nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk;jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik [dehafk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ciufy; MFk; & & Open sesame: nghJeythaj;jpy; jftYf;fhd cupikia Nehf;fp>

nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk;

nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk; Rje;jpukhd> gf;fr;rhu;gw;w kw;Wk; mur rhuh epWtdkhFk;. nghJeytha ehLfspy; kdpjcupik murpay; czu;epiyia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; cupikf; fl;lisiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. 1987Mk; Mz;L nghJeytha ehLfisr; Nru;e;j gy epGzu;fs; xd;wpize;J nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;ij jhgpj;jdu; (CHRI). nghJeythak; mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;F gfpug;gl;l tpOkpaq;fisAk; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilfisAk; toq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtis> mjDs; xU nghJkd;wnkhd;iw cUthf;fp mjpypUe;J kdpjcupikfis Cf;Ftpf;fyhk; vd;W ek;gg;gl;lJ. mNjNeuk;> nghJeythaj;jpDs; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd mtjhdk; mg;NghJ ,y;yhjpUe;jJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

nghJeythaj;jpd; ùhNu mbg;gilfs;> cyf kdpjcupikfs; gpufldk;> Vida ru;tNjr kdpj cupik fUtpfSld; nghJeytha mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; cs;s kdpj cupikfSf;F cjtp toq;Fk; Vw;ghLfs; vd;gdtw;wpy; tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gd nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;. ,t;tikg;ghdJ jdJ mt;tg;Nghija tprhuizfs; kw;Wk; mwpf;iffs; vd;gdtw;iw ntspapl;L te;jNghjpYk;> nghJeytha ehLfspy; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa tpilaq;fspd;ghy; <Hj;J> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; jilfspd; fhuzpfspYk; njhlu;r;rpahd mtjhdj;ij nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ. kdpjcupik J\;gpuNahfq;fis my;yJ kPwy;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mZFKiwfisAk; Vw;ghLfisAk; gapw;Wtpj;J> nghJeytha ehLfspd; nrayfk;> mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F MNyhridfis toq;fptUfpwJ. ,jd; nghJf; fy;tpA+l;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;> nfhs;if ciuahly;fs;> xg;gPl;lha;Tfs;> vLj;Jf;$wy; kw;Wk; tiyg;gpd;dyhf;fy; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; thapyhf> mjd; Kjd;ikg; gpur;rpidfs; kPJ xU mwptpay; newpahspahf ,t;tikg;Gr; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

,jd; mDriuiz epWtdq;fs; Njrpakl;l Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; ru;tNjr tiyg;gpd;dYf;Fkhd mDkjpia toq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;wpd; epGzu;fs; jkJ NtiyfSf;fhd> kdpj cupikfspd; tpOkpaq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l nghJf; nfhs;iffis cUthf;fp> kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;> juepu;zaq;fs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs; vd;gdtw;iw gupkhWtjw;fhd xU Clfkhfr; nraw;gLk;. ,f;FO cs;Su; mwptpid xd;W jpul;b> nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fis mZfp> gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhzHe;J> kdpjcupikfis Cf;Ftpf;f xj;Jiog;G toq;FgtuhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ.

nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fkhdJ by;ypapy; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;fpyhe;J jiyefH yz;ldpYk; kw;Wk; fhdh ehl;L jiyefH mf;uhtpYk; mYtyfq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

ru;tNjr MNyhrid Mizf;FO: gpujhdpahf> Nrk; xFl;Nrl;Nlh vd;gtiuAk; mq;fj;jtu;fshf> Adp];

G&f;kd; - mkp];]h> KNu NgHl;> ah\; fha;> vyp]d; lf;];gup> netpy; ypd;ld;> gP.[P ntu;frp> n]h`;uh A+Rg; kw;Wk; k[h jUthyh MfpNahiuf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

epiwNtw;Wf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; (,e;jpah) : gpujhdpahf gP.[P ntu;frpAk;> mq;fj;jtu;fshf mD mfh> gP. Nf

re;jpuNrfu;> gf;thd;jh];> epl;bd; Njrha;> Nf.v]; jpyd;> ùpthd;];> rd;N[ha; `]upf;fh> G+zk; Kl;Nu[h> &kh ghy;> Mu;. tP. gps;is> fky;Fkhu; MfpNahUk; gzpg;ghsuhf kh[h jUthyh flikahw;Wfpd;wdu;.

epiwNtw;Wf;FO cWg;gpdu;fs;(fhdh): gpujhdpahf rhk; xFl;NrNlhTk; mq;fj;jtu;fshf mdh ngh];kd;>

netpy; ypd;ld;> vkpyp Nrhl;> Ntu;frp MfpNahUk; gzpg;ghsuhf kh[h jUthyhTk; flikahw;Wfpd;wdu;.

epiwNtw;Wf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs;(,q;fpyhe;J): gpujhdpahf netpy; ypd;ld;> ,izg;gpujhdpahf ypd;Nr Nuh];>

mq;fj;jtu;fshf gpuhd;]; b #rh> x];bd; Nltp];> kPdhf;rp jhu;> njuf; ,q;uk;> fpsau; khl;bd;> nra;apj; \u;Gj;jPd; kw;Wk; vyprgj; Rkpj; MfpNahu; flikahw;Wfpd;wdu;.

nghJeytha Clftpayhsu;fs; mikg;G> nghJeytha rl;lj;juzpfs; mikg;G> nghJeytha rl;lf; fy;tp mikg;G> nghJeytha ghuhSkd;w mikg;G> nghJeytha Clfr; rq;fk;> nghJeytha xypgug;G mikg;G.

ISBN : 978 - 955 - 1281 - 43 - 4nghJeytha kdpj cupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk;> 2011,e;j mwpf;ifapypUe;J gFjpfs; cupatUf;Fj; njupag;gLj;jpa gpd;du; gad;gLj;jyhk;

ngh.k. G. jiyikafk;> GJ ngh.k. G. If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> Ngh.k. G. mf;uh l;uhd;];Ngud;rp ,d;lHne\dy; by;yp ,q;fpyhe;J = yq;fh,y;y ,yf;fk; 09> rNkhuh kNry;gP - 117> ,uz;lhk; khb> nghJeytha fw;if epWtdk; 06> 37 MtJ xOq;if> Fapd;]; m];Ak; lTd; tPjp

tPjp> nfhOk;G 3ru;Nthja vd;fpshNt> 28> urs;]; rJf;fk; Ngtsp `py; N`hl;lYf;F vjpuhf,q;fpyhe;J WC1B5DSGJby;yp – 110017

njhiyNgrp 011 2506419l;u];l; ltUf;F mUfpy;> mf;uh> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;njh - +91 – 11 – 43180200 fhdh njhiyefy; 011 2592287njh - +44 – 020 – 7 862 - 8857njh.e +91 – 11 –2686 – 4688 kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected] - +233302971170

njh.e+44 – 020 – 7 862 – 8820kpd;dQ;ry;: ,izaj;jsk;: www.tisrilanka.orgnjh.e - +233302971170kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected]@humanrightsinitiative.org

kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected]

.www.humanrightsinitiative.org

jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik [dehafk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ciufy;

MFk;……

Open sesame: nghJeythaj;jpy; jftYf;fhd cupikia Nehf;fp>

2003 nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;jpd; ru;tNjr MNyhrid

Mizf;FO toq;fpa mwpf;if

Mrpupau; (%yg; gjpg;G)k[h jUthyh

jOtpnaOjpNahu;:ntq;fNl\; ehaf;rQ;rpjh ghf;\p

nkhopngau;g;Gvk;. rP. U];kpd;

nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk; l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lu;Ne\dy; - ,yq;ifGJ by;ypnfhOk;G

2011

‘Mcs;slf;fk;nghJtsk; 03

mjpfhuk; tha;e;jtu;fshy; kiwj;J itf;fg;gly; 04

mbg;gil kdpj cupik 06

jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik njhlu;ghf ,yq;ifapd; epiy 10

nghJeytha rigapd; nraw;ghLfs; 11

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; 14

[dehafk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd topfs; 15

Mdhy; ,ilA+Wfs; njhlu;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd 36

- 01-

jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik [dehafk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ciufy;

MFk;……

jw;fhyj;jpy; ehk; epidj;Jf;$lg; ghu;f;f ,ayhj mstpy; jfty; mwpe;J

nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; [dehafkakhf;fypd;> mjpfhuj;jhy;

khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; tWikia xopg;gjw;fhd rfy re;ju;g;gq;fis vkf;F

toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j tpj;jpahrj;ij ahuhapDk; Njitahdtu;fSf;fhf

ajhu;jkhf;FtNj vkJ eltbf;ifaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jfty; mwptij

ek; gf;fk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L mwpT ngWk; Mw;wiy rfyUk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s toptFg;gjd; %yk; tWikia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; topia

khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;.

nfhgp mdhd; Kd;dhs; nrayhsu; ehafk; If;fpa ehLfs; rig

mu;j;jKs;s [dehafj;Jf;Fk; kw;Wk; rfy tifapYk; nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpf;F MjuT toq;Fk; xNu top mur epu;thfj;jpYs;s> ntspg;gilj;

jd;ikahFk;. ntspg;gil Ml;rp Kiwia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F jfty;

cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; gpujhdNjhu; ,ae;jpunkd 85 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfs;

mq;fPfupj;Js;sNjhL mtu;fsJ gpui[fspd; cupikf;F cj;juthjkspf;Fk;

tifapy; murikg;gpYk; ,lkspj;Js;sd. 21k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy;

njw;fhrpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ve;jnthU ehLk; jkJ mur epWtdq;fs; jkJ

mYtyfq;fspy; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikiag; Ngz Ntz;Lk; vdf; NfhUk;

Kf;fpa rl;lq;fis myurikg;gpy; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. xd;gJ tUlq;fspd;

gpd;G ghfp];jhd; (2002)> ,e;jpah (2005)> Neghsk; (2007) kw;Wk; gq;fshNj];

- 02-

(2009) Mfpa ehd;F ehLfSk; Ml;rpapd; jj;Jt Qhdk; kw;Wk; jpwikfis

,ufrpaj;jpypUe;J ntspg;gilj; jd;ikf;F khw;wpaikf;Fk; cj;Njrj;jpy;

rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpd. jkJ mYty;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gpui[fsplKk;

gfpu;e;J nfhs;SkhW 2008 ,y; khiyjPT mur mjpfhupfSf;F

Ml;rpahsu;fshy; gzpg;Giu tpLfg;gl;lJ. gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd

njw;fhrpa ehLfs; (rhu;f;) mikg;gpd; cWg;Gupik ehLfs; vd;w tifapy;

njw;fhrpa ehLfs; nghJj; Jiwapy; jpwe;j jd;ikiag; NgZtjpy; cs;s

jkJ ,zf;fg;ghl;bidg; gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sd. rhu;f; r%f rhrdk;> mur

kw;Wk; jdpahu;> Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs; jkJ epu;thf

eltbf;iffspy; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij 2004 Mk; Mz;L Vfkdjhf typAWj;jp mwpf;ifapl;lJ.

jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd jdJ nrhe;j murikg;ig ,aw;Wtjw;F 2003 ,y;

,yq;if cWjpahd eltbf;iffis vLj;jJ. rl;lkh mjpguhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

rl;l %yk; murikg;Gf;Fl;gl;ljh vd cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;du;

mikr;ruitahy; jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rl;l %yk;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ3 vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf murhq;fk; me;j tiuit

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fj; jtwpaJ. mjd; gpd;G tpiutpNyNa murhq;fk;

gjtp tpyfpaJ. gpd;G te;j fhyq;fspy; tlf;Ff; fpof;fpy;> Aj;jj;jpy;

<Lgl;bUe;j murhq;fk; ,r; rl;l %yj;ij fplg;gpy; Nghl;lJ. Rdhkp

mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;G ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;fntd epjp

kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; gfpu;jspj;jy; rk;ge;jkhf rptpy; r%fKk; kdpjhgpkhd cjtp

toq;Fk; epWtdq;fSk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikiaf; NfhUfpd;wd.

nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpapy; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; mjd; Kd;gpUe;j

me;j];ij ,yq;if kPz;Lk; ngw Ntz;Lnkdpy; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpf;F

mikthd [dehaf Ml;rpKiw ,Ug;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. jfty;

mwpAk; cupik ,y;yhjtplj;J ,yq;if capNuhl;lKs;s [dehafk; kw;Wk;

ghFghlw;w mgptpUj;jpia miltjw;fhf njhlu;e;Jk; Nghuhl Ntz;ba

epiy Vw;gLk;.

- 03-

nghJtsk;

,J jfty; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Afk; MFk;. Kd;ndg;NghJkpy;yhjthW

jfty;fis xd;W jpul;Lk; njhopEl;gk; mij kpf vspjhfTk; kw;Wk; mij

tpag;ghd tifapy; gupkhupf; nfhs;sy; mgptpUj;jpapd; Nfe;jpu epiyakhf

jfty;fis khw;wpAs;sJ.

rfyUf;Fk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj tifapy; jpwikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

cyfshtpa tsNk jfty; MFk;. murhq;fk; ,e;j tsj;jpd; ghupa

tjptplkhFk;. murhq;fk; jd;dfj;Nj itj;Js;s jfty;fs; Njrj;jpd;

Qhgfrf;jp khj;jpuky;yhJ mJ> murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs;> nraw;ghLfs;

vjpu;fhyj; jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa G+uz rpj;jpuj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. murhq;fj;

jfty;fs; ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs;> Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd; rhuhk;rq;fs;>

nfhs;iffs;> mwpf;iffs;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs; cjtp toq;FNthu; kw;Wk; fld;

toq;FNthu;fSldhd Ngr;Rthu;ijfspd; Fwpg;Gfs;> mikr;ruit rpghupRfs;

kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs;> ghuhSkd;w Mtzq;fs;> ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iffs;>

murhq;fr; nraw;ghLfs; ru;tNjr mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; > murhq;fj;jpw;Fs;shd

Fwpg;Gfs;> epiwNtw;W Mizfs;> tuT - nryTj; jpl;l kjpg;gPL kw;Wk;

fzf;Ffs;> nghJr; nrytpdq;fs; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfs;> epGzj;Jt

MNyhridfs;> rpghupRfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk;> jpizf;fsf; $l;lq;fspdJ

Fwpg;G tpsf;fk;> Gs;sp tpguj; juTfs;> nrayzpf; FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffs;>

Mizf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; nrayzpfs;> r%f Ma;Tfs;> Rfhjhu> fy;tp kw;Wk;

czT ,Ug;G gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; rdg; ngUf;f kw;Wk; njhopy; Kiw gw;wpa

kjpg;gPLfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jahu;gLj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;tdT gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;>

tiuglq;fs;> ,aw;if tsq;fs; gw;wpa fw;iffs;> #oy; juj;jpid cWjp

nra;af;$baitfs;> ePu; kw;Wk; tsp khriljy;> tpupthd jdpg;gl;l

Mtzq;fs; cl;gl ,d;Dk; gy mlq;Ffpd;wd.

jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ> Rj;jkhd tsp

kw;Wk; FbePu; Nghd;W xU nghJr; nrhj;jhFk;. ,J muRf;Nfh mjpfhuj;jpy;

cs;s murhq;fj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ mur mjpfhupfSf;Nfh nrhe;jkhdjy;y.

mJ nghJ kf;fSf;Nf cupj;jhdjhFk;. mjpfhupfs; jkJ nrhe;j ed;ikf;fhf

khj;jpuk; jfty;fis cUthf;Ftjpy;iy. rl;l uPjpahf rhjhuzkhf

kf;fSf;Fr; nra;Ak; Nrit fhuzkhfNt murhq;fj;jpd; flikg;ghl;bd; kPJ

jfty; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fshy; nrYj;jg;gLk; tupg;gzj;jpypUe;J

kf;fSf;fhd jfty; cUg;ngWfpd;wJ. vdNt ,jid fhuzNkJkpd;wp

kf;fsplkpUe;J ,j; jfty;fis kiwj;J itf;f KbahJ.

“vk;KilaJ Nghd;w murhq;fKs;s ehnlhd;wpy;> kf;fspd; rfy

Kftu;fSk; mtu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J kf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;

$w Ntz;Lk;. ntspg;gLj;j Kbahj ,ufrpaq;fs; xU rpyNt ,Uf;f

KbAk;. kf;fSf;fhf nghJ eltbf;iffis epiwNtw;Wk; mur

mjpfhupfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rfy nghJ eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfTk;

njupe;J nfhs;Sk; cupik kf;fSf;F cs;sJ. mur mjpfhupfs;

mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rfy eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tpsf;f my;yJ

epahag;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtu;fsJ nghWg;ghFk;. mJ mlf;FKiw

kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhfTs;s gpujhd ghJfhg;ghFk;.”

ePjpauru; Nf. Nf. nkjpt;

,e;jpa cau; ePjpkd;wk;

nghJeytha ehLfspy; thOk; kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tWikapy;

tho;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ ed;F Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ue;jNghJk;

nghJeytha ehLfspy; thOk; kf;fs; ngsjPf uPjpahf khj;jpuky;yhJ

jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;tjpYk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy;

cs;sdu;.

gj;jpupiffs;> thndhyp my;yJ njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w ntFrd Clfq;fis

ghu;f;Fk; gbf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; ,y;yhik my;yJ gyu; vOj;jwptw;wtu;fshf

cs;sikNa ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;. vdpDk;> mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; muR

Ntz;Lnkd;W Nrfupj;J itj;Js;s Kf;fpa jfty;fis kf;fSf;F

kiwg;gjhFk;. mg;gbahdhy; kf;fis tpyq;Ffshf;Fk; tifapy;

mj;jpahtrpa czTg;nghUl;fs; my;yJ ngsjPf mgptpUj;jpia toq;fhik

kw;Wk; rkkhd tifapy; kf;fSf;F jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk;

njupe;J nfhs;Sk; topfis jLg;gjhFk;. Jujp];ltrkhf jfty;fs;

,ufrpak; vd;w mfk;ghtk; nghJeytha ehLfspy; Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fk;>

Msg;gLNthUf;Fkpilapyhd cwtpy; gpujhd Kjd; epiyahf vg;NghJk;

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ePjpahdJk; Viofs; rhu;ghd Ml;rp Kiwia toq;fj;

jtwpaikf;fhf murhq;f mjpfhupfSk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSk; kpfTk;

mupjhfNt nghWg;G$Wk; nghWg;Gf;Fs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. fhyzpj;Jt

mjpfhupfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd vf;flikf;Fk; nghWg;ghf

mjpfhuk; tha;e;jtu;fshy; kiwj;J itf;fg;gly;

- 04-

- 05-

,Uf;ftpy;iy NkYk; mtu;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tifapy;

Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kf;fsplkpUe;J tpyfpNa ,Ue;jdu;. ,ufrpak; NgZk;

fyhrhuk; murhq;f Kiwik kw;Wk; tof;fpy; ,Ue;J tpahgpj;J jfty;fisg;

gJf;fp itg;gjhdJ Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;ghd fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf nfd;ahtpy; nkhap - <uhtpd; Ml;rpapy; jfty;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s my;yJ toq;Ftjhdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; gw;wp mr;rk;

fhuzkha; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpaplk; Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;lNjhL mJ ve;j

mstpw;F vd;why; nrupfhyp (fp];th`pyp nkhopapy; murhq;fj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;

nrhy;) mjd; kW ngau; rpupfhyp (guk ,ufrpak;) vd;gjhFk;.

xU rpy ehLfs; kWrPuikg;igr; nra;jhYk;> gy ehLfs; ngUk; Mu;tj;Jld;

Rahjpgj;jpa rpd;dj;Jld; ,ufrpaj;jd;ikia Ngzp te;jJld; mjd;gb

mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;J murikg;Gldhd epu;thfj;jpw;F khw;wk; ngw;w NghJ

vJtpj khw;wq;fSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. gaq;futhj vjpu;g;Gr; rl;lq;fs;>

kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; mtJ}W rl;lq;fs;> ntspg;gilahd mtJ}W kw;Wk;

rpwg;Gupikr; rl;lk; Clhf kw;Wk; ,ufrpa xOq;F tpjpfs; NkYk;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l rptpy; Nrit Nghd;w rl;lg; Gj;jfq;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s

midj;Jk; murhq;fj;jpd; ,ufrpaj;ij kPWNthiu jz;bf;Fk; tifapy;

mike;Js;sd. rpk;ghg;Ntapd; Kd;dhs; gpujk ePjpauru; nfNg ,t;thW

njuptpj;Js;shu;.

