ANSI/NFPA 72E An American National Standard August 17, 1990 I I I I I I I I I I I I NFPA 72F Automatic Fire ,! r)etectors 1990 Fdition i/' m mm NFPA ~ National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park, PO Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101 Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected]. Customer ID 45634151
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ANSI/NFPA 72E An American National Standard August 17, 1990
I I I I I I I I I I I I
NFPA 72F Automatic Fire
,! r)etectors 1990 Fdition
i/'
m
mm
N F P A ~
National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park, PO Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
All questions or other communications relating to this document should be sent only to NFPA Head- quarters, addressed to the attention of the Committee responsible for the document.
For information on the procedures for requesting Technical Committees to issue Formal Interpretations, proposing Tentative Interim Amendments, proposing amendments for Committee consideration, and appeals on matters relating to the content of the document, write to the Secretary, Standards Council, National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
A statement, written or oral, that is not processed in accordance with Section 16 of the Regulations Govern- ing Committee Projects shall not be considered the official position of NFPA or any of its Committees and shall not be considered to be, nor be relied upon as, a Formal Interpretation.
Users of this document should consult applicable Federal, State and local laws and regulations. NFPA does not, by the publication of this document, intend to urge action which is not in compliance with appli- cable laws and this document may not be construed as doing so.
Policy Adopted by NFPA Board of Directors on December 3, 1982
The Board of Directors reaffirms that the National Fire Protection Association recognizes that the tox- icity of the products of combustion is an important factor in the loss of life from fire. NFPA has dealt with that subject in its technical committee documen'ts for many years.
• There is a concern that the growing use of synthetic materials may produce more or additional toxic products of combustion in a fire environment. The Board has, therefore, asked all NFPA technical commit- tees to review the documents for which they are responsible to be sure that the documents respond to this current concern. To assist the committees in meeting this request, the Board has appointed an advisory com- mittee to provide specific guidance to the technical committees on questions relating to assessing the hazards of the products of combustion.
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Statement on NFPA Procedures
This material has been developed under the published procedures of the National Fire Protection Associa- tion, which are designed to assure the appointment of technically competent Committees having balanced representation. While these procedures assure the highest degree of care, neither the National Fire Protection Association, its members, nor those participating in its activities accepts any liability resulting from com- pliance or noncompliance with the provisions given herein, for any restrictions imposed on materials or pro- cesses, or for the completeness of the text.
NFPA has no power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document and any certification of products stating compliance with requirements of this document is made at the peril of the certifier.
SC AM-90
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
MORGAN TECHNICAL UBRARY NATIONAL RRE PROTECTION ASSN.
This edition of NFPA 72E, Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Detection Devices, released by the Correlating Committee on Signaling Systems, and acted on by the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. at its Annual Meeting held May 21-24, 1990 in San Antonio, TX. It was issued by the Stan- dards Council on July 20, 1990, with an effective date of August 17, 1990, and super- sedes all previous editions.
The 1990 edition of ' this document has been approved by the American National Standards Institute.
Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical rule in the margin of the pages on which they appear. These lines are included as an aid to the user in identifying changes from the previous edition.
Origin and Development of NFPA 72E
This standard was written to assist in the proper use of automatic fire detectors. Tech- nology has produced a large number of devices that respond to some phenomenon of fire. To operate effectively, these devices must be located properly within the protected space. There are various types of fires - - fast or slow, flaming or smoldering -- but each is a specific product of the type and form of fuel on which it feeds and the physical size and shape of the space in which it starts. An automatic fire detector should be selected after identification of both the type and size of fire to be detected and the response required. These detectors should be located in that space so that they are properly responsive to these fires.
The Committee recognizes the need for additional fire research. The Fire Detection Institute (FD1) is expected to perform these needed tasks. The current edition of this standard is based on the best information known to date. The standard will be refined as results and additional information are received and studied.
The first edition of this standard was submitted and adopted as a tentative standard in May 1972. The standard was adopted as an official standard in 1974. The 1978 edi- tion contained a complete revision of Chapter 4, "Smoke Sensing Fire Detectors," a new Chapter 6, "Gas Sensing Fire Detectors," and other revisions. In 1982, a new table, "Fable 3-5.1.2, addressing spacing of heat detectors on. high ceilings, was added.
In the 1984 edition, Chapter 9 was completely revised to cover the use of detectors in air duct systems and to provide guidance in correlation with NFPA 90A, Standard for the hlstallation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, on the use of detectors for control of smoke spread. Also, NFPA 72E-M was incorporated into NFPA 72E as new AppendiX C.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E-2 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
The new material is the result of data developed by the Fire Detection Institute as a guide to spacing of heat detectors on other than 15-ft ceilings.
The 1987 edition was a complete rewrite of the standard. Many of the changes were for clarification. Appendix C was expanded to include tables used to analyze an existing heat detection system.
The 1990 edition of NFPA 72E is a partial revision of this standard. The major change was a total revision and expansion of Chapter 5, "Flame Sensing Fire Detectors."
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
COMM I'Iq'EE PERSONNEL 7 2 E - 3
Committee on Signaling Systems
'Correlating Committee
Patrick E. Phillips, Chairman U.S. bept. of Energy
Richard P. Bielen, Secretary National Fire Protection Association
(Nonvoting)
Richard G. Bright, Mt. Airy, MD Irving Mande, Edwards Co. Inc. James C. Roberts, NC Dept. of Insurance
Dean K. Wilson, Industrial Risk Insurers Evan E. Stauffer, Jr. , Naval Facilities Engi- neering Command
Technical Committee on Detection Devices
James c. Roberts, Chairman NC Dept. of Insurance
Joseph A. Drouin, Secretary Simplex Time Recorder Co.
(Rep NEMA)
Jack L. Abbott, Factory Mutual Research Corp. Brooks H. Baker III, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Rep AHA R i c h a r d W. Bukowski , C e n t e r for Fire Research John M. Cholin, Firetek Corp. Ralph E. Collins, R. E. Collins Assoc. Donald A. Diehl, Alison Control Inc. Kenneth W. Dungan, Professional Loss Con- trol Inc. C. Burton Ford, James M. Castle Inc.
Rep FSSA Robert Hall, R. A. Hall and Associates Edward Hartfik, IRM Insurance Gregory S. Kelly, Automatic Sprinkler Corpo- ration of America
Rep NFSA James T. King, The Protectowire Co. Robert L. Langer, Ansul Fire Protection
Rep FEMA
Dewey W. Lewis, Lewis Fire Equipment Inc. Rep NAFED
Wayne D. Moore, Mass Fire Alarms of New England
Rep AFAA Paul E. Patty, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Patrick E. Phillips, U.S. Dept. of Energy Edward P. Reid, E. P. Reid Inc. Martin H. Reiss, The Gamewell Corp. Walter Schuchard, Electro Signal Lab. Robert Sears, Winegardner & Hammons Inc.
