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- It was a tempest (§ã lµ mét trËn b·o d÷ déi) - She'll be a musician (C« ta sÏ lµ mét nh¹c sÜ) - Peter is an actor (Peter lµ mét diÔn viªn)
3/Trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè lîng nhÊt ®Þnh
VÝ dô: - a lot (nhiÒu); a couple (mét cÆp/®«i); a third (mét phÇn ba) - a dozen (mét t¸); a hundred (mét tr¨m); a quarter (mét phÇn t)
Lu ý a còng ®îc dïng tríc half (nöa, rìi), khi half theo sau mét sè nguyªn vÑn. Ch¼ng h¹n, 2 1/2 kilos = two and half kilos hoÆc two kilos and a half (hai kÝ rìi), nhng 1/2 Kg = half a kilo (nöa kÝ) [kh«ng cã a tríc half ]. §«i khi ngêi ta vÉn dïng a + half + danh tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh a half-dozen (nöa t¸), a half-length (bøc ¶nh chôp nöa ngêi); a half-hour (nöa giê).
VÝ dô: - 90 kilometres an hour (chÝn m¬i kÝ l« mÐt/giê) - 4 times a day (bèn lÇn mçi ngµy) - 2 dollars a litre (hai ®« la mét lÝt) - a/an = per (mçi)
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5/ Trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sù c¶m th¸n VÝ dô:
- What a pity! (thËt ®¸ng tiÕc!) - Such a picturesque hill! (mét ngän ®åi thËt th¬ méng!) - What a beautiful painting! (mét bøc tranh tuyÖt vêi!)
nhng: - Such picturesque hills! (nh÷ng ngän ®åi thËt th¬ méng!) - What beautiful paintings! (nh÷ng bøc tranh tuyÖt vêi !)
6/ a cã thÓ ®øng tríc Mr/Mrs/Miss + hä
VÝ dô: - a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith
- a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ "mét ngêi ®µn «ng mang tªn Smith" vµ ngêi nãi kh«ng biÕt «ng nµy, trong khi Mr Smith (kh«ng cã a) nghÜa lµ "«ng Smith" mµ ngêi nãi cã biÕt.
KHONG DUNG MAO TU NHAT DINH 1/ Tríc danh tõ sè nhiÒu
A/An kh«ng cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu. V× vËy, sè nhiÒu cña a cat lµ cats vµ cña an apple lµ apples . 2/ Tríc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc
VÝ dô: - He gave us good advice (¤ng ta cho chóng t«i nh÷ng lêi khuyªn hay) - I write on paper (T«i ghi trªn giÊy)
§Æc biÖt lµ trong The rent is £400 a month (tiÒn thuª nhµ lµ 400 b¶ng mét th¸ng), kh«ng thÓ thay a b»ng one. HINH THUC CUA MAO TU XAC DINH The dïng cho c¶ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc (sè Ýt lÉn sè nhiÒu) vµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc.
VÝ dô: - The truth (sù thËt) - The time (thêi gian) - The bicycle (mét chiÕc xe ®¹p)
- The bicycles (nh÷ng chiÕc xe ®¹p) DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH
- According to the laws of nature (Theo quy luËt tù nhiªn) - They couldn't tolerate city life anymore and went back to nature (Hä kh«ng chÞu næi ®êi sèng thµnh thÞ n÷a vµ trë vÒ víi thiªn nhiªn)
He listened to the radio (Anh ta nghe ra®i«), nhng He watched television (Anh ta xem TV) ; hoÆc He heard it on the radio (Anh ta nghe ®îc viÖc ®ã trªn ra®i«), nhng He saw it on TV (Anh ta thÊy viÖc ®ã trªn TV).
Go home/get home (§i vÒ nhµ), be at home (™ nhµ), nhng They returned to the bridegroom's home (Hä trë l¹i nhµ chó rÓ). Go to bed/hospital/church/school/ work/prison (§i ngñ/®i n»m bÖnh viÖn/®i lÔ/®i häc/®i lµm/ ®i tï), nhng They went to the school to see their children's teacher (Hä ®Õn trêng ®Ó gÆp thÇy cña con hä) & The priest goes to the jail to pray for the two dying prisoners (Linh môc ®Õn nhµ tï
®Ó cÇu nguyÖn cho hai ngêi tï ®ang hÊp hèi) & She will get a bus at the church (C« ta sÏ ®ãn xe bóyt ë chç nhµ thê). Nãi chung, kh«ng thÓ thiÕu The nÕu ®Õn trêng kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó häc, ®Õn nhµ tï kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó ë tï hoÆc ®Õn nhµ thê kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó dù lÔ.
News (tin tøc), mumps (bÖnh quai bÞ), measles (bÖnh sëi), rickets (bÖnh cßi x¬ng), shingles (bÖnh zona), billiards (bi-da), darts (m«n nÐm phi tiªu), draughts (m«n cê vua), bowls (m«n nÐm bãng gç), dominoes (®«min«), the United States (HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú). Ch¼ng h¹n, The news is bad (Tin tøc ch¼ng lµnh) hoÆc The United States is a very big country (HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú lµ mét níc rÊt lín).
ChØ nh÷ng g× ®Õm ®îc, ch¼ng h¹n nh a sandwich (mét c¸i b¸nh x¨ng- uych), two sandwiches (hai c¸i b¸nh x¨ng-uych), a dog (mét con chã), three dogs (ba con chã), a friend (mét ngêi b¹n), ten friends (mêi ngêi b¹n), a cup of tea (mét t¸ch trµ), four cups of tea (bèn t¸ch trµ).
Cã thÓ ë sè nhiÒu, ch¼ng h¹n nh a day, many days.
Cã thÓ theo sau mét sè ®Õm, a/an hoÆc some (mét vµi).
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3/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc lu«n ë sè Ýt vµ kh«ng theo sau a/an VÝ dô: Those students don't want (any) help. They only want (some) knowledge. (C¸c sinh viªn Êy kh«ng cÇn sù gióp ®ì. Hä cÇn kiÕn thøc mµ th«i) I have no experience in this field. (T«i ch¼ng cã kinh nghiÖm vÒ lÜnh vùc nµy)
4/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc thêng theo sau some, any, no, a little .. .., hoÆc theo sau bit, piece, slice, gallon...
VÝ dô: A bit of news (mét mÈu tin), a grain of sand (mét h¹t c¸t), a pot of jam (mét hñ møt), a slice of bread (mét l¸t b¸nh m×), a bowl of soup (mét b¸t sóp), a cake of soap (mét b¸nh xµ b«ng), a gallon of petrol (mét galon x¨ng), a pane of glass (mét « kÝnh), a sheet of paper (mét tê giÊy), a glass of beer (mét ly bia), a drop of oil (mét giät dÇu), a group of people (mét nhãm ngêi), a piece of advice (mét lêi khuyªn)...
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He raises chickens in his garden (Anh ta nu«i gµ trong vên nhµ m×nh), nhng I like to eat chicken (T«i thÝch ¨n thÞt gµ).
My house has six rooms (Nhµ t«i cã s¸u phßng), nhng There's no room in the car for the dog (Xe « t« kh«ng cã chç nµo cho chã ngåi).
We've been to France five times (Chóng t«i ®· sang Ph¸p n¨m lÇn), nhngTime is a great healer 1(thêi gian lµ thuèc ch÷a lµnh mäi vÕt th¬ng). SO HUU CACH
Së hòu c¸ch
's dïng cho danh tõ sè Ýt, danh tõ sè nhiÒu kh«ng tËn cïng b»ng 's, tõ sau cïng trong danh tõ kÐp, hoÆc sau tõ viÕt t¾t: VÝ dô:
Khi sö dông së h÷u c¸ch, ph¶i bá m¹o tõ ®øng tríc ngêi hoÆc vËt së h÷u. VÝ dô:
- The villa of the senator = The senator's villa (BiÖt thù cña thîng nghÞ sÜ) - The wife of the shoemaker = The shoemaker's wife (Vî cña ngêi thî giµy) - The toys of Jack = Jack's toys
1/ TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt kh«ng thay ®æi theo gièng vµ sè cña danh tõ. VÝ dô:
- An old woman (Mét bµ l·o) & Old women (C¸c bµ l·o) - An old man (Mét «ng l·o) & Old men (C¸c «ng l·o)
2/ VÞ trÝ cña tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt
Tríc danh tõ. VÝ dô:
- A poor family (Mét gia ®×nh nghÌo) - An unhappy teacher (Mét ngêi thÇy bÊt h¹nh) - Difficult problems (Nh÷ng bµi to¸n khã) - Sau danh tõ, nÕu tÝnh tõ cã bæ ng÷ kÌm theo.
VÝ dô: - Burgundy is a region famous for its wines (Burgundy lµ mét vïng næi tiÕng vÒ c¸c lo¹i rîu vang) - A shelf full of crockery (Mét ng¨n chøa ®Çy ®å sµnh sø)
Sau c¸c ®éng tõ Be, Become, Seem, Appear, Feel, Get/Grow, Keep, Look, Make, Smell, Sound, Taste, Turn. VÝ dô:
- He looks world-weary (Anh ta cã vÎ ch¸n ®êi) - This event made them more optimistic (Sù kiÖn nµy khiÕn hä l¹c quan h¬n) - After a persistent rain, everyone felt cold (Sau mét c¬n ma dai d¼ng, mäi ngêi ®Òu c¶m thÊy l¹nh) - That music sounds beautiful (Khóc nh¹c Êy nghe thËt hay) - The weather will keep fine (Thêi tiÕt sÏ vÉn cø ®Ñp) - This milk smells sour (S÷a nµy cã mïi chua)
Unemployed (thÊt nghiÖp), Jobless (thÊt nghiÖp), Wicked (xÊu xa) cã thÓ theo sau The ®Ó chØ lo¹i ngêi cã mét trong nh÷ng ®Æc trng võa nãi. BÊy giê, c¸c tÝnh tõ nµy trë thµnh danh tõ vµ nªn nhí lµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø ba sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô:
- The handicapped deserve our help (Nh÷ng kÎ tËt nguyÒn rÊt ®¸ng cho chóng ta gióp ®ì) - Special recreational programs for the elderly (C¸c ch¬ng tr×nh gi¶i trÝ ®Æc biÖt dµnh cho ngêi cao tuæi)
- Which of these two do you prefer? - I prefer the second (one)
(Trong hai c¸i nµy, b¹n thÝch c¸i nµo h¬n? - T«i thÝch c¸i thø hai h¬n) Lu ý
- I find that it is impossible to tame this bear = I find it impossible to tame this bear (T«i thÊy lµ kh«ng thÓ thuÇn ho¸ con gÊu nµy) - It is very kind of you to help him (B¹n thËt lµ tö tÕ míi gióp h¾n) - It is ungracious of him not to acknowledge your help (H¾n thËt lµ khiÕm nh· míi kh«ng c¸m ¬n sù gióp ®ì cña b¹n) - It is boring to tell lies all day long (ThËt lµ ch¸n ng¾t khi ph¶i nãi dèi suèt ngµy) - It is necessary to seize this golden opportunity (§iÒu cÇn thiÕt lµ n¾m lÊy c¬ héi ngµn vµng nµy) - It is not necessary for you to be in such a hurry (B¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i hÊp tÊp nh vËy) - It is lucky that we have a correction pen (May lµ chóng t«i cã bót xo¸) - It is lucky for us that he has a correction pen (May cho chóng t«i lµ anh ta cã bót xo¸)
Cã nh÷ng tÝnh tõ hai vÇn ¸p dông c¶ hai c¸ch nãi trªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Common (phæ biÕn) - Commoner/More common( phæ biÕn h¬n) - Commonest/Most common (phæ biÕn nhÊt); Clever (kh«n ngoan) - Cleverer/More clever (kh«n ngoan h¬n) - Cleverest/Most clever (kh«n ngoan nhÊt).
NÕu nghi ngê th× nªn dïng More vµ Most. 3/ So s¸nh bÊt quy t¾c
Good (tèt), better , best Bad (xÊu), worse , worst Far (xa), farther / further , furthest / farthest Little (Ýt), less , least Few (Ýt), fewer / less , fewest / least Many, Much (nhiÒu), more , most Old (giµ, cò), elder / older , eldest / oldest
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4/ CÊu tróc 4/1 So s¸nh h¬n
Cã thÓ dïng Much, Far, A little, A bit tríc tÝnh tõ ë cÊp so s¸nh h¬n. VÝ dô:
- Tom is much stronger than his rival (Tom khoÎ h¬n ®èi thñ cña m×nh nhiÒu) - Are you feeling a little (a bit) better today?
(H«m nay b¹n thÊy trong ngêi khoÎ h¬n kh«ng?)
Sau than cã thÓ lµ mét danh tõ, ®¹i tõ hoÆc mÖnh ®Ò. VÝ dô:
PHO TU DUOI HINH THUC SO SANH 1/ §Ó ®Æt phã tõ cã hai vÇn trë lªn díi h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp , ta thªm more vµ most tríc phã tõ.
Ch¼ng h¹n, Calmly (B×nh tÜnh) - More calmly (b×nh tÜnh h¬n) - Most calmly (b×nh tÜnh nhÊt), Luckily (may m¾n) - More luckily (may m¾n h¬n), Most luckily (may m¾n nhÊt).