#oy; tpQ;Qhdk; njhlu;ghf Mu;tKs;s ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtu; mur

ghJfhg;Gld; ve;jtpj rk;ge;jKkpy;yhj ehl;bd; tl – fpof;fpy; Njrpa

ruzhyak; xd;W epWtg;gLtJ rk;ge;jkhd jftiy murhq;f mjpfhup xUtu;

%ykhf ntspapl Kad;wikf;fhf ,ufrpa rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

Fw;wthspahf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; me;j mstpw;F tpupe;Js;sd.

xU rptpy; mjpfhup vj;jid NjePu; Nfhg;igfs; mUe;jpdhu; vd;gJ gw;wpa

nra;jpia mjpfhukpd;wp ntspapLjy; my;yJ mur mjpfhupfs; jpdKk; NjePu;

mUe;Jfpwhu;fs; vd;w cz;ikia ntspapLtJ $l mguhjj;jpw;Fupa

Fw;wkhFk;. Jujp\;ltrkhf jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F kf;fSf;F

,ay;ghd cupik cz;L vd;gjid gy murhq;fq;fs; ,Jtiu Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy. mj;NjhL jfty;fis tof;fkhf rfyUf;Fk; fpilf;fr;

nra;tJ murhq;fj;jpd; flik vd;gjidf; $l Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.

,yq;if murikg;gpd; KfTiuapy; ehl;bd; ,iwik kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd;

mjpfhuj;jpd; tsq;fs; kf;fNs vdg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s NghJk;

FbNaw;w fhy ,ufrpaq;fisj; njhlu;e;Jk; NgZk; Nehf;fpy; gy rl;lq;fs;

- 06-

njhlu;r;rpahf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd. 1955 ,y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l cj;jpNahfG+u;t

,ufrpa rl;l%yk; (X.v];.v) Kd;dhs; FbNaw;w Ml;rpapd; fPo;

mKy;gLj;jg;gl;l 1911 ,d; rl;lj;Jf;F kpfTk; neUq;fpajhf cs;sJ. mur

,ufrpaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzk; kpfTk; gue;jjhf cs;sJ. mJ

mjd; vy;iyf;Fs; ,yq;ifapd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; MAjg; gilfs;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l rfy jfty;fisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. murhq;f

mjpfhupfSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jhgdf; Nfhit vDk; tpjp cj;jpNahfG+u;t

jfty;fis murhq;fj;jpd; cupa mjpfhukpd;wp nghJ kf;fs; vtUf;Fk;

ntspapLtjidj; jil nra;fpd;wJ. 1973 Mk; Mz;L ,yf;fk; 5 gj;jpupif

rig rl;l%yj;jpd; gb mikr;ruitj; jPu;khdq;fis ntspapLtjw;F

jilnra;fpd;wJ. mur ,ufrpaq;fs; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ve;jnthU

tplaj;ijAk; ntspapLtjw;F jiltpjpf;Fk; rl;lk; kPz;Lk; 7

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rl;lk; Clfq;fis mtjhdpf;ff; $ba fhty;

eha; xd;whf> gj;jpupif kd;wk; xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. VO

tUlq;fSf;F Kd; ,U jug;G gpNuuiz xd;wpd; %yk; ,aq;fr;

nra;ahkypUe;j gj;jpupif kd;wj;ij kPz;Lk; capu;g;gpf;f 2009 [{iyapy; 8

murhq;fk; jPu;khdpj;jJ. ,yq;if muR 1945 nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;ij

gad;gLj;jp gaq;futhjpfSf;F vjpuhf gilapduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

eltbf;iffis mwpf ;ifapLtJ njhlu ;ghf Clfq;fSf;F 9

jiltpjpg;gjw;fhf xOq;F tpjpfis tpjpj;Js;sJ.

jj;jkJ jpwikfis Koikahf mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; me;j

cupikfs; njhlu;ghf KOikahf mDgtpg;gjw;fhf jfty;fis mwpe;J

nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; topfs; kiwf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ ngUk;

jilahf cs;sJ. jdpkdpj MSikahdJ murpay;> r%f jd;ik

nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; jpwik Mfpa midj;Jk; xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fk;>

ghupa mstpy; r%fj;jpw;F fpilf;ff; $ba jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ

kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. jfty;fis kf;fsplkpUe;J

kiwj;J toik Nghy; itj;jpUf;Fk; gof;fk; kf;fis mbikfshfNt

cUthf;Fk;. mj;NjhL ,J mtu;fsJ cupikfis kPWtjhFk;. ,J If;fpa

ehLfs; rigapy; 1946 ,y; mjd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. “jfty;

Rje;jpuk; Xu; mbg;gil kdpj cupikahFk;. ,J rfy cupikfSf;Fkhd

ciufy; MFk;. mjw;F If;fpa ehLfs; jiy tzq;FfpwJ.” vd nghJr;

mbg;gil kdpj cupik

- 07-

10rig cWjp nfhs;fpd;wJ. kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa ru;tNjr gpufldj;jpy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay;

cupikfs; gw;wpa ru;tNjr rhrdj;jpy; (ICCPR) 19tJ ruj;jpy; rl;luPjpahf

fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;l cld;gbf;if me;j];J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xt;nthUtUf;Fk; fUj;Jf; $Wk; kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk; cs;sJ.

,t;Tupik jiyaPLfs; ,d;wpa fUj;Jf; nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs; mw;W

ve;jnthU Clfk; %ykhfTk; jfty; kw;Wk; fUj;Jiufisr; Nrfupf;f 11

ngw;Wf; nfhs;s kw;Wk; mwptpf;Fk; cupikia cs;slf;Fk;. ,J

jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; cupikia ru;tNjr kdpj cupik rl;lj;jpy;

njspthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;if 1980 ,y; ICCPR ,y; ,ize;jjd;

%yk; mjd; rfy gpui[fSf;Fk; ,t;Tupikia cWjpg;gLj;j rl;lj;jpd;gb 12

flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.

13mdu;j;jj;jpd; NghJ mbg;gil kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

1983 Kjy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,yq;ifau;fs; ePz;l fhykhf ePbj;j

rptpy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jkJ tPLfisAk; kw;Wk;

fpuhkq;fisAk; iftpl;L Kfhk;fs; kw;Wk; gof;fg;glhj

gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;tjw;fhd epiyf;F js;sg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j Aj;jk;

,Wjp fl;lj;Jf;F mjhtJ Aj;jk; Kbtile;j 2009k; Mz;L

ngUe;njhifahf ehl;bd; tlf;fpy; gy FLk;gq;fs; ,lk; ngau;e;jd.

cs;sf uPjpapy; ,lk; ngau;e;j kf;fshf mtu;fsJ mbg;gil

cupikfs; kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpaj; Njitfshd czT kw;Wk;

,Ug;gplq;fis toq;fp mtu;fis ghJfhg;ghf trpf;f mtu;fs;

muir ek;gpapUe;jdu;. vg;gbapUe;Jk; epthuzq;fis gfpu;e;jspf;Fk;

NghJ mJ ,ufrpakhfTk; jhkjkhfTk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. kf;fs;

ngUk;ghYk; jkf;F czT fpilf;Fkh mJ ve;jsT mJ ve;j

,lj;jpy; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf xt;nthUtuplKk; Nfl;Lj; njupe;J

nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiy ,Ue;jJ. mNj Nghy; me;jg; nghUl;fis

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiw vd;d vd;gij

mtu;fs; mwpahky; ,Ue;jdu;. jfty;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk;

cupiknahd;W ,y;yhik jkf;F cz;ikahff; fpilf;f

Ntz;baitfs; gw;wp mwpaTk; kw;Wk; czT> epthuzk;

gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; nfhs;if gw;wpAk; murhq;fj;ij tpdTk; re;ju;g;gk;

kf;fSf;F kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jfty; gw;whf;Fiw> ghuhgl;rk; fhl;ly;>

- 08-

jd;dpr;irahf ,aq;fy; jiyJ}f;f re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

murhq;fk; kf;fSf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w murpay; ahg;G my;yJ

rl;lg;gbahd flg;ghL ,y;yhikapdhy; mur mjpfhupfspdJ

eltbf;iffs; my;yJ mrl;ilfs; gw;wp murhq;fj;jplk; tpdtNth

my;yJ murhq;fj;jpid nghWg;ghspahf;fNth KbahJ.

2004 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gFjpapy; vd;Wkpy;yhjthW

mopit Vw;gLj;jpa Rdhkp mdu;j;jk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs;

,lk;ngauf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. 2005 Kjy; ru;tNjr r%fk; gy

gpy;ypad;; nlhyu;fis epthuzkhf toq;fpAs;sJ. epthuz kw;Wk;

Gdu;epu;khz Ntiyfs;> njhw;W Neha; Nghd;W Coypy;

rpf;Fz;Ls;sNjhL ghupa mstpy; epjp #iwahlg;gLtjhfTk; Fw;wQ;

rhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. FbapUg;GfspdJ Gdu;epu;khzk; kw;Wk; capu;

jg;gpatu;fSf;Fg; Gdu;tho;tspj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp

l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; =yq;fh epWtdk; kw;Wk; rptpy;

r%f epWtdq;fSk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; 14

NfhupAs;sd.

,Jjhd; rup

kf;fsJ cupikahf jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s topaikg;gJ kpf

Kf;fpakhFk;.

• [dehaf topKiwf;fhf mij ghJfhf;Fk; cupik kw;Wk;

Kiwahd epu;thfk; Vida rfy kdpj cupikfisAk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf Kf;fpakhd tplakhftpUg;gJ

• murpd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ru;tNjr flikg;ghl;bd; xU

gFjpahFk;. mjhtJ jfty; njupe;Jnfhs;Sk; cupik murpdhy;

toq;fg;gLk; ghJfhg;gpw;F cj;juthjkspf;fpd;wJ.

• rl;lg;gb mKy;gLj;jf; $ba cupikia murhq;fj;jpd;

tpUg;gj;jpd;gb FWfpajhf;fNth my;yJ cjhrPdg;gLj;jNth

Kbahikapdhy; jfty; murhq;fj;jpdhy; mjd; jPu;khdj;jpd;gb

kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; md;gspg;ghfNt fUjg;gLk;. ntWk; epu;thf

eltbf;if vd fUjp mjpypUe;J J}ukhFjy;.

- 09-

• flikia jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;ltiu xU gf;fkhfTk; rl;l

cupj;Jila ed;ik ngWgtiu kWgf;fkhfTk; cUthf;Fk;. jfty;

ntspaplg;glhik xU cupik kPwyhFk;. NkYk; ed;ik ngWNthu;

rl;l tpNkhrdk; Njl KbAk;.

• jfty; murhq;fj;jpw;F my;y nghJ kf;fSf;Nf nrhe;jkhdJ

vd rkpf;iQ fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ntspapLtjw;F tpNrl fhuzk;

,y;iyNay; rfyJk; ,ufrpak; vd;w fUj;J rfy jfty;fSk;

fpilf;fg;ngWk;> mtw;iw kWg;gjw;fhd cWjpahd fhuzk; ,y;iy

vd;gjidf; nfhz;L khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mtzq;fis

ntspg;gLj;j kWg;gJ gw;wpa fhuzj;ij ep&gpf;Fk; nghWg;G gjtp

tfpg;gtiuNa rhUk;.

• nghWg;Gf; $Wtjpy; cau; ju epu;zaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

• gy murhq;fq;fspd; eltbf;iffspy; ,d;Dk; nry;thf;Fs;s

jpwe;j kw;Wk; tif $WjYf;Fs;s rl;l kw;Wk; epWtdj; jilfisj;

jhf;Ftjw;Fg; gpui[fSf;Fr; rl;l mjpfhuk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J

fl;Lg;ghl;bd; ,Ug;gplj;ij murplkpUe;J kf;fSf;F khw;wp

kf;fSf;fhd ,iwikia kPz;Lk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik Vida rfy kdpj cupikfisAk;

tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk;> fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;

rpe;jid cupik mgpg;gpuhaq;fis cUthf;fg; NghJkhd jfty; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjpNyNa jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. jdpg;gl;l jw;fhg;gpw;fhd cupikia

mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; kf;fs; mtu;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sg; NghJkhd

jfty;fis ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; xU NjitahFk;. fdlhtpy;

ghJfhg;gpw;fhd cupik jdpg;gl;l jw;fhg;gpw;F Vw;gLk; mr;RWj;jy; gw;wpa

jfty;fSf;fhd epahakhd cupikia cUthf;Ffpd;wJ vd;gjid Xu; 15

ePjpkd;wk; mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. nghyp]hu; ,t; mr;RWj;jy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;J

,J gw;wp mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shd egUf;F mwptpf;fj; jtwpd; mtuJ

ghJfhg;ig kPWtjhFk;. cztpw;fhd cupikAk; ngUk;ghYk; jftYf;fhd

cupikapNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy;> kf;fs; jkJ czT

khdpa cupikfs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s rl;lq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

r%fj;jpy; ViofSf;fhf xJf;fg;gLk; czTg; nghUl;fs; tQ;rfkhf jpir 16

jpUg;gg;gLk; NghJ mit gw;wpAk; ntspf; nfhzu KbAk;. kdpj cupikfs;

fUj;Jiuahly;fspy; jfty; cupj;Jupik gpujhdkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

- 10-

Vnddpy; jkJ cupikfis kpfTk; fUj;Js;sjha; nraw;gLj;jTk;>

mtu;fspd; cupikfs; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shFk; NghJ mJ gw;wp kjpg;gPL

nra;aTk; NkYk; VjhtJ cupik kPwYf;F ahu; nghWg;G vdj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;

,J gpui[fSf;F cjTfpd;wJ.

jfty; cupj;JupikahdJ jfty; NjLk; cupikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mj;NjhL

jfty;fis Njbr;nry;yy;> xOq;F nra;jy; kw;Wk; mjid ,yFtpy; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sTk; jfty; mspg;gJk; flikahFk;. nghJ kf;fs; eyDf;fhf khj;jpuk;

vd ep&gpf;fg;gLk; NghJ khj;jpuk; jfty;fis gJf;fp itf;f KbAk;. jfty;

mil topia Vw;gLj;Jk; flik murhq;fj;jpNyNa jq;fpAs;sNjhL ,U 17

gpujhd epiyfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. Ntz;Ljypd; Ngupy; gpui[fs;

jfty;fis mila cjTjy; Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis Kd; $l;bNa mwpe;J

gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.

murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J kf;fs; jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij cWjp

nra;tjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;gpy; \uj;Jf;fs; vJTk;

cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk; rl;lj; jPu;g;Gf;fs; jftiy milAk;

kf;fspd; cupik Vida mbg;gil cupikfspy; ,aw;ifaha; mike;j xU

gpupT vd rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd. 1984 ,y; [dehafj;jpy;

nghJf; fye;Jiuahly; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;Wk; mt;thwhd fye;Jiuahliy

mile;J nfhs;tjw;F jftiy ngWgtu; vd;w egu; xUtupdJ cupik kpf

Kf;fpankdTk; cau; ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ. vdNt jftiyg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; cupik murpayikg;gpd; \uj;J 14 (1) (m) ,y;

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpy; 18

czu;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU jrhg;jj;jpw;F gpd;G cau; ePjpkd;wk;

,e;epiyg;ghl;il kPsha;T nra;J jfty; mwpAk; cupik cz;ikapNyNa

murpayikg;gpd; \uj;J 10 ,y; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;

kw;Wk; mgpg;gpuhak; nfhz;bUg;gjw;FKs;s mbg;gil cupikapy; 19

cz;ikahf ,aw;ifaha; mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ. vdj; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ.

xypgug;G mjpfhu rig kNrhjh> murpayikg;Gld; KwpTgl;ljh? vd;w

jPu;g;gpw;fhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;l NghJ ,yq;ifapd; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ,j;jPu;g;gpid 20

kPz;Lk; typAWj;jpaJ. kpf mz;ikapy; fhyp Kfj;jply; tof;fpy; xU

jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik njhlu;ghf ,yq;ifapd;

epiy

- 11-

tplaj;jpy; nghJ Mu;tk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; NghJ mur kw;Wk;

cj;jpNahfG+u;t nra;jpg; guptu;j;jidapy; cs;s ,ufrpakhd nra;jpiaf; $l

nghJ ed;ik fUjp murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l jftiyg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; “ntspf;fhl;lg;glhj” cupik xU egUf;F cz;L vd cau;

ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspj;jJ. ,J fUj;J ntspapLk; cupikia

mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk; gaDs;sjhfTk; Mf;Fk; vdTk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhd gpufldj;jpd; gpd;Gk; murhq;f ,yhfhf;fspypUe;J gpiui[fs;

,yFthf jfty;fisg; ngw KbahJs;sJ. \uj;J 14 (01) (a) ,d; gug;ig

NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf 2000 Mk; Mz;by; murpay; ahg;G

tiuGgLj;jg;gl;lJ jw;NghJs;s Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;Fk;

Rje;jpuj;jpDs; jfty;fis NjLjy;> ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; mwptpf;Fk; 23

Rje;jpuj;ij cs;slf;fNt ,t;tiuT Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk;

,t; cj;Njr jpUj;jk; rl;lkhf;fg;gltpy;iy NkYk; cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf

mDkjpf;fg;gl;l ,ufrpak; ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;e;Jk; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. mjd;

nraw;ghLfspy; vjidg; gpui[fSf;F vLj;Jf; $w Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;

murhq;fk; njhlu;e;Jk; kj;jpa];juhf ,aq;Ffpd;wJ.