Rep. AHMA J. Brooks Scruple, Smoke/Fire Risk Mgmt. Inc.
Rep T/C Air Conditioning Timothy M. Soverino, Nantucket Fire Dept., MA
Rep. IMSA Jeffrey L. Steplowski, U.S. Veterans Admin. Ralph E. Transue, Rolf Jensen & Associates Inc. Frank L. Van Overmeiren, FP&C Consuhants. Inc. Dean K. Wilson, Industrial Risk Insurers
Alternates
Mark E. Agar, Fire Equipment Co. Inc. (Alternate to D. W. Lewis)
Douglas S. Erickson, American Hospital Asso- ciation
(Alternate to B. H. Baker Iii)
Tate Gabbert, Sarasota Fire Department, FL Rep. AFAA (Alternate to W. D. Moore)
Raymond A. Grill, RolfJensen & Assoc. Inc. (Alternate to R. E. Transue)
t 990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
7 2 E - 4 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
Miguel G. Lopez, U.S. Veterans Admin . (Ahernate to J. L. Steplowski)
Rober t J. Pielow, FP&C Consu l tan t s Inc. (Alternate to F. L. Van Overmei ren)
Wi l l i am W. Rogers , Underwr i t e r s Laborato- ries Inc.
(Alternate to P. E. Patty)
Rober t C. Savery, Fenwal Inc. (Alternate to J. A. Drouin)
A n d r e a s Scheidwei ler , Ce rbe rus Ltd (Alternate to M. H. Reiss)
T h o m a s D. Stilwell, Walter Kidde Co. (Alternate to R. L. Langer)
R icha rd P. Bielen, NFPA Staff Liaison
This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of thi.~ edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred.
NOTE: Membership on a Conmlittee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Associa- tion or ;lily document developed by the Committee on which the member serves.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
6 -2 O p e r a t i n g P r i n c i p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 8 6-3 L o c a t i o n a n d S p a c i n g - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 8
6 -4 H e a t i n g , V e n t i l a t i n g , a n d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g ( H V A C ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 8
6 -5 Spec ia l C o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 8
7-2 F i re C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 9
7-3 L o c a t i o n a n d S p a c i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 9 7 -4 Spec ia l C o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 19
Chapter 8 Inspections, Tests, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 9 8-1 G e n e r a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 9
8-2 In i t i a l I n s t a l l a t i o n I n s p e c t i o n a n d T e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 0
8-3 P e r i o d i c I n s p e c t i o n a n d T e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 0
8 -4 D e t e c t o r M a i n t e n a n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 1
8-5 T e s t s F o l l o w i n g E x p o s u r e to F i re C o n d i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 1
8 -6 I n s p e c t i o n F o r m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 1
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
7 2 E - 6 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
Chapter 9 Smoke Detectors for Control of Smoke Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 2 9-1 Genera l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 2 9-2 Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 2 9-3 Appl icat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 2 9-4 Location a n d Instal la t ion of Detectors in Air Duct Systems . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 2 9-5 Smoke Detectors for Door Release Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 3
Chapter 10 R e f e r e n c e d P u b l i c a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 5
A p p e n d i x A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 2 5
A p p e n d i x B Spac ing a n d Sensi t iv i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72E-44
A p p e n d i x C G u i d e for Au toma t i c Fire Detector Sp a c i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 4 4
A p p e n d i x D R e f e r e n c e d P u b l i c a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72E-132
I n d e x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 E - 1 3 3
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
INTRODUCTION/COMMON REQUIREMENTS 72E-7
NFPA 72E
Standard on
Automat ic Fire Detectors
1990 Edit ion
NOTICE: An asterisk(*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A.
Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter l0 and Appendix D.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1-1 Purpose.
1-1.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide basic minimum requirements for the performance of automatic fire detectors to ensure timely warning for the purposes of life safety and property protection.
1-1.2 This standard is intended for use by persons knowl- edgeable in the application of fire detection as part of fire protection systems.
1-2 Scope.
1-2.1 This standard covers min imum performance, loca- tion, mounting, testing, and maintenance requirements of automatic fire detectors for protection of the occupant, building, space, structure, area, or object to be protected in accordance with the stated purpose.
1-2.2 This standard is intended to be used with other NFPA standards that deal specifically with fire alarm, extinguishment, or control. Automatic fire detectors add to fire protection by initiating emergency action, but only where used in conjunction with other equipment.
1-2.3 The interconnection of detectors, the control con- f igura t ions , the power supply, or the ou tpu t systems r e s p o n d i n g to au tomat ic fire detec tor ac tua t ion are
J detailed in NFPA 71, Standard for the Installation, Mainte- nance, and Use of Signaling Systems for Central Station Service, NFPA 72, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance and Use of Protective Signaling Systems, NFPA 74, Standard for the Instal- lation, Maintenance, and Use of Household Fire Warning Equipment, and others.
1-2.4 Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent the use of new methods or devices provided sufficient techni- cal data are submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to demonstrate that the new method or device is equivalent in quality, effectiveness, durability, and safety to that pre- scribed by this standard.
Chapter 2 Common Requirements
2-1 General. Fire is a phenomenon that occurs when a substance reaches a critical temperature and reacts chemi- cally with oxygen (for example) to produce heat, flame, light, smoke, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon diox- ide, or other products and effects.
An automatic fire detector is a device designed to detect the presence of fire and initiate action.
2-1.1 Definitions.
Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having juris- diction."
NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on com- pliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evi- dence of proper installation, procedure or use. The author- ity having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or label- ing practices of an organization concerned with product evaluations which is in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items.
Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having ju r i sd ic t ion" is the organizat ion, office or individual responsible for "approving" equipment, an installation or a procedure.
NOTE: The phrase "authority having jurisdiction" is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions and "approval" agencies vary as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the "authority having juris- diction" may be a federal, state, local or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, health department, building official, electrical inspector, or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the "authority having jurisdiction." In many circumstarices the property owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the "authority having jurisdiction"; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the "authority having jurisdiction."
Ceiling. The upper surface of a space, regardless of height. Areas with a suspended ceiling would have two ceil- ings, one visible from the floor and one above the sus= pended ceiling.
Ceiling Height. The height from the continuous floor of the room to the continuous ceiling of a room or space.
Combination Detector. A device that either responds to more than one of the fire phenomena classified i n 2-2.1.1 through 2-2.1.5, or employs more than one operat- ing principle to sense one of these phenomena. Typical examples are a combination of heat detector with smoke detector or a combination rate-of-rise and fixed tempera- ture heat detector.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E-8 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol or o ther identifying mark of an organization acceptable to the "authori ty having jurisdic- tion" and concerned with product evaluation, that main- tains periodic inspection of product ion of labeled equip- ment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropr ia te s tandards or perfor- mance in a specified manner.
Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list pub- lished by an organization acceptable to the "authori ty hav- ing jurisdict ion" and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of product ion of listed equipment or materials and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets appropr ia te s tandards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner .
NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for each organization concerned with product evalua- tion, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labeled. The "authority having jurisdiction" should utilize the system employed by the listing organiza- tion to identify a listed product.
Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement .
Should. Indicates a recommendat ion or that which is advised but not required.
Spacing. A horizontal ly measured l inear d imension relating to the allowable coverage of fire detectors.
2-2 Classification of Fire Detectors.
2-2.1 For the purpose of this s tandard, automatic fire detectors are classified as listed below.
2-2.1.1 Heat Detector. A device that detects abnormally high temperature or ra te-of- temperature rise.
2-2.1.2 Smoke Detector. A device that detects the visible or invisible particles of combustion.
2-2.1.3 Radiant Energy Sensing Fire Detector. A device that detects radiant energy (ultraviolet, visible, or infrared radiation) that is emit ted as a product of combustion reac- tion and obeys the laws of optics.
2-2.1.3.1 Flame Detector. See 5-2.1.4.
2-2.1.3.2 Spark/Ember Detector. See 5-2.1.7.
2-2.1.4 Fire-Gas Detector. A device that detects gases produced by a fire.
2-2.1.5 Other Fire Detectors. Devices that detect a phe- nomenon other than heat, smoke, flame, or gases pro- duced by a fire.
2-2.2 Types of Detectors.
2-2.2.1 Line-type Detector. A device in which detection is continuous along a path. Typical examples are rate-of- rise pneumatic tubing detectors, projected beam smoke detectors, and heat-sensitive cable.
2-2.2.2 Spot-type Detector. A device whose detect ing ele- ment is concen t ra ted at a par t i cu la r location. Typical examples are bimetallic detectors, fusible alloy detectors, certain pneumat ic rate-of-rise detectors , certain smoke detectors, and thermoelectric detectors.
2-2.2.3 Air Sampling-type Detector. A sampl ing- type detector consists of piping or tubing distribution from the detector unit to the area(s) to be protected. An air pump draws air from the protected area back to the detector through the air sampling ports and piping or tubing. At the detector, the air is analyzed for fire products.
2-2.3 Operating Modes.
2-2.3.1 Nonrestorable Detector. A device whose sensing e lement is des igned to be des t royed by the process of detecting a fire.
2-2.3.2 Restorable Detector. A device whose sensing ele- ment is not ordinari ly destroyed by the process of detect- ing a fire. Restoration may be manual or automatic.
2-3 Shapes of Ceilings.
2-3.1 The shapes of ceilings are classified as follows.
2-3.1.1 Level Ceilings. Those that are actually level or have a slope of I I/2 in. (40 mm) or less per ft (0.3 m).
2-3.1.2 Sloping Ceilings. Those having a slope of more than 11/2 in. (40 mm) per ft (0.3 m). Sloping ceilings are further classified as follows:
(a) Sloping-Peaked Type. Those in which the ceiling slopes in two directions from the highest point. Curved or domed ceilings may be considered peaked with the slope figured as the slope of the chord from highest to lowest point. (See Figure A-3-5.4.1.)
(b) Sloping-Shed Type. Those in which the high point is at one side with the slope extending toward the opposi te side. (See Figure A-3-5.4.2.)
2-4 Ceiling Surfaces.
2-4.1 Ceiling surfaces referred to in conjunction with the locations of fire detectors are:
2-4.1.1 Beam Construct ion. Ceilings having solid struc- tural or solid nons t ruc tura l members pro jec t ing down from the ceiling surface more than 4 in. (100 ram) and spaced more than 3 ft (0.9 m), center to center.
2-4.1.2 Girders . Girders suppor t beams or joists and run at r ight angles to the beams or joists. Where girders are within 4 in. (100 ram) of the ceiling, they are a factor in de termining the number of detectors and are to be consid- ered as beams. Where the top of the g i rder is more than 4 in. (100 mm) from the ceiling, it is not a factor in detec- tor location.
2-4.1.3 Solid Joist Construction. Ceilings haying solid structural or solid nonstructural members project ing down
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
COMMON REQUIREMENTS 72E-9
from the ceiling surface a distance of more than 4 in. (100 ram) and spaced at intervals 3 ft (0.9 m) or less, cen- ter to center.
2-4.1.4 Smooth Ceiling. A surface un in te r rup ted by con- tinuous projections, such as solid joists, beams, or ducts, extending more than 4 in. (100 mm) below the ceiling sur- face.
NOTE: Open truss constructions are not considered to impede the flow of fire products unless the upper member in continuous contact with the ceiling projects below the ceiling more than 4 in. (100 mm).
[ 2-5 Approval .
[ 2-5.1 All fire detection devices shall be listed or approved for the purpose for which they are intended and shall be installed in conformity with this s tandard.
[ 2-5.1.1" All fire detection devices that receive their power from the initiating circuit of a fire alarm control unit shall be listed for use with the control unit. Where acceptable to the authori ty having jurisdiction, the manufacturer may provide information on the compatibility of the detection device with the control unit to satisfy this requirement .
[ 2-5.1.2 Where required by the authori ty having jurisdic- tion, complete information regarding the fire detectors, including specifications and floor plans showing the loca- tion of the detectors, shall be submitted for approval pr ior to installation of the detectors.
] 2-5.1.3 Before requesting approval of the installation by the authori ty having jurisdiction, the installing contractor shall furnish a written s ta tement to the effect that the detectors have been installed in accordance with approved plans and tested in accordance with Chapter 8 of this stan- dard. Manufacturers ' installation and service manuals shall also be furnished.
[2-6 Acceptance Test. Upon completion of the installa- tion, a satisfactory test of the fire detectors in accordance with Chapter 8 of this s tandard shall be made in the pres- ence of a representat ive of the authori ty having juris- diction.
] 2-7 Installation.
]2-7.1 Where subject to mechanical damage, detectors shall be protected.
[ 2-7.2 Detectors shall be suppor ted, in all cases, indepen- dently of their a t tachment to the circuit conductors.
J 2-7.3 Detectors shall not be recessed in any way into the mounting surface unless they have been tested and listed for such recessed mounting.
]2-7 .4 Detectors shall be instal led in all areas where required by the appropr ia te NFPA standard or the author- ity having jurisdiction. Each installed detector shall be
accessible for per iodic maintenance and testing. Where total coverage is required , this shall include all rooms, halls, storage areas, basements, attics, lofts, spaces above suspended ceilings, and other subdivisions and accessible spaces, and inside all closets, elevator shafts, enclosed stair- ways, dumbwai ter shafts, and chutes. Inaccessible areas that contain combustible material shall be made accessible and protected by detector(s).
Exception No. 1: Detectors may be omitted from combustible blind spaces where any of the following conditions prevail.