§Æc biÖt
Well Better Best Badly Worse Worst Little Less Least Much More Most Far Farther Farthest Further Furthest Early Earlier Earliest Hard Harder Hardest Fast Faster Fastest Loud Louder Loudest
2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹
- He eats more quickly than I do/than me (Anh ta ¨n nhanh h¬n t«i) - He eats as quickly as I do/as me (Anh ta ¨n nhanh b»ng t«i) - He doesn't eat as quickly as I do/as me hoÆc He doesn't eat so quickly as I do/as me (Anh ta kh«ng ¨n nhanh b»ng t«i). - They arrived earlier than I expected (Hä ®· ®Õn sím h¬n t«i tëng) - The sooner you begin, the sooner you'll finish (B¹n b¾t ®Çu cµng sím, b¹n cµng sím xong viÖc) - The sooner the better (Cµng sím cµng tèt) - heir child screamed loudest of all (Con cña hä hÐt to nhÊt trong bän) - Who arrived the earliest?
(Ai ®Õn sím nhÊt?) VI TRI PHO TU 1/ Phã tõ chØ c¸ch thøc (Adverbs of manner)
§øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, This old man drinks heavily (¤ng l·o nµy nghiÖn rîu nÆng), She walked sluggishly (C« ta ®i mét c¸ch uÓ o¶i).
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§øng tríc giíi tõ hoÆc sau tóc tõ khi ®éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ (nhng ph¶i ®øng tríc giíi tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi). Ch¼ng h¹n, She glances shyly at him hoÆc She glances at him shyly (C« ta e thÑn liÕc nh×n anh ta), nhng She glances shyly at everyone who attends her wedding ceremony (C« ta e thÑn nh×n nh÷ng ngêi ®Õn dù lÔ cíi cña c« ta).
2/ Phã tõ chØ møc ®é (Adverbs of degree) §øng tríc mét phã tõ hoÆc mét tÝnh tõ ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho phã tõ hoÆc tÝnh tõ Êy. Ch¼ng h¹n, It is absolutely impossible (§iÒu ®ã hoµn toµn kh«ng thÓ ®îc), She sings very well (C« ta ca rÊt hay).
§Æc biÖt - They have only two children (Hä cã ván vÑn hai ®øa con) - Only five people were hurt in the accident (ChØ cã n¨m ngêi bÞ th¬ng trong vô tai n¹n) - For external use only (Dïng ngoµi da mµ th«i) - I only waited a few minutes, but it seemed like hours (T«i chØ ®îi vµi phót th«i, mµ cø nh mÊy giê ®ång hå)
- I hardly know this telephone number (T«i võa míi biÕt sè ®iÖn tho¹i nµy mµ th«i) - I can hardly lift this bag (T«i khã mµ nhÊc næi c¸i bao nµy) - Hardly anybody came (HÇu nh ch¼ng ai ®Õn) -There's hardly any milk left
(H·y viÕt ®ñ râ cho chóng t«i ®äc ®îc) 3/ Phã tõ chØ sù thêng xuyªn (Adverbs of frequency)
§øng sau th× ®¬n gi¶n cña To be. Ch¼ng h¹n, Your hands are still dirty (Tay anh vÉn cßn bÈn), He is always modest about his achievements (Anh ta lu«n khiªm tèn vÒ nh÷ng thµnh tùu cña m×nh).
Tríc th× ®¬n gi¶n cña tÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng tõ kh¸c. Ch¼ng h¹n, I continually have to remind him of his family (T«i ph¶i liªn tôc nh¾c h¾n nhí ®Õn gia ®×nh h¾n), He sometimes writes to me (ThØnh tho¶ng anh ta cã viÕt th cho t«i), My father never eats meat (Cha t«i ch¼ng bao giê ¨n thÞt).
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Sau trî ®éng tõ trong th× kÐp. Ch¼ng h¹n, I have never been abroad (T«i cha bao giê ra níc ngoµi), You should always check your oil before starting (B¹n nªn lu«n lu«n kiÓm tra dÇu nhít tríc khi khëi hµnh), We have often been there (Chóng t«i ®· tõng ®Õn ®ã lu«n).
4 Phã tõ chØ n¬i chèn (Adverbs of place)
§øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Her parents live abroad (Cha mÑ c« ta sèng ë níc ngoµi), They are waiting for us downstairs (Hä ®ang ®îi chóng t«i ë tÇng díi), Are you going anywhere? (Anh ®Þnh ®i bÊt cø n¬i nµo chø?).
Sau §éng tõ + tóc tõ hoÆc §éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, I've seen that old women somewhere (T«i ®· gÆp bµ l·o ®ã ë n¬i nµo ®ã), We looked for it everywhere (Chóng t«i ®· t×m nã kh¾p n¬i).
5/ Phã tõ chØ thêi gian (Adverbs of time)
§øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n, Eventually he won hoÆc He won eventually (Cuèi cïng anh ta ®· th¾ng), Then we walked home hoÆc We walked home then (Råi chóng t«i ®i bé vÒ nhµ). Tuy nhiªn, tèt nhÊt lµ tra tù ®iÓn tríc khi dïng phã tõ chØ thêi gian.
DAI TU TINH TU NGHI VAN
Who (®¹i tõ)
Whom (®¹i tõ)
What (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)
Which (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)
Whose (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ) VÝ dô minh ho¹ a) Who
- Who told him the news? (Ai b¸o tin cho anh ta?)
- Do you know who damaged my car? (B¹n cã biÕt ai lµm háng xe t«i hay kh«ng?) - I wonder who phoned this morning (T«i ch¼ng biÕt ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i s¸ng nay) - Who ate my bread? (Ai ®· ¨n b¸nh m× cña t«i?) - Who is that bespectacled girl? (C« g¸i ®eo kÝnh lµ ai?)
b) Whom
- Thay v× Whom did they invite? (Hä mêi nh÷ng ai?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Who did they invite? - Thay v× Whom did you see at church? (B¹n ®· gÆp ai ë nhµ thê?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Who did you see at church? - Thay v× With whom did you go? (B¹n ®· ®i víi ai?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Who did you go with? - Thay v× To whom are you speaking? (B¹n ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Who are you speaking to?
c) Whose
Whose lµ tÝnh tõ. - Whose house was broken into? (Nhµ cña ai bÞ bän trém vµo?) - Whose book are they reading? (Hä ®ang ®äc s¸ch cña ai?)
Whose lµ ®¹i tõ.
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- Whose are these newspapers ? (Nh÷ng tê b¸o nµy lµ cña ai?) - Whose is that house? (Nhµ ®ã lµ cña ai?)
d) Which
Which lµ tÝnh tõ. - Which hat is hers? (Mò nµo lµ cña c« ta?) - Which way is quicker - by taxi or by pedicab? (§êng nµo th× nhanh h¬n - b»ng taxi hay b»ng xe xÝch l«?)
- Which languages did you study at school? (Anh ®· häc nh÷ng thø tiÕng g× ë trêng?) - Which journalist (of all journalists) do you admire most? (Nhµ b¸o nµo b¹n ngìng mé nhÊt?) - Thay v× To which address will you send this letter? (B¹n sÏ göi th nµy ®Õn ®Þa chØ nµo), ngêi ta thêng nãi Which address will you send this letter to?. T¬ng tù, thay v× In which region do you work? (B¹n lµm viÖc ë vïng nµo?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Which region do you work in?
Which lµ ®¹i tõ. - Which is her hat? (Mò cña c« ta lµ mò nµo?) - Which of them is the tallest? (Ngêi nµo trong sè hä lµ cao nhÊt?)
- Which of these two photos do you like best? (B¹n thÝch bøc nµo nhÊt trong hai bøc ¶nh nµy?)
e) What
What lµ ®¹i tõ. - What happens? (Cã chuyÖn g× x¶y ra vËy?) - What made him so furious? (§iÒu g× khiÕn h¾n ®iªn tiÕt lªn vËy?)
- What are you thinking? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ g× vËy?) - What's the date? (H«m nay ngµy bao nhiªu?) - What does he say? (Anh ta nãi g× vËy?) - What did you do that for? = Why did you do that? (B¹n lµm ®iÒu ®ã nh»m môc ®Ých g×?) - What is this bag for? (C¸i bao nµy dïng ®Ó lµm g×?) - What does this word mean? (Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?) - What does she do? = What is she? = What is her profession? (C« ta lµm nghÒ g×?) - What's your name? (Tªn b¹n lµ g×?) - What was the weather like? (Thêi tiÕt nh thÕ nµo?) - What does she look like? (C« ta tr«ng thÕ nµo?)
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- Thay v× What age are you?/What is your age?, ngêi ta thêng nãi How old are you? (B¹n bao nhiªu tuæi?) - Thay v× What height is he?/ What is his height?, ngêi ta thêng nãi How tall is he? (Anh ta cao bao nhiªu?)
DAI TU NHAN XUNG 1/ H×nh thøc
Chñ tõ Tóc tõ Sè Ýt Ng«i thø nhÊt I Me Ng«i thø hai You You Ng«i thø ba He/She/It Him/Her/It ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sè nhiÒu Ng«i thø nhÊt We Us Ng«i thø hai You You Ng«i thø ba They Them
- They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it? (Hä ®·i b¹n ¨n tèi. B¹n ®· c¸m ¬n hä vÒ viÖc ®ã cha?) - She will stay with us (C« Êy sÏ ë l¹i víi chóng ta) - You need to speak to someone like him (B¹n cÇn ph¶i nãi chuyÖn víi nh÷ng ngêi nh anh ta)
- It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy . - It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To get up early is bettter .
Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ ch¸n), ta cã thÓ nãi She finds it boring to stay at home .
It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®îc ®Ò cËp tríc ®ã. VÝ dô:
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It lµm chñ tõ cho c¸c ®éng tõ kh«ng ¸m chØ riªng ai VÝ dô:
- It appears that there has been a mistake
(Dêng nh ®· cã sù nhÇm lÉn) - It seems that he's resigned (Dêng nh «ng ta ®· tõ chøc)
DAI TU PHAN THAN 1/ H×nh thøc
Chñ tõ Tóc tõ Sè Ýt Ng«i thø nhÊt I Me Ng«i thø hai You You Ng«i thø ba He/She/It Him/Her/It ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sè nhiÒu Ng«i thø nhÊt We Us Ng«i thø hai You You Ng«i thø ba They Them
- It is raining/snowing (Trêi ®ang ma/®ang tuyÕt r¬i) - It's a fine night (Trêi ®ªm ®Ñp) - It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto (ThËt lµ nãng/l¹nh/m¸t trong hang nµy)
CÊu tróc It + is + tÝnh tõ + nguyªn mÉu VÝ dô:
- It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy . - It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To get up early is bettter .
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Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ ch¸n), ta cã thÓ nãi She finds it boring to stay at home .
It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®îc ®Ò cËp tríc ®ã. VÝ dô:
Lu ý: §õng nhÇm tÝnh tõ së h÷u Its vµ côm tõ It's (viÕt t¾t cña It is) 1/ §Æc ®iÓm
TÝnh tõ së h÷u tïy thuéc së h÷u chñ, chø kh«ng tïy thuéc vËt së h÷u. Do vËy, nhµ cña anh ta lµ His house, nhµ cña c« ta lµ Her house. MÑ cña anh ta lµ His mother, mÑ cña c« ta lµ Her mother.
TÝnh tõ së h÷u kh«ng tïy thuéc sè cña vËt së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, my friend (b¹n cña t«i), my friends (c¸c b¹n cu¶ t«i), their room (phßng cña hä), their rooms (c¸c phßng cña hä).
Own còng ®îc thªm vµo ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh sù së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, Does that car belong to the company, or is it your own? (chiÕc xe «t« Êy cña c«ng ty, hay cña riªng anh?), Their own garden (m¶nh vên riªng cña hä).