,yq;if cl;gl nghJeytha ehLfs; gy jlitfspy; jfty;fis

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupikapd; mbg;gil Kf;fpaj;Jj;ij typAWj;jpAs;sd.

“kf;fSf;F cj;jpNahfG+u;t jfty;fisg; ngw NghjpasT top ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ [dehaf kw;Wk; murhq;f nraw;ghLfspy; nghJ kf;fs; gq;F

nfhs;sy; kpfTk; mu;j;jKs;sjhapUf;Fk;.” nghJ eytha ePjp mikr;ru;fs;

241980 ,y; gpufldg;gLj;jpapUe;jdu;. mJ njhlf;fk; nfhs;if mwpf;iffs;

mq;fj;Jt ehLfis gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; Cf;fkspj;jJ. “jfty; Rje;jpuj;ij

25rl;l kw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jf; $ba cupikahff; fUjTk;” nghJ eytha

26nrayfk; topfhl;ly;fisf; $l jahu; nra;jJ. NkYk; ,J tplakhf khjpupr;

27rl;lk; xd;iwAk; cUthf;fpaJ.

cj;jpNahfG+u;t nghJ eythak;> mjhtJ murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd Kftu;

epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; $l;lq;fs;> mjd; eltbf;iffis kf;fSf;fhfj; jpwf;f

rpy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. vdpDk;> mJ ,d;Dk; ntF J}uk; nry;y

nghJeytha rigapd; nraw;ghLfs;

- 12-

Ntz;bAs;sJ. tpNrlkhf> nghJ eythar; nrayfk; mjpfgl;r jfty;

ntspg;gLj;jy; gw;wpa ntspg;ghlhd kw;Wk; KOikahd nfhs;if xd;iw

Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; cjhuzk; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd nfhs;if xd;W

,y;yhjtplj;J> gpui[fSld; jfty; guptu;j;jid nra;tjpy; Mu;tkpd;wp

tpyfp epd;W mjd; nfsutj;ij tpl;Lk; tpyfp nghJ eythak; Nghuhl;lj;ijj;

njhlUk;.

murhq;f my;yJ jdpahu; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; mur rhu;gw;w

epWtdq;fs;> mur gq;fPLs;s epWtdq;fs; ,yl;rf; fzf;fhd

kf;fspd; jiytpjpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; cyfpy; jfty;

cupj;Jupikapd; tuk;Gfs; ntWk; murhq;fj;jpidj; jhz;br; nrd;W

cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpy ehLfs; mtu;fsJ rl;lj;jpd; 28

cs;tuk;Gfis xU rpy jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; tiu ePbj;Js;sd.

,g;gpur;rpidfs; kf;fspd; mbg;gil Mu;tq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

gzpf;F Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ltjid Kbthff; nfhs;tjd; mtrpaj;ij

mq;fPfupg;gjy;yhky; Njhw;Wtha; my;yJ Ntz;lg;gLk; jfty;fis

itj;jpUf;Fk; epWtdj;jpdJ mikag; ngw;w gz;Gfis Nkw;Nfhs; 29

fhl;Ltjpy; gad; ,y;iy.

Rfhjhug; guhkupg;G> ePu; toq;fy;> kpd;rhuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>

rpiwr;rhiy Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;w nghJ eltbf;iffs; jdpahu;

k a g ; g L j ; j g ; g L t j h y ; k f ; f s ; , r ; N r i t f i s

epiwNtw;WNthuplkpUe;J jfty; ngw KbAkhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; Nrit toq;FNthupilNaAk; mbf;fb nra;J

nfhs;sg;gLk; cld;gbf;iffs; mtu;fsJ eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa

jfty;fis kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w

Njit cl;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J murhq;f mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J

jfty;fis tpyf;fptpLfpd;wJ. ,y;iyNay; ,it jfty; mil top

rl;lj;jpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; nghJr;

Nritfis toq;fhj NghjpYk; $l mtu;fspd; Nritfs; kf;fspd;

cupikfisj; jhf;ff; $badthapd; mtu;fspd; eltbf;iffs;

nghJ Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jf; $bajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf>

jdpahu;….nghJthtJ vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;?

- 13-

xU Miyapd; Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;if gw;wpa

jfty;fis kf;fs; mwpaf; $bajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;

MiyahdJ eQ;Rfs; mOf;Ffis cupa Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk;

nra;tjd; %yk; kf;fspd; Rfhjhu cupikiaf; Fiwf;ftpy;iy

vd;gjid epr;rapj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

2000 jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; top njhlu;ghd rl;l%yj;jpd;

fPo; njd;dhgpupf;f jdpahu;Jiw kPJ jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

mtu;fSf;Fs;s ,zf;fg;ghl;il fl;lhag;gLj;jp njd;dhgpupf;fh

Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gl;lJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 50 ,d; fPo;

VjhtJ cupikfs; Nkw;nfhs;s my;yJ ghJfhf;f gjpTfs;

Njitnadpd; jdpahu; epWtdq;fspd; jfty;fisg;ngw xUtuhy; 29

KbAk;. ,J Xu; kpfTk; gue;j epge;jidahFk;.

,e;jpahtpd;> 2005 jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; jdpahu; JiwiaAk;

Xustpw;F cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. Vnddpy; vtuhtJ cupik nfhs;Sk;>

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ NghJkhd mstpy; murhq;fj;jpdhy;

toq;fg;gl;l Neu;Kfkhf my;yJ kiwKfkhf epjpapypUe;J vd

Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fUj;jhdJ> murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J khdpak;

my;yJ rYiffisg; ngWk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F

cl;gLj;jg;gLk;. GJikahf> jw;NghJ mKypy; cs;s NtW VjhtJ

xU rl;lj;jpd; fPo; murhq;f mjpfhup xUtUf;F mil top cs;s

ve;jnthU jdpahu; epWtdk; rk;ge;jkhd jfty;fisg; ngw rl;lk; 30

nghJ kf;fSf;F top mikf;fpd;wJ. ,J jw;NghJs;s rl;lk;

my;yJ cg rl;lk; xd;wpd; fPo; xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J

cjhuzkhf #oy; jhf;f mwpf;if> jPq;fpiof;ff; $ba fopTg;

nghUl;fis mopg;gJ gw;wpa jpl;lk; my;yJ epjp mwpf;if gw;wp

jpl;lk; my;yJ epjp mwpf;if gw;wp nghJ epWtdk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba mwpf;ifiag; ngw;wpuhj epiyapYk;$l mt;

mwpf;iffisg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lnkd egnuhUtu; Nfhupf;if tplyhk;.

nghJ epWtdk; jdpahu; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J mt; mwpf;ifiag; ngw

mjd; mjpfhuj;ij cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,jid

Ntz;batUf;F toq;FtJ gw;wp nghJ epWtdk; eltbf;if vLf;f 30 31

Ntz;Lk;. Neghsk; kw;Wk; tq;fhs Njrj;jpy; cs;s jfty;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rl;lq;fs; murhq;fj;jpdhy; my;yJ ntspehl;L

- 14-

Kftu; epiyaq;fspdhy; epjp cjtp mspf;fg;gLkhapd; mur rhu;gw;w

epWtdq;fs; jfty; ntspapl Ntz;Lk; vd;w flg;ghL

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp ,yq;ifAk; Muk;g

cWg;gpduhf cs;s nghJ eytha murhq;fq;fSf;F Qhgf%l;l Ntz;bajd;

Njitapy;iy. 80 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

cupikiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lk; mKypy; cs;sNjhL gy ehLfspy;

mz;ikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;Gfspy; ,e;j cupikia

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpNrl epge;jidfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jid vOJk;

Ntisapy; 53 nghJeytha Njrq;fspd; 15 ,y; md;bFth kw;Wk; gu;Klh>

mT];jpNuypah> gq;fshNj\;> ngyP];> fdlh> ,e;jpah> [ka;fh> Nkhy;lh>

epA]Pyhe;J> ghfp];jhd; (fl;lisr; rl;lk;> ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk; my;y) njd;

Mgpupf;fh> Gdpj tpd;rd;l; kw;Wk; fpNyNdbd;> l;updplhl; kw;Wk; nlhNgNfh>

cfz;lh> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; Mfpad jfty; cupj;Jupikia cWjpg;gLj;jp

rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sd. ,tw;Ws; rpytw;wpy; fUj;J}d;wpa FiwghLfs;

,Uf;fpd;wd. cfz;lhtpy; rl;lk; epiwNtw;g;gl;lhYk;> mJ ,Jtiu G+uzkhf

mKy;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. mJ ,aw;wg;gl;L ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; gpd;G Gdpj

tpd;rd;l; kw;Wk; fpuNdb]; ,y; murhq;fj;jpw;F ntspNa xUrpyu; khj;jpuk;

jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; gw;wp mwpe;Js;sdu;. njw;fhrpahtpy; Neghs

jfty; mil topr; rl;lk; ,U tUlq;fSf;F NkyhfpAk; cupik

cs;shu;tj;Jld; Muk;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

gyre;ju;g ;gq;fspy; nghJeytha rigia Nru;e;j ehLfis

mgfPu;j;jpf;Fs;shf;Fk; tifapy; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik mur epu;thfj;jpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vjpu;j;Jr; nrayhw;w tw;GWj;jg;gLk; NghJ rpy ehLfs; kpf

nkJtha; top tpLfpd;wd. ntspg;gilahd rl;lq;fs; %yk; cupikia

cj;juthjk; nra;a kWj;jdu;. KbAkhdtiu jhkjpf;fr; nra;tNjhL

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l cupikNa toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mgpupf;fhtpy; cs;s fhdh>

nfd;ah> kyhtp> ie[Pupah> ]pauypNahd;> jd;]hdpah kw;Wk; ]k;gpah>

fupgpadpy; cs;s ghu;gNlh];> fahdh kw;Wk; gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpYs;s gp[p

kw;Wk; gGthepAfpdp Mfpa ehLfspd; murhq;fq;fspdhy; my;yJ rptpy;

r%fj;jpdhy; jahu; nra;ag;gl;l tiuTr; rl;lthf;fk; MNyhridapy;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk;

- 15-

cs;sJ. jfty; mil top rk;ge;jkhd ie[Pupa rl;l tiuTf;F gj;J

tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhfpd;wJ. ,r;rl;lj;ij 2008 ,y; ghuhSkd;wk;

mq;fPfupj;jJ. Mdhy; mJ jd;ikapy; mjpf kpjthjk; nfhz;lJ> vdf; $wp

md;iwa [dhjpgjp xg;gkpl kWj;jhu;. Gjpa [dhjpgjp xUtu; njupT

nra;ag;gl;l gpd; ,e;j kNrhjhit kPz;Lk; epiwNtw;wr; nra;a rptpy; r%fk;

kw;WnkhU MjuT njuptpf;Fk; gpurhuj;ij Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. ,Nj Nghd;W

nfd;ahtpy; jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rl;l tiuit epiwNtw;wr; nra;a>

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ePz;l fhy gpur;rhuk; Nju;jYf;F Kd; mjidg;

ghuhSkd;wk; epiwNtw;wj; jtwpajdhy; mJ Vkhw;wj;jpy; Kbe;jJ.

ghuhSkd;wk; Gjpjhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ljdhy; ,e;j rl;lkpaw;Wk;

nraw;ghl;ilAk; kPz;Lk; Muk;gpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kaw;rp 1988 ,y;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. 2003 ,y; ,t;tiuTr; rl;l%yk; murhq;f Clfq;fs;

kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik gw;wp Mjutha;g; NgRk; rptpy; r%f gpujpepjpfis

cs;slf;fpa Xu; FOtpdhy; jahu; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,t;tiuit

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhd mikr;ruit mDkjpAk; fpilf;fg;

ngw;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; 2004 ,y; ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;likapdhy;

mjidj; njhlu;e;J te;j murhq;fq;fs; ,J tplaj;jpy; mjpf mf;fiw 32

fhl;lhikapdhy; mJ gpd;Nghlg;gl;lJ. Vida rl;l Ml;rpfspy; cs;s rpwe;j

gof;fq;fis cs;slf;fp ,yq;if rl;l Mizf;FO 2003 ,y; jfty;

cupj;Jupik tiuT kNrhjh xd;iw Kd;itj;jJ.33 jahupf;fg;gl;l

jpUj;jr;rl;l %yk; muR cl;gl kpf ek;gpf;ifahd cWg;gpdu;fspilNa

gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ljhf mur tl;lhuq;fs; njuptpg;gjhf nra;jp ntspahdJ.

vdpDk; rptpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; Clfq;fSf;F ,e;j MNyhrid nraw;ghl;Lf;F

top fpl;ltpy;iy. mz;ikapy; Kbtile;j tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhz

Aj;jj;jpy; murhq;fk; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpapUe;jjhy; fle;j tUlq;fspy;

,yq;if jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwf;fhf eltbf;iffs; kpf

nkJthfNt ,lk; ngw;wd.

,yq;if cl;gl nghJeytha ehLfs; ek;gpf;if ,oe;j epiyapy; Njb

miyAk; [dehafj;ij Nt&d;wr; nra;aTk; mgptpUj;jpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;jTk;

murhq;fq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gjidf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; NghJ gy

mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lj;ijg; NgZtjpy; jaf;fk;

fhl;Ltjpy; Mr;rupak; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. jfty; cupj;JupikahdJ ey;yhl;rp>

[dehafk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd topfs;

- 16-

gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpAs;s 84 ehLfs;36

INuhg;gh Mrpah/gRgpf; mnkupf;f ehLfs; fuPgpad;

Mgpupf;fh

my;Ngdpah nfhN]hth mT];jpNuypah md;bFth kw;Wk; gu;%lh

mq;Nfhyh

MNkdpah fpu;fp];jhd; gq;fshNj\; M[d;Bdh njd; Mgpupf;fh

x];j;jpupah nek;gpah rPdh m&gh cfz;lh

ngy;[pak; ypr;nld;];ild; Ff; jPTfs; ngiy]; rpk;ghg;Nt

ngh];dpah ypj;JNtdpah ,e;jpah fdlh

gy;Nfupah nk]Nlhdpah ,];Nuy; nfa;nkd; jPTfs;

FNuh]pah nkhy;Nlhth [g;ghd; rpyp

nrf; FbauR

nkhd;nlndf;Nuh N[hu;jhd; nfhyk;gpah

nld;khu;f; neju;yhe;J Neghsk; nlhkpdpf; FbauR

v];j;Njdpah Nehu;Nt epA]pyhe;J lr;R md;jpy;y];

gpd;yhe;J Nghye;J ghfp];jhd; <FthNlhu;

gpuhd;]; Nghu;j;Jf;fy; gpypg;igd;]; [ikf;fh

N[hu;[pah NuhNkdpah njd; nfhupah n h̀z;bAuh];

n[u;nkdp Nru;gpah jha;thd; nkf;]pNfh

fpwP]; ];Nyhthfpah j[pfp];jhd; epfuFth

`q;Nfup ]NyhNtdpah jha;yhe;J gdhkh

I];yhe;J ];nga;d; c];gfp];jhd; ngU

mau;yhe;J Rtpw;]yhe;J l;updplhl; kw;Wk; nlhghNfh

,j;jhyp JUf;fp If;fpa mnkupf;fh ehLfs;

f]f];jhd; cf;Nud;

If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;

ntspg;gilj; jd;ik> tif $wy;> gq;F nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; ViofSf;Fr;

rhl;ilahf tpsq;Fk; Coiy ,y;yhJ xopf;fTk; mj;jpthukpLfpd;wJ.

vdNt> $upa mwpTs;s nghUspayhsu;fSk;; ngUe;jd;ikAs;s

kWrPuikg;ghsu;fSk; KbAkhd msT ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

- 17-

gq;Nfw;wy; [dehafj;ij mu;j;jKs;sjhf;fy;

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapdJk;> nghJeythaj;jpdJk; cWg;G ehL vd;w

tifapy; ,t;tpU epWtdq;fisAk; tYT+l;Lk; tifapy; ,yq;if ,t;tpU

epWtdj;jpdJk; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffSld; ,zq;f Ntz;Lk;. 1999

,y; jfty; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa If;fpa ehLfspd; tpNrl gpujpepjp> jftiy

miltjw;fhd kf;fspd; jpwe;j cupik kw;Wk; mtu;fs; rhu;ghf murhq;fq;fs;

vd;d nra;fpd;wd vd;gJ njupahtpl;lhy; cz;ik gyk; ,oe;J tpLk; kw;Wk;

murhq;fj;jpy; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;G Jz;bj;JtpLk; vd;gJ fUj;Jr; 36

Rje;jpuj;jpDs; cs;slf;fkhAs;sJ vd mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. ,NjNghd;W

Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; [dehaf murpay; nraw;ghL %yk; jhk; thOk; r%fj;ij

epu;khzpg;gjpy; gq;nfLg;gjw;fhd jdp egUf;Fs;s kw;Wk; khw;wpf; nfhLf;f

,ayhj cupikia 1991 ,dJ nghJeytha ùhNu khehl;Lg; gpufldk; 37

mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; nghJeythaj;jpd; rfy cWg;gpdu;fSk;

,e;j cj;juthjj;ij [dehafj;jpw;F mspj;Js;s mNjNtis gy ehLfspy;

[dehaff; nfhs;ifahd ey;yhl;rp> ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; tif$wy;

ngUk;ghYk; gyk; ,oe;JtpLk;. cz;ik ahnjdpy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk;

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Kf;fpakhFk;.

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vkf;Fj; jUfpd;whuh vd;w gjpNtl;bid guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;f KbAk;

murhq;fj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; nghJr; Rfhjhu epiyankhd;wpd;

epWtg;gl;l juk;> topfhl;lypd; gb nraw;gLfpd;wjh vd guPl;rpj;Jg;

- 18-

ghu;f;f KbAk;. Xa;T ngw;w xUtu; jdJ cupj;Jupikfs; gw;wp

murhq;fk; itj;Js;s gjpTfs; rupahdJk;> ek;gpf;iff;FupaJkh?

vd guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;. xU rpwpa tu;j;jfu; jhd; ,oe;j xU

tpiykDf; Nfhuy; Neu;ikaw;w Kiwapy; nry;thf;Fs;s NtnwhU

nry;te;ju; xUtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ vdf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ

gw;wp e\;l<L Nfhup tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;a KbAk;. murhq;f

xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s khjpupfSf;F vjpNu jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ghijapd; juk; gw;wp tjpNthu; xUtu; Nfs;tp

vOg;gyhk;. gpui[fs; FO xd;W Xu; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; gad;ghL

gw;wp guPl;rpf;f KbAk;. Rw;whlYf;F ghjfk; Vw;gLj;jf; $Lk; vd

mwpag;gLkplj;J mjd; Mtzq;fisf; $l mf;FO guPl;rpf;f KbAk;.

jftYf;fhd miltop cz;ikapNyNa nghJ mjpfhupfs; jkJ

gzpfSf;fhf tif $w Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyia cUthf;f

kf;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fpd;wJ. thf;Fupikahd kf;fspd; kpfTk;

mbg;gil [dehaf cupikia gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ $l jfty;

mbf;fb ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ Nghfpd;wJ. mikr;Rf;fs; vt;thW

nraw;gLfpd;wd> murpay;thjpfs; vt;thW nraw;gLfpd;wdu; kw;Wk;

Gjpa mNgl;rfu;fspd; mDgtk; jifik Nghd;w cz;ikia

ntspapLk; jfty;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf fpilf;fhjtplj;J thf;fhsu;fs;

jkJ mbg;gilj; Nju;thf [hjp> Fyk;> kjk; my;yJ mtu; rhu;e;j

tu;f;fk; mtu;fspd; tpUgj;jpw;Fupatiuj; Nju;e;njLg;gjd; %yk;

FWfpa murpay; Mu;tj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjpNyNa Kbfpd;wJ.