(a) Where the ceiling is attached directly to the underside of the supporting beams of a combustible roof or floor deck.
(b) Where the concealed space is entirely filled with a noncom- bustible insulation. In solid joist construction, the insulation need fill only the space from the ceiling to the bottom edge of the joist of the roof or floor deck.
(c) Where there are small concealed spaces over rooms ~ro- vided any space in question does not exceed 50 sq f i (4. 6m ) in area.
(d) In spaces formed by sets of facing studs or solid joists in walls, floors, or ceilings where the distance between the facing studs or solid joists is less than 6 in. (150 mm).
Exception No. 2: Detectors may be omitted from below open grid ceilings where all of the following conditions prevail.
(a) The openings of the grid are 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) or larger in the least dimension.
(b) The thickness of the material does not exceed the least dimension.
(c) The openings constitute at least 70 percent of the area of the ceiling material.
2-7.5* Detectors shall also be required undernea th open loading docks or platforms and their covers, and for acces- sible underf loor spaces of buildings without basements.
Exception: By permission of the authority having jurisdiction, detectors may be omitted when all of the following conditions pre- vail.
(a) The space is not accessible for storage purposes or entrance of unauthorized persons and is protected against accumulation of windborne debris.
(b) The space contains no equipment such as steam pipes, elec- tric wiring, shafting, or conveyors.
(c) The floor over the space is tight. (d) No flammable liquids are processed, handled, or stored on
the floor above.
] 2-7.6 Where codes, standards, laws, or authorities having jurisdict ion require the protection of selected areas only, the specified areas shall be protected in accordance with this s tandard.
[ 2-7.7* Duplicate terminals or leads, or equivalent, shall be provided on each automatic fire detector for the express purpose of connecting into tile fire alarm system to pro- vide supervision of the connections. Such terminals or leads are necessary to ensure that the wire run is broken and that the individual connections are made to the incom- ing and outgoing leads or other terminals for signaling and power.
Exception: Detectors that provide • equivalent supeTvision.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E- 10 AUTOMATIC FI RE DETECTORS
Chapter 3 Heat Sensing Fire Detectors
3-1 Heat is added energy that causes substances to rise in tempera ture as well as the energy produced by a burning substance.
3-1.1 General.
3.1.1.1 The purpose and scope of this chapter are to pro- vide s tandards for location and spacing of fire detectors that sense heat p roduced by bu rn ing substances. The detectors are usually refei 'red to as heat detectors.
3-1.1.2 Heat detectors, shall be installed in all areas where required ei ther by the appropr ia te NFPA s tandard or the authority having jurisdiction.
3-2 Operating Principles.
3-2.1 Fixed Temperature Detector.
3-2.1.1 A fixed tempera ture detector is a device that will respond when its operat ing element becomes heated to a p rede te rmined level.
3-2.1.2 Thermal Lag. When a fixed tempera ture device operates, the t empe ra tu r e of the s u r r o u n d i n g air will always be higher than the opera t ing tempera ture of the device itself. This difference between the opera t ing tem- perature of the device and the actual air t empera ture is commonly spoken of as thermal lag, and is proport ional to the rate at which the t empera tu re is rising.
3-2.1.3 Typical examples of fixed t empera tu re sensing elements are:
(a) Bimetallic. A sensing element comprised of two met- als having different coefficients of the rmal expans ion arranged so that the effect will be deflection in one direc- tion when heated and in the opposi te direct ion when cooled.
(b) Electrical Conductivity. A line-type or spot-type sens- ing element whose resistance varies as a function of tem- perature.
(c) Fusible Alloy. A sensing element of a special compo- , sition (eutectic) metal, which melts rapidly at the rated
temperature.
(d) Heat-Sensitive Cable. A line-type device whose sens- ing element comprises, in one type, two current-carrying wires held separated by a heat-sensitive insulation that soft- ens at the rated temperature , thus allowing the wires to make electrical contact. In another type, a single wire is centered in a metallic tube and the intervening space is filled with a substance that, at a critical t empera tu re , becomes conductive, thus establishing electr ical contact between the tube and the wire.
(e) Liquid Expansion. A sensing element compris ing a liquid capable of marked expansion in volume in response to temperature increase.
3-2.2 Rate Compensation Detector.
3-2.2.1 A rate compensat ion detector is a device that will respond when the tempera ture of the air su r rounding the device reaches a p rede te rmined level, regardless of the rate of t empera ture rise.
3-2.2.2 A typical example is a spot-type detector with a tubular casing of a metal that tends to expand lengthwise as it is heated and an associated contact mechanism that will close at a certain point in the elongation. A second metallic e lement inside the tube exerts an opposing force on the contacts, tending to hold them open. The forces are balanced in such a way that, on a slow rate of t empera ture rise, there is more time for heat to penetra te to the inner e lement , which inhibits contact c losure until the total device has been heated to its ra ted t empe ra tu r e level. However, on a fast rate of t empera tu re rise, there is not as much time for heat to penet ra te to the inner element, which exerts less of an inhibiting effect so that contact clo- sure is obtained when the total device has been heated to a lower level. This, in effect, compensates for thermal lag.
3-2.3 Rate.of-Rise Detector.
3-2.3.1 A rate-of-rise detector is a device that will respond when the tempera ture rises at a rate exceeding a predeter - mined amount.
3-2.3.2 Typical examples are:
(a) Pneumatic Rate-of-Rise Tubing. A line-type detector comprising small d iameter tubing, usually copper , which is installed on the ceiling or high on the walls th roughout the detected area. The tubing is terminated in a detector unit containing d iaphragms and associated contacts set to actu- ate at a p rede t e rmined pressure. The system is sealed except for calibrated vents that compensate for normal changes in temperature .
(b) Spot-type Pneumatic Rate-of-Rise Detector. A device consisting of an air chamber , d iaphragm, con.tacts, and compensat ing vent in a single enclosure. The principle of operat ion is the same as that described in 3-2.3.2(a).
(c) Thermoelectric Effect Detector. A device whose sensing element comprises a thermocouple or thermopile unit that produces an increase in electric potential in response to an increase in temperature . This potential js moni tored by associated control equipment , and an alarm is initiated when the potential increases at an abnormal rate.
(d) Electrical Conductivity Rate-of-Change Detector. A line- type sensing element whose resistance changes due to a change in temperature . The rate of change of resistance is moni tored by associated control equipment , and an alarm is initiated when the rate of increase exceeds a preset value.
3-3 Temperature Classification.
3-3.1 Heat detectors of the f ixed- tempera ture or rate- compensated spot-pat tern type shall be classified as to the tempera ture of operat ion and marked with the appropr i - ate color code. (See Table 3-3.1.)
3-3.1.1 Where the overall color of a detector is the same as the color code marking required for that detector, ei ther one of the following arrangements , appl ied in a contrast ing color and visible after installation, shall be employed:
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
HEAT SENSING FIRE DETECTORS 72E-11
(a) A ring on the surface of the detector. (b) The temperature rating in numerals at least 3/8 in.