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... of mine nghÜa lµ One of my ... (mét... cña t«i). VÝ dô:
- A friend of mine = one of my friends (mét ngêi b¹n cña t«i) - A teacher of hers = one of her teachers (mét ngêi thÇy cña c« Êy)
DAI TU BAT DINH
TÝnh tõ bÊt ®Þnh:
- There's only one piece of cake left (ChØ cßn l¹i mét mÈu b¸nh)
- This mendicant is blind in both eyes (Ngêi ¨n xin nµy mï c¶ hai m¾t) - A ring on each finger (Mét c¸i nhÉn trªn mçi ngãn tay) - Take either half, they are exactly the same (H·y lÊy nöa nµy hoÆc nöa kia, c¶ hai ®Òu b»ng nhau) - Neither boy was present (C¶ hai ®øa bÐ ®Òu kh«ng cã mÆt) - I have read this book several times (T«i ®· ®äc quyÓn s¸ch nµy nhiÒu lÇn) - All dogs are animals, but not all animals are dogs (TÊt c¶ c¸c con chã ®Òu lµ ®éng vËt, nhng kh«ng ph¶i tÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng vËt ®Òu lµ chã)
§¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh - This problem is one of great difficulty (VÊn ®Ò nµy lµ vÊn ®Ò rÊt khã kh¨n) - We both want to go hunting (C¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu muèn ®i s¨n) - He gave the boys five dollars each (¤ng ta cho mçi ®øa bÐ 5 ®« la) - I've bought two cakes - you can have either (T«i ®· mua hai c¸i b¸nh - anh cã thÓ lÊy mét trong hai c¸i ®ã)
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- I chose neither of them (T«i kh«ng chän c¸i nµo trong hai c¸i ®ã c¶) - Several of us decided to walk (NhiÒu ngêi trong chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i bé) - We had several loaves left - All (of them) were crisp (Chóng t«i cßn nhiÒu æ b¸nh m× - TÊt c¶ (c¸c æ b¸nh m× ®ã) ®Òu gißn) - Everybody goes to church (Mäi ngêi ®Òu ®i nhµ thê) - I'll give you everything I have (T«i sÏ cho b¹n mäi thø mµ t«i cã) - Nobody came to see me (Kh«ng ai ®Õn th¨m t«i) - None of them wants to stay (Kh«ng ngêi nµo trong bän hä muèn ë l¹i)
- I have nothing to eat (T«i ch¼ng cã g× ®Ó ¨n c¶) - Ask anyone in your room (H·y hái bÊt cø ai trong phßng b¹n) - Did you know many of them? (B¹n cã biÕt nhiÒu ngêi trong bän hä kh«ng?) - As a student, she has much to learn (Lµ sinh viªn, c« ta cã nhiÒu ®iÒu cÇn ph¶i häc hái) - How many loaves do you want? - A lot (B¹n cÇn bao nhiªu æ b¸nh m×? - NhiÒu l¾m) - Do you need more money? - No, there's plenty in the safe (¤ng cÇn thªm tiÒn n÷a kh«ng? - Kh«ng, vÉn cßn nhiÒu trong kÐt s¾t) - I agree to some of what you said (T«i ®ång ý víi phÇn nµo nh÷ng ®iÒu b¹n nãi) - He doesn't like any of these flowers (H¾n kh«ng thÝch bÊt cø hoa nµo trong nh÷ng hoa nµy) - I can understand little of what he said (T«i hiÓu ®îc chót Ýt nh÷ng ®iÒu h¾n nãi) - If you've got any spare sugar, could you give me a little? (NÕu b¹n cßn ®êng, b¹n cho t«i mét Ýt ®îc kh«ng?) - Is this sum of money enough for their business trip? (Sè tiÒn nµy ®ñ cho chuyÕn c«ng t¸c cña hä hay kh«ng?) - Many are called, but few are chosen (NhiÒu ngêi ®îc gäi ®Õn, nhng Ýt ngêi ®îc chän) - My father has written many historical novels, but I've only read a few (of them) (Bè t«i ®· viÕt nhiÒu tiÓu thuyÕt lÞch sö, nhng t«i chØ míi ®äc vµi quyÓn (trong sè ®ã)) - We must help others less fortunate than ourselves (Chóng ta ph¶i gióp ®ì nh÷ng ngêi kh¸c kÐm may m¾n h¬n chóng ta)
- This shirt is too big; I'll try another (C¸i ¸o s¬ mi nµy to qu¸; t«i sÏ thö mét c¸i kh¸c) Lu ý
Much (tÝnh tõ) ®øng tríc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc , Much (®¹i tõ) thay chodanh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc . Much còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh I didn't enjoy that comedy (very) much (T«i kh«ng thÝch vë hµi nµy l¾m) hoÆc She's much better today (H«m nay c« ta kh¸ h¬n nhiÒu).
Much ph¶n nghÜa víi Little.
Many (tÝnh tõ) ®øng tríc danh tõ ®Õm ®îc , Many (®¹i tõ) thay cho danh tõ ®Õm ®îc . Many ph¶n nghÜa víi Few.
Little còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ vµ tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt. Ch¼ng h¹n, I slept very little last night
(§ªm qua, t«i ngñ rÊt Ýt) [Phã tõ] vµLittle holes to let air in (Nh÷ng lç nhá ®Ó kh«ng khÝ vµo) (TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt).
A little còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh They are a little worried about the next entrance examination (Hä h¬i lo vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh s¾p tíi).
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Cho ngêi Who Whom/Who Whose That That ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cho ®å vËt Which Which Whose/Of which That That
Trong tiÕng Anh chÝnh thøc, Whom thay cho Who khi Who kh«ng ph¶i lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan
Trong v¨n nãi, ngêi ta thêng lîc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ khi ®¹i tõ nµy lµ tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Isn't that the shirt (which/that) you wore? (§ã kh«ng ph¶i c¸i ¸o s¬ mi mµ b¹n ®· mÆc chø?), That's the stone (that) he broke the window with (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ mµ nhê ®ã h¾n ®Ëp vì cöa sæ). Tuy nhiªn, kh«ng thÓ lîc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ nÕu ®¹i tõ nµy lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The mason who stands with arms akimbo is closely related to my driver (Ngêi thî nÒ ®øng chèng n¹nh cã quan hÖ hä hµng gÇn víi tµi xÕ cña t«i), She's the girl who/that broke my heart (C« ta chÝnh lµ c« g¸i lµm t«i ®au khæ), That's the stone which/that broke the window (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ lµm vì cöa sæ).
Whose lµ së h÷u c¸ch cña Who vµ ®«i khi cña c¶ Which. VÝ dô:
- The clothes that are on the floor are dirty (QuÇn ¸o trªn sµn nhµ lµ quÇn ¸o bÈn) - Read the passage to which I referred in my talk (H·y ®äc ®o¹n mµ t«i nh¾c ®Õn trong cuéc nãi chuyÖn) - A house which overlooks the park will cost more (Nhµ nh×n ra c«ng viªn sÏ ®¾t tiÒn h¬n) - The roof on which I was standing collapsed suddenly (M¸i nhµ mµ t«i ®ang ®øng trªn ®ã bçng nhiªn ®æ sËp) = The roof which I was standing on collapsed suddenly = The roof I was standing on collapsed suddenly.
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§Æc biÖt
Thay v× The first scientist who discovers/discovered this principle (Nhµ khoa häc ®Çu tiªn t×m ra nguyªn lý nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The first scientist to discover this principle.
Thay v× The only one who understands/understood this equation (Ngêi duy nhÊt hiÓu ®îc ph¬ng tr×nh nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The only one to understand this equation .
What còng cã nghÜa lµ "Nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ/Nh÷ng g× mµ". VÝ dô:
- What you owned excited their envy (Nh÷ng g× b¹n cã ®· kÝch thÝch lßng ghen tÞ cña hä). - What he said was untrue (Nh÷ng g× h¾n nãi ®Òu tr¸i víi sù thËt). - We studywhat our teacher teaches us (Chóng ta häc nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ thÇy gi¸o d¹y chóng ta).
Which còng cã nghÜa lµ "§iÒu ®ã". VÝ dô:
- He said he had no money to go home, which was really absurd
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(Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta kh«ng cã tiÒn ®Ó vÒ nhµ, ®iÒu ®ã hÕt søc v« lý) - Our car broke down suddenly, which made our journey less exciting (Xe chóng t«i bÞ háng ®ét xuÊt, ®iÒu ®ã khiÕn cuéc hµnh tr×nh cña chóng t«i bít phÇn hµo høng)
DAI TU VA TINH TU CHI DINH 1/ TÝnh tõ chØ ®Þnh (demonstrative adjectives) thay ®æi theo sè cña danh tõ.
VÝ dô: - That boy is very agile
(CËu bÐ Êy rÊt lanh lîi) - These tourists come from Japan (C¸c du kh¸ch nµy ®Õn tõ NhËt B¶n) - What does this word mean? (Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?) - Those loaves are for the picnic (Nh÷ng æ b¸nh m× Êy dµnh cho b÷a ¨n ngoµi trêi) - At that time, she was singing her child to sleep (Lóc Êy, c« ta ®ang ru con ngñ)
This/These/That/Those + danh tõ + of + yours/hers. .. ®«i khi dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh thay cho your/her... These words of yours are not convincing = Your words are not convincing (Lêi lÏ nµy cña anh ch¼ng cã søc thuyÕt phôc) That shirt of Ba's is always dirty = Ba's shirt is always dirty. (C¸i ¸o s¬mi ®ã cña Ba lu«n lu«n bÈn)
Those cã thÓ cã mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh theo sau: VÝ dô:
- Those who don't want to come there will stay at home. (Ai kh«ng muèn ®Õn ®ã th× ë nhµ)
This/That cã thÓ chØ mét danh tõ, côm tõ hay mét mÖnh ®Ò ®· ®îc ®Ò cËp tríc: VÝ dô:
- We are binding books. We do this every day. (Chóng t«i ®ang ®ãng s¸ch. Ngµy nµo chóng t«i còng lµm viÖc nµy)
- He avowed his faults. Wasn't that a praiseworthy behaviour? (Anh ta nhËn lçi cña m×nh. §ã kh«ng ph¶i lµ lèi xö sù ®¸ng khen sao?)
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3/ This/These, That/Those dïng víi one/ones Kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i cã one/ones theo sau c¸c tõ chØ ®Þnh nãi trªn, trõ phi sau This, that ... lµ mét tÝnh tõ.
VÝ dô: - This shirt is too tight. I'll wear that (one ) (C¸i ¸o s¬mi nµy chËt qu¸. T«i sÏ mÆc c¸i kia) I like this red one /these red ones. (T«i thÝch c¸i mµu ®á nµy/nh÷ng c¸i mµu ®á nµy)
The former & The latter
The former = Ngêi thø nhÊt, vËt thø nhÊt (trong hai ngêi, trong hai vËt)
The latter = Ngêi thø hai, vËt thø hai (trong hai ngêi, trong hai vËt) VÝ dô:
- I have two French friends, the former is an engineer and the latter is a lawyer (T«i cã hai ngêi b¹n Ph¸p, ngêi thø nhÊt lµ kü s vµ ngêi thø hai lµ luËt s) - If I had to choose between wealth and peacefulness, I'd prefer the latter (NÕu ph¶i chän gi÷a sù giµu sang vµ sù thanh nhµn, t«i thÝch c¸i thø hai h¬n)
Lu ý I relied on her being efficient (T«i tin vµo viÖc c« Êy cã n¨ng lùc), chø kh«ng nãi I relied on that she was efficient . He left early to catch the last bus (H¾n ra ®i sím ®Ó kÞp chuyÕn xe bóyt cuèi cïng), chø kh«ng nãi He left early for to catch the last bus . He moved towards me, chø kh«ng nãi He moved towards I .
a) Please do not write below this line (Xin ®õng viÕt díi dßng nµy) (giíi tõ) The passengers who felt seasick stayed below (Hµnh kh¸ch say sãng th× ë bªn díi) (tr¹ng tõ)
b) We left school after that event (Chóng t«i rêi ghÕ nhµ trêng sau biÕn cè Êy) (giíi tõ) The day after, he apologized (Ngµy h«m sau, anh ta xin lçi) (tr¹ng tõ)
c) They knelt before the throne (Hä quú tríc ngai vµng) (giíi tõ) You should have told me so before (LÏ ra b¹n ph¶i cho t«i biÕt tríc chuyÖn Êy) (tr¹ng tõ)
d) Gold fish swimming round the bowl (C¸ vµng b¬i quanh chËu) (giíi tõ) Stop turning your head round to look at the girls (§õng quay l¹i nh×n c¸c c« g¸i n÷a) (tr¹ng tõ) DONG TU TONG QUAT
- He translates a contract from Vietnamese into English
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(Anh ta dÞch mét hîp ®ång tõ tiÕng ViÖt sang tiÕng Anh) - Many memorable events happened last year (N¨m ngo¸i ®· x¶y ra nhiÒu sù kiÖn ®¸ng nhí) - The situation became unfavourable to them (T×nh thÕ trë nªn bÊt lîi cho hä) - He takes after his father (Anh ta gièng bè anh ta) - Turn on the lights ! (BËt ®Ìn lªn!) - Please write back as soon as possible
(Xin vui lßng viÕt th tr¶ lêi cµng sím cµng tèt) - Their plane took off later than usual (M¸y bay cña hä cÊt c¸nh muén h¬n thêng lÖ)
Néi ®éng tõ (Intransitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ tù nã ®· ®ñ nghÜa vµ kh«ng cÇn tóc tõ theo sau. Ch¼ng h¹n, The birdflies (Con chim bay), They are swimming (Hä ®ang b¬i). Ngo¹i ®éng tõ (Transitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ ®ßi hái cã tóc tõ (Object) theo sau th× míi ®ñ nghÜa. Ch¼ng h¹n, Ba opens the window (Ba më cöa sæ), The police took the suicides to the hospital (C¶nh s¸t ®a nh÷ng ngêi tù tö ®Õn bÖnh viÖn). NÕu kh«ng cã the window vµ the suicides , ta ch¼ng biÕt Ba më c¸i g× vµ C¶nh s¸t ®a ai ®Õn bÖnh viÖn. Tuy nhiªn, còng cã ®éng tõ võa lµ Néi ®éng tõ võa lµ Ngo¹i ®éng tõ . Ch¼ng h¹n, Please speak slowly (Xin vui lßng nãi chËm l¹i) vµ Please speak English (Xin vui lßng nãi tiÕng Anh), hoÆc The number of traffic accidentsincreased from day to day (Sè vô tai n¹n giao th«ng gia t¨ng tõng ngµy mét) vµ She increased her speed to evade the robbers (C« ta t¨ng tèc ®é ®Ó tho¸t khái bän cíp).