,NjNghd;W xU murpay; fl;rpapd; epjp tptuq;fis guprPyid

nra;Ak; cupik ,y;yhjtplj;J tpNrl mf;fiwAs;s FOf;fs;

ntWkNd jkJ jdpg;gl;l eyd; Ngz mNgl;rfu;fis epWj;jtpy;iy

vd;gjid Cu;[pjk; nra;a gpui[fshy; Kbtjpy;iy. murpay; epjp

toq;fy;fspy; rpy ,yQ;rj;ijAk; jhz;br; nry;fpd;wJ. ed;F

mwpag;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fs; vd;gJ ed;F mwpe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Nju;T> kpfTk; nghWg;G tha;e;j ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk;

rpwe;j Ml;rp Kiw vd;gdthFk;.

- 19-

37cz;ikapy; ePq;fs; ahUf;F thf;fspf;fpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij mwptJ

gy ehLfspy; Nghd;W ghupa mguhjf; Fw;wq;fspy; Fw;wthspahff;

fhzg;gl;ltu;fs; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;F ,e;jpaj; Nju;jy; rl;lk;

jil nra;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;L tprhuizf;fhff;

fhj;jpUg;Nghu; my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jtu;fSf;F ,j;jil

nry;Ygbaw;wjhFk;. 2002 ,y; ,e;jpahtpd; F[uhj; khepy Nju;jypd;

NghJ gpujhd murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; epWj;jg;gl;l MW

mNgl;rfu;fSs; xUtUf;F vjpuhf ghupa mguhjf; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs;

,Ue;jd. MOk; fl;rpapypUe;J 25 Ngu;; ntw;wp ngw;wNjhL xU rpyu;

mikr;ru; gjtpfisAk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;. Nfs;tpf;Fwpg; gpd;dzpAld;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk;> khepy rigfSf;Fk; NghFk; cWg;gpdu;

njhifiaapl;L mjpHr;rp mile;j fy;tp rhu;e;Njhu; FOnthd;W

epakdj; jhf;fy; Njitfspy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ltu ,e;jpaj;

Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FOtpw;F Miz gpwg;gpf;FkhW cau;

ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gk; xd;iw rku;g;gpj;jJ. ,jd; %yk; jkf;F

vjpuhfTs;s ghupa Fw;wtpay; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; gw;wp mNgl;rfu;fs;

jfty; ntspapLtjidf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

cau; ePjpkd;wk; jfty; cupj;Jupik [dehafj;jpy; ,aw;ifaha;

mike;Js;sJ vd;Wk; thf;fhsu;fSf;Fj; jkJ mNgl;rfu;fspd;

gpd;dzpia tpNrlkhf mtu;fspd; mguhjk; gw;wpa Ke;jpa epiyia

mwptjw;F murpay; ahg;G cupik cz;L vd;Wk; ,zq;fpAs;sJ.

Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FO cldbahf epakdf; fbjr; nraw;ghLfspy;

Njitahd khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; mw;Gjkhd

Kiwapy; rfy murpay; fl;rpfSk; xd;W jpuz;L ,k;Kaw;rpiaj;

jLf;Fk; Kfkhf Nju;jy;fs; Mizahsupd; ,f;fl;lisia

rf;jptha;e;j Kiwapy; nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;fp murhq;fk; Gjpa rl;lk;

xd;iw epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,jd; Muk;g Kiwg;ghl;lhsu;fSk;

gpui[fs; FOf;fSk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; rl;lG+u;tj; jd;ikia vjpu;j;J

murpay; ahg;G %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;l mtu;fsJ kdpj cupikia

Fiwtilar; nra;fpd;wJ. vd cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cldbahf

tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jdu;. kPz;Lk; xU Kiw> thf;fhsu; mwpe;J

nfhs;s ,Uf;Fk; cupikapd; Gdpjj;Jtj;ij kPs; typAWj;jp

,r;rl;lj;ij ,uj;Jr; nra;jJ. ,t;thwhf epahakw;w Kiwapy;

mwpe;J nfhs;sTs;s mbg;gil cupikia kl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ

- 20-

vd ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ. jw;NghJ rfy mNgl;rfu;fSk; jkJ

epakdg; gj;jpuq;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;Ak; NghJ mtu;fs; ghupa

Fw;wq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gilatu;fsh? mtu;fsJ fy;tpj; jd;ik>

mtu;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fs; fld; gw;wpa tpguq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl

Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jfty; Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FOtpd; mwptpj;jy; gyif

kw;Wk; ,izaj;jpd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

gq;fshNj\py; ,J Nghd;wnjhU tof;F Nky; ePjpkd;w Kd;dpiyapy;

njhlug;gl;lJ rfy mNgl;rfu;fspdJk; nrhj;Jf;fs;> mguhjf;

Fw;wq;fs;> fy;tpg; gpd;dzp gw;wpa vl;L tpjkhd jfty;fs;

ntspaplg;gLtjid cWjp nra;AkhW Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FOtpw;F

(Nj.M) ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplg;gl;lJ.

[dehafk; kw;Wk; Njrpa cWjpg;ghL> ntspg;gilj; jd;ikf; nfhs;ifapdhy;

mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;wNjhL mJ kf;fSf;F mtu;fsJ gpujpepjpfs; kPJ ngUk;

ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J gpuNahrdKs;s Ml;rpj;Jiwapd;

KbthdNjhu; Njhw;wkhFk;. kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifAk;> MjuTkpd;wp

murhq;fq;fs; mjd; nfhs;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; kl;by; jlq;fy;fSf;F

Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sNjhL mtw;wpd; mKyhf;fKk; kpfTk;

fbdkhapUf;Fk; 47 ehLfspy; Rkhu; 10>000 kf;fspd; fUj;jwpe;j 1999 ,y;

elhj;jg;gl;l nghJeytha kd;w Ma;T jkJ murhq;fq;fs; gw;wp kf;fspilNa

jtwhd vz;zk; tsu;e;J tUtjhf Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ. jkJ murhq;fq;fspd;

cs;nsz;zk; kw;Wk; cj;Njrk; gw;wp gpui[fs; re;Njfg;gLfpd;wdu;. jk;khy;

njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfspy; ek;gpf;if JNuhfk; nra;jtu;fshf my;yJ

jq;fis cjhrPdg;gLj;jpatu;fshf Mf;fg;gl;Nlhk; vd;W czu;fpd;wdu;.

cz;ikahf mtu;fSf;fhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;

Njitfis epiwNtw;w epWtg;gl;l Kftu; epiyaq;fs; gw;wp

re;Njfpf;fpd;wdu;. jhk; Gwf;fzpf;g;gl;ljhfTk;> cjhrPdg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfTk;> 39

ftdpf;fg;glhkYk; cs;sjhf czu;fpd;wdu;. murhq;fq;fspd; Neu;ikj;jpwd;

tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;baNjhL tpUj;jpailtijf; fhzTk; Ntz;Lk;.

jpwe;j murhq;fq;fSk;> jfty;fSf;fhd mil topAk; ,t;tpU KbTfisAk;

mila top tFf;fpd;wJ.

murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifia cWjpg;gLj;JtJ

- 21-

,e;jpa nghyp]; ,lkhw;wj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w CoYf;F vjpuhd

40fhe;jpathjp xUtupd; tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk;

kfhuh\;bu khepyj;jpd; gpurpj;jkhd 2002 jfty; mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk;

cupik njhlu;ghd rl;l%yj;ij ghtpj;J murpay; jiyaPL

fhuzkhf ,lk;ngw;w nghJeltbf;ifahd nghyp];

,lkhw;wq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Kk;ghia jskhff; nfhz;l

irNyh\; fhe;jp vd;gtu; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. nghyp];

mjpfhupfspd; ,lkhw;wk;> nghyp]; Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfj;jpd; fl;lis 413

I njspthf kPWtjhFk;. nghyp]hu; jdpg;gl;l cupik nfhz;lhLk;

Kfkhf Vida jpizf;fs mjpfhupfisNah my;yJ

murpay;thjpfis ehLtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,U tUl

fhyj;jpDs; khepy rl;lrig my;yJ kj;jpa rl;lrig cWg;gpdu;fs;

kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fspd; fl;lis my;yJ Ntz;Ljypd; Ngupy;

,lk;ngw;w ,lkhw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia fhe;jp Nfhupdhu;. fhe;jp

NkYk; gy Ntz;LNfhs;fs; kw;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; 9

tpz;zg;gq;fs; kw;Wk; 11 jdpg;gl;l tprhuizfSf;Fk;

Kiwg;ghLfis Kd;itj;jhu;. mtu; mjd; gyd;fisg; ngw Kd;

Kk;gha; nghyp]; mtw;iwj; jhkjg;gLj;j vz;zpylq;fh

Kaw;rpfis vLj;jJ. kW tpz;zg;gj;ij njhlu;e;J Nyhf; mAf;jh

khepyr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l RahjPd Nky;kD rig

,Wjpapy; Mtzq;fis toq;FkhW fl;lisapl;lNjhL jfty;

toq;Ftjpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhkjj;jpw;fhf murhq;fj;ijAk;

nghyp]hiuAk; fLikahf vr;rupj;jJ. murpay;thjpfspdhy;

,lkhw;wk;> rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F vjpuhf

eltbf;if vLf;FkhWk; fl;lisapl;lJ.

,Wjpahf Kk;gha; nghyp]; Mizahsu; mYtyfj;jpdhy; 50

,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gf;fq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;lNjhL ghupa mstpyhd

, l k h w ; w q ; f s ; m w ; g k h d f h uzq ; f is n a h l ; b

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjhf nghyp]; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; (DGP)

njuptpj;jhu;. cjhuzkhf> gy ,lkhw;wq;fs; f\;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy;

(Gifapujg; nghyp]; my;yJ fyfk; milf;Fk; gFjp) ,y; ,Ue;J

‘,yhgk;’ juf;$ba efuq;fSf;F Ntz;lg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ

njspthfpd;wJ. jpLf;fplr; nra;Ak; tifapy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l 61

- 22-

,lkhw;w Ntz;Ljy;fspy; 58 ,lkhw;wq;fs; Kjyikr;ru; kw;Wk; gpujp

Kjyikr;ru; mYtyfj;jpypUe;Nj te;jpUe;jd. ,tw;Ws; gy khepyj;

Nju;jYf;F Kd;G te;jpUe;jd. mikr;ru;fs;> rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;

kw;Wk; vk;.gpf;fsplkpUe;J 143 fbjq;fSk; ‘rpl;’ fSk; te;jpUe;jd.

,jw;fpilapy; Kk;ig nghyp]; Mizahsu;> efuj;Jf;fpilapyhd

,lkhw;wj;jpw;fhf 139 rpghupRf; fbjq;fisg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. nghyp];

,lkhw;wj;jpw;fhf Ntz;LNfhs;fs; Kd;dhs; Nkau;fis murpay;

fl;rpfspd; khtl;lg; gpupTg; gpujhdpfsplkpUe;Jk; te;jpUe;jikia

,j;jfty;fSf;fhd fhe;jpapd; Ntz;LNfhspy; ,Ue;J njupa te;jJ.

,jd; gpwF “fl;lis 413 I kPWk; vr;nraYk; fLikahff;

ifahsg;gLk;” vdf; $wp gpujpg; nghyp]; Mizahsu; Rw;W epUgk;

xd;iw ntspapl;lhu;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf fhe;jpf;F ngau;fs;

toq;fg;gltpy;iyahapDk; 71 mjpfhupfSk; 64 nfhd;];lgps;fSk;

mtu;fsJ ,lkhw;wk; rk;ge;jkhf mOj;jk; nfhz;Ltu Kad;wjhf

vr;rupf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ,J gw;wp mtu;fspd; Nritg; Gj;jfj;jpy;

Fwpg;Gk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sjhf fhe;jpf;F mwptpj;jhu;. NkYk; fl;lis

413 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; kPwg;gLtJ nghWj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ vd

cWjpahd rkpf;iQ xd;iw nghyp]; Mizahsu; ntspapl;lhu;.

jhd; Nfhupa rfy tpguq;fisAk; fhe;jp ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iyahapDk;

mtuJ eltbf;if cs;SH nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghupa

Coy; %yk; xd;iw mk;gyg;gLj;jpaJ.

2005 ,y; cWjpahd jfty; mil topr; rl;lnkhd;wpw;F ,lkspf;Fk;

Kfkhf khepyr; rl;lk; ePf;fg;gl;L Gjpa rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. kj;jpa rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2008 ,y; jfty; mil top

ru;r;irfisj; jPu;f;Fk; kj;jpa jfty; Mizahsuhf fhe;jp

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

- 23-

Gy tUlq;fshf ,Ue;j epiyaw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL ,yq;ifapd;

mgptpUj;jpapy; gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. jkJ murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ kf;fspd;

ek;gpf;ifiaf; $l;LtjhdJ xU tifapy; Kuz;ghl;ilf; Fiwf;ff;

$bajhapUf;Fk;. ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; jfty;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sy;

murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; gpui[fSf;Fkpilapy; ,U jug;G rk;ghrizia Vw;gLj;jp>

Njrpa cWjpg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jTk; toptFf;Fk;. ,J murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;

kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s ,ilntspiaf; Fiwj;J jhq;fs;

me;epag;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhk; vd;w czu;it kf;fsplkpUe;J fistjw;Fk;

toptif nra;Ak;. kf;fsplk; jhKk; gq;fhsp vd;w czu;T kw;Wk;

jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghl;ilg; guPl;rpg;gjw;fhd ,aYik

Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; kf;fs; jhq;fs; mjpfhukw;wtu;fs; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gf;fs;

toq;fg;glhky; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ xU FO kw;nwhU FOit

tpl epahakw;w Kiwapy; mD$yq;fis milfpd;wJ vDk; gytPdkhd

kdg;ghq;iff; Fiwf;f KbAk;.

E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; nghJeythaj;ijr; Nru;e;j rfy cWg;G ehLfSk;

If;fpa ehLfspd; cWg;gpdu;fshapdu; mj;NjhL kpNydpa mgptpUj;jp

,yf;Ffis mila jkJ nghWg;G gw;wp thf;fspj;jdu;. KOikahf

tWikia xopg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpia ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l ,J

ru;tNjr r%fk; cUthf;fpa Ma;Tj; njhFg;ghFk;. 2002 ,y; $yk; efupy;

xd;W $ba nghJeytha ehLfspd; jiytu;fs; tWikia xopg;gjw;F

kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l kw;Wk; epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jp %yk;

vkJ tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy; cs;s gue;j Vw;wj; jho;it Kd;Ndw;wfukhd

Kiwapy; ePf;Ftjw;Fk; thf;fspj;jdu;. 2007 ,y; fk;ghyh efupy; $ba

nghJeythaj; jiytu;fs; gy cWg;G ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;if

miltjpy; gpd;jq;fpAs;sd vdf; ftiy njuptpj;jdu;. mj;NjhL mgptpUj;jp

mjNdhL xj;j ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis mjpfupf;fr; nra;a 41

mtu;fsJ thf;FWjpfis kPs; cWjp nra;jdu;.

gupjhgkhf 2009 ,y; tWik njhlu;e;Jk; nghJeytha ehLfspd; milahsr;

rpd;dkhf tpsq;fpaJ. Vwf;Fiwa nghJeytha ehLfspy; thOk; kf;fspy;

%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;fpdu; ,d;Dk; ehnshd;Wf;F ,uz;L mnkupf;f

nlhyu;fSf;Ff; Fiwthd njhifapNyNa rPtpak; elj;Jfpd;wdu;. cyfpy;

cs;s 130 kpy;ypad; rpWtu;fSs; miuthrpapdu; Muk;gf; fy;tpf;fhd

topapd;wp tho;tNjhL mtu;fs; nghJeytha ehLfspNyNa

kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l mgptpUj;jpf;F MjuT

- 24-

42fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. cyfpYs;s NehahspfSs; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;fpdu;

nghJeytha ehLfspNyNa cs;sNjhL mtu;fSs; 60% MNdhu; ngz;fs; 43

Mtu;. cg r`huh> Mgpupf;fh kw;Wk; njd; Mgpupf;fh (nghJeythaj;jpy; 85%

,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; tjpAk;) tpy; cyfpy; gl;bdpahy; thLNthupy; 44

ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tho;fpd;wdu;. Gj;jhapuk; ,yf;if mila ,d;Dk; Ie;J

tUlq;fNs cs;s Ntisapy; gy ehLfs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpYk; gpd;dilthd

epiyapNyNa cs;sd.

,Jtiu tWik xopg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp cgha khu;f;fq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk;

Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd fhuzk; gy tUlq;fshf epGzu;fspd; MNyhrid

ngw;W mit G+l;ba miwf;Fs;NsNa tbtikf;fg;gl;lNjhL mjd; %yk;

gyd; ngwf;$ba kf;fspd; MNyhrid ngwg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhFk;. Vio

kf;fs; tpNrlkhf ngz;fs; mbf;fb jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nraw;ghl;bypUe;J

Kw;whf ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wdu;. vjpu;tUk; tUlq;fspy; kpfTk; fld;

gOTs;s twpa ehl;bw;F mD$yk; ngwf;$ba Kf;fpa jPu;khdq;fs; mlq;fpa

murhq;ff; fl;lisfis ghjpf;ff; $ba cyf tq;fpapdhy; Ntz;lg;gl;l

jkJ ehl;L tWik xopg;G cgha khu;f;f mwpf;if ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

rku;g;gpf;fg;gltpy;iynad fhdhtpd; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtu; 46

Kiwapl;bUe;jhu;. cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lr;

nraw;ghLfis kiwthf itj;jpUf;fNt mbf;fb tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. rptpy; r%f

epWtdq;fspd; mOj;jj;ijj; njhlu;e;J cyf tq;fp> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;

Nghd;w gy;jug;G epWtdq;fs; jw;NghJ ntspg;gilahf epw;f Muk;gpj;Js;sd.

Mdhy; mjw;nfd NkYk; gy Ntiyfs; nra;a Ntz;b cs;sd.