(9.5 mm) high.
Table 3-3.1
Temperature Temp. Rating Max. Ceiling Color Classification Range °F Temp. °F Code
Low* 100 to 134 20 belowt Uncolored Ordinary 135 to 174 100 Uncolored
Intermediate 175 to 249 150 White High 250 to 324 225 Blue
Extra High 325 to 399 300 Red Very Extra High 400 to 499 375 Green
Ultra High 500 to 575 475 Orange
*Intended only for installation in controlled ambient areas. Units marked to indicate maximum ambient installation temperature.
tMaximum ceiling temperature has to be 20°F or more below detector rated temperature.
NOTE: The difference between the rated temperature and the maximum ambient should be as small as possible to minimize the response time.
For SI Units: °C = 5/9 (°F-32).
3-4 Location.
3-4.1" Spot-type heat detectors shall be located on the ceiling not less than 4 in. (100 ram) from the side wall or on the side walls between 4 in. (100 ram) and 12 in. (300 mm) from the ceiling. (See Figure A-3-4.1.)
Exception No. 1 :~ In the case of solid joist construction, detectors shall be mounted at the bottom of the joists. Exception No. 2: In the case of beam construction where beams are less than 12 in. (300 mm) in depth and less than 8 fi (2.4 m) on center, detectors may be installed on the bottom of beams.
3-4.2 Line-type heat detectors shall be located on the ceil- ing or on the side walls not more than 20 in. (500 mm) from the ceiling.
3-4.3 High-Temperature Areas. Detectors having fixed t empe ra tu r e or rate compensa t ed e lements shall be selected in accordance with Table 3-3.1 for the maximum ceiling temperature that can be expected.
3-5 Spacing.
3-5.1" Smooth Ceil ing Spacing. One of the following rules shall apply.
(a) The distance between detectors shall not exceed their listed spacing, and there shall be detectors within a distance of one-half the listed spacing, measured at a right angle, from all walls or partitions extending to within 18 in. (460 mm) of the ceiling; or
(h) All points on the ceiling shall have a detector within a distance equal to 0.7 times the listed spacing. This will be useful in calculating locations in corridors or i rregular areas.
3-5.1.1" Irregular Areas. For irregularly shaped areas, the spacing between detectors may be greater than the listed spacing, provided the maximum spacing from a detector to the farthest point of a side wall or corner within its zone of protection is not greater than 0.7 times the listed spacing (0.7S). (See Figure A-3-5.1.1.)
3-5.1.2" High Ceilings. On ceilings 10 ft (3 m) to 30 fi (9.1 m) high, heat detector linear spacing shall be reduced in accordance with Table 3-5.1.2.
Table 3-5.1.2
Ceiling Height fit) Percent of Above Up To Listed Spacing
3-2.3.2(c).] In these cases, the manufacturer's recommendations shall be fol-
lowed for appropriate alarvn point and spacing.
NOTE: Table 3-5.1.2 provides for spacing modifications to take into account different ceiling heights for generalized fire conditions. An alternative design method, which allows a designer to take into account ceiling height, fire size, and ambient temperature, is provided in Appendix C.
3-5.2* Solid Joist Construction. The spacing of heat detectors, when measured at right angles to the solid joists, shall not exceed 50 percent of the smooth ceiling spacing allowable under 3-5.1 and 3-5.1.1. (See Figure A-3-5.2.)
3-5.3* Beam Construction. It shall be t reated as a smooth ceiling if the beams project no more than 4 in. (100 mm) below the ceiling. If the beams project more than 4 in. (100 ram) below the ceiling, the spacing of spot-type heat detectors at right angles to the direction of beam travel shall be not more than two-thirds the smooth ceiling spacing allowable under 3-5.1 and 3-5.1.1. If the beams project more than 18 in. (460 ram) below the ceiling, and are more than 8 fi (2.4 m) on centers, each bay formed by the beams shall be treated as a separate area.
3-5.4 Sloped Ceilings.
3-5.4.1" Peaked. A row of detectors shall first be spaced and located at or within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the peak of the ceil- ing, measured horizontally. The number and spacing of additional detectors, if any, shall be based on the horizon- tal projection of the ceiling in accordance with the type of ceiling construction. (See Figure A-3-5.4.1.)
3-5.4.2" Shed. The shed shall have a row of detectors located on the ceiling within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the high side of the ceiling measured horizontally, spaced in accordance
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E-12 AUTOMNI ' IC FIRE DETECTORS
with the type of construction. Remaining detectors, if any, shall then be located in the remaining area on the basis of the horizontal projection of the ceiling. (See Figure A-3-5.4.2.)
3-5.4.3 For a roof slope of less than 30 degrees, all detec- tors will be spaced utilizing the height at the peak. For a roof slope of greater than 30 degrees, the average slope height will be used for all detectors other than those located in the peak.
Chapter 4 S m o k e Sens ing Fire Detec tors
4-1 General.
4-1.1" The purpose of this chapter is to provide informa- tion to assist in the design and installation of reliable early warning smoke detection systems for protection of life and property.
4-1.2 This chapter covers general area application of smoke detectors in ordinary indoor locations.
4-1.2.1 For information on use of smoke detectors for control of smoke spread, refer to Chapter 9 of this stan- dard.
4-1.2.2 For additional guidance in the application of smoke detectors for flaming fires of various sizes and growth rates in areas of various ceiling heights, refer to Appendix C, Section C-5.
4-1.3" Smoke detectors shall be installed in all areas where required either by the appropriate NFPA standard or by the authority having jurisdiction.
4-2 Principles of Detection.
4-2.1 Ionization Smoke Detection. An ionization smoke detector has a small amount of radioactive material that ionizes the air in the sensing chamber, thus rendering it conductive and permitting a current flow through the air between two charged electrodes. This gives the sensing chamber an effective electrical conductance. When smoke particles enter the ionization area, they decrease the con- ductance of the air by attaching themselves to the ions, causing a reduction in mobility. When the conductance is less than a predetermined level, the detector responds.
4-2.1.1 Ionization detection is more responsive to invisi- ble (size less than one micron) particles produced by most flaming fires. It is somewhat less responsive to the larger particles typical of most smoldering fires.
4-2.1.2 Smoke detectors utilizing the ionization principal are usually of the spot type.
4-2.2* Photoelectric Light Scattering Smoke Detection. In a photoelectric light scattering smoke detector, a light source and a photosensitive sensor are so arranged that the rays from the light source do not normally fall on the pho-
tosensitive sensor. When smoke particles enter the light path, some of the light is scattered by reflection and refrac- tion onto the sensor, causing the detector to respond.
4-2.2.1 Photoelectric light scattering detection is more responsive to visible (size more-than one micron) particles produced by most smoldering fires. It is somewhat less responsive to the smaller particles typical of most flaming fires. It is also less responsive to black smoke.