- President Ho Chi Minh died in 1969 (Chñ tÞch Hå ChÝ Minh tõ trÇn n¨m 1969) - We are preparing for the university entrance examination (Chóng t«i ®ang chuÈn bÞ cho kú thi vµo ®¹i häc) - Tomorrow morning, he will not preside at the monthly meeting (S¸ng mai, «ng ta sÏ kh«ng chñ tr× cuéc häp hµng th¸ng) - Try hard to succeed and stop thinking about frivolities ! (H·y cè g¾ng hÕt m×nh ®Ó thµnh c«ng vµ ®õng nghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng chuyÖn l«ng b«ng n÷a !) - She can stay at home if she likes (C« ta cã thÓ ë nhµ nÕu c« ta thÝch) - If we had been there yesterday morning, he would have invited us to breakfast ( NÕu s¸ng
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H×nh thøc - H×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh (Affirmative Form) : Hoa is a programmer (Hoa lµ lËp tr×nh viªn), They go shopping (Hä ®i mua s¾m), She smiled happily (C« ta mØm cêi sung síng).
- H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh (Negative Form) : Hoa is not / isn't a programmer (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn), They do not / don't go shopping (Hä kh«ng ®i mua s¾m), She did not / didn't smile happily (C« ta kh«ng mØm cêi sung síng). - H×nh thøc nghi vÊn (Interrogative Form) : Is Hoa a programmer ? (Hoa cã ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay kh«ng?), Do they go shopping ? (Hä cã ®i mua s¾m hay kh«ng?), Did she smile happily ? (C« ta cã mØm cêi sung síng hay kh«ng?). - H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh (Negative Interrogative Form) : Thay v× Is Hoa not a programmer ? (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay sao?), Do they not go shopping ? (Hä kh«ng ®i mua s¾m chø?) vµ Did she not smile happily ? (C« ta kh«ng mØm cêi sung síng sao?), ngêi ta thêng viÕt Isn't Hoa a programmer ?, Don't they go shopping ? vµ Didn't she smile happily ?
THI VA CACH CUA DONG TU THI THI HIEN TAI
H×nh thøc VÝ dô : TO WORK X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh I work I don't work Do I work? Don't I work? You work You don't work Do you work Don't you work? He/she/it works He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it work? Doesn't he/she/it work? We work We don't work Do we work? Don't we work? You work You don't work Do you work? Don't you work? They work They don't work Do they work? Don't they work?
Don't vµ Doesn't chÝnh lµ Do not vµ Does not. Ch¼ng h¹n, I do not work tØnh lîc thµnh I don't work, hoÆc Do you not work? tØnh lîc thµnh Don't you work?
Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cã h×nh thøc gièng nh nguyªn mÉu, chØ kh¸c mét ®iÒu lµ thªm S ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt (He/She/It). Ch¼ng h¹n, To play --> She plays, To stand --> He stands, To smile --> She smiles.
Tuy nhiªn, ph¶i thªm ES nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng SS, CH, SH, X vµ O. Ch¼ng h¹n, To miss --> She misses, To push --> He pushes, To clutch --> He clutches, To fix --> He fixes, To do --> She does, To go --> It goes.
- When the curtain rises, a French officer is making advances to Eliza. The phone rings suddenly. She picks it up and listens quietly. As for him, the French officer smokes while staring into space (Khi mµn kÐo lªn, mét sÜ quan Ph¸p ®ang t¸n tØnh Eliza. §iÖn tho¹i bçng reo vang. Nµng nhÊc ®iÖn tho¹i lªn vµ b×nh th¶n l¾ng nghe. VÒ phÇn m×nh, viªn sÜ quan Ph¸p võa hót thuèc võa nh×n ®¨m ®¨m vµo kho¶ng kh«ng).
I am working , He is working , They are working ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I'm working , He's working, They're working ...
I am not working , You are not working , He is not working ...thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I'm not working , You're not working / You aren't working , He's not working / He isn't working ...
Am I not working? , Are you not working? , Is he not working? ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh Aren't I working? , Aren't you working? , Isn't he working? ...
C«ng dông
DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra. VÝ dô:
- It is raining (Trêi ®ang ma) - The kettle is boiling (Níc trong Êm ®ang s«i) - What are you doing? - I am feeding the pigs (Anh ®ang lµm g× vËy? - T«i ®ang cho lîn ¨n) - At present, my younger sister is teaching English and (is) studying medicine(HiÖn nay, em g¸i t«i ®ang d¹y tiÕng Anh vµ häc y khoa)
DiÔn t¶ mét t¬ng lai thËt gÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I am taking an oral examination tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, t«i thi vÊn ®¸p), Are you doing anything this afternoon? (Anh cã lµm g× chiÒu nay hay kh«ng?)
DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i theo thãi quen. Ch¼ng h¹n, She is always wearing her jumper the wrong way round (C« ta lu«n mÆc ¸o len nhÇm ®»ng tríc ra ®»ng sau), You are always getting the wrong number (C¸c anh lu«n quay nhÇm sè ®iÖn tho¹i).
THI HIEN TAI HOAN THANH
H×nh thøc
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We have worked We have not worked Have we worked? You have worked You have not worked Have you worked? They have worked They have not worked Have they worked?
I have worked , He has worked , They have worked ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I've worked, He's worked, They've worked.
I have not worked , He has not worked , They have not worked ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I haven't worked/I've not worked, He hasn't worked/He's not worked, They haven't worked/They've not worked ...
Have I not worked? , Has he not worked? , Have they not worked? (Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh)... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh Haven't I worked?, Hasn't he worked?, Haven't they worked?
C«ng dông
DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra, nhng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh lµ x¶y ra lóc nµo. VÝ dô :
- Don't worry ! He has received your complimentary tickets (§õng lo! ¤ng Êy nhËn ®îc vÐ mêi cña anh råi) - Have you finished your work? - Yes, I have/No, I haven't finished it yet (Anh lµm xong c«ng viÖc cha? - Råi, t«i lµm xong råi/ Cha, t«i cha lµm xong)
§èi víi ®éng tõ cã qui t¾c, Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n h×nh thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm ed vµoNguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (hoÆc thªm d nÕu nguyªn mÉu tËn cïng b»ng e). VÝ dô :
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To play ---> I played, You played, He played, They played... To connect --> I connected, You connected, He connected... To raise --> I raised, You raised, He raised, They raised... To guide --> I guided, You guided, They guided...
To work --> I worked, You worked, He worked, We worked, They worked
To sleep --> I slept, You slept, He slept, We slept, They slept
Phñ ®Þnh = Did not / Didn't + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To VÝ dô :
- I did not/didn't work, He did not/didn't work, They did not/didn't work - I did not/didn't sleep, He did not/didn't sleep, They did not/didn't sleep
Nghi vÊn = Did + chñ tõ + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To VÝ dô :
- Did I work? Did you work? Did he work? Did we work? Did they work? - Did I sleep? Did you sleep? Did he sleep? Did we sleep? Did they sleep?
Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : VÝ dô :
- Did you not/Didn't you work? Did he not/Didn't he work? Did they not/didn't they work?... - Did you not/Didn't you sleep? Did he not/Didn't he sleep? Did they not/didn't they sleep?...
I was not working , You were not working , He was not working ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I wasn't working, You weren't working, He wasn't working ...
Was I not working ?Were you not working ? Was he not working ? (Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh)... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh Wasn't I working? Weren't you working? Wasn't he working? ...
DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø. VÝ dô :
- What were you doing at six o'clock yesterday morning? (Lóc 6 giê s¸ng h«m qua, anh ®ang lµm g×?) - At that moment, I was sleeping (Lóc Êy, t«i ®ang ngñ) - What was she doing when you arrived? (C« ta ®ang lµm g× khi anh ®Õn?)
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- When I arrived, she was boiling eggs (Khi t«i ®Õn, c« ta ®ang luéc trøng) - They burst out laughing while their father was speaking to me (Hä cêi ph¸ lªn trong lóc cha hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi t«i)
Miªu t¶ qu¸ khø. VÝ dô :
- The girl was cooking in the kitchen. Her father was reading while her younger brother was revising for the end-of-term test. Suddenly, there were shots and screams in the distance (C« g¸i ®ang nÊu ¨n trong bÕp. Cha c« ®ang ®äc s¸ch, trong khi em trai c« ®ang «n tËp thi cuèi häc kú. Bçng cã nhiÒu
tiÕng sóng vµ tiÕng thÐt tõ xa väng l¹i).
Thay choHiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn khi chuyÓn Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp sang Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp. VÝ dô :
- He said, "I am writing to my siblings" (¤ng ta nãi : "T«i ®ang viÕt th cho anh chÞ em ruét cña t«i) --> He said that he was writing to his siblings" (¤ng ta nãi r»ng «ng ta ®ang viÕt th cho anh chÞ em ruét cña m×nh). - She said, "I am combing my hair" (C« ta nãi : "T«i ®ang ch¶i tãc") ---> She said that she was combing her hair (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang ch¶i tãc)
DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i trong qu¸ khø. VÝ dô :
- I was always working full-time (T«i lu«n lu«n lµm viÖc trän ngµy)
H×nh thøc x¸c ®Þnh lµ I had/I'd worked, He had/He'd worked ...
H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh lµ I had not/hadn't worked, He had not/hadn't worked ...
H×nh thøc nghi vÊn lµ Had I worked? Had he worked? .. ..
H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Had I not/Hadn't I worked? Had he not/Hadn't he worked?... C«ng dông
Khi hai hµnh ®éng cïng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø, ta dïng Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh cho hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y ra tríc vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cho hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y ra sau. VÝ dô :
- I met them after they had divorced each other (T«i gÆp hä sau khi hä ly dÞ nhau) - Lan said she had been chosen as a beauty queen two years before (Lan nãi r»ng tríc ®ã hai n¨m, c« ta tõng ®îc chän lµm hoa hËu) - I was anxious about these children's plight, because their mother had been consumptive for three months (T«i ¸i ng¹i cho hoµn c¶nh ®¸ng th¬ng cña nh÷ng ®øa trÎ nµy, v× mÑ chóng m¾c bÖnh lao phæi ®· ba th¸ng råi) - An idea occured to him that she herself had helped him very much in the everyday life (H¾n chît nghÜ ra r»ng chÝnh c« ta ®· gióp h¾n rÊt nhiÒu trong cuéc sèng hµng ngµy) - She wondered why you had referred to her unhappy childhood (C« ta kh«ng hiÓu t¹i sao anh l¹i nh¾c ®Õn thêi th¬ Êu bÊt h¹nh cña c« ta) - When I entered the dining-room, she had just finished washing the dishes (Khi t«i bíc vµo phßng ¨n, c« ta võa míi röa b¸t ®Üa xong)
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- When the police reached the scene of the crime, the murderer had just killed himself with his own high-powered rifle (Khi c¶nh s¸t ®Õn hiÖn trêng, hung thñ võa míi tù s¸t b»ng khÈu sóng trêng cùc m¹nh cña chÝnh h¾n) - No sooner had he returned from a long journey than he was ordered to pack his bags (Anh ta míi ®i xa vÒ th× l¹i ®îc lÖnh cuèn gãi ra ®i)
Thay choHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n khi chuyÓnLêi nãi trùc tiÕp sangLêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp. VÝ dô :
- She was sluggish because she had been sitting up all night to watch the Olympics on TV (C« ta uÓ o¶i v× ®· thøc suèt ®ªm xem §¹i héi ¤limpich thÕ giíi trªn ti-vi) - I had been trying hard not to laugh (T«i cè g¾ng hÕt søc ®Ó kh«ng cêi to)
H×nh thøc T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n = Shall / Will + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To
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X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh I will/I'll work I will not/I won't work You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work He will/He'll work He will not/He won't work We will/We'll work We will not/We won't work You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work They will/They'll work They will not/They won't work
Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh Shall I work? Shall I not work?/Shan't I work? Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work? Will he work? Will he not work?/Won't he work? Shall we work? Shall we not work?/Shan't we work? Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work? Will they work? Will they not work?/Won't they work?
- Will you help me, please? (Anh vui lßng gióp t«i chø?) - You will drive me to the post office, won't you? (Anh ®a t«i ®Õn bu ®iÖn, ®îc kh«ng?) - You will address the letters of invitation and post them this afternoon (Anh ph¶i ghi ®Þa chØ lªn c¸c th mêi vµ chiÒu nay mang ra bu ®iÖn göi ®i)
Trong mÈu tin têng thuËt hoÆc b¸o chÝ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The Primer Minister will open a new industrial zone tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, Thñ tíng sÏ kh¸nh thµnh mét khu c«ng nghiÖp míi).