,yq;if kj;jpa ju kdpjts mgptpUj;jp ehlhf tpsq;fpa NghjpYk;

,yq;ifapy; gyu; tWikapy; thLfpd;wdu;. 2008Mk; Mz;L If;fpaehLfspd;

kdpjts mgptpUj;jp mwpf;ifapd;gb ,yq;if Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l 177

ehLfSs; nkhj;j kdpjts mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;bapd; gb 99tJ ,lj;jpy; 46

cs;sJ. ,J 2005,y; ,Ue;j 93tJ ,lj;jpypUe;J 6 Gs;spfs; 47

gpd;dilthFk;. ,J cz;ikapNyNa FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; Vw;gl;l fLk;

gpd;dilthFk;. ,yq;if njw;fhrpahtpy; ,e;jpahtpYk; ghu;f;f 29

];jhdq;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; cs;s mNjNeuk; rdj;njhifapy; Ie;jpy; xU 48

gq;fpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; tWik kl;lj;jpNyNa njhlu;e;Jk; cs;sdu;. 1>300

mnkupf;f nlhyuhd ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa jyh tUkhdk; njw;fhrpa ruhrup

tUkhdj;ij tplTk; (590 m.nlhyu;) Fiwe;j tUkhd ehLfspdJ (540 49

m.nlhyu;) tUkhdj;ij tplTk; kpfTk; mjpfkhdjhFk;. vdpDk; 22.7% Md 50

kf;fs; fpuhkq;fspy;> tWikf; Nfhl;bw;Ff; fPo; tho;fpd;wdu;. ,d

- 25-

Kuz;ghl;bd; NghJ Mapuf;fzf;fhd FLk;gq;fs; ,lk;ngau;e;jjd; fhuzkhf

tWikg; gpur;rpid NkhrkhfpAs;sJ. ,NjNghd;W ,y;yw kw;Wk; ghypay;

td;Kiw cl;gl cr;r td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhfTk;> Ntw;Wik fhl;Ltjw;F 51

vjpuhfTk; NghuhLk; ngz;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; Fiwe;jstpNyNa gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. NkYk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mtu;fsJ gq;fspg;G Fiwj;J

kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz;fs; tpNrlkhf jkpo; ngz;fs;> mtu;fsJ me;j];ij

cau;epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; njhlu;e;Jk;

mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l epiyapNyNa cs;sdu;.

murhq;f epjpapd; Coy; kw;Wk; tpuak; murhq;f Nritapd; gaDs;s

ruj;JfSf;F tpNrlkhf e\;lj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. nghJr;

Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tp Kiwikfs; Fiwe;j KjyPL kw;Wk;/my;yJ

mjd; fPo; fpilf;Fk; rpWnjhif epjpapy; $l ,lk;ngWk; Nkhrb

fhuzkhf mtw;wpd; gpujpgyid vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Vio kf;fs; mjw;F

vjpuhf Fuy;nfhLf;f Kbahky; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

,J r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhf kpfTk; Fiwthf epjp xJf;Ffpd;w

murhq;fq;fs; cs;s njw;F Mrpa ehLfSf;F tpNrlkhf

gpur;rpidfisf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,e;epjpahdJ rupahd

Kiwapy; nrytplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epjpfspd; tif $wiy cWjp

nra;tjw;fhf xJf;fPL kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fs; gw;wpa jftYf;fhd

mil top ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpaNjhu; rhjdkhFk;. mgptpUj;jpaile;J

tUk; ehnlhd;wpd; fy;tp Kiwapy; Vw;gLk; Coiy xopg;gjw;F

jfty; cupj;Jupik vt;thW cgNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F

cfz;lhtpd; rk;gtnkhd;W rpwe;j cjhuzj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.

1990fspy; cfz;lhtpy;> fy;tpf;fhd nrytpdk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;l

NghjpYk; Ml;Nru;g;G tPjk; 50% ,w;Fk; FiwthfNt njhlu;e;Jk;

,Ue;jjhapDk; cfz;lhtpYs;s fPo;g; gpupT ghlrhiyfSf;nfd

xJf;fg;gl;l epjpapy; Ie;J tUl fhyj;jpDs; 87% gzk; mur

mjpfhupfspd; igfSf;Fs;NsNa nrd;wd. vd ,r; nrytpdk;

njhlu;ghf Ma;nthd;W njuptpf;fpd;wJ. fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l

,j;jfty;fspdhy; Mr;rupakile;j Njrpa murhq;fk; epjp

51njhFjpia jpwg;gjd; %yk; tpuaj;ij jLg;gJ.

- 26-

fsthlg;gLtijj; jLf;Fk; Kaw;rpahf khtl;lq;fSf;F khjhe;jk;

toq;fg;gLk; epjp gw;wpa tpguq;fis gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; thndhyp

%yk; ntspapl Muk;gpj;jJ. ,jd; mLj;j Kidapy; jhk; ngWk; epjp

tpguq;fis nghJ tpsk;guk; %yk; ntspapLkhW fPo;g;gpupT

ghlrhiyfs; Nfhug;gl;ld. ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F ,j;jfty;fs; fpilf;ff;

$badthapUe;jd. fy;tpf;fhd md;gspg;gpd; jpl;lq;fis

fz;fhzpf;f mtu;fshy; Kbe;jNjhL cs;Suhl;rp kl;lj;jpy; ,r;

nrytpw;F tif $WkhWk; Ntz;bdu;. Ie;J tUlq;fspy; gzk;

jpirkhwpr; nry;tJ 80% ,ypUe;J 20% Mff; Fiwe;jNjhL

Foe;ijfisg; ghlrhiyf;F mDkjpf;Fk; kl;lk; ,Uklq;fpw;Fk;

Nkyhf 3.6 kpy;ypad;fspypUe;J 6.9 kpy;ypad;fshf mjpfupj;jJ.

gj;jpupiffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gs;s ghlrhiyfs;

mtu;fSf;fhd epjpia Vida ghlrhiyfis tpl 12% ,dhy;

mjpfupf;fr; nra;a Kbe;jJ. jfty; ngWk; Kiw ,yFthd> Fiwe;j

nrytpyhd> nfhs;if eltbf;ifahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; cs;s+uhl;rp

kl;lj;jpy; nghWg;G $Wtij mKyhf;fpaNjhL tup nrYj;JNthupdJ

gzk; cupa Kiwapy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLtjidAk; cWjp nra;jJ.

njw;fhrpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jpiaj; Jupjkhf;Ftjw;fhf jpwe;j

nghUshjhuj;jpNyNa mjpfkhfj; jq;fp epw;fpd;wd. Mdhy; murhq;fq;fisg;

Nghd;Nw nghUshjhuk; jfty; ntspaplg;glhjtiu ruptu ,aq;Ftjpy;iy.

ntspg;gilj; jd;ik ‘G+uz jfty;’ kw;Wk; ‘G+uz Nghl;b’ vd;w jpwe;j

nghUshjhuj;jpd; nfhs;iffSf;F Nkyjpfkhf ,ay;ghd Xu; murpay; kw;Wk;

nghUshjhur; #Oy; cw;rhfg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. murhq;ff; nfhs;iffs;

xOq;fikg;G mjpfhu rigfs;> epjp epWtdq;fspd; eltbf;iffs;> tpiy

kDf;fs; cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; flDjtp toq;fy;fspy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;

msitfs; gw;wp cupa Neuj;jpw;Fr; rupahf toikahff; fpilf;ff; $ba

jfty;fspy; jq;fp epw;ff; $ba ek;gpf;if ntspehl;L kw;Wk; cs;Su;

KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rkepiyahd nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia vspjhf;Fjy;

- 27-

mjpfhupfSf;Fl;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lr; rfjpapy; Gije;jpuhf G+uz jfty;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,yF topahdJ cs;s+u; nghUshjhur; #oypy;

KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; ePz;l fhy ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jk;. cWjpahd tsu;r;rpf;F

Cf;fkspf;ff; $ba ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; tif $wiyf; nfhz;l

re;ij rpNefG+u;t ey;yhl;rpf; nfhs;iffSf;F cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;

cupj;Jupik mj;jpthukhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Fwpg;ghf jdpNa nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; khj;jpuk;; my;yhky;

nghUshjhur; rkepiyAk; jfty; mil top %yk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

murhq;fj;jpd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; Vio> gzf;fhuu;fSf;fpilNa

tsu;e;J tUk; ,ilntspiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd top tifiar; nra;tJ

mj;jpatrpakhFk;. mjw;F Nkyhf> cyfkakhf;fypd; ed;ikfs; kpfTk;

gue;jstpy; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL mjd; ftdk; tWik

xopg;G> kdpj ,og;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F ClhfTk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J jftiy tpLtpj;jy; rf;jptha;e;jtu;fisg; NghyNt

mjpfhuk; Fiwe;jtu;fSf;Fk; nghUshjhur; re;ju;g;gj;ij mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak;.

xU njhopyhsp Copau; xOq;F tpjpfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ cupikfs; gw;wpa

jftiyg; ngw; KbAk;. xU tpahghup cj;juTg; gj;jpu Njitg;ghLfs;>

tuptpjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf xOq;F tpjpfs; gw;wpf; fz;lwpa KbAk;.

tptrhapfs; fhzpg; gjpTfs;> re;ij tpgu Ma;T kw;Wk; tpiy gw;wpa

jfty;fisg; ngw KbAk;.

,yq;ifapy; cf;fpukile;Js;s CoYf;F> cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l jfty;

cupj;Jupik Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; gpuNahfKs;s Xu; khw;W kUe;jhFk;. Coy;

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia mopj;JtpLfpd;wNjhL ,ufrpa ,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk;

,ufrpa xg;ge;jq;fis kiwf;f ,ufrpak; NgZk; gu];guk; xj;Jiof;fpd;w

gpuGf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. kpfTk; Nkhrkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mJ

murpaiy Fw;wtpayhf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpaiy murpay; kakhf;fTk;

topNfhYk;. ,J Nju;jiy mu;j;jkw;w nrayhf khw;wp Kiwaw;w Ml;rpiaAk;

Kiwaw;w Ml;rpahsu;fisAk; rl;luPjpahf;Fk;.

,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;rpf;Fbf;Fk; ml;iliag; Nghy; Coy; gy r%fq;fspdJ

nghUshjhu capu; ehbia rPuopf;fpd;wJ. xU ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp tsu;r;rpia

Coy; tUlhe;jk; 0.5 Kjy; 1.0 tPjj;jpdhy; Fiwj;Jtpl KbAnkd cyf

tq;fp kjpg ;g PL nra;Js;sJ. murhq;f Nritfs; my;yJ

Coiyr; xopj;jy;

- 28-

cupikAs;sitfSf;fhf Jupj gzk; my;yJ ifa+l;L toq;f Ntz;b

Vw;gLtjhdJ Nkyjpf rl;luPjpaw;w tup nrYj;JtJ NghyhFk;. ,yQ;rk;

my;yJ NkhrbAld; Nru;e;J Nkyjpf nrytpdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Fiwe;j

trjpAs;s Viofs; kPJ Coy; kpfTk; fl;LkPwpajhFk;. 2008 ,y;

l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; Coy; gw;wpa kf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk; vd;w

Ma;tpy; ,yq;if kpfTk; Coy; kpf;f 180 ehLfSs; ,e;jpahtpw;F xd;gJ 52

,lq;fs; gpd; js;sp 92 tJ ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. CoYf;F vjpuhfg;

NghuhLtjpy; ,yq;ifapd; rl;l Kiw kpfTk; gytPdkhdhjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; ,d; 2007 Mk; Mz;bd; ePjpj; Jiw Coy;

mwpf;if ,yq;ifapd; mr;RWj;jg;gl;l ePjpj; Jiwapd; Xu; tpisNt Coy; 53

vdf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.

Coy; ,yq;ifapd; kdpjhgpkhd cjtp epge;jidfisAk; kpf Nkhrkhd

Kiwapy; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ. 2004 brk;gu; 26,y; ,yq;ifiaj; jhf;fpa

nfhû Rdhkp> Coy; kpf;f mjpfhupfSf;F ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; tPbd;wpj;

jtpf;fpd;w NtisapYk; epthuzg; nghUl;fs; toq;FtjpypUe;J ed;ik ngw 54

,lkspj;jJ. Rdhkpahy; my;yJ cs;s+u; Kuz;ghl;bdhy; my;yJ

,uz;bdhYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; Coy; re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpaf; $baik

mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;bait gw;wpa jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sTs;s 55

,aYikiag; nghWj;NjahFk;. njspthf cs;s ,yq;ifapy; tho;f;ifj;

juj;ijg; ghjpj;Js;sNjhL murpd; gy toikahd eltbf;iffspd;

gad;ghl;ilAk; gytPdg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. murhq;f Nrit toq;fy;fspy;

Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F jfty; cupj;Jupik Xu; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l

fUtpahFk;. Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspdJ gof;fq;fs; gw;wpf;

fz;Nzhl;lk; nrYj;Jtjdhy; kpfTk; cs;s+upYs;s Coy; gof;fq;fisf;

$l mk;gyg;gLj;j rhjhuz kf;fshy; KbAk;. mj;NjhL mtu;fspdJ kpf

mbg;gil cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjidAk; cWjp nra;Ak;.

,yq;ifapy; Mokhd gpur;rpidAs;s CoYf;F> cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l

jfty; cupj;Jupik Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; gpuNahfKs;s Xu; khw;W kUe;jhFk;.

Coy; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia mopj;JtpLfpd;wNjhL ,ufrpa ,lq;fspy;

,lk;ngWk; ,ufrpa xg;ge;jq;fis kiwf;f ,ufrpak; NgZk; gu];guk;

xj;Jiof;fpd;w gpuGf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. kpfTk; Nkhrkhd

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mJ ‘murpaiy Fw;wtpayhf;Fk;’ kw;Wk; ‘Fw;wtpaiy

Coiyr; rkhspj;jy;

- 29-

murpay; kakhf;fTk;’ topNfhYk;. ,J Nju;jiy mu;j;jkw;wjhf;fp Nkrkhd

Ml;rpiaAk; Nkhrkhd Ml;rpahsu;fisAk; rl;luPjpahf mq;fPfupg;gjhf

mikAk;.

Coy; gy r%fq;fspdJ nghUshjhu capu; ehbia mopj;JtpLfpd;wJ. xU

ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp tsu;r;rpia Coy; tUlhe;jk; 0.5 Kjy; 1.0 tPjj;jpdhy;

Fiwj;Jtpl KbAnkd cyf tq;fp kjpg;gPL nra;Js;sJ. murhq;f Nritfs;

my;yJ cupikAs;sitfSf;fhf ‘Jupj gzk;’ ‘gir’ my;yJ ‘ifA+l;L’

toq;f Ntz;b Vw;gLtjhdJ Nkyjpf rl;luPjpaw;w tup nrYj;JtJ NghyhFk;.

,yQ;rk; my;yJ NkhrbAld; Nru;e;J Nkyjpf nrytpdq;fisAk; ViofSk;

trjp Fiwe;jtu;fSNk Vw;fNtz;ba epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.

2008 ,y; l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; Coy; gw;wpa kf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk;

vd;w Ma;tpy; ,yq;if kpfTk; Coy; kpf;f 180 ehLfSs; ,e;jpahtpw;F 53

xd;gJ ,lq;fs; gpd; js;sp 92 tJ ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. CoYf;F vjpuhfg;

NghuhLtjpy; ,yq;ifapd; rl;l Kiw kpfTk; gytPdkhdhjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; ,d; 2007 Mk; Mz;bd; ePjpj; Jiw Coy;

mwpf;if ,yq;ifapd; “mr;RWj;jg;gl;l ePjpj; Jiwapd; Xu; tpisNt Coy;” 54

vdf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. Coy; ,yq;ifapd; kdpjhgpkhd cjtp

epge;jidfisAk; kpf Nkhrkhd Kiwapy; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ. 2004 ,y;

,yq;ifiaj; jhf;fpa nfhû Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; tPbd;wpj; jtpf;fpd;w

NtisapYk; epthuzg; nghUl;fs; toq;FtjpypUe;J murmjpfhupfs;

Nkhrbnra;a ,lkspj;jJ.55 Rdhkpahy; my;yJ cs;Su; Nkhjy;fspdhy;

my;yJ ,uz;bdhYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; Coy; re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpaf;

$baik mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;bait gw;wpa jfty;fis mwpe;J 56

nfhs;sTs;s ,aYikiag; nghWj;NjahFk;. cz;ikapNyNa ,yq;ifapd;

tho;f;ifj; juj;ij ,J ghjpj;Js;sNjhL murpd; gy toikahd

eltbf;iffspd; gad;ghl;ilAk; gytPdg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. murhq;f Nrit

toq;fy;fspy; Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F jfty; cupj;Jupik Xu;

ep&gpf;fg;gl;l fUtpahFk;. Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspdJ gof;fq;fs;

gw;wpf; fz;Nzhl;lk; nrYj;Jtjdhy; kpfTk; cs;SupYs;s Coy;

rk;gtq;fisf; $l mk;gyg;gLj;j rhjhuz kf;fshy; KbAk;. mj;NjhL

mtu;fspdJ kpf mbg;gil cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjidAk; cWjp

nra;Ak;.