4-2.2.2 Smoke detectors utilizing the light scattering principle are usually of the spot type.
4-2.3* Photoelectric Light Obscuration Smoke Detection. In a photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector, the loss of light transmission between a light source and a pho- tosensitive sensor is monitored. When smoke particles are introduced in the light path, some of the light is scattered and some absorbed, thereby reducing the light reaching the receiver, causing the detector to respond.
4.2.3.1 The response of photoelectric light obscuration smoke detectors is usually not affected by the color of smoke.
4-2.3.2 Smoke detectors utilizing the light obscuration principle are usually of the line type. These detectors are commonly called projected beam smoke detectors.
4-2.4 Cloud Chamber Smoke Detection. A smoke detec- tor utilizing the cloud chamber principle is usually of the sampling type. An air pump draws a sample of air from the protected areas into a high humidity chamber within the detector. After the humidity of the sample has been raised, the pressure is lowered slightly. If smoke particles are present, the moisture in the air condenses on them, form- ing a cloud in the chamber. The density of this cloud is then measured by a photoelectric principle. When the den- sity is greater than a predetermined level, the detector responds.
4-3 Classification.
4-3.1 Spot-type Smoke Detectors. Spot - type smoke detectors shall be marked with their normal production sensitivity (percent per foot obscuration), measured as required by the listing. The production tolerance around the normal sensitivity shall also be indicated.
4-3.1.1 Smoke detectors that have provision for field adjustment of sensitivity shall have an adjustment range of not less than 0.6 percent/ft obscuration, and the adjusting means shall be marked to indicate its nominal factory cali- bration position.
4-4 Location and Spacing.
4-4.1" General . The location and spacing of smoke detectors shall result from an evaluation based on engi- neering judgment supplemented by the guidelines detailed in this standard. Ceiling shape and surfaces, ceiling height, configuration of contents, burning characteristics of com- bustible material present, and ventilation are some of the conditions that shall be considered.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
SMOKE SENSING FIRE DETECTORS 72E- 13
4-4.1.1 Where the intent is to protect against a specific hazard, the detector(s) may be installed closer to the haz- ard in a position where the detector will readily intercept the smoke.
4-4.1.2" Stratification. The possible effect of smoke strat- ification at levels below the ceiling shall also be considered.
4-4.2* Spot-type Smoke Detectors. Spot - type smoke detectors shall be located on the ceiling not less than 4 in. (100 mm) from a sidewall to the near edge or, if on a side- wail, between 4 in. and 12 in. (100 mm and 300 mm) down from the ceiling to the top of the detector. (See Figure A-3-4.1.)
Exception No. 1: See 4-4.1.2.
Exception No. 2: See 4-4.6.
Exception No. 3: See 4-4.7.
4-4.2.1" To minimize dust contamination of smoke detec- tors where installed under raised room floors and similar spaces, they shall only be mounted in an orientation for which they have been listed (see Figure A-4:4.2.1).
4-4.3 Projected Beam-type Smoke Detectors. Projected beam-type smoke detectors (see 4-2.3.1) shall normally be located with their projected beams parallel to the ceiling and in accordance with the manufacturer 's instructions.
Exception No. 1: See 4-4.1.2.
Exception No. 2: Beams may be installed vertically or at any angle needed to afford protection of the hazard involved. (Exam- pie: vertical beams through the open shaft area of a stairwell where there is a clear vertical space inside the handrails.)
4-4.3 .1 The beam length shall not exceed the maximum permit ted by the equipment listing.
4-4.3.1.1" Where mirrors are used with projected beams, they shall be installed in accordance with the nmnufactur- er's recommendations.
4-4.3.1.2 The detector installation shall comply with the requirements contained in the listing.
4-4.4 Sampling-type Smoke Dectector. Each sampl ing port of a sampling-type smoke detector shall be treated as a spoHype detector for the purpose of location a n d spacing.
4-4.5 Smooth Ceiling Spacing.
4-4.5.1 Spot-type Detectors. On smooth ceilings, spacing of 30 ft (9.1 m) may be used as a guide. In all cases, the manufacturer 's recommendat ions shall be followed. Other spacing may be used depend ing on ceiling height, dift~rent conditions, or response requirements. (See Appendix C for detection of flaming fires. )
4-4.5.1.1 Where a specific spacing is selected by the authority having jurisdiction, by engineering judgment , by Appendix C, or by another method for smooth ceilings, all
points on the ceiling shall have a detector within a distance equal to 0.7 times the selected spacing. This will be useful in calculating locations in corr idors or i r regular areas. (See A-3-5. I and Figure A-3-5.1.1.) For irregt, larly shaped areas, the spacing between detectors may be greater than the selected spacing, provided the maximum spacing from a detector to the furthest point of a sidewall or corner within its zone of protection is not greater than 0.7 times the selected spacing (0.7S). (See Figure A-3-5.1.1.)
4-4.5.2* Projected Beam-type Detectors. For location and spacing of projected beam-type detectors, the manu- facturer 's installation instructions shall be followed. (See Figure A-4-4.5.2.)
4-4.6* Solid Joist Construction.
4-4.6.1 Ceiling construction where joists are 8 in. (200 mm) or less in depth shall be considered equivalenl to a smooth ceiling. Spot-type detectors shall be mounted on the bottom of the joists. (Also see 4-4.1.2.)
4-4.6.2 If joists exceed 8 in. (200 ram) in depth, the spac- ing of spot-type detectors in the direction perpendicular to the joists shall be reduced by onc-third. If the projected light beams of line-type detectors run perpendicular to the joists, no spacing reduction is necessary; however, if the projected light beanas are parallel to the.joists, thc spacing between light beams shall be reduced. Spot-type dctcctors shall be mounted on the bottom of the joists. (Also see 4-4.1.2.)
4-4.7 Beam Construction.
4-4.7.1 Ceiling construction where beams are 8 in. (200 ram) or less in depth shall be considered equivalent to a smooth ceiling. (Also see 4-4.1.2.)
4-4.7.2 If beams are over 8 in. (200 ram) in depth, the spacing of spot-type detectors in the direction perpendicu- lar to the beams shall be rcduced. The spacing of projected light beam detectors run perpendicular ly to the ceiling beams need not be reduced; however, if the projected light beams are run parallel to the ceiling beams, the spacing shall be reduced. (Also see 4-4.1.2.)
4-4.7.3 If beams are less than 12 in. (304 nun) in depth and less than 8 ft (2.4 m) on center, spot-type detectors shall be permit ted to be installed on the bottom of beams.
4-4.7.4* If the beams exceed 18 in. (460 ram) in depth and are more than 8 ft (2.4 in) on centers, each bay shall be treated as a separate area requir ing at least one spot- type or projected beam-type detector.