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- If it rains, Ba will go there by taxi (NÕu trêi ma, Ba sÏ ®i taxi ®Õn ®ã) - If he hasn't finished with his coworkers, we shall wait for him at the canteen (NÕu «ng ta cha gi¶i quyÕt xong c«ng viÖc víi c¸c ®ång sù, chóng t«i sÏ ®îi «ng ta ë c¨ng-tin)
Lu ý
Be going to nghÜa lµ "S¾p söa" (t¬ng lai gÇn), "Dù ®Þnh". VÝ dô :
- It is going to rain (Trêi s¾p ma) - We are going to take our driving-test (Chóng t«i s¾p thi lÊy b»ng l¸i xe) - I am going to buy a cheap but powerful car (T«i ®Þnh mua mét chiÕc xe rÎ tiÒn nhng ch¹y khoÎ) - He is going to resign as ambassador-at-large (¤ng ta ®Þnh tõ chøc ®¹i sø lu ®éng)
X¸c ®Þnh : I shall/will be working, We shall/will be working, He/she/it will be working ...
Phñ ®Þnh : I shall not/shan't be working, I will not/won't be working, We shall not/shan't be working, We will not/won't be working, He/she/it will not/won't be working ...
Nghi vÊn : Shall/will I be working?, Shall/will we be working?, Will he/she/it be working? ...
Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Will you not be working?/Won't you be working?, Will they not be working?/Won't they be working? ...
C«ng dông
DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t¬ng lai. VÝ dô :
H×nh thøc T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh = Shall/Will + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 1) hoÆc Will + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3)
X¸c ®Þnh : I will/I'll have worked (hoÆc I shall have worked), He will/He'll have worked, We will/We'll have worked (hoÆc We shall have worked) ...
Phñ ®Þnh : I will not/won't have worked (hoÆc I shall not/shan't have worked), He will not/won't have worked, We will not/won't have worked (hoÆc We shall not/shan't have worked) ...
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Nghi vÊn : Shall I have worked? Will he have worked?Shall we have worked? ...
Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Shall I not/Shan't I have worked? Will he not/Won't he have worked? Shall we not/Shan't we have worked? ...
C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong t¬ng lai. Thêng th× T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh ®i kÌm víi tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh By then , By that time , By the end of the year ... ch¼ng h¹n.
VÝ dô : - Early next week, we shall hold the marathon for the elderly. Regrettably, you will have left Vietnam by then (§Çu tuÇn tíi, chóng t«i sÏ tæ chøc cuéc ®ua marat«ng cho ngêi cao tuæi. TiÕc lµ ®Õn lóc ®ã, c¸c anh ®· rêi khái ViÖt Nam råi) - By the time this quotation reaches you, their company will have gone bankrupt (Lóc anh nhËn ®îc b¶n b¸o gi¸ nµy còng lµ lóc c«ng ty cña hä bÞ ph¸ s¶n råi)
C«ng dông Quan hÖ gi÷a T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµT¬ng lai hoµn thµnh còng gièng nh quan hÖ gi÷a HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh . T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn còng ®i kÌm víi tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh By then , By that time , By the end of the year ... ch¼ng h¹n.
VÝ dô :
- By the end of this century, United Nations Organization will have been existing for 55 years (§Õn cuèi thÕ kû nµy, Tæ chøc Liªn hiÖp quèc tån t¹i ®· ®îc 55 n¨m) - They will move to Ho Chi Minh City next year. By that time, you will have been living in Ho Chi Minh City for twenty-four years (N¨m tíi, hä sÏ dän vÒ ë thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh. §Õn lóc ®ã, anh sèng ë thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh ®· ®îc 24 n¨m)
DIEU KIEN CACH HIEN TAI DIEU KIEN CACH
H×nh thøc HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn c¸ch = Should/Would + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 1) hoÆc Would + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3)
X¸c ®Þnh : I would/I'd work (hoÆc I should work), You would work/You'd work ...
Phñ ®Þnh : I would not/wouldn't work (hoÆc I should not/shouldn't work), You would not/wouldn't work ...
Nghi vÊn : Would/Should I work? Would you work? ...
Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Should I not/Shouldn't I work? Would you not/Wouldn't you work? ... C«ng dông
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Thay choT¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n , khi ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø. VÝ dô :
- They assume that I shall/will applaud their audacious plan (Hä cho r»ng t«i sÏ t¸n thµnh kÕ ho¹ch t¸o b¹o cña hä) ---> They assumed that I should/would applaud their audacious plan. - I expect that your business will get better results (T«i mong r»ng c«ng chuyÖn lµm ¨n cña anh sÏ ®¹t kÕt qu¶ kh¶ quan h¬n) ---> I expected that your business would get better results.
Trong c¸c c«ng dông ®Æc biÖt cña Should vµ Would . VÝ dô :
- We should say our prayers before going to bed (Chóng ta nªn cÇu nguyÖn tríc khi ®i ngñ) - Children shouldn't imitate the adults' vices (TrÎ em kh«ng nªn b¾t chíc thãi h tËt xÊu cña ngêi lín) - You should have rised early to attend morning service (LÏ ra anh ph¶i dËy sím ®Ó dù lÔ s¸ng) - I should like to ask a favour of you (T«i muèn nhê anh mét viÖc) - Why should he have the audacity to do it? (Sao nã l¹i c¶ gan lµm nh vËy nhØ?) - Hoa was anxious that exam results should be announced as soon as possible (Hoa nãng lßng mong cho kÕt qu¶ thi ®îc c«ng bè cµng sím cµng tèt)
- He changed his password so that nobody would be able to access data on his computer (Anh ta ®æi mËt khÈu ®Ó kh«ng ai truy cËp ®îc d÷ liÖu trªn m¸y cña anh ta)
QUA KHU DIEU KIEN CACH
H×nh thøc HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn c¸ch = Should/Would + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To
X¸c ®Þnh : I would/should have worked, You would have worked...
Phñ ®Þnh : I would not/should not have worked, You would not have worked ...
Nghi vÊn : Should I have worked? Would you have worked? ...
Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Should I not/Shouldn't I have worked? ... C«ng dông
Thay choT¬ng lai hoµn thµnh , khi ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø.
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VÝ dô : - I hope that he will have solved the problem before we get back (T«i hy väng anh ta sÏ gi¶i ®îc bµi to¸n tríc khi chóng ta trë l¹i) ---> I hoped that he would have solved the problem before we got back.
Th«ng thêng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ë HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n . VÝ dô :
- If you exceed the speed limit, you will be liable to a heavy fine (NÕu vît qu¸ giíi h¹n tèc ®é tèi ®a, anh sÏ bÞ ph¹t nÆng) - The pregnant bitch will bite you if you walk upstairs (Con chã ®ang cã mang sÏ c¾n anh nÕu anh ®i lªn lÇu)
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- If I were their father, I would demand an apology from them (NÕu t«i lµ cha cña hä, t«i sÏ b¾t hä xin lçi) - If someone gave her a villa, she would use it as an orphanage (NÕu ai cho c« ta mét c¨n biÖt thù, c« ta sÏ dïng c¨n biÖt thù ®ã lµm n¬i nu«i trÎ må c«i)
§Æc biÖt - If you didn't love her, why did you pray for her speedy recovery from illness? (NÕu anh kh«ng yªu c« ta th× t¹i sao anh cÇu cho c« ta mau khái bÖnh?) - If someone knocked at the door, he said "Come in, please"
(NÕu cã ai gâ cöa, «ng ta thêng nãi "Mêi vµo") - If I knew their address, I could correspond with them (NÕu t«i biÕt ®Þa chØ cña hä, t«i cã thÓ trao ®æi th tõ víi hä)
- If I had heard the news last night, I would have come there to give you a hand (NÕu ®ªm qua t«i hay tin th× t«i ®· ®Õn ®ã gióp anh mét tay) - If their papers had been in order, they would have left the police station at once (NÕu giÊy tê cña hä hîp lÖ th× hä ®· ra khái ®ån c¶nh s¸t ngay råi)
VÒ h×nh thøc, mÖnh lÖnh c¸ch cña ng«i thø hai gièng nh Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To. VÝ dô :
- Hurry ! (Nhanh lªn!) - Shut up ! (Im ®i !) - Wait for them ! (H·y ®îi hä!) - Always clean your teeth before going to bed ! (H·y lu«n lu«n ®¸nh r¨ng tríc khi ®i ngñ)
- Never repeat it ! (§õng bao giê nh¾c l¹i ®iÒu ®ã !) - Never tell lies (§õng bao giê nãi dèi)
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- Don't hurry ! (§õng véi !) - Don't wait for them ! (§õng ®îi hä!) - Don't be rude ! (§õng hæn l¸o!)
™ ng«i thø nhÊt, mÖnh lÖnh c¸ch = Let us/Let's + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To . VÝ dô :
- Let's hand in our examination papers ! (Chóng ta h·y nép bµi thi !) - Let's stand up ! (Chóng ta h·y ®øng dËy!) - Let's not make so much noise ! (Chóng ta ®õng lµm ån nh vËy!)
- Let's not talk with them ! (Chóng ta ®õng nãi chuyÖn víi hä!)
™ ng«i thø ba, mÖnh lÖnh c¸ch = Let him / her / it / them + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To . Tuy nhiªn, ë phñ ®Þnh, ta dïng Is not / Are not to hoÆc Must not . VÝ dô :
- Let him wait ! (H·y ®Ó anh ta ®îi ®Êy!) - Let them come in ! (H·y ®Ó hä vµo!) - They must not come in / They are not to come in (Hä kh«ng ®îc vµo)
Do lµm cho mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc lêi yªu cÇu døt kho¸t h¬n. VÝ dô :
v¹n tuÕ!) (HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch ) - It is requested that all shareholders be present (Yªu cÇu tÊt c¶ c¸c cæ ®«ng ®Òu ph¶i cã mÆt)
Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch cã h×nh thøc gièng nhQu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n . §Æc biÖt, Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch cña To Be lµ Were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i. VÝ dô :
- If only hewere good at English ! (Gi¸ mµ anh ta giái tiÕng Anh!) - I wish Iwere a little bit taller (T«i íc g× m×nh cao thªm mét tÝ) - He talks as if heknew everything in the world (H¾n nãi chuyÖn nh thÓ h¾n biÕt mäi sù trªn ®êi vËy)
C«ng dông
ThÓ hiÖn íc muèn hoÆc hy väng. VÝ dô :
- Heaven help us! (L¹y trêi phï hé chóng ta!) - God save the king ! (L¹y chóa phï hé ®øc vua!)
Sau cÊu tróc It is important / necessary / essential that ... hoÆc c¸c ®éng tõ Ask , Demand , Insist , Require , Suggest , Propose . VÝ dô :
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- It is important that he pay on time (§iÒu quan träng lµ anh ta ph¶i chi tr¶ ®óng h¹n) - He demands that he be told everything (Anh ta yªu cÇu ®îc nghe kÓ l¹i mäi chuyÖn)
Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch ®îc dïng sau If , If only (thÓ hiÖn íc muèn), As if / As though . VÝ dô :
- If Ihad much money, I would make a round-the-world tour (NÕu t«i cã nhiÒu tiÒn, t«i sÏ lµm mét chuyÕn du lÞch vßng quanh thÕ giíi) - If only Iknew her phone number ! (Gi¸ mµ t«i biÕt sè ®iÖn tho¹i cña c« Êy!) - He shouted and jumped up and down as though hewere crazy (Nã la hÐt vµ nh¶y cÉng lªn nh ®iªn
1) She says that she is a film star (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta lµ ng«i sao ®iÖn ¶nh) 2) She says that she has been ill for three days (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta èm ®· ba h«m nay) 3) She says that she lived there from 1990 to 1995 (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta sèng ë ®ã tõ 1990 ®Õn 1995) 4) She says that she has just seen a horror film (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta võa míi xem mét phim kinh dÞ) 5) She says that she is breast-feeding her baby (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang cho con bó) 6) She says that she will teach us Japanese every day (C« ta nãi r»ng ngµy nµo c« ta còng sÏ d¹y tiÕng NhËt cho chóng t«i)
B/ §éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë Th× qu¸ khø
1) She said that she was a film star (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta lµ ng«i sao ®iÖn ¶nh) 2) She said that she had been ill for three days (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta èm ®· ba h«m råi) 3) She said that she had lived there from 1990 to 1995 (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®· sèng ë ®ã tõ 1990 ®Õn 1995) 4) She said that she had just seen a horror film (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta võa míi xem mét phim kinh dÞ) 5) She said that she was breast-feeding her baby (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang cho con bó) 6) She said that she would teach us Japanese every day (C« ta nãi r»ng ngµy nµo c« ta còng sÏ d¹y tiÕng NhËt cho chóng t«i)
TRO DONG TU
TRO DONG TU CHINH Trî ®éng tõ chÝnh (Principal Auxiliaries) ---> Have , Be , Do
BE
Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense)
X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I am / I'm I am not / I'm not Am I?
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You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you? He is / He's He is not / He's not Is he? She is / She's She is not / She's not Is she? It is / It's It is not / It's not Is it? We are / We're We are not / We're not Are we? You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you? They are / They're They are not / They're not Are they?
- Thay v× You're not , We're not , He's not , They're not , ta cã thÓ viÕt You aren't, We aren't, He isn't, They aren't - Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Am I not / Aren't I? Are you not / Aren't you? Is he not / Isn't he? ...