- 30-

kpfTk; Coy; kpf;f murhq;fq;fs; cs;s ehLfs; $l Fiwe;j kl;l

mgptpUj;jpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd my;yJ jfty; miltop cs;s ehLfSk;

Fiwe;j CoYiladthFk; vDk; fz;Nzhl;lk; jw;nrayhd epfo;T my;y.

jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; Coy; kPJ murhq;fq;fis kiwthf eilngWk;

Neu;ikaw;w tpahghuk; kw;Wk; ,ufrpa tpahghuq;fis gpufhrpf;fr; nra;fpd;w

xsp %ykhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J rptpy; r%fj;jpw;F tpNrlkhf

Clfq;fSf;F mur mjpfhupfspd; rpfg;G ehlh jilfis kw;Wk;

rhJupaq;fisAk; fise;Jtpl;L kiwe;J fplf;Fk; cz;ikfis mwpa

cjTk;.

l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; mikg;gpd; tUlhe;j Coy;

fz;Nzhl;lr; Rl;b> tpahghupfs; kw;Wk; mgha Ma;thsu;fs;

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd;gb xU ehl;bYs;s Coypd; kl;lk; gw;wp Ma;T

nra;fpd;wJ. 2008 ,y; l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dypdJ tUlhe;j

Coy; fz;Nzhl;lr; Rl;bapy; rpwe;j ehL vd Gs;spfspd;

mbg;gilapy; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l gj;J ehLfSs; xd;gJf;Fk;

Fiwahj ehLfspy; nghJkf;fs; murhq;f Nfhitfisg;

ghu;f;ff;$ba tifapyhd gaDs;s rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Coiyg;

nghWj;j kl;by; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd ehLfs; vd fz;Nzhl;lkplg;gl;l

gj;J ehLfSs; vtw;wpYNk jfty; ngWk; mil topr; nraw;ghLfs; 58

,Uf;ftpy;iy.

jfty; cupj;Jupik kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik - Xu; njspthd

57gu];gu rk;ge;jk;

- 31-

epiy ehL j.c.rl;lk; epiy ehL j.c.rl;lk;

1 nld;khu;f;

1970 Mk; Mz;bd; mur Nfhitfis ghu;itapLk; rl;lk;

171 nfhq;Nfh [dehaff; FbauR

,y;iy

1 epA]pyhe;J

1982 Mk; Mz;bd; mYtyfj; jftw; rl;lk;

171 ,Fthnlhupay; ifdp

,y;iy

1 RtPld; 1766 Mk; Mz;bd; Clf Rje;jpur; rl;lk;

173 rhl; ,y;iy

4 rpq;fg;G+u; ,y;iy 173 ifdp ,y;iy

5 gpd;yhe;J

1951 Mk; Mz;bd; ntspg;gil mur eltbf;ifr; rl;lk;

173 #lhd; ,y;iy

5 Rtpw;ryhe;J 2004 Mk; Mz;bd; jfty; Rje;jpur; rl;lk;

176 Mg;fhdp];jhd; ,y;iy

7 I];yhe;J 1986 Mk; Mz;bd; jfty; rl;lk;

177 nà;l;b ,y;iy

7 neju;yhe;J

1978 Mk; Mz;bd; ntw; xgd;ghnu ;̀l; ntd; ng];#u; rl;lk;

178 <uhf; ,y;iy

9 mT];jpNuypah 1982 Mk; Mz;bd; jfty; Rje;jpur; rl;lk;

178 kpad;khu; ,y;iy

9 fdlh 1982 Mk; Mz;bd; jfty; ifahSk; rl;lk;

180 Nrhkhypah ,y;iy

- 32-

2006 ,y; ,yq;if murhq;fk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G

kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (oecd)> Mrpa gRgpf; Coy; vjpu;g;G Kaw;rpapy; 59

Nru;e;J nfhs;s Kaw;rp vLj;J Ntiyapy; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf Coiyj;

jL;g;gjw;fhf gaDs;s Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw mKy;gLj;j my;yJ Coypy;

<LgLk; mjpfhupfs; kPJ eltbf;if vLf;f gue;j Kaw;rpfs; vjidAk;

Nkw;nfhs;s murhq;fk; jtwpAs;sJ. jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; ,yq;ifapy;

,y;yhky; ,Ug;gjhdJ murhq;fk; gioa jtWfis kPz;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;s

kw;Wk; ehl;bidr; rpwpjsT nghWg;G $wYld; njhlu;e;Jk; %ba fjTfSld;

elhj;jpr; nry;fpd;wJ vd;gNjahFk;.

nly;ypia ikakhff; nfhz;l guptu;j;jd; vDk; mur rhu;gw;w

epWtdk; xd;W ViofSf;fhd czTg; gq;fPl;il cupa Kiwapy;

gfpu;tijj; jLf;Fk; Nkhrkhd Coiy vjpu;g;gjw;nfd ,uz;L tUl

gpurhunkhd;iw Nkw;nfhz;lJ. tWikf; Nfhl;bd; fPo; thOk; 6.5

Nfhb kf;fSf;F czT khdpak; toq;f ,e;jpa murhq;fk;

tUlhe;jk; &gh 26>000 Nfhbiar; nrytpLfpd;wJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;

%yk; khdpa mbg;gilapy; czT toq;fg;gLtNjhL nghJ gq;fPl;L

Kiwapd; (PPDS) fPo; ,jidg; ngw gpuj;jpNafkhf elhj;jg;gLk;

gq;fPl;Lf; filfSf;F Vio kf;fs; mtu;fsJ gq;fPl;L ml;ilia

rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2003 khu;r; ,y;> nly;yp jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; 2000 I

cgNahfpj;J Re;ju; efu; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rfy gq;fPl;L

filfspdJk; ehd;F khj fhy gjpTfisf; Nfhup guptu;j;jd;

tpz;zg;gk; nra;jhu;. ,g;gjpTfisf; Nfhupa guptu;j;jdpd;

tpz;zg;gk; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lNghJ ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mike;Js;s

Nkd;KiwaPl;L mjpfhupaplk; 2003 [{d; khjk; ,J njhlu;ghf

vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lNghJ ,g;gjpTfis toq;FkhW

cj;jutplg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; 2003 nrg;lk;gu; ,WjpapNyNa ,g;

gq;fPl;L filfspd; gjpTfisg; guPl;rpf;f guptu;jdpd;

njhz;lu;fSf;F mtfhrk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mr;rupak; kpf;f ,r;rpwpa

ntw;wpapy; mtu;fs; gq;fPl;Lfil cupikahsu;fspdhy; cjhrPdk;

,e;jpa czTg; gq;fPl;L Kiwapy; ,lk;ngw;w Coiy

mk;gyg;gLj;jy;

- 33-

nra;ag;gl;L ntspg;gilahfNt mr;RWj;jg;gl;ldu;. jfty; ngwf;

fhuzkhf gq;fPl;Lg; gjpTfSf;fhd xU rpy Ntz;Ljy;fs; thg];

ngwg;gl;ld.

,Wjpahf 2003 xf;Nlhgu; ,Wjpapy; tpz;zg;gjhupfSf;F jfty;fs;

toq;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gjpTfis fzf;fha;T nra;j gpd;> mtu;fs;

Neu;fhzy; nra;j 182 FLk;gq;fSs; 142 FLk;gq;fs; 2003 [{d;

khjj;Jf;fhf vJtpj NfhJikj; jhdpaj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy

vd;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. 167 FLk;gq;fs; muprp vjidAk;

ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. kf;fspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;f Ntz;ba 4650 fpNyh

NfhJikapy; 595 fpNyhf;fNs cz;ikahf toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

vQ;rpa 87 tPjKk; fWg;Gr; re;ijf;Nf nrd;wd. md;whl tpw;gidg;

gjptpd;gb gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;ba 1820 fpNyh muprpapy; 110

fpNyhf;fNs kf;fSf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jd;gb 94 tPjKk;

#iwahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhlu;r;rpahd mOj;jj;jpd; gpd; nly;yp murhq;fk; tpepNahf

Kiwia KOikahf kPsha;T nra;tjw;Ff; fl;lisapl;lJ. 2005

ngg;utup Kjy; Re;ju; efupy; gq;fPL cupa Neuj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk;

cupa tpiyapy; tpw;fg;gLk; jpBu; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.

nly;yp KOtJkhd Ml;rpg; gug;gpy; gq;fPl;Lg; gjpTfs; Fiwe;j gl;rk;

khjk; xU KiwahtJ nghJ kf;fspd; guprPyidf;fhf tof;fkhf

itf;fg;gLk; vd Kjyikr;ru; guptuj;;jDf;F cWjp mspj;jhu;.

guptu;j;jd; kw;Wk; Mjuthsu;fs; vLj;j fLk; Kaw;rp fhuzkha;

Coy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT Fiwe;jJ.

gykhd [dehaf mikg;gpDs; Clfk; fhty; ehahf nraw;gLfpd;wJ. mJ

rf;jp tha;e;jtw;iw Mo;e;J gupNrhjpg;gNjhL jtwhd Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

Coiy mk;gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fy;tp mwptw;w epiy gue;J fplf;Fkplj;J mJ

jfty; gug;Gtjw;fhd gyk; tha;e;j ClfkhFk;. thndhyp kw;Wk;

njhiyf;fhl;rp Kf;fpa guptu;j;jid ,izg;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy;

13 Njrpa gj;jpupiffSk; 15 cs;Su;g; gj;jpupiffSk; NkYk; 10 ,w;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l njhiyf;fhl;rp NritfSk; cs;sd. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf kf;fisr;

Clf nraw;ghLfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

- 34-

nrd;wilaf; $ba Clfq;fspd; typik ntspg;gilj; jd;ikaw;w

murhq;fq;fspdhy; Xu; mr;RWj;jyhfNt fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thwhd

murhq;fq;fs; Clfq;fspd; jdpahu; cupikfis xOq;fikg;Gg;

gLj;jpAs;sNjhL nra;jp jpul;ly;> Gydha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; jfty; mwptpf;Fk;

Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. kuz mr;RWj;jy;

fpilf;fg; ngw;w gpd; ‘Fiwe;j gl;rk; 20 ,yq;if Clftpayhsu;fs;’ ehl;il

tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sjhf njupate;Js;sJ. mj;NjhL 2006 Mk; Mz;L vy;.b.b.<

fpsu;r;rpahsu;fis eRf;Ftjw;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt eltbf;if 61

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ Kjy; 14 Clftpayhsu;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdu.;

xU fhyj;jpy; rpwg;ghf nraw;gl;l Clfj;Jiw ,g;NghJ ,yq;if

Clftpayhsu;fSf;F kpfTk; Mgj;jhd ,lkhf gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sJ.

cynfq;FKs;s Clftpayhsu;fs; “Clftpayhsu;fs; kPjhd Aj;jj;ij

62epWj;jTk;” vd ,yq;if muirf; NfhupAs;sdu;. vy;iyfsw;w

Clftpayhsu; mikg;G 2009 Kjy; miu Mz;by; Vw;fdNt ,U

Clftpayhsu;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;Lk; %tu; rpiwaplg;gl;Ls;sijAk;

njuptpj;Js;sJ. Clf Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa cyfshtpa Ma;tpy; ,yq;if 173 63

ehLfs; nfhz;l gl;baypy; 165 tJ epiyapNyNa cs;sJ.

rl;l xOq;FgLj;jy;fs; %yk; Clfk; fiw gbe;J my;yJ murhq;fq;fs;

my;yJ Vida gyk;tha;e;j Mu;tKs;stu;fsplKs;s ek;gj;jF jfty;fisg;

ngwKbahtpbd; mit> mtw;wpd; rpwe;j gq;fspg;igr; nra;a KbahJ.

Clftpayhsu;fs; jhk; tprhuiz elhj;jj; NjLk; mNj kf;fspdhy;

toq;fg;gLk; ek;gpf;ifahd Clf mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Rakhf Kd;te;J

tpguq;fis toq;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; my;yJ jfty; frpTfs; my;yJ jdJ

mjpu;\;lj;jpNyNa jq;fp epw;fNtz;bAs;sdu;. jfty; ngWk; top

,y;yhjtplj;J Clftpayhsu;fspd; nra;jpfs; cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ

NkYk; cz;ikf;Fg; gjpyhf miuFiwahdJk; tje;jpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lJk; vd;w murhq;fj;jpd; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f NeupLk;. xU

gyk; tha;e;j jfty; ngwf;$ba topAila Ml;rpapy; Clfq;fs; Kf;fpa

jfty;fis rupahd Kiwapy; NjlTk;> ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; murhq;fj;jpdJk;>

- 35-

kf;fspdJk; Mu;tj;jpw;F Vw;g njuptpf;f KbAk;.

ViofspdJk; twpa> kf;fspd; ed;ik fUjpa jpl;lq;fisg; Nguhir

nfhz;l mur mjpfhupfs;> kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; kw;Wk;

xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fs; Njitahdtu;fsplkpUe;J mwpT uPjpahf

nfhs;isabg;gjw;F czit mbf;fb jkf;Fr; rhjfkha;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. kfuh\;buhtpy; mur njhopy; cj;juthjj;jpd;

fPo; Vioj; njhopyhsu;fis Vkhw;Wtjw;F nghJ Ntiyfs;

jpizf;fsj;jpdJ Coy;fis fz;Lgpbf;fntd ,e;jpad; vf;];gpu];

gj;jpupif Gjpa jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lj;ij mz;ikapy;

cgNahfpj;jNghJ ,J cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khepy Viof;

FLk;gq;fspYs;s Xu; mq;fj;jpdUf;F Fiwe;j gl;rk; 100

ehl;fSf;fhd njhopy; tha;g;ig cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

cs;Su; ghij epu;khz Ntiyfspy; <Lgl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;

Copau;fSf;F Cjpak; toq;Fk; ngau;g; gl;baiy ,e;jpad;

vf;];gpu]; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mg;gjpTfs; ‘gd;Nlhk;’ Copau;fSf;F

Cjpak; nfhLj;jjhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; mtu;fspy; gyu;

Cjpak; toq;fpajhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jpfjpf;Fk; gy ehl;fs;

Kd;Ng ,we;jtu;fshtu;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;Su; epu;thf Kiwapy;

fhzg;gLk; tif$wy; Fiwghl;bid ,k; Nkhrb mk;gyg;gLj;jpaJ.

,e;jpad; vf;];gpu]; %yk; mk;gyg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,J murhq;f

tl;lhuj;jpy; fyf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL ,t; tQ;rfk; gw;wp G+uz

tprhuiz elhj;j cj;jutpl ,jw;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;ru;

fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lhu;.

,e;jpahtpy; gpy;ypad; &gha;fs; ngWkjp tha;e;j njhopy; cj;juthjj;

64jpl;lj;jpd; Fiwfis mk;gyg;gLj;jy;

- 36-

Mdhy; ,ilA+Wfs; njhlu;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd.

[dehafj;jpw;Fk; kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;

ntspg;gilaha; cs;s murhq;fj;jpdJ njspthd ed;ik ,Ue;jNghjpYk;

guprpyidf;Fj; jk;ikj; jahu;gLj;jg; gof;fg;glhj mjpfhupfSk;>

murpay;thjpfSk; kf;fSf;F jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; cupikia

toq;fhkypUf;f gy epahaq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wdu;. ,yq;ifapd; murpay;

kw;Wk; epu;thf epWtdq;fSk; ,jpypUe;J NtWgl;ljy;y. Mdhy;

mtu;fSila ve;jnthU thjq;fSk; epahakhdjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;

cupikia toq;FtJ njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;Fj; ,ilA+whf

,Ug;gjhf mjpfhupfs; thjpLfpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G mr;RWj;jy;

ePjpahd kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd fUj;jhly;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;> Neu;ikahd

mwpTiuiaj; jLf;Fk;. MfNt murhq;fj;jpd; nkd;ikahd nraw;ghl;il

Mokhfj; jilnra;Ak; vd;fpd;wdu;. mjpfhupfs; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; gug;G>

vt;thW gpukhzq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd> kjpg;gPL nra;a;gLfpd;wd>

xg;ge;jq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tuT-nryT jpl;lk; jahu; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ

my;yJ gad;fs; gfpu;e;;jspf;fg;gLfpd;wd> ahUila mwpTiufs;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; my;yJ epuhfupf;fg;gLk; Mfpad kuG uPjpahfNt

rhu;Gs;sjhf my;yJ mjpfhuj; J\;gpuNahfk; cs;sjhf mika tha;g;G

cz;L. ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F tpjpfs; jfty;

ntspapLtjidj; jil nra;Js;s mNjNtis mur Jiwapy; ,ufrpak;

NgZk; fyhr;rhuk; gjpTfis rupahd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;shj epu;thf

nraw;ghl;il cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba tha;g;G ,y;yhky; ,g;Nghf;fpidr; rupghu;f;ff; $ba

tha;g;G ,y;iy. ,jw;F vjpupilahf ntspaplg;glf; $Lk; vd;w mr;rk;

murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if jPu;khdj;jpd; juj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Ak;.

mT];jpNuypar; rl;lk; kWrPuikg;G Mizf;FOtpd; 1995 ,d;

mwpf;ifnahd;W jfty; Rje;jpur; rl;lk; jPu;khdq;fis rk;ge;jg;gl;l

fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sTk; nfhs;ifj;

jPu;khdq;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;Fk; nfhs;ifj; jpl;lkpLgtu;fspd;

kdepiyia xd;W jpul;Lfpd;wJ vdf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. ehk; vLf;Fk;

jPu;khdq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk; nghJ kf;fSf;F Vw;wJ vd jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L

guprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;w mwpTepiy nghJj;Jiwapy; 65

njhlu;r;rpahd xOf;fj;ij mKy;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. nghJf; flikfis

- 37-

gfpuq;fkhfr; nra;Ak; NghJ Neu;ikahd mur mjpfhupfs;

njhe;juTfspypUe;J fhg;ghw;wg;gLtNjhL ntspapypUe;J tUk;

nry;thf;fpw;F MshtJ FiwAk; vd;gijAk; cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

murhq;fk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ murhq;f mjpfhupfs;

my;yJ Vida ehLfSldhd czu;T kpf;f cau; kl;l nra;jpg;

guptu;j;jidfs; gw;wp ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk; vd murhq;fq;fs; [hf;fpuijahf

,Uf;ff; $Lk;. cyf ehLfspd; Kd; jk;ik gytPdg;gLj;jf;$ba

jfty;fis tpNrlkhf Njrpa ghJfhg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l nra;jpfs;> ntspehl;L

cwTfs; my;yJ epjp epWtdq;fSldhd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; gw;wp

ntspg;gLj;JtJ nghJ ed;ikapd; Ngupy; MfhJ vd gy mjpfhupfs;

thjpLthu;fs;. ,t; Mu;tq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; ngWkjp ,Ue;jhYk;

mitfisg; NgZk; tifapy; jfty;fis ngWk; rl;lq;fis ,yFthf

,aw;wyhk;. MSk; fl;rpapd; Nju;jy; ntw;wpia ghjpf;ff;$ba tpku;rdk;

my;yJ mnrsfupakhd ntspg;gLj;jypUe;J mjpfhupfisg; ghJfhj;jy;

my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l jiytu;fs; my;yJ mur mjpfhupfSf;F

rq;flj;ij cz;L gz;Zf; $batu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjidr; rl;lk;

Nkw;nfhs;shJ. ,J ntspg;gilj; jd;ikf;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; jilfs; vd;w

cz;ikahd mr;rkhFk;.