4-4.8 Sloped Ceilings.
4-4.8.1 Peaked . Detec tors shall first be spaced and located within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the peak, measured horizon- tally. The number and spacing of addit ional detectors, if any, shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceil- ing. (See Figu, re A-3-5.4.1.)
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E- 14 AUTOMATIC FI RE DETECTORS
4-4.8.2 Shed. Detectors shall first be spaced and located within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the high side of the ceiling, measured horizontally. The number and spacing of addit ional detec- tors, if any, shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceiling. (See Figure A-3-5.4.2.)
4-4.9 Raised Floors and Suspended Ceilings. In under- floor spaces and above ceiling spaces that are not HVAC plenums, detector spacing shall be in accordance with See- uon 4-4.
4-4.10 Par t i t ions . Where part i t ions extend upward to within 18 in. (460 ram) of the ceiling, they will not influ- ence the spacing. Where the parti t ion extends to within less than 18 in. (460 ram) of the ceiling, the effect of smoke travel shall be considered in reduction of spacing.
4-5 Heating, Venti lat ing, and Air Conditioning (HVAC).
4-5.1" In spaces served by air handling systems, detectors shall not be located where air from supply diffusers could dilute smoke before it reaches the detectors. Detectors shall be located to intercept the air flow toward the re turn air opening(s). This may require addit ional detectors, since placing detectors only near re turn air openings may leave the balance of the area with inadequate protection when the air handling system is shut down. The detector manu- facturer shall be consulted before installation of detectors.
4-5.2 In spaces under floors and above ceiling spaces that are used as HVAC plenums, detectors shall be listed to be compatible with air velocities present. Detector spacings and locations shall be selected based upon anticipated air- flow patterns and fire type.
4-5.2.1 Detectors placed in environmental air ducts or plenums shall not be used as a substitute for open area
I detectors. (See Chapter 9 and "Fable A-4-6.1.4.)
Smoke may not be drawn into the duct or p lenums when the ventilating system is shut down. Further , when the ventilating system is operat ing, the detector(s) may be less responsive to a fire condition in the room of fire origin due to dilution by clean air.
4-6 Special Considerations.
4-6.1 General . The selection and installation of smoke detectors shall take into considerat ion both the design characteristics of the detector and the areas into which the detectors will be installed so as to prevent false operat ion or nonoperat ion after installation. Some of the consider- ations are as follows.
[4-6.1.1" The installation of smoke detectors shall take into considerat ion the env i ronmenta l condi t ion of the area(s). Smoke detectors are in tended for installation in areas where the normal ambient conditions are not likely to:
(a) Exceed 100°F (38°C) or fall below 32°F (0°C); or
(b) Exceed 93 percent relative humidity; or
(c) Exceed air velocity of 300 fpm (1.5 mps).
Exception: Detectors .specifically designed for use in ambients exceeding the above limits and listed for the temperature, humid- ity, and air velocity conditions expected.
14-6.1.2" To avoid u n w a n t e d a larms, the locat ion of smoke de tec tors shall take into cons ide ra t ion no rma l sources of smoke, moisture, dust or fumes, and electrical or mechanical influences.
4-6.1.3 Detectors shall not be installed until after the con- struction cleanup of all t rades is complete and final.
Exception: Where required by the authority having jurisdiction for protection during construction.
Detectors that have been installed pr ior to final cleanup by all t rades shall be cleaned or replaced per Section 8-4.
4-6.2 Spot-type Detectors.
4-6.2.1 Smoke detectors having a fixed t empera tu re ele- ment as part of the unit shall be selected in accordance with Table 3-3.1 for the maximum ceiling t empera tu re that can be expected in service.
4-6.2.2* Air holes in the back of a detector shall be cov- ered by a gasket, sealant, or equivalent, and the detector shall be mounted so that air-flow from inside the housing or from the per iphery of the housing will not prevent the entry of smoke dur ing a fire or test condition.
4-6.3 Projected Beam-type Detectors.
4-6.3.1 Projected beam-type detectors and mirrors shall be firmly mounted on stable surfaces, so as to prevent false or erratic operat ion due to movement. The beam shall be so designed that small angular movements of the light source or receiver do not prevent operat ion due to smoke and do not cause false alarms. Ordinari ly, movement of I/4 degree shall be tolerated (1/2 degree circular included angle).
4-6.3.2 Since the projected beam-type unit will not oper- ate for alarm but will give a trouble signal (see A-4-2.3) when the light-path to the receiver is abrupt ly in te r rupted or obscured, the light-path shall be kept clear of opaque obstacles at all times.
4-6.4* High Rack Storage. (See Figures A-4-6.4(a) and A-4-6.4(b).) Detection systems are often installed in addi- tion to suppression systems. Where smoke detectors are installed for early warning in high rack storage areas, it shall be necessary to consider installing detectors at several levels in the racks to ensure quicker response to smoke. Where detectors are installed to actuate a suppression sys- tem, see NFPA 231C, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials.
4-6.5 High Air Movement Areas.
4-6.5.1 General . The purpose and scope of this section are to provide location and spacing guidance for smoke detectors in high air movement areas for early warning of fire.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
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FLAME SENSING FIRE DETECTORS 72E- 15
Exception: Detectors provided for the control of smoke spread are covered by the requirements of Chapter 9.
[4-6.5.2 A c c e p t a n c e Criter ia . Detector response shall be determined by the authority having jurisdiction, which may utilize the detector manufacturer 's recommendations.
4-6.5.3 Location. Smoke detectors shall not be located directly in the air stream of supply registers. (See A-4-5.1.)
I 4-6.5.4 Spacing. Smoke detector spacing depends upon the movement of air within the room (including both sup- plied and recireulated air), which can be designated as minutes per air change or air changes per hour. Except where otherwise accepted by the authority having jurisdic- tion, spacing shall be in accordance with Figures 4-6.5.4(a) and (b).
A projected beam smoke detector may be used in place of each row of spot detectors at the reduced spacing.
900
gO0
700 - - ,
600
500 i / 40O
3O0
ZOO ~ / ~00
0
AiR CHANGE/HOUR
i i
Z.
! 60 250 20, 15 12 30 8.6 7.5 6.7
MINUTE$//A~R CHANGE I 2 $ 4 $ 6
For SI Units: 1 sq ft = 0.0929 mL
7 8 9
volume of protected space (a) Minutes per air change =
cu ft per minute (cfm) of air supplied to
the protected space
60 x cu ft per minute (cfm) of air supplied to
the protected space (b) Air changes per hour =
volume of protected space
NOTE: If a constant air volume system is not used. the max- imum available cfm shall be used to determine the number of air changes.
Figure 4-6.5.4(a) High Air Movement Areas. (Not to be used for undertloor or above ceiling spaces.)
C h a p t e r 5 F l a m e S e n s i n g F i r e D e t e c t o r s
5-1 G e n e r a l .