Th× qu¸ khø (Past Tense)
X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I was I was not/wasn't Was I? You were You were not/weren't Were you? He/She/It was He/She/It was not/wasn't Was he/she/it ? We were We were not/weren't Were we? You were You were not/weren't Were you? They were They were not/weren't Were they?
- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Was I not / Wasn't I? Were you not / Weren't you? Was he not / Wasn't he? ...
ThÓ hiÖn mét dù ®Þnh, mét môc ®Ých. Ch¼ng h¹n, Presidential candidates are to canvass the constituency next week (TuÇn tíi, c¸c øng cö viªn tæng thèng sÏ ®i vËn ®éng ë khu vùc bÇu cö), This testimonial is to confirm that he has been chosen as dean of the faculty of law by common consent (GiÊy chøng nhËn nµy nh»m x¸c nhËn r»ng «ng ®· ®îc mäi ngêi nhÊt trÝ chän lµm chñ nhiÖm khoa luËt).
ThÓ hiÖn sù gi¶ ®Þnh. Ch¼ng h¹n, If I were to tell him that his parents deceived me, would he believe me ? (NÕu t«i nãi víi h¾n r»ng bè mÑ h¾n ®· lõa t«i, liÖu h¾n cã tin t«i kh«ng?).
HAVE
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Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense) X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I have/I've I have not/haven't Have I? You have/You've You have not/haven't Have you? He has/He's He has not/hasn't Has he? She has/She's She has not/hasn't Has she? It has/It's It has not/hasn't Has it?
We have/We've We have not/haven't Have we? You have/You've You have not/haven't Have you? They have/They've They have not/haven't Have they?
- Thay v× I haven't, You haven't, He hasn't, ta cã thÓ viÕt I've not, You've not, He's not ... - Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Have I not / Haven't I? Have you not / Haven't you? Has he not/Hasn't he? ... - §èi víi th× qu¸ khø, Had / 'd lµ h×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i & Had not / Hadn't lµ h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Had I not / Hadn't I?, Had you not / Hadn't you? ...
Trong c¸c trêng hîp nh We shall have our clerk translate this contract into Vietnamese (Chóng t«i sÏ b¶o th ký dÞch hîp ®ång nµy ra tiÕng ViÖt), Did you have the locks oiled ? (Anh cã cho ngêi tra dÇu vµo c¸c æ kho¸ hay kh«ng?), She had her pocket picked (C« ta bÞ mãc tói), I won't have student teachers arriving late (T«i sÏ kh«ng cho phÐp c¸c gi¸o sinh ®Õn muén).
DO
Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense) X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I do I do not/don't Do I? You do You do not/don't Do you?
He does He does not/doesn't Does he? She does She does not/doesn't Does she? It does It does not/doesn't Does it? We do We do not/don't Do we? You do You do not/don't Do you? They do They do not/don't Do they?
- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Do I not / Don't I? Do you not / Don't you? Does he not / Doesn't he? ...
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- §èi víi th× qu¸ khø, Did lµ h×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i & Did not / Didn't lµ h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn lµ Did he?, Did you?... , nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Did he not / Didn't he?...
C«ng dông
T¹o h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn choHiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present) vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Past). Ch¼ng h¹n, He doesn't work (Anh ta kh«ng lµm viÖc), He didn't work (Anh ta ®· kh«ng lµm viÖc),
Does he work ? (Anh ta cã lµm viÖc hay kh«ng?), Did he work ? (Anh ta ®· cã lµm viÖc hay kh«ng?).
T¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh choNguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To. VÝ dô:
- Peter didn't find the solution. I did find it (t¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh h¬n lµ I found it ) (Peter ch¼ng t×m ra ®¸p sè. T«i t×m ra råi) - You don't want me crying aloud, but I do cry aloud (t¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh h¬n lµ I cry aloud ) (Anh kh«ng muèn t«i thÐt lªn, nhng t«i vÉn thÐt lªn)
- You often take fast food , don't you? (Anh thêng dïng thøc ¨n nhanh, ph¶i kh«ng?) - She didn't take fast food, did she? (C« ta kh«ng dïng thøc ¨n nhanh, ph¶i kh«ng?)
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- Theo sau ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt lµ Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (ngo¹i trõ Ought ). Ch¼ng h¹n, We should / must try our best (Chóng ta nªn/ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc m×nh), nhng We ought to try our best (Chóng ta ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc m×nh). - Could, Might, Should vµ Would lµ c¸c h×nh thøc qu¸ khø, nhng dïng rÊt h¹n chÕ.
2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹ : - Can you speak Vietnamese ? (Anh nãi tiÕng ViÖt Nam ®îc kh«ng?) - She cannot / can't swim faster
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- You need not / needn't be in a hurry (C¸c b¹n ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng) - You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry (LÏ ra c¸c b¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng nh vËy) - Nobody need be anxious for me (Kh«ng ai ph¶i lo l¾ng cho t«i c¶) - You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Tríc kia anh thêng uèng bia, cã ph¶i kh«ng?) - I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice (Tríc kia t«i thêng uèng bia, nay t«i l¹i thÝch níc døa t¬i h¬n) - Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ? (Tríc kia anh cã hay uèng bia kh«ng?)
- I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic drinks (T«i vèn kh«ng a thøc uèng cã cån) TRA LOI BANG TRO DONG TU VA DT KHIEM KHUYET
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May &Might , Must , Ought ,Shall &Should , Will &Would , Need , Dare , Used 1/ §Æc ®iÓm :
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(Ngµy mai sÏ lµ sinh nhËt cña c« ta) - She will never forget the horrific scenes after that flood (C« ta sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn ®îc nh÷ng c¶nh tîng h·i hïng sau trËn lôt Êy) - Will you please come in ? (Mêi anh vµo) - Will you have a drink? (Anh uèng thø g× nhÐ?) - May I turn on the air-conditioner?
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- If he hadn't been somnolent, he would not / wouldn't have run over my dog (NÕu anh ta kh«ng ngñ gËt th× ®· kh«ng c¸n ph¶i con chã cña t«i) - Would you like some sugar in your tea? (Anh thÝch bá tÝ ®êng vµo trµ hay kh«ng?)) - We hoped that they would get better results (Chóng t«i hy väng hä sÏ ®¹t ®îc kÕt qu¶ kh¶ quan h¬n) - I dare say / daresay these students will fail in their law finals (T«i d¸m ch¾c r»ng c¸c sinh viªn nµy sÏ trît kú thi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt) - I dare not / daren't affirm it (T«i kh«ng d¸m kh¼ng ®Þnh ®iÒu ®ã)
- Nobody dared sleep in a haunted house (Kh«ng ai d¸m ngñ trong mét c¨n nhµ cã ma) - Daren't he appear in public? (¤ng ta kh«ng d¸m xuÊt hiÖn gi÷a c«ng chóng hay sao?) - How dare she leave the classroom without asking my permission ! (Sao c« ta d¸m ra khái líp mµ kh«ng xin phÐp t«i !) - I wonder if they dare go home after midnight (T«i kh«ng râ chóng cã d¸m vÒ nhµ sau nöa ®ªm hay kh«ng) - Need you consult a doctor about your megrim? (Bµ cã cÇn b¸c sÜ kh¸m vÒ chøng ®au nöa ®Çu hay kh«ng?) - You need not / needn't be in a hurry (C¸c b¹n ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng) - You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry (LÏ ra c¸c b¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng nh vËy) - Nobody need be anxious for me (Kh«ng ai ph¶i lo l¾ng cho t«i c¶) - You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Tríc kia anh thêng uèng bia, cã ph¶i kh«ng?) - I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice (Tríc kia t«i thêng uèng bia, nay t«i l¹i thÝch níc døa t¬i h¬n) - Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ? (Tríc kia anh cã hay uèng bia kh«ng?) - I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic drinks (T«i vèn kh«ng a thøc uèng cã cån)
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- Bill couldn't speak Vietnamese, could he? (Bill kh«ng nãi ®îc tiÕng ViÖt Nam, ph¶i kh«ng?) - There wasn't enough vermicelli for latecomers, was there? (Kh«ng cã ®ñ miÕn cho nh÷ng ngêi ®Õn muén, ph¶i kh«ng?) - We shouldn't keep those medicines within the children's reach, should we? (Chóng ta kh«ng nªn ®Ó nh÷ng lo¹i thuèc nµy trong tÇm tay trÎ em, ph¶i kh«ng?) - Nothing is given away, is it? (Ch¼ng cã g× ®îc biÕu kh«ng c¶, ph¶i kh«ng?)
DT NGUEYN MAU
H×nh thøc
Nguyªn mÉu hiÖn t¹i---> To do (lµm), To work (lµm viÖc)
Nguyªn mÉu hiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn --->To be doing (®ang lµm), To be working (®ang lµm viÖc)
Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh --->To have done (®· lµm), To have worked (®· lµm viÖc)
Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn --->To have been doing (®· lµm), To have been working (®· lµm viÖc)
Nguyªn mÉu thô ®éng hiÖn t¹i --->To be done
Nguyªn mÉu thô ®éng hoµn thµnh --->To have been done
VÝ dô : - They arranged to meet at the riverside five-star hotel (Hä tho¶ thuËn gÆp nhau t¹i kh¸ch s¹n n¨m sao ven s«ng) - She didn't bother/trouble to answer straightforwardly (Bµ ta kh«ng chÞu tr¶ lêi th¼ng th¾n) - The boy asks to go swimming with his classmates (CËu bÐ xin phÐp ®i b¬i víi c¸c b¹n cïng líp) - Would you care to dance? (Anh thÝch khiªu vò hay kh«ng?)
- The thieves were thought to be hiding in the wood-shed (Bän trém bÞ cho lµ ®ang trèn trong kho cñi) - The four escapees are believed to have suffered shipwreck off Cape Horn (Ngêi ta tin r»ng bèn kÎ vît ngôc ®· bÞ ®¾m tµu ë ngoµi kh¬i mòi Horn)
e) Sau Be about , be able, afford, do one's best , make an/every effort , make up one's mind , occur , set out, take the trouble, turn out .
VÝ dô : - They stayed at home because they couldn't afford to get tickets for the Cup Final (Hä ë nhµ v× kh«ng ®ñ tiÒn mua vÐ xem trËn chung kÕt Cóp v« ®Þch) - They have made up their mind to join their family in Vietnam (Hä ®· quyÕt ®Þnh ®i ®oµn tô víi gia ®×nh t¹i ViÖt Nam) - It never occurred to him to help anyone (H¾n ch¼ng bao giê n¶y ra ý nghÜ gióp ai) - The director-general turned out to be one of my fellow countrymen (Ho¸ ra «ng tæng gi¸m ®èc lµ ngêi ®ång h¬ng víi t«i)
VÝ dô : - I want you to go there with me (T«i muèn anh ®i víi t«i ®Õn ®ã) - They asked Bill to finish his work as soon as possible (Hä yªu cÇu Bill hoµn thµnh c«ng viÖc cµng sím cµng tèt)
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- She always expects his husband to earn more and more money (C« ta lu«n mong chång m×nh ngµy cµng kiÕm ®îc nhiÒu tiÒn h¬n) - My parents taught me never to tell lies (Bè mÑ t«i d¹y t«i kh«ng bao giê ®îc nãi dèi) - Show us how to operate this machine-gun (H·y chØ chóng t«i c¸ch sö dông khÈu sóng m¸y nµy) - Tell her to take medicine before bedtime (H·y b¶o bµ Êy uèng thuèc tríc khi ®i ngñ)
g) Sau The first , the second , the last , the only hoÆc sau h×nh thøc so s¸nh cùc cÊp ®Ó thay cho mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.