,ufrpa cupikia kPWjy; my;yJ Kf;fpa tu;j;jf Mu;tq;fis ghjpf;ff;

$Lnkd rpy rkaq;fspy; ftiy njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,r;nra;jpg;

guptu;j;jidfspy; tpNrl khiafs; vJTkpy;iy. cz;ikapNyNa> murpay;

my;yJ tu;j;jf uPjpapy; ‘czu;T kpf;fJ’ vd rpghupR nra;ag;gLtJ khj;jpuk;

nghJ kf;fspd; ghu;itapypUe;J xU jftiy kiwj;J itg;gjw;Fg;

Nghjpajhf ,y;iy vd ngWk;ghYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gpuj;jpNafj;jpy; cs;s ,ufrpaj;ij tpl nghJ eydpy; cs;s

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kpf ey;ynjdj; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

gaq;futhjk; kPjhd Aj;jk;: jfty;fSf;F vjpuhd Aj;jkh?

gaq;futhjk; kPjhd Aj;jk;’ Muk;gkhdJld; jfty;fisg; njupe;J

nfhs;Sk; rl;lq;fis kPz;Lk; tiua Ntz;ba cj;Ntf re;ju;g;gk;

Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. MgptpUj;jp mile;j kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk;

ehLfSk; xNu tifapy; mur Kftu; epiyaq;fSf;F tpupthd

- 38-

mjpfhuq;fis toq;ff; $ba kpff; nfhba gaq;futhj vjpu;g;Gr;

rl;lq;fis Jupjkhf ,aw;Wk; tifapy; my;yJ ,Uf;ff; $ba

rl;lq;fis typikg;gLj;Jtjpy; Jupjkhfr; nraw;gl;ld. ,jpy;

Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy; nghJj; jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F

fLikahd fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jikahFk;.

gq;fshNj\py;> mjpfupj;J tUk; Nghuhspfs; kw;Wk; Fw;wr;

nray;fis mlf;Ftjw;fhf Gjpa gaq;futhj vjpu;g;Gr;

rl;lnkhd;iw mwpKfk; nra;aTs;sjhf 2005 brk;gupy; murhq;fk; 66

njuptpj;jJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,J Clfk; kw;Wk; gj;jpupifahsu;

kj;jpapy; mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mjhtJ> ,e;j gaq;futhj

vjpu;g;Gr; rl;lk; Vw;fdNt murpay; jhf;fj;jpw;F ,yf;fhfpAs;s nghJ

jftiyg; ngw kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l topKiwiaf; nfhz;Ls;s

Clfj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis NkYk; Fiwf;f ,r;rl;lk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLnkd mr;rk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. fdlhtpy;> gaq;futhjk;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l rfy jfty;fisAk; kiwg;gjw;Fg; Gjpa rl;lk; ePjp

mikr;rUf;F mjpfhukspg;gNjhL jfty; Mizahsupdhy;

elhj;jg;gLk; tprhuizfis uj;Jr; nra;af; $ba mjpfhuKk;

mikr;rUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njrpa ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J kf;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

mtrpak; cz;ikapNyNa ve;jnthU murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk;

my;yJ gpui[fSf;Fk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Mdhy;> rfytpjkhd

jfty; ntspaPLfisAk; mlf;Ftjw;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;l cld;ghL

toq;fj; J}z;LtJ Mo;e;j ftiyiaj; juf;$bajhFk;. Njrq;fs;

jpwe;j murhq;fj;jpw;fhd mtu;fsJ cld;ghl;by; njhlu;e;Jk;

cWjpahf epw;gNjhL “ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzj;ij” fhl;b mghaj;jpd;

Kjy; mwpFwpahf ngUk; ,d;dy;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l

cupikfis ePf;Ftjw;F ,lkspf;ff;$lhJ. gaq;futhjpfspd;

Fwpf;Nfhis czu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf gaq;futhjj;jpd; mw;g

mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F toptpLtJ ,g;gaq;futhjk; njhlu;e;Jk;

,Ug;gjw;F ,lkspg;gjhfNt mikAk;.

- 39-

jfty; ntspapLtJ gw;wpa czu;Tkpf;f tpthjq;fspd; NghJ

murhq;fj;jpdhy; jLj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; xU rpwpa mstpyhd nra;jpfs;

rk;ge;jkhfNt ,J nry;YgbahFk;. cz;ikapNyNa murhq;fj;jpdhy;

ntspaplhJs;s ngUksT nra;jpfs; ntspaplg;gLtjdhy; cz;ikahf

ghjpg;Gfs; vJTk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mj;NjhL mit czu;Tkpf;f nra;jpf;

Nfhl;ghl;bDs; tUtJkpy;iy. nghJkf;fshy; Ntz;lg;gLk; gy nra;jpfspy;

xd;wpy; jdpg;gl;l tplaq;fs; my;yJ xU egUf;fhd eyd;Gup cupikfs; vit

murhq;ff; fhg;GWjpj; jpl;lk; mtu;fsJ nfhLg;gdit vt;thW

fzf;fpLfpd;wJ cztpy; mjpfg;gbahf vit mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Mfpa

gpur;rpidf;Fl;glhj tplaq;fshFk;. vr;re;ju;g;gkhapDk; rup> ed;F tiuT

nra;ag;gl;l jfty; topf;fhd rl;lq;fs; xU rpy czu;Tkpf;f nra;jpfSf;F

tpjptpyf;F toq;FtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ru;r;irf;Fupa tplaq;fspd;

NghJ gu];gu Mu;tq;fis rkepiyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ntspj;jPu;g;gpw;F mDkjp

toq;Ffpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> xU Gjpa Aj;j tpkhd mzp vq;F

epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjid mwptjpy; Njrpa Mu;tk; ,y;yhJ NghapDk;

ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; <Lgl;Ls;sJ vd;w fhuzj;ijf; fhl;b tpkhdk;

thq;fg;gl;l cld;gbf;ifapd; gpujp NkYk; tpkhdg;gil n[l; thq;fg;gl;l

tpiy> juFg; gzk; ahUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ? vt;tsT? ve;j epge;jid

mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;lJ? vd;gitfisg; gpui[fSf;F toq;fhky;

,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,y;iy.

tpNrlkhf ,yq;if Nghd;w tsu;Kf ehl;L mjpfhupfs;> cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l

jfty;fSf;fhd ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd top ,yFthdJ vdTk; mjw;fhd

cupa Neuk; tiu fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; thjhLfpd;wdu;. ,J jfty;

ngWtjw;fhd mil top mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; [dehaj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil Kd;

epge;jid vd;w cz;ikia cjhrPdk; nra;fpd;wJ. gz gyKs;s ehLfs;

$l jfty; gupkhwy; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; nfhs;tpiy jpwe;j

murhq;fj;jpw;Fj; jhz;lKbahj jil vd thjpLfpd;wd. Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;j

thjj;jpy; rpy Nahf;fpj; jd;ik ,Ug;gjhfj; Njhd;wpa NghjpYk; jdJ

kf;fSf;F czT toq;f mbf;fb NghuhLfpd;w> tpNrlkhf

mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspy; ,J Mokhd jtWfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.

Vnddpy; rupahd Kiwapy; juTfis itj;jpUg;gJ murhq;fnkhd;wpd;

mbg;gilf; flikahFk;. ,ufrpa Kiwikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; jkJ

nrhe;j gpurhuq;fSf;fhfTk; murhq;fq;fs; Vw;fdNt nrytpl;l njhifia

,J ftdpf;fhky; tpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> 1990 fspd; kj;jpapy;

mT];jpNuypahtpd; gpuhe;jpak; xd;whd tpf;Nlhupahtpy; murhq;fj;

jpizf;fsq;fspdhy; mtu;fsJ nrhe;j ntspaPLfSf;fhf tUlhe;jk;

nrytplg;gLk; 75 kpy;ypad; nlhyu;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ehs;NjhWk;

jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd jdpahu; tpahghuk; kw;Wk; jdpegu;fs; toq;Fk;

,yQ;rj;ij cjhrPdk; nra;aTk; ,ahyhJ. murhq;fk; jpwe;j murhq;fkhf

mikf;fg;gl Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nrytPdk; ghupa ntspg;gilj; jd;ik

fhuzkha; fpilf;fg; ngw;w nghUshjhu r%f ed;ikfisAk; tpl

mjpfkhdjhFk;. Nghjpa jfty; cs;s Ml;rpfs; ,Ug;gjid ePz;lfhy

KjyPlhFk; ,it mtu;fSf;Fg; gy nfhLg;gdTfis Vw;gLj;JtJ

khj;jpuky;yhky; nghJthf ehl;bw;F NkYk; tsq;fis mjpfupf;fr; nra;aTk;

cjTk;.

khw;wq;fSf;fhd jil Gjpjhfj; jfty; toq;Ftjid Xu;

cupj;jhff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;w ehLfSf;F khj;jpuk;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljy;y. Mdhy; jfty; njupe;Jnfhs;Sk; rl;lk; gy

jrhg;jq;fshf murikg;ig cs;s ehLfspYk; tYthff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fdlhtpd; jfty; njupe;J nfhs;Sk; cupikr;

rl;lj;ij kPsha;T nra;fpd;w jfty; Mizahsu; mtu;fsJ rl;lk;

20 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; “jk;khy; jfty;fis

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyfl;lk; njhlu;ghf mjpfhupfs; kPz;Lk;

ngwNtz;Lnkd;w Nguth neLehshfNt mur mjpfhupfspilNa

,Ue;jJ. ,r;rl;lj;ijg; gytPdg;gLj;Jk; Nghuhl;lj;ij mjpfhupfs;

iftpltpy;iy Mdhy; ,r;rl;lj;ij kPs tiuT nra;tNj

mtu;fSf;Fs;s gaDs;s je;jpNuhghak; vd;gjid mtu;fs; 69

czu;e;jdu;. mg;gbg;gl;l je;jpNuhghak; ,r;rl;lj;jpid kPs; tiuG

nra;Ak; murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lk; gw;wp ftiy njuptpj;J

ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F tpNrl mwpf;if xd;iw jfty; Mizahsu;

rku;g;gpj;jhu;.

mwpT vd;gJ xU rpyupd; jdp cupikapy; itj;jpUf;f Kbahj ngWkjptha;e;j

Xu; nghJ cilikg; nghUshFk;. jfty; gupkhw;W Afj;jpy; njhopy; El;gk;>

mwpT Kiwfis ,yFtpy; ngwTs;s topKiwfs; cs;spl;l

xUq;fpizg;gpy;> jfty;fis njupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cj;juthjk; Mfpad

Ml;rpKiwia KOikahf khw;wpaikg;gjw;F Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj

re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. epahakhfg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg;gl;l kw;Wk;

rfyupdJk; rpwe;j mD$yj;jpw;fhf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl;l jfty;

gz;ila gof;fq;fs; iftplg;gltpy;iy

- 40-

- 41-

mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; [dehafj;jpw;Ff; FWfpa topnahd;iwf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,jw;fhd topKiwfs; cs;sd. Mdhy; mjw;fhd tpUg;gk; ,y;yhjJ

gupjhgkhdjhFk;. ,e;epiy khw Ntz;Lk;.

70v];.gp. Fg;jhTf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; VidNahu; 1981

,E;jpahtpy; cs;s gy rl;lj;juzpfs; xd;wpide;J jhf;fy;

nra;ag;gl;l ePjpgjpfspd; ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F

Nkyjpf ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; ,ul;il tplaq;fs; gw;wpa Miz

NfhUk; tpz;zg;gk; gw;wpj; jPu;khdpf;ifapy; cau; ePjpkd;wk;

gpui[fs; jfty; njupe;J nfhs;Sk; cupj;Jupikapd; tpOkpaq;fis

kPs; typAWj;jpAs;sJ.

1981 ,y; ,e;jpahtpd; md;iwa rl;lj;Jiw mikr;R mur kPs;

Vw;ghl;L Mizf;FO mg;Nghija rl;l Mizf;FO kw;Wk; gy

rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fj;jpd; rpghuprpy; nraw;gl;L gy Nky;

ePjpkd;wq;fspd; gpujk ePjpauru;fSf;F Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F

Neubahf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; jtpu;e;j Vida ,lkhw;wq;fis

rupnadf; fUjp Rw;WepUgk; xd;iw ntspapl;lJ.

Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; “FWfpa tl;lj; jd;ikahy; tsu;f;fg;gl;l

Fyk;> ,d ge;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida cs;Su;j; njhlu;G kw;Wk;

Nru;f;iffs;” Mfpatw;iw xopf;Fk; tifapy; ,e;j ,lkhw;wf;

nfhs;if tFf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. nghJeyd; fUjpa tof;Ffisg; gy

rl;lj;juzpfs; ,e;j Rw;WepUgk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuj;jpy;

jiyapLtjhff; $wp tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jdu;. %d;W Nkyjpf

ePjpgjpfis FWfpa fhy mbg;gilapy; kPs; epakdk; nra;tjid

vjpu;j;J rpNu\;l rl;lj;juzp tp.vk;. lhFe;Nj ,Nj fhyj;jpy; nly;yp

Nky; ePjpkd;wpy; tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jhu;. rl;lj;Jiwapd;

Rw;WepUgj;ijAk; mtu; vjpu;j;jhu;. Nkyjpf ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gJ

rk;ge;jkhf rl;lj;Jiw mikr;ru;> nly;yp Nky; ePjpkd;w gpujk ePjpgjp

kw;Wk; ,e;jpa gpujk ePjpauru; Mfpatu;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j fbjj;

njhlu;Gfisf; NfhUkhW thjpfs; cau; ePjpkd;wj;ijf; Nfhupdu;.

,e;j Mtzq;fs; kPjhd murhq;fj;jpd; Nkyhjpf;fk; gw;wp

- 42-

nrhyp]pl;lu; n[duy; cupik NfhupaNjhL ,itfis

ntspapLtjw;F vjpuhfTk; thjhbdhu;. Vnddpy; Fwpj;j Mtzq;fs;

mikr;ru;fs; FOtpdhy; [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;l mwpTiuapd; xU

gFjp vd;Wk; vdNt ,e;jpa murpay; ahg;gpd; cWg;Giu 74 (2) ,d; 71

,d; gb mtw;iwg; ghu;itapl my;yJ ntspapLtjpypUe;J

ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. NkYk; Fwpj;j

Mtzq;fs; ,e;jpar; rhl;rpr; rl;lj;jpd; 72 ,d; gpupT 123 ,d; fPo;

ntspapLtjpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; mtw;iw

ntspapLtJ nghJ eyidg; ghjpf;Fk; vd;Wk; thjhbdu;.

Kjy; thjj;ij ePjpkd;wk; epuhfupj;jNjhL gpujk ePjpaurUldhd

fbjj; njhlu;Gfs; mikr;ruitf; fTd;rpypdhy; toq;fg;gl;l

mwpTiu vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; me;j Mtzq;fs; mwpTiuapd;

gFjpahf miktjpy;iy vdj; njuptpj;jJ. cWg;Giu 74 (2) ,d; fPo;

fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay; ghJfhg;G fTd;]pypdhy; toq;fg;gl;l tpNrl

mwpTiufSf;F khj;jpuNk cz;L Mdhy; mt;thwhd

rpwg;gpay;Gfis mJ toq;fg;gl;l mbg;gilapd; Mtzq;fSf;fhf

cupik Nfhu KbahJ vdj; njuptpj;jJ.

1950 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwiag;

gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; ePjpkd;wk; gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jJ.

[dehafj;ij tho;f;if Kiwahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Xu; r%fk;

Nju;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ jkJ murhq;fk; vd;d nra;fpd;wJ vd;gij

gpui[fs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;baJ Muk;g mbg;gilahFk;. ahuhy;

kw;Wk; ve;j Ml;rpahy; ehk; Msg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;

cupik gpui[fSf;F cs;sJ. jk; rhu;ghf MSgtu;fs; mtu;fsJ

eltbf;iffs; rk;ge;jj;jpy; nghWg;G $w Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;gjw;F

gpui[fSf;F cupik cz;L. nghWg;G $whky; ve;jnthU

[dehaf murhq;fKk; capu; tho KbahJ nghWg;G$wypd; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l mbg;gil ahnjdpy; kf;fs; murhq;fj;jpd;

nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpj; jfty; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

murhq;fk; vt;thW nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wp kf;fs;

mwpe;jpUe;jhy; khj;jpuNk [dehafk; mtu;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;w

kw;Wk; [dehaj;ij cz;;ikahf gaDs;s gq;Fgw;wy;

- 43-

[dehafkhf khw;Wtjw;fhf mtu;fsJ gq;fspg;ig epiwNtw;w 73

KbAk;.

gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;ij ngUk; gq;fspg;Gld; [dehafk; Fwpj;J

Mokhf Nehf;Fk; Nghf;if ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L fPo; fz;lthW

ePjpkd;wk; Ra Ma;it ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

“murhq;fj;jpy; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikf;fhd Nfs;tp nfhs;ifastpy;

,uz;L fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. Ie;J

tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw jk;ik Ms;gtu;fisj; njupT

nra;tjw;fhf kf;fs; ntWkNd jkJ thf;Fupikiag; gad;gLj;jy;>

thf;if mspj;jJk; murhq;fj;jpy; ve;j Mu;tKk; nrYj;jhky;

capNuhl;lkpd;wp gpd;thq;FtJ [dehafk; my;y vd;gJ jw;NghJ

gutyhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. [dehafk; mwepiy jpUg;jp

kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epiy njhlu;r;rpahfTk;

fz;bg;ghfTk; filg;gpbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;W cs;s nghJ

epiyg;ghlhFk;. ,jd; mu;j;jk; Vidaitfs; mlq;fyhf kf;fs;

Gj;jpf; $u;ikahf kw;Wk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l mbg;gilapy; thf;fpid

khj;jpuk; mspf;ff; $lhJ. khwhf murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;if kw;Wk;

nghJf; nfhs;iffspd; Nahf;fpaij gw;wpAk; jkJ cWjpahd

jPu;g;gpidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbahapd; [dehafk; vd;gJ

thf;fspf;Fk; jdpikahd xU ntWk; gapw;rpahf khj;jpuk; toq;fhJ.

Mdhy;> mJ murhq;fj;jpd; njhlu; nraw;ghlhfTk; tof;fKk;>

kdg;ghq;FkhFk;. Mdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp

jfty;fSf;Fg; G+uz miltop ,Uf;Fk; jpwe;j kdg;ghd;ikAs;s

murhq;fk; xd;W ,Ue;jhy; khj;jpuNk kf;fspd; ,k;Kf;fpa 74

gq;fspg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

Jpwe;j murhq;f jj;Jtj;Jld; ,ufrpak; NgZk; gof;fj;ij

ePjpkd;wk; fz;bj;jJ. gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jf; $wpaJ.

murhq;fj;jpdJ xt;nthU eltbf;ifAk; nghJ eyd; nfhz;L

,aq;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ re;Njfkw;wjhFk;. MdhYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

- 44-

msT ,y;yhtpbDk; murhq;f ebtbf;iffs; nghJ

eyDf;fhfty;yhJ jdpg;gl;l ed;ik fUjp my;yJ Vida ntsp

fuprizfSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; ehk;

fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. rpy Ntisfspy; murhq;f eltbf;iffs; murpay;

kw;Wk; Vida cs;nsz;zk; kw;Wk; mOj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L

nry;thf;fplg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; jfhj Kiwahd

re;ju;g;gq;fs; my;yJ epiwNtw;Wdu; rhu;gpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhuj;

J\;gpuNahfq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jw;NghJ murhq;f

eltbf;iffspy; ,ufrpak; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy; kw;Wk; murhq;f

nraw;ghLfs; kf;fs; guprPyidapypUe;J kiwj;J itf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lnkdpy; mJ mlf;FKiw> Coy; kw;Wk; jtwhd cgNahfk;

my;yJ mjpfhuj; J\;gpuNahfk; nghJ kf;fSf;F nghWg;G $wy;

VJkpd;wp ,ufrpak; vd;w uPjpapy; %b kiwf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; kf;fs;

jfty; ngw;f$ba topfSldhd jpwe;j murhq;fk; xd;W ,Ue;jhy;

murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp ngUkstpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

mj;NjhL rpwe;j kw;Wk; kpfTk; jpwikahd epu;thfk; xd;wpid

kf;fSf;F cWjp nra;tjw;F mJ cjTk;. nghJkf;fs; cw;W

Nehf;FjYf;F kw;Wk; guprPyidf;fhf ntspg;gLj;Jjy; rpwe;j kw;Wk;

MNuhf;fpakhd epu;thfnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;j cWjpahd topKiw

vd;gjpy; re;Njfk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ntspg;gilahd murhq;fk;

Neu;ikahd Xu; murhq;fk; vd cz;ikahfNt $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kw;Wk; murpay;> epu;thf> ePjp newp jtWjy; kw;Wk; jpwikapd;ik 75

Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhd rf;jp tha;e;j ghJfhtYk; MFk;.

xt;nthU nghJ NtiyfspdJk; xt;nthU eltbf;if gw;wpAk;

mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; cupik xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;w

Kd;ida jPu;g;gpid ePjpkd;wk; kPz;Lk; typAWj;jpaJ. ,t;Tupik

murpay; ahg;gpy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;

fUj;J ntspapLk; Rje;jpuj;jpy; ,f;fUj;J cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfj; 76

njuptpj;jJ.

xt;nthU kpjthj [dehafKk; mgptpUj;jpahf;Ffpd;w vkJ ehLk;

tpyf;fspf;fg;glhj jpwe;j r%fnkhd;wpd; Gjpa fyhrhukhFk;. jpwe;j

murhq;ff; nfhs;if vd;gJ jfty; mwpAk; cupikapypUe;J

Neubahf tUtjhFk;. ,J cWg;Giu 19 (1) (a)

- 45-

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuj;jpy;

njhf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. MfNt murhq;f eltbf;iffs; rk;ge;jkhf

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- 46-

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- 47-

NOTES:

1 Annan, K. (1997) Address to the World Bank conference "Global Knowledge '97", Toronto, Canada, on June 22: http://www.ctcnet.org/kannan.html as on 21 August, 2009.

