim k hai hn l mt min Nam, cho n u thng Ging khi Nixon ti c c, v kt thc

chin dch Linebacker II, nhng cuc trng cu dn cho thy 67% dn chng ng h ng li ca

Nixon[20].

Khng ai ph nhn Nixon l mt chnh tr gia loi Machiavelli hnh ng tt xu g cng c, min

sao c li cho mc ch ti hu ca chnh tr. gi li ha a qun i M ra khi Vit Namvi c tri Hoa K, Nixon lm nhng g mt chnh tr gia c th lm vis-a-vis k th; ng minh;

v ngi dn b phiu cho mnh: p dng v lc qun s i vi k th; bt buc ngi bn ng

minh phi chp nhn mt thc t chnh tr; v chpnhn mun ca c tri l n lc Hoa K phi

ri Vit Nam. Sau , lin h cn li gia Hoa K v Vit Nam ch l nhng li ha n t c nhn

ca mt tng thng - khi cn lm tng thng - ca Richard M. Nixon.

Lch s s c nhiu b n nu mt hon cnh lch s c gi nh bng ch nu. Nu Nixon khng

lin h n v Watergate v khng phi t chc, th Nixon c gi li ha vi Tng thng Thiu, viVit Nam Cng Ho khi Bc Vit tn cng cng chim min Nam vo nm 1975 hay khng? Nu


31/82



Nixon khngb mt tn nhim Quc hi, v Quc hi Hoa K vn tip tc chng trnh vin tr

qun s kinh t cho VNCH th vn mnh ca VNCH c i khc khng? Nhng cu hi ny l

nhng tranh lun khng ngng ca s gia[21].

Khi Nixon c ghi vo lch s nhng v tng thng Hoa K, ng c th c lit k l xu hoc tt;

gii, hay d. Nhng khng ai c th ph nhn Nixon c mt s nghip chnh tr ngoi hng.

Ngoi nhng b n, lch s cn c nhiu tr tru: s nghip chnh tr ngoi hng ca Nixon b sp

ch v mt s h ca nhng tn n trm chuyn nghip nhng lm bing.

V cng c nhiu nhn nh cho rng, nh mnh ca Vit Nam Cng Ho c mt phn no lin

lu n hu qu ca nhng tn n trm li bing ny[22].

[1]Nixon, Sd, trang 270-271.[2]Nixon, Sd, trang 390.[3]Nixon tuyn btrn h thng truyn hnh NBC, ngy 10 thng 4.1988, hn 14 nm sau khi t

chc. Trch theo Bruce Oudes, trongFrom: The President. Richard Nixons Secret Files, trang 1.[4]Trch theo A. J. Langguth, Our Vietnam: The War 1954-1975, trang 622. V s t thng hng

nm ca qun i M t 1945 n 1975, c James Olson, ed.,Dictionary of the Vietnam War,

Appendix E.

[5]Trong hai nm u ni chuyn vi CSBV, H Ni khng khng ngh phi thi hnh hai iu kin

tin quyt: thay (nu cn, m st) Tng thng Thiu v rt qun ra khi Vit Nam, ri sau H Ni

s tht s thng lng. Nhng nu M thi hnh hai iu kin th tng ng vi u hng.

Henry Kissinger,Diplomacy, trang 695; Jeffrey Kimball,Nixons Vietnam War, trang 233, 270, 272.

chng sau chng ta s i vo chi tit hn v nhng gp g b mt gia Hoa K v CSBV.

[6]MACV: Military Assistance Command-Vietnam, S ch huy chin trng cc a phng trongchin tranh Vit Nam (talawas).[7]Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, trang 55 (ph ch).

Theo tc gi Trng Sn, Cuc hnh trnh nm ngn ngy m(ng H Ch Minh), (Thnh Ph

HCM: NXB Vn Ngh, 1992), trang 185, trong nm thng u ca nm 1969, b t lnh Trng

Sn (on 559) b cht 2.500, b thng 2.938, v c 1.000 xe b tiu hu. Con s thit hi ny rt

khim nhng so vi cc ti liu khc. Cng theo tc gi, khng lc Hoa K lm nh tr bn mi

lm phn trm cng tc ca h thng xm nhp trong thi gian trn. Trng Sn l bt hiu ca it Phm T, mt cu s quan ca on 559.