VÝ dô :
- They are the first to leave all their money to charity (Hä lµ nh÷ng ngêi ®Çu tiªn ®Ó l¹i toµn bé tiÒn b¹c cho c«ng cuéc tõ thiÖn) - She was the only person in her village to study abroad (C« ta lµ ngêi duy nhÊt trong lµng ®i häc ë níc ngoµi) - It is one of the best comedies to be performed last year (§ã lµ mét trong nh÷ng hµi kÞch hay nhÊt ®îc diÔn trong n¨m qua)
VÝ dô : - The young soldier was reluctant to give us a lift to the provincial polyclinic (Ngêi lÝnh trÎ miÔn cìng cho chóng t«i ®i nhê xe ®Õn bÖnh viÖn ®a khoa tØnh) - We are very surprised to see such scoundrels in a so-called institution (Chóng t«i rÊt ng¹c nhiªn khi thÊy nh÷ng kÎ c«n ®å nh vËy ë mét n¬i gäi lµ c¬ së tõ thiÖn) - He was proud to be a nobleman (H¾n tù hµo lµ m×nh thuéc dßng dâi quÝ téc) - I am ashamed to criticize my colleagues (T«i ng¹i phª b×nh b¹n ®ång nghiÖp)
i) Sau Too + tÝnh tõ / phã tõ , Too + tÝnh tõ + a + danh tõ, TÝnh tõ / Phã tõ + enough. VÝ dô :
- He is too short to become a pilot (H¾n qu¸ thÊp, nªn kh«ng thÓ lµm phi c«ng) - You speak too quickly for me to understand thoroughly
(Anh nãi qu¸ nhanh, nªn t«i kh«ng hiÓu râ) - Bi was too numerate a pupil to succumb to such simple problems (Bi lµ mét häc sinh qu¸ giái to¸n, nªn kh«ng thÓ chÞu thua nh÷ng bµi to¸n ®¬n gi¶n nh vËy) - This concrete bridge isn't strong enough to support heavy lorries (ChiÕc cÇu bª t«ng nµy kh«ng ®ñ v÷ng ®Ó chÞu ®îc xe t¶i nÆng) - All athletes jumped high enough to reach the basket (TÊt c¶ c¸c vËn ®éng viªn ®Òu nh¶y ®ñ cao ®Ó vãi tíi c¸i ræ)
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- She wished to become a teacher but she wasn't able to (become a teacher) (C« Êy muèn lµm c« gi¸o, nhng kh«ng thµnh). - I feel lonely and want someone to talk to (T«i c¶m thÊy c« ®¬n vµ muèn cã ai ®ã ®Ó nãi chuyÖn) - They need a cabinet to keep job applications in (Hä cÇn mét c¸i tñ ®Ó ®ùng hå s¬ xin viÖc) - There wasn't a thing to eat (Ch¼ng cã c¸i g× ®Ó ¨n c¶) - The main thing to remember is .... (§iÒu chñ yÕu cÇn nhí lµ...) - To be perfectly frank/ To be honest/ To tell the truth, you are no match for her in tae kwon do (Thùc t×nh mµ nãi, anh kh«ng ph¶i lµ ®èi thñ cña c« ta vÒ Th¸i cùc ®¹o)
- Thay v× He intends to go to supermarket and to buy a dishwasher (Anh ta ®Þnh ®i siªu thÞ vµ ®Þnh mua mét m¸y röa b¸t ®Üa), ta viÕt He intends to go to supermarket and buy a dishwasher .
Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To a) Sau Do & Do not , Did & Did not , Can & Cannot , Could & Could not , May & May not , Might & Might not , Must & Must not, Shall &Shall not, Should & Should not , Will &Will not, Would & Would not , Need & Need not , Dare & Dare not .
b) Sau c¸c ®éng tõ Feel, See, Hear, Watch, Had better, Would rather, Would sooner, Let, Make, Have. VÝ dô :
- I heard him knock at the door (T«i nghe h¾n gâ cöa) - Did you see her cross the road? (Anh cã thÊy c« ta b¨ng qua ®êng hay kh«ng?) - You'd better not tell lies (Anh ®õng nãi dèi th× h¬n)
- I'd rather work than sleep all day long (T«i thÝch lµm viÖc h¬n lµ ngñ suèt ngµy) - He would sooner retire on a pension than take part in such scandalous business deals (¤ng ta nªn vÒ nghØ ¨n l¬ng hu h¬n lµ tham gia vµo nh÷ng vô lµm ¨n tai tiÕng nh vËy) - Let me know what you are doing (H·y cho t«i biÕt c¸c anh ®ang lµm g×) - Have your driver meet me at the airport (H·y dÆn tµi xÕ cña anh ®ãn t«i t¹i t¹i phi trêng) - The delicious smell from the kitchen makes my mouth water (Mïi th¬m ngon tõ trong bÕp bay ra lµm t«i thÌm ch¶y níc d·i)
§Æc biÖt - The joiner helped me to unlock the bicycle (B¸c thî méc gióp t«i më kho¸ chiÕc xe ®¹p) = The joiner helped me unlock the bicycle.
- I object tobeing ill-treated in this way (T«i ph¶n ®èi viÖc bÞ ngîc ®·i nh vËy) - They admit having been attacked in broad daylight (Hä thó nhËn lµ ®· bÞ tÊn c«ng gi÷a ban ngµy)
C«ng dông
1/§ãng vai trß Danh tõ.
VÝ dô : - Thay v× "It is easier to speak Chinese than to write Chinese" (Nãi tiÕng Hoa dÔ h¬n viÕt tiÕng Hoa), ta cã thÓ nãi "Speaking Chinese is easier thanwriting Chinese". - Seeing is believing (ThÊy míi tin). - My father's hobby was reading (Thó tiªu khiÓn cña cha t«i lµ ®äc s¸ch). - I am fond of cooking (T«i thÝch nÊu níng). - She likesswimming (C« ta thÝch b¬i léi).
2/DiÔn t¶ sù cÊm ®o¸n.
VÝ dô : - No smoking (CÊm hót thuèc) - No loitering (CÊm l¶ng v¶ng) - No spitting (CÊm kh¹c nhæ) - No parking (CÊm ®ç xe)
4/Sau Protest at , Care for, Give up, Leave off, Look forward to, Put off, Take to , Be used to, Be accustomed to.
VÝ dô : - She protested at sitting for a novice painter (C« ta ph¶n ®èi viÖc ngåi lµm mÉu cho mét ho¹ sÜ míi ra nghÒ) - I don't care forworking as an unpaid servant (T«i ch¼ng muèn lµm ®Çy tí kh«ng c«ng). - Let's try to give up smoking (Chóng ta h·y cè g¾ng bá hót thuèc) - I look forward towinning a scholarship to the university (T«i rÊt mong ®îc cÊp häc bæng vµo ®¹i
häc) - They are used tositting up for their drunken father (Hä ®· quen thøc khuya ®îi «ng bè n¸t rîu)
l¹i cai ngôc). - Who can dissuade him fromsmoking ? (Ai cã thÓ khuyªn anh ta ®õng hót thuèc?) - The teacher reproaches some schoolgirls forneglecting their studies (ThÇy gi¸o tr¸ch mét vµi n÷ sinh lµ ®· sao l·ng viÖc häc hµnh). - The police rewarded them fordiscovering the smugglers' shelter (C¶nh s¸t ®· thëng c«ng hä t×m ra n¬i Èn n¸u cña bän bu«n lËu). - As everyone in the seminar spoke English, she resigned herself to speaking English (V× mäi ngêi trong cuéc héi th¶o ®Òu nãi tiÕng Anh, c« ta ®µnh nãi tiÕng Anh)
VÝ dô : - The treasurer admits having embezzled the pension fund (Ngêi thñ quü thó nhËn lµ ®· biÓn thñ quü l¬ng hu) - The boy imagined straying into the fairyland and talking to a fairy (CËu bÐ tëng tîng m×nh l¹c vµo chèn thÇn tiªn vµ nãi chuyÖn víi mét vÞ tiªn)
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- They dislikeme/my keeping late hours (Hä kh«ng thÝch t«i thøc khuya) - I didn't likethem/their behaving in this way (T«i kh«ng thÝch h¾n c xö nh vËy) - The job involves him/his travelling backwards and forwards between Hanoi and Paris (C«ng viÖc Êy khiÕn anh ta ph¶i tíi lui xu«i ngîc gi÷a Hµ Néi vµ Pari) - We don't mind them/their knowing our address (Chóng t«i kh«ng ng¹i hä biÕt ®Þa chØ cña chóng t«i) - I remember you/your writing an apologetic letter (T«i nhí lµ anh cã viÕt th xin lçi) - He objects to them/their being behindhand with tuition (¤ng ta ph¶n ®èi viÖc hä ®ãng häc phÝ trÔ)
- Fancy his getting up so early ! (Anh ta dËy qu¸ sím, l¹ thËt!) - Did they resent my being late for work ? (Hä cã bùc béi viÖc t«i ®i lµm muén hay kh«ng?) - We didn't contemplate him refusing our invitation (Chóng t«i kh«ng dù tÝnh viÖc «ng ta khíc tõ lêi mêi cña chóng t«i)
CAC TRUONG HOP DAC BIET
- Thay v× Excuse me for making so much noise (Xin lçi v× ®· lµm ån), ta cã thÓ viÕt: Excuse my making so much noise (Xin tha lçi cho viÖc t«i lµm ån).
- There were three of us, not counting the driver (Chóng ta cã ba ngêi, kh«ng kÓ ngêi l¸i xe)
4. Theo sau c¸c ®éng tõ chØ tri gi¸c.
VÝ dô : - We heard someone sobbing downstairs (Chóng t«i nghe ai ®ã ®ang khãc nøc në ë tÇng díi) - Did you see himentering the first-aid ward? (Anh cã thÊy h¾n ®i vµo khu cÊp cøu hay kh«ng?) - She watched the childrencrossing the road (C« ta xem lò trÎ b¨ng qua ®êng)
- I feel somethingcrawling up my neck (T«i c¶m thÊy c¸i g× ®ã bß lªn cæ t«i)
- The boy cried hurriedly for help because he had smelt something burning (§øa bÐ véi vµng kªu cøu v× ngöi thÊy mïi khÐt)
VÝ dô : - A law which prohibits the export of raw materials = A law prohibiting the export of raw materials (Mét ®¹o luËt cÊm xuÊt khÈu nguyªn liÖu)
- American scientists who visited Great Wall of China = American scientists visiting Great Wall of China (C¸c nhµ khoa häc Hoa Kú ®Õn th¨m V¹n Lý Trêng Thµnh cña Trung Hoa)
VÝ dô - The man stooped down and kissed his children good night (Ngêi ®µn «ng cói xuèng vµ h«n chóc c¸c con ngñ ngon) = The man stooped down, kissing his children good night (Ngêi ®µn «ng cói xuèng, h«n chóc c¸c con ngñ ngon).
b) Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t ®Çu b»ng After (sau khi) hoÆc As / Since / Because (V×, do). VÝ dô
- He went to work in Paris after he had graduated in law at Oxford (Anh ta sang Pari lµm viÖc sau khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt trêng Oxford) = Having graduated in law at Oxford, he went to work in Paris (Sau khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt trêng Oxford, anh ta sang Pari lµm viÖc).
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- As we believed that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the conversation (V× tin r»ng anh ta giái tiÕng §an M¹ch, c¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu nãi tiÕng §an M¹ch trong buæi chuyÖn trß) = Believing that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the conversation (Tin r»ng anh ta giái tiÕng §an M¹ch, c¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu nãi tiÕng §an M¹ch trong buæi chuyÖn trß).
- I should have invited them home (LÏ ra t«i ®· mêi hä ®Õn nhµ ch¬i)
3. T¹o D¹ng thô ®éng (Passive Voice).
VÝ dô : - Their trip was delayed by a traffic jam (ChuyÕn ®i cña hä bÞ trÔ do mét vô t¾c nghÏn giao th«ng) - This bag is used to contain paddy (C¸i bao nµy ®îc dïng ®Ó ®ùng thãc)
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4. Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.
VÝ dô : - We visited a village that had been devastated by war and famine (Chóng t«i viÕng th¨m mét x· tõng bÞ chiÕn tranh vµ n¹n ®ãi tµn ph¸) = We visited a village devastated by war and famine. - Those who had been considered responsible for this entrance examination were dismissed (Nh÷ng kÎ ®îc xem lµ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh nµy ®· bÞ ®uæi viÖc) = Those considered responsible for this entrance examination were dismissed.
viªn Hoa Kú söa) - He said that the local authorities would investigate these scandals (¤ng ta nãi r»ng chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph¬ng sÏ ®iÒu tra nh÷ng vô bª bèi nµy) ---> He said that these scandals would be investigated by the local authorities (¤ng ta nãi r»ng nh÷ng vô bª bèi nµy sÏ ®îc chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph¬ng ®iÒu tra).
VÝ dô minh ho¹
1) You may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't park your car there (Anh ®îc phÐp/cã thÓ /ph¶i/nªn/nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç xe ë ®ã) ---> Your car may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't be parked there (Xe cña anh ®îc phÐp/cã thÓ/ph¶i/nªn/ nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç ë ®ã). 2) She should have / needn't have parked her car in the car-park (LÏ ra c« ta nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç xe trong b·i ®ç xe) ---> Her car should have / needn't have been parked in the car-park (LÏ ra xe cña c« ta nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç trong b·i ®ç xe) 3) Someone offered him a cigarettes (Ai ®ã mêi h¾n mét ®iÕu thuèc) ---> He was offered a cigarette (H¾n ®îc mêi mét ®iÕu thuèc). 4) The boy gave the girl a bouquet of roses hoÆc The boy gave a bouquet of roses to the girl (Ngêi con trai tÆng ngêi con g¸i mét bã hoa hång) ---> The girl was given a bouquet of roses by the boy (Ngêi con g¸i ®îc ngêi con trai tÆng mét bã hoa hång) hoÆc The bouquet of roses was given to the girl by the boy (Bã hoa hång ®îc ngêi con trai tÆng ngêi con g¸i). 5) Thay v× The pane of glass was broken (¤ cöa kÝnh bÞ vì), ta cã thÓ nãi The pane of glass got broken . 6) Thay v× One sells these English - Chinese dictionaries everywhere (Ngêi ta b¸n nh÷ng tù ®iÓn Anh - Hoa nµy kh¾p n¬i), ta nªn nãi These English - Chinese dictionaries are sold everywhere (Nh÷ng tù ®iÓn Anh - Hoa nµy ®îc b¸n kh¾p n¬i). 7) Thay v× People use English all over the world (Ngêi ta sö dông tiÕng Anh trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi), ta nªn nãi English is used all over the world (TiÕng Anh ®îc sö dông trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi). 8) My secretary will deal with this application (Ngêi th ký cña t«i sÏ gi¶i quyÕt ®¬n nµy) ---> This application will be dealt with by my secretary (§¬n nµy sÏ ®îc ngêi th ký cña t«i gi¶i quyÕt). 9) Last night, a lorry ran over a street-sweeper (§ªm qua, mét chiÕc xe t¶i ®· c¸n mét ngêi quÐt
- She says : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She says that they are waiting outside (C« ta nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi). - She has just said : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta võa míi nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She has just said that they are waiting outside (C« ta võa míi nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi). - She will say : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta sÏ nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") --->She will say that they are waiting outside (C« ta sÏ nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi).
chóng t«i") ---> They said that they had just heard from their teacher (Hä nãi r»ng hä võa nhËn ®îc tin thÇy hä).