2 Article II.2.xvi, SAARC Social Charter, website of SAARC Secretariat, http://www.saarc-sec.org/main.php?id=13 : as on 21 August, 2009.

3 http://www.freedominfo.org/news/2003.htm as on 21 August, 2009.

4 Justice KK Mathew in State of UP v Raj Narain, AIR 1975 SC 865. See also: Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt Ltd v India, (1985) 1 SCC 641; Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd v Proprietors of Indian Express Newspapers Bombay Pvt Ltd, AIR (1989) SC 190; Union of India v. Assn. for Democratic Reforms, (2002) 5 SCC 294, 313.

5 International Commission of Jurists (Kenya), “The State of Freedom of Information in Kenya”, cited in Wamalwa Muragori, B. & Chesoni, A. (2003) “The need and value of access to information”, CHRI unpublished, p. 45.

6 Hon Mer. Justice A. R. Gubbay, assisted by Crozier, B. D. and Reid Rowland, J. R (2003), “The Right to Information in Zimbabwe”, CHRI unpublished, p.2.

7 Pinto-Jayawardena, K. (2005), “Right to Information in Sri Lanka-Critical Scrutiny of Existing Laws and Proposed Law Reform”, Country Paper presented at the Conference on Right to Information- National and Regional Perspectives¸Manusher Jonno, Dhaka, p.7: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/laws_papers/srilanka/conf_paper_rti_natl_regl_perspectives_manusher_jonno.pdf as on 21 August , 2009. 8 Ibid. p. 3

9 Perera, S (2009) “Sri Lanka revives draconian law to gag media”, World Socialist Website: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2009/jul2009/sril-j01.shtml as on 21 August, 2009.

10 For example, See Gazette Notification CF 1/64 dated 29 October, 2007: http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=23639 as on 21 August, 2009.

11 UN General Assembly, (1946) Resolution 59(1), 65th Plenary Meeting, December 14.

12Emphasis added

13 United Nations Treaty Collection, Databases: http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en as on 21 August, 2009.

14 Article 19, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, Centre for Policy Alternatives, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, (2001) Global Trends on the Right to Information: A Survey of South Asia, p.123.

15 Transparency International-Sri Lanka (2005) “Preventing Corruption in Post-tsunami Relief and Reconstruction Operations: Lessons and Implications for Sri Lanka”: http://www.tisrilanka.org/?p=190 as on 21 August, 2009.

16 Ontario Court (General Division), Jane Doe v. Board of Commissioners of Police for the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto et al., Court File No. 87-CQ-21670, Judgment July 3, 1998 cited in Roberts, A. (2003) “Challenges to the right to information”, CHRI unpublished, p.1.

17 Kejriwal, A. (2003) “More stories of Parivartan”, India Together, April 2003: http://indiatogether.org/2003/apr/gov-rtidelhi.htm as on 21 August, 2009.

18 See Chapter 2 for a detailed discussion of the parameters of effective access to information legislation.

19 Visuvalingam and Others v Liyanage, (1984) 2 Sri LR 123, 132 cited in Pinto-Jayawardena K (2005), op. cit., p. 5.

20 Fernando v Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation and Others, (1996) Sri LR 157 cited in Pinto-Jayawardena K (2008) “Background Paper on the Colombo Declaration on Media Freedom and Social Responsibility – 1998”, commissioned by the Editors’ Guild of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Press Institute, p.6: http://www.slpi.lk/downloads/documents/Background%20paper%20on%20media%20Law%20Refrom%20re%20the%20Colombo%20Declaration.pdf as on 21 August, 2009.

21 In Re The Broadcasting Authority Bill, S.D. No 1/97 – 15/97, delivered on 5 May, 1997 cited in Pinto-Jayawardena K (2008), op. cit.

22 Envrionmental Foundation Ltd. V Urban Development Authority of Sri Lanka and Others, (SC (FR) Application 47/2004, SCM 28.11.2005, cited in Pinto-Jayawardena K (2009), ‘Collapsing Bridges, Collapsing Trust’, The Sunday Times, 02, August: http://sundaytimes.lk/090802/Columns/focus.html as on 21 August, 2009.

23 Pinto-Jayawardena (2008), op.cit., p.3ff.

24 Communiqué, (1980) Issued by the Commonwealth Law Ministers, Barbados.

25 Communiqué, (1999) Issued by the Meeting of Commonwealth Law Ministers, Trinidad and Tobago.

26 Ibid., Annex 1.

27 Freedom of Information Act, Annex to Commonwealth Secretariat Document LMM(02)6, September 2002.

28 See Chapter 2 for a detailed discussion.

29 Lewis, D. (2003) “The Need and Value of Access to Information from Non-State Agencies”, CHRI unpublished, p.9.

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- 49-

30 The Right to Information Act 2005 (India), s. 2(f).

31 Section 2(a)(8), Right to Information Act, 2064 B.S. (2007 A.D.): http://www.nic.gov.np/download/rti_act_eng_official.pdf as on 21 August, 2009.

32 Section 2(kha)(u), Right to Information Act, 2009: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/laws_papers/bangladesh/bangladesh_rti_act_2009.pdf as on 21 August, 2009. For an unofficial translation of the Act please visit: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/laws_papers/bangladesh/unofficial_english_version_of_bangladesh_rti_act.pdf as on 17 August 2009.

33 Pinto-Jayawardena, K (2008), op. cit., p. 15.

34 Law Commission of Sri Lanka (2003), Report of the Law Commission on the Draft Freedom of Information Bill : http://www.lawcomdept.gov.lk/info/index.asp?xp=723&xi=808 as on 21 August, 2009.

35 Data compiled by Roger Vleugels via FIOadvocates listserve as at 22 September 2008.

36 Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur, Organisation of Security and Co-operation in Europe Representative on 37 Declaration (1991), Commonwealth Harare Declaration, Issued by Commonwealth Heads of Government, Zimbabwe, 20 October 1991: Freedom of the Media, and Organisation of American States Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, adopted 26 November 1999, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/63, 18 January 2000, Annex 1. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/GFSR.asp?NodeID=141095 38 Daruwala, M., Mohapatra, B. & Nayak, V. (2003) The Right to Know: A Voter’s Guide, CHRI and VANI, New Delhi, p.33

39 Commonwealth Foundation (1999) Citizens and Governance: Civil Society in the New Millennium, pp. 38-39, http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com/uploads/documents/cg_global_synthesis.pdf as on 21 August 2009.

40 This story is based on Deshmukh, S. (2004) Cop Out Politics!, Times News Network, 1 May 2004 and Choudhury, C. (2004) Policing Mumbai’s Police: A Gandhi Shows The Way, The Indian Express, 28 September 2004.

41 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (2002) The Commonwealth in the 21st Century: Continuity and Renewal, Declaration 02/19, Coolum Australia, March 5: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/cwhr/decdoc/coolum.htm as on 21August, 2009.

42 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (2007) Kampala Declaration on Transforming Societies to Achieve Political Economic and Human Development, Kampala, Uganda, 25 November: http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/173179/kampala_declaration.htm as on 21 August,2009.

43 Cox, W. (2001) The Role of the Commonwealth in Poverty Reduction, address given at the Conference on Human Rights and the Alleviation of Poverty, Wilton Park, London.

44 Information provided by the website of the Commonwealth: http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/190683/190817/our_challenges/ as on 21 August 2009.

45 UNDP (2003) Human Development Report 2003, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, p.6.

46 Globalization Challenge Initiative, (2000) ‘Who Governs Low Income Countries: An Interview with Charles Abugre on the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative’, IMF and World Bank News and Notices, Fall: http://www.africaaction.org/docs00/wb0010.htm 47 UNDP, (2008) Human Development Report 2005, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, p.230: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf as on 21 August 2009.

48 http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/SRI.pdf as on 21 August, 2009..

49 World Bank, (2005) Bangladesh at a Glance, see http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/bgd_aag.pdf

50 http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/SRI.pdf as on 21 August, 2009.

51 Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (2002) http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/375/46/PDF/N0237546.pdf?OpenElement as on 21 August,2009.

52 World Bank (2003), World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People, Washington, pp. 62-63 & 185.

53 Transparency International (2008) Corruption Perception Index 2008: http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table as on 21 August, 2009.

54 Transparency International (2007) Global Corruption Report 2007: http://www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/gcr_2007#7 as on 21 August, 2009.

55 Elhawary, S. and Heir, A (2008) Beneficiary Perceptions of Corruption in Humanitarian Assistance: A Sri Lanka Case Study www.transparency.org/content/download/36110/567160, Humanitarian Policy Group, as on 21 August, 2009.

56 Ibid. p. 9.

57 Transparency International (2008) Corruption Perception Index 2008: http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table as on 21 August, 2009.

58 Ibid. See also Transparency International, (1998) “Press Release: Eight out of ten "clean" countries have effective freedom of information”, http://www.transparency.org/pressreleases_archive/1998/1998.12.03.ford.html as on 21 August, 2009.

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59 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development “ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia-Pacific welcomes Sri Lanka and Macao, China as 26th and 27th full members”, http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,3343,en_2649_34857_36721495_1_1_1_1,00.html as on 21 August 2009.

60 Source: Arvind Kejriwal, Parivartan (2005)

61 Philp, C., (2009) “Press freedom campaigner beaten as Sri Lanka tries to silence the media” Times Online http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6410765.ece as on 21 August, 2009.

62 International Freedom of Expression exchange, 3 June 2009, “Thirty IFEX members call on government to protect journalists and end impunity” http://www.ifex.org/sri_lanka/2009/06/03/ja_gm/ as on 21 August,2009.

63 Reporters Without Borders, (2009) http://www.rsf.org/en-rapport79-Sri_Lanka.html as on 21 August, 2009.

64 Chitrangada Choudhury Employment Guarantee Sabotage India Express, 11 January 2006 65 Australian Law Reform Commission, (1995) Open Government: A Review of the Federal Freedom of Information Act 1982, ALRC 77, p.16, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/alrc/publications/reports/77/ as on 21 August, 2009.

66 BBC (2005), Bangladesh Plans Anti-Terror Law, 21 December 2005: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4547874.stm.

67 International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group, (2003) Anti-Terrorism Act (Bill C-36): In the Shadow of the Law, a report prepared in response to Justice Canada’s 1st Annual Report on the Application of the Anti-Terrorism Act (Bill C-36): http://www.hku.hk/ccpl/pub/conferences/documents/14062003b-iclmg.doc

68 Ricketson, M. (2002) “Keeping the lid on information”, The Age, 28 November 2002, www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/27/1038386201001.html as on 21 August, 2009.

69 Reid, J. (2003) Annual Report: Information Commissioner 2002-2003, Ministry of Public Works and Government Services, Canada, p.12. 70 AIR 1982 SC149

71 Article 74 reads as follows: “74. (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice:

Provided that the President may require the Council of Ministers to reconsider such advice, either generally or otherwise, and the President shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration.

(2) The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court.”

72 Section 123 reads as follows:

“123. Evidence as to affairs of State.– No one shall be permitted to give any evidence derived from unpublished official records relating to any affairs of State, except with the permission of the officer at the head of the department concerned, who shall give or withhold such permission as he thinks fit.”

73 Para 63.

74 Para 64.

75 Para 65.

76 State of Uttar Pradesh v Raj Narain, AIR 1975 SC865 : In this judgement Justice Mathew observed as follows: “In a government of responsibility like ours, where all the agents of the public must be responsible for their conduct, there can be but few secrets, The people of this country have a right to know every public act, everything, that is done in a public way, by their public functionaries. They are entitled to know the particulars of every public transaction in all its bearing. The right to know, which is derived from the concept of freedom of speech, though not absolute, is a factor which should make one wary, when secrecy is claimed for transactions which can, at any rate have no repercussion on public security. To cover with veil of secrecy the common routine business, is not in the interest of the public. Such secrecy can seldom be legitimately desired…”

77 Para 66.

78 Para 72.

79 Ibid.

80 See: Supreme Court Advocates on Record Association v Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 441.

- 51-

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- 52-

‘nghJeytha kdpj cupikfs; Gj;jhf;f

(CHRI) epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Cz;ikahd [dehafk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;gd kf;fspd; tho;tpy; ajhu;j;jkhd xd;whf khWtjw;F nghWg;Gf;$Wtjw;fhd fhj;jpukhd nghwpKiw xd;Wk; nghJeytha kw;Wk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;fpilapy; gq;Nfw;Gk; mtrpakhFk;. ,jdbg;gilapy;> ghupa kdpj cupik mwpT+l;ly; nraw;jpl;;lq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> nghJeytha kdpj cupikfs; Gj;jhf;fy; jpl;lkhdJ jftYf;Fk; ePjpf;Fkhd miltpidAk; Cf;Ftpj;JtUfpd;wJ. Ma;Tfs;> ntspaPLfs;> nrayku;Tfs;> jfty; gug;Gjy; kw;Wk; vLj;Jf;$wy; Mfpatw;wpd; Clhf ,jid Nkw;nfhz;LtUfpd;wJ.

kdpj cupikfSf;fhd Cf;Ftpg;GnghJeytha kdpj cupikfs; Gj;jhf;fkhdJ nghJeytha mq;fq;fSf;Fk; murhq;f mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk; njhlu;r;rpahd xg;Gtpg;Gfis toq;fptUfpd;wJ. fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ,J jfty; jpul;Lk; FOtku;Tfis elj;jpAk; tUfpd;wJ. 1995Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ,j;jifa gpurhuFOf;fis ie[Pupah> rhk;gpah> gp[pjPTfs; kw;Wk; rpauhypNahd; MfpaehLfSf;F mDg;gpte;Js;sJ. mj;Jld;> ,J nghJeytha kdpj cupikfs; tiyg;gpd;diyAk; xUq;fpizj;JtUfpd;wJ. ,t;tiyg;gpd;dyhdJ> tpj;jpahrkhd FOf;fis xd;wpizj;J mtu;fspd; $l;L gyj;ij kdpjcupikfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Kaw;rpf;fhf gad;gLj;jptUfpd;wJ. kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; nghJ czHtpy; ,lk;ngWtij nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;jpd; Clfg; gpupT cWjp nra;JtUfpd;wJ.

jftYf;fhd milTnghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;jpl;lk; ey;y gapw;rpfis mKy;gLj;jYld; gq;fhspfSf;F cjtpaspj;jy;> tYthd rl;lthf;fj;jpw;F cjTtjpy; xU njhopy;El;g epGdj;Jt ikakhfr; nraw;gLjy;> murhq;fq;fisAk; rptpy; r%fj;jpizAk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mwpthw;wiy tpUj;jpnra;ty; Nghd;w nray; jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ,g;Gj;jhf;fkhdJ nfhs;ifahf;Fdu;fSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Fjy;> murhq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; ,aYikia cau;j;Jtjpy; cs;Su; mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; FOf;fSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;wpAk; tUfpd;wJ. njw;fhrpahtpy; kpfTk; cw;rhfj;Jld; ,aq;Fk; mNjNeuk;> ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa rl;lj;jpw;fhd ntw;wpfukhd gpurhuq;fSf;F mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ,g;Gj;jhf;fk; cjtpAk; tUfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL> Mgpupf;fhtpd; rl;ltiuTfSf;F cs;sPLfisAk; tiujYf;fhd cjtpfisAk; toq;FtNjhL> gRgpf;fpy; gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; Njrpa epWtdq;fSld; rl;lthf;fr; nraw;ghl;bid tsg;gLj;JtjpYk; Nritahw;wptUfpd;wJ.

ePjpf;fhd miltnghyP]; kPSUthf;fk;: mNefkhd ehLfspy; kf;fs; cupikfisg; ghJghg;gij tpl

Mjpf;fj;jpw;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; xU fUtpahfTk; ePjpia kWj;J ghupastpyhd td;KiwfspYk; <LgLk; xd;whfTNk nghyP];Jiw mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk; ,J njhlu;ghd Kiwahd kPStUthf;fk; xd;iw toq;fptUfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> nghyP];Jiwia murpd;; xU fUtpahf my;yhky; rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; epiyehl;Lk; xd;whf khw;wyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy;> nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fkhdJ> nghyP]; kPSUthf;fj;jpw;F nghJkf;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig ,yFgLj;jpAs;sJ. fpof;fhgpupf;fh kw;Wk; fhzh Mfpa ehLfspy; ,g;Gj;jhf;fkhdJ murpay; jiyaPLfs; kw;Wk; nghyP]; nghWg;Gf;$Wjy; Mfpatw;iwAk; guPl;rpj;J tUfpd;wJ.

rpiwr;rhiy kPSUthf;fk;: kuG uPjpahd %ba Kiwikfspy; mjpfupj;j ntspg;gilj;jd;ik

kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fis mk;gyg;gLj;jy; vd;gdtw;wpy; nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;jpd; gzpfs; mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. rl;lKiwfspd; gpd;dilT fhuzkhf rpiwr;rhiyfspy; Nfhukhd neupry;> tprhuidf;F Kd;du; mjpffhyk; fhtypy; ,Uj;jy; Nghd;w Nkhrkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpapUf;Fk; tplaq;fspy; jiyapl;L rPH eltbf;iffspy; cjtp tUfpwJ. Kw;whfj; Njhy;tpaile;Js;s rpiw epHthf Kiwapid Nehf;FtJk; ,jd; kw;WnkhU mtjhdj;ijg; ngw;w mq;fkhFk;. mtw;iw rPH nra;tJ rpiwr;rhiy epu;thfj;jpy; xU tsu;r;rpapidAk; Nkk;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;LtUtJld; epu;thj;jpd; rkj;Jtkhd nraw;ghLfspy; xU Gj;Japu; jd;ikiaAk; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;if.