32/82



[8]Gii thch mt cch vn tt y, k hoch di bom b mt v giu cc thm quyn qun s khc

c thc hin nh sau: b t lnh MACV Si Gn yu cu nhng phi v B-52 di bom nhng ni

tp trung qun dc theo bin gii Vit-Cm Bt nh thng l. Nhng vi gi trc khi cc phi v

ct cnh, MACV cho ngi n trung tm iu khin oanh tc (tt c cc phi v B-52 c iu

khin bng h thng radar hng dn mc tiu di t) vi nhng ta mi. Trn ng bay

n mc tiu, mt s phi cng nhn nhng thay i vo gi cht, v c hng dn n mc tiu

mi. Sau mi phi v, qun lnh ghi to c thiu hu; cc s quan lin h khng c bn lun

v nhng phi v vi bt c ai. S vic b khi mt s n v ng qun bn ny bin gii chng

kin bom ri bn kia bin gii, trong ni a Cam Bt, v h vit th v k chuyn ny vi ngh vin

Quc hi Hoa K. Mt trong nhng tc phm vit chi tit nht v k hoch di bom B-52 b mt

trong ni a Cam Bt l Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodiaca William

Shawcross.Nixons Vietnam Warca Kimball, v The Price of Powerca Hersh cng c vi chng

vi nhiu ti liu phong ph v cuc di bom ny.[9]Nixon, Sd, trang 445.[10]V cc chi tit quan trng ca cuc hnh qun nh qua Cam Bt, c: Chun tng Trn nh

Th, The Cambodian Incursion". Theo Lewis Sorley, trongA Better War: The Unexamined

Victories and Final Tragedies of Americas Last Years in Vietnam, trang 208-209, ti liu tch thu

Cam Bt cho thy cc n v Vit Cng trong vng hnh qun nhn c ch th trc v cuc

hnh qun v cuc o chnh Sihanouk ca tng Lon Nol t gia thng 3.1970. Trng Nh Tng,

trongA VietCong Memoir: An Inside Account of the Vietnam War and Its Aftermath, trang 176-178,

c ni s v cuc di tn ca Mt trn Gii phng min Nam v Chnh ph Cch mng Lm thi v

tnh Kratie khi qun VNCH nh vo so huyt h. Cng trong nhng trang trch, Trng Nh

Tng ni u thng 3.1970, da vo tin tc t tnh bo Nga, H Ni bo cho h bit Sihanouk sp b

o chnh, v c th c mt cuc tn cng trong tng lai ca VNCH.[11]Nixon, Sd, trang 453-454. Ch tt c in nghing l nguyn thu ca Nixon.

[12]Nixon, Sd, trang 860. V chi tit cuc hnh qun gii cu t binh Sn Ty, c Benjamin F.Schemmer, The Raid. Tuy cuc t kch gii cu t binh khng thnh cng (t binh c di di tri

khc v b ma lt), cu B trng Ngoi giao Nguyn C Thch th nhn vi nh bo Seymour

Hersh l, Hoa K c kh nng tn cng tn hu c ca h, v h phi cn thn canh chng kh nng

dm liu . c Hersh, Sd, trang 305-306. Hersh ni chuyn vi Nguyn C Thch khi n H

Ni vo thng 3.1972.[13]V li cnh co H Ni, nhn qua Nga v Trung Cng, ca Nixon, c Seymour Hersh, Sd, trang

504-505; Jeffrey Kimball,Nixons Vietnam War, trang 294.[14]Khi mt s ti liu v in m ti mt ca Nixon v c vn than cn c gii mt vo thng


33/82



2.2002, cng lun mi nghe v c c chuyn Nixon ni v nh di bom cc b H Ni v

dng bom nguyn t chin thut chn ng CSBV, trong ln hp vi Kissinger to Bch c vo

ngy 25 thng 4.1972. L do chng ta khng xc nh c thi h thc ca Nixon, v sau khi

nghe li cun bng, mt s k gi cho rng Nixon ni vi mt ging nghim trng; mt s khc th

cho ch l nhng pht ngn trong lc Nixon nng gin. c Jeffrey Kimball, The Vietnam War

File: Uncovering the Secret History of Nixon-Era Strategy, trang 214-218. Nhng trc , vo gia

nm 1971, Nixon cng c ni v chuyn s dng bom nguyn t i vi CSBV. c Seymour, Sd,

trang 396 (ph ch). Rt nhiu sch v nhn chng ni v tt ung ru cui tun ca Nixon. Vo

cui tun Nixon thng v Camp David, mt nh ngh mt ca tng thng ch cch Hoa Thnh n

chng 150 cy s. Nixon cng thng ung ru mt mnh to Bch c trong lc phi quyt nh

chuyn quan trng hay lc vit hun lnh cho thuc cp. Mt trong s nhng ti liu gii mt, c mt

on ni Th tng Anh McMillian gi Nixon mun ni chuyn, nhng Kissinger ra lnh cho ph t

tr li l Nixon khng th ni chuyn c v ng qu say ri. Nhng th d khc v tt ung

ru ca Nixon, c Seymour, Sd, nhng trang 108-110, 396, 486, 513, v 528.[15]Nixon, Sd, Nixon ra lnh cho Ng gic i, trang 587; vit in tn cho Tng thng Thiu, trang

600.

[16]Nixon, Sd, trang 607. Ch nghing nguyn thu ca Nixon. S bt tn nhim ca Nixon i vi

Tng trng Laird v i tng

Người Mỹ Và Chiến Tranh Việt Nam(Trích) - Nguyễn Kỳ Phong

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