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§Æc biÖt
§èi víi sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn kh«ng bao giê thay ®æi, ®éng tõ trong lêi nãi trùc tiÕp ë Th× nµo ¾t ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ë Th× nÊy. Ch¼ng h¹n, He said, "The earth revolves round the sun" (Anh ta nãi : "Qu¶ ®Êt quay quanh mÆt trêi") ---> He said that the earth revolves round the sun (Anh ta nãi r»ng qu¶ ®Êt quay quanh mÆt trêi).
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would come there the following day (Gi¸m ®èc kh¸ch s¹n nãi r»ng h«m sau, nhiÒu du kh¸ch sÏ ®Õn ®ã). - "I finished reading this story-book the day before yesterday", he said (Anh ta nãi : "H«m kia, t«i ®· ®äc xong quyÓn truyÖn nµy ") ---> He said that he had finished reading that story-book two days before (Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta ®· ®äc xong quyÓn truyÖn Êy hai h«m tríc ®ã).
- " Who are they speaking to?", she asked (C« ta hái : "Hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai vËy?") ----> She asked who they were speaking to (C« ta hái hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai).
- " Who phoned me up yesterday morning?", he inquired (H¾n hái : " Ai gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho t«i s¸ng h«m qua?") ---> He inquired who had phoned him up the previous morning (H¾n hái ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho h¾n s¸ng h«m tríc ®ã). - " What happened last night?", he wondered (H¾n th¾c m¾c : "§iÒu g× ®· x¶y ra ®ªm qua?") ---> He wondered what had happened the night before (H¾n th¾c m¾c kh«ng biÕt ®iÒu g× ®· x¶y ra ®ªm tríc ®ã).
§éng tõ têng thuËt lµ Say th× ph¶i ®æi thµnh Ask , Inquire , Wonder hoÆc Want to know ... VÝ dô :
- " What is the weather like?", she said to me (C« ta b¶o t«i : "Thêi tiÕt thÕ nµo?") ---> She asked me what the weather was like (C« ta hái t«i thêi tiÕt thÕ nµo) - " What shall I do first, mother?", he said (H¾n nãi : "MÑ ¬i, con sÏ lµm g× tríc tiªn?") ---> He asked his mother what he should do first (H¾n hái mÑ h¾n xem sÏ lµm g× tríc tiªn). - " When will they help me?", she said (C« ta nãi : "Khi nµo hä sÏ gióp t«i?") ---> She inquired when they would help her (C« ta hái khi nµo hä sÏ gióp c« ta).
- " Are you Hoa?", I said to her (T«i b¶o c« ta : "C« lµ Hoa ph¶i kh«ng?") ---> I asked her if she was Hoa (T«i hái c« ta xem c« ta cã ph¶i lµ Hoa hay kh«ng).
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- "Can you speak French?", she said to me (C« ta b¶o t«i : "Anh nãi ®îc tiÕng Ph¸p hay kh«ng?") ---> She asked me if / whether I could speak French (C« ta hái t«i nãi ®îc tiÕng Ph¸p hay kh«ng). - "Did anybody see me?", he said to me (H¾n b¶o t«i : "Cã ai nh×n thÊy t«i hay kh«ng?") ---> He asked me if / whether anybody had seen him (H¾n hái t«i cã ai nh×n thÊy h¾n hay kh«ng). - "Mary, are there many people in this room?", they said (Hä b¶o : "Mary, cã nhiÒu ngêi trong phßng nµy hay kh«ng?") ---> They asked Mary if / whether there were many people in that room (Hä hái Mary xem cã nhiÒu ngêi trong phßng ®ã hay kh«ng).
- "How well she sings!", they said (Hä nãi : "C« ta h¸t hay qu¸ ! ") ---> They exclaimed that she sang very well (Hä thèt lªn r»ng c« ta h¸t hay qu¸). - "What a picturesque garden! ", she said (C« ta nãi : "Khu vên thËt th¬ méng! ") ---> She exclaimed that it was a picturesque garden (C« ta thèt lªn r»ng ®óng lµ mét khu vên th¬ méng).
- "Open the door! ", he said to the doorkeeper (¤ng ta b¶o ngêi g¸c cöa : "Më cöa ra !") ---> He told / ordered the doorkeeper to open the door (¤ng ta b¶o/ra lÖnh cho ngêi g¸c cöa më cöa ra). - "Don't make any spelling mistake!", they said to the examinees (Hä b¶o c¸c thÝ sinh : "§õng viÕt sai chÝnh t¶! ") ---> They asked / advised the examinees not to make any spelling mistake (Hä yªu cÇu/khuyªn c¸c thÝ sinh ®õng viÕt sai chÝnh t¶). - "Don't forget to feed the dogs! ", Ann said to the servant (Ann b¶o ngêi gióp viÖc : "§õng quªn cho chã ¨n nhÐ!") ---> Ann reminded the servant to feed the dogs (Ann nh¾c ngêi gióp viÖc cho chã ¨n). - "Lan, drive carefully! ", I said (T«i nãi : "Lan, h·y l¸i xe cÈn thËn!") ---> I told / warned Lan to drive carefully (T«i b¶o/c¨n dÆn Lan l¸i xe cÈn thËn). LIEN TU TONG QUAN E LT
Liªn tõ trong trêng hîp a vµ b lµ Liªn tõ kÕt hîp (Co-ordinating Conjunction), ch¼ng h¹n nh And , Or , But , Yet , Still , However , Therefore , Nevertheless , Neither ... nor , Not only... but also , Both ... and , So , Otherwise ... Liªn tõ trong trêng hîpc lµ Liªn tõ phô thuéc (Subordinating Conjunction), ch¼ng h¹n nh That , Because , For , So that , If , When , After , Unless , Provided that , Though ...
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5) Is the baby a boy or a girl? (§øa bÐ lµ trai hay g¸i?) 6) You can walk up or take a bus (B¹n cã thÓ ®i bé hoÆc ®i xe bóyt) 7) We have neither time nor money for concerts (T«i ch¼ng cã thêi giê mµ còng ch¼ng cã tiÒn ®Ó ®i nghe nh¹c) 8) Not only men but also women appear in that casino (Kh«ng nh÷ng ®µn «ng mµ c¶ ®µn bµ còng xuÊt hiÖn trong sßng b¹c Êy)
VD VE MENH DE PHU 1) Everyone thinks that it is going to rain (Mäi ngêi ®Òu nghÜ r»ng trêi s¾p ma) 2) They didn't acknowledge that they had been defeated by the revolutionary army
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(Chóng ta h·y ®îi ®Õn khi ma t¹nh) 12) He had no sooner drunk wine than he began to vomit (H¾n võa uèng rîu vµo lµ n«n möa ngay) 13) As you are strong in French, you'd better translate this document (V× anh giái tiÕng Ph¸p, anh nªn dÞch tµi liÖu nµy) 14) As it rains cats and dogs, we resign ourselves to staying at home (Do trêi ma nh trót níc, chóng t«i ®µnh ph¶i ë nhµ) 15) Since his child has a high fever, he cannot go to work
(H¾n ch¹y biÕn ®i v× sî r»ng cã ngêi nhËn ra h¾n) 29) You delivered such a lengthy speech that nobody was patient enough to listen to you (Anh ®äc mét bµi diÔn v¨n dµi dßng ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai ®ñ kiªn nhÉn l¾ng nghe anh) 30) How could he be so stupid as to believe his boastful friends? (Sao nã l¹i ngèc ®Õn nçi tin vµo nh÷ng ®øa b¹n kho¸c l¸c?) 31) This man ate so many cakes that he suffered from indigestion (Ngêi ®µn «ng nµy ¨n nhiÒu b¸nh ®Õn nçi bÞ ®Çy bông)
32) He drank so much beer that he couldn't find his way home (¤ng ta uèng nhiÒu bia ®Õn nçi kh«ng biÕt ®êng vÒ nhµ)
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lÇn thø mét tr¨m ngµy mÊt cña thi sÜ), The first three weeks (ba tuÇn ®Çu tiªn), The fifty-seventh passenger (hµnh kh¸ch thø 57)
NGAY THANG
B¶y ngµy trong tuÇn Sunday (Sun.) (Chñ NhËt) Monday (Mon.) (Thø Hai) Tuesday (Tues.) (Thø Ba) Wednesday (Wed.) (Thø T) Thursday (Thurs.) (Thø N¨m) Friday (Fri.) (Thø S¸u) Saturday (Sat.) (Thø B¶y) Mêi hai th¸ng trong n¨m January (Jan.) (Th¸ng Giªng) February (Feb.) (Th¸ng Hai) March (Mar.) (Th¸ng Ba)
April (Apr.) (Th¸ng T) May (Th¸ng N¨m) June (Th¸ng S¸u) July (Th¸ng B¶y) August (Aug.) (Th¸ng T¸m) September (Sept.) (Th¸ng ChÝn) October (Oct.) (Th¸ng Mêi) November (Nov.) (Th¸ng Mêi Mét) December (Dec.) (Th¸ng Mêi Hai) Lu ý
Ngµy ®îc viÕt b»ng nhiÒu c¸ch. Ch¼ng h¹n, ngµy 16/10 ®äc lµ The sixteenth of October & October the sixteenth vµ viÕt lµOctober 16 & 16 October & 16th of October &October 16th & 16th October & October the 16th .
VÝ dô: Admit + ed = Admitted Begin + er = Beginner Recur + ing = Recurring Refer + ed = Referred Occur +ed = Occurred Handicap + ed = Handicapped Worship + ed = Worshipped
e) §«i khi mét sù vËt ®îc diÔn t¶ b»ng hai tõ kh¸c nhau. Anh Mü Autumn Fall Bonnet Hood Current account Checking account Flat Apartment Full stop Period Lift Elevator Pavement Sidewalk Saloon Sedan Timetable Schedule Toilet Bathroom, Rest-room
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Underground/Tube Subway Ngoµi ra, ph¶i kÓ ®Õn nh÷ng tõ dÔ bÞ lÉn lén nh: Affect - Effect , Except - Accept , Fare - Fair ,For - Four , Formally - Formerly , Passed - Past , Peace - Piece , Principal - Principle ,Stationary - Stationery ... 5) Th¸n tõ (Interjection)
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Forget Forgot Forgotten Quªn Forgive Forgave Forgiven Tha thø Forsake Forsook Forsaken Bá r¬i; Tõ bá Freeze Froze Frozen §«ng l¹nh Get Got Got/Gotten §¹t ®îc Gild Gilded/Gilt Gilded/Gilt M¹ vµng Gird Girded/Girt Girded/Girt §eo, th¾t Give Gave Given Cho
Go Went Gone §i Grind Ground Ground NghiÒn, xay Grow Grew Grown Trång; Lín lªn Hang Hanged/Hung Hanged/Hung Treo; Treo cæ Have Had Had Cã Hear Heard Heard Nghe Hew Hewed Hewed/Hewn ChÆt, gät, ®Ïo Hide Hid Hidden Che giÊu; Ân nÊp Hit Hit Hit Thóc ; §ông Hold Held Held CÇm gi÷ Hurt Hurt Hurt Lµm ®au Keep Kept Kept Gi÷ Kneel Knelt Knelt Quú gèi Knit Knitted/Knit Knitted/Knit §an; KÕt chÆt Know Knew Known BiÕt Lay Laid Laid §Æt , ®Ó Lead Led Led DÉn d¾t Lean Leaned/Leant Leaned/Leant Dùa, tùa Leap Leaped/Leapt Leaped/Leapt Nh¶y
Learn Learned/Learnt Learned/Learnt Häc Leave Left Left Rêi khái Lend Lent Lent Cho mîn Let Let Let §Ó cho Lie Lay Lain N»m Light Lighted/Lit Lighted/Lit Th¾p s¸ng Lose Lost Lost §¸nh mÊt Make Made Made Lµm, t¹o nªn Mean Meant Meant Cã nghÜa lµ Meet Met Met GÆp Mow Mowed Mowed/Mown C¾t, xÐn Pay Paid Paid Tr¶ tiÒn Put Put Put §Æt, ®Ó Read Read Read §äc Rend Rent Rent XÐ Rid Rid Rid Tèng ®i, vøt bá Ride Rode Ridden Cìi (ngùa, xe) Ring Rang Rung Reo (chu«ng) Rise Rose Risen §øng lªn; Mäc lªn Run Ran Run Ch¹y Saw Sawed Sawed/Sawn Ca
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