5-1.1 R a d i a n t En e r g y . For the purpose of this standard, radiant energy includes the electromagnetic radiat ion emitted as a by-product of the combustion reaction that obeys the laws of optics. This includes radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrum emit ted by flames or glowing embers. These portions of the spectrum are distinguished by wavelength as follows:
U l t r av io l e t . . . 0.1 to 0.35 microns
Visible . . . . . 0.35 to 0.75 microns
Infrared . . . . 0.75 to 220 microns
(1.0 micron - 1000 nanometers = 10,000 angstroms)
5-1.2 The purpose and scope of this chapter are to pro- vide standards for the selection, location, and spacing of fire detectors that sense the radiant energy produced by bu rn ing substances. These detectors are categorized as flame detectors and spark/ember detectors.
5-2 D e f i n i t i o n s a n d O p e r a t i n g P r i n c i p l e s .
5-2 .1 D e f i n i t i o n s .
5-2.1.1" Ember. A particle of solid material that is emit- ting radiant energy due either to its temperature or the process of combustion on its surface. (See 5-2.1.6.)
5-2.1.2 Field of View. The solid cone extending out from the detector within which the effective sensitivity of the detector is at least 50 percent of its on-axis, listed, or approved sensitivity.
5-2.1.3 Flame. A flame is a body or stream of gaseous material involved in the combustion process and emitting radiant energy at specific wavelength bands determined by the combustion chemistry of the fuel. In most cases, some portion of the emitted radiant energy is visible to the human eye.
5-2.1.4 Flame Detectors. Radiant energy fire detectors that are intended to detect flames and are designed to operate in dark or normally lit environments where sun- light or other ambient lighting is assumed.
1990 Edition
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72E- 16 AUTOMNI'IC FIRE DETECTORS
5-2.1.5 Flame Detector Sensitivity. T h e d is tance at which the detector will detect a fire of specified size and fuel within a given time frame.
5-2.1.6" Spark. A moving ember.
5-2.1.7 Spark/Ember Detectors. Radian t ene rgy fire detectors that are designed to detect sparks, embers, or both. These devices are normally intended to operate in dark environments and operate in the infi 'ared part of the spectrum.
5-2.1.8 Spark/Ember Detector Sensitivity. The number of watts (or fractions of watts) of radiant power from a point source radiator, appl ied as a unit step signal at the wavelength of maximum detector sensitivity, that are nec- essary to produce an alarm signal from the detector within the specified response time.
5-2.1 .9" W a v e l e n g t h . All r a d i a n t e n e r g y can be described as a wave having a wavelength, the distance between the peaks of a sinusoidal wave. Wavelength is analogous to color in the visible part of the spectrum and serves as the unit of measure for dist inguishing between different parts of the spectrum. Wavelengths are measured in microns (p.), nanometers (nM), or angstroms (~).
5-2.2 Operating Principles of Flame Detectors.
5-2.2.1 Ultraviolet flame detectors typically use a vacuum photodiode Geiger-Muller tube to detect the ultraviolet radiation that is p roduced by a flame. The photodiode allows a burst of cur rent to flow for each ultraviolet photon that hits the active area of the tube. When the number of current burst per unit time reaches a p rede te rmined level, either the detector or its control initiates an alarm.
5-2.2.2 A single wavelength infrared flame detector uses one of several different types of photocells to detect the infrared emissions in a single narrow wavelength band that are produced by a flame. These detectors generally include provisions to minimize alarms from commonly occurr ing infrared sources such as incandescent lighting or sunlight.
5-2.2.3 An ul t raviolet / infrared (UV/IR) flame detector senses ultraviolet radiation using a vacuum photodiode tube and a selected wavelength of infrared radiation (usu- ally the 4.35 micron, carbon dioxide band) using a photo- cell and uses the combined signal to indicate a fire. These detectors require both types of radiat ion to be present before an alarm signal is rendered.
5-2.2.4 A muhip le wavelength infrared (IR/IR) flame detector senses radiation at two or more narrow bands of wavelengths in the infrared spectrum, using at least one wavelength as a background or reference band (usually the 3.8 micron or 5.6 micron band) and at least one wave- length to sense the flame emissions (usually the 4.35 micron, carbon dioxide band). These detectors com- pare the emissions between the reference band and the sample band electronically and render a signal when the relationship between the two bands indicates a fire.
5-2.3 Operating Principles of Spark/Ember Detectors.
5-2.3.1 A spark /ember sensing detector usually uses a solid state photodiode or phototransis tor to sense the radi- ant energy emitted by embers, typically between 0.5 and 2.0 microns in the visible and infrared port ion of the spec- trum, in normally dark environments. These detectors can be m a d e e x t r e m e l y sensi t ive (microwat ts) , and the i r response times can be made very short (microseconds).
5-3 Fire Characteristics and Detector Selection.
5-3.1" The type and quantity of radiant energy-sensing fire detectors will depend upon the hazard including the burning characteristics of the fuel, the fire growth rate, the environment , the ambient conditions, and the capabilities of the extinguishing med ia and equipment .
5-4 Spacing Considerations.
5-4.1 General Rules.
5-4.1.1" Radiant energy-sensing fire detectors shall be employed consistent with the listing or approval and the inverse square law which defines the fire size vs distance curve for the detector.
5-4.1.2 Detectors shall be used in sufficient quantity and positioned such that no point requir ing detection in the hazard area is obstructed or outside the field of view of at least one detector.
5-4.1.3 The environment and ambient conditions antici- pated in the area to be protected will impact on the choice of detector. All detectors have limitations on the range of ambient temperatures over which they will respond consis- tent with the i r tes ted or a p p r o v e d sensi t ivi t ies . T h e designer should make certain that the detector is compati- ble with the range of ambient tempera tures anticipated in the area in which it is installed. In addit ion, rain, snow, and ice are all optically opaque at both uhraviolet and infrared wavelengths. Where applicable, provisions should be made to protect the detector from accumulations of these mate- rials on the optical surfaces.
5-4.2 Spacing Considerations for Flame Detectors.
5-4.2.1" The location and spacing of detectors shall be the result of an engineer ing evaluation, taking into consid- eration:
(a) The size of the fire that is to be detected.
(b) The fuel involved.
(c) The sensitivity of the detector.
(d) The distance between the fire and the detector.
(e) The radiant energy absorption of the a tmosphere .
(t) The presence of extraneous sources of radiant emis- sions.
(g) The purpose of the detection system.
5-4.2.2 The designer shall define the size of the flaming fire of given fuel that is to be detected.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
GAS SENSING FIRE DETECTORS 72E-17
5-4.2.3" In applications where the fire to b e detected could occur in an area not on the optical axis of the detec- tor, the distance shall be reduced or detectors added to compensate for the angular displacement of the fire in accordance with the manufacturer 's recommendat ions.
5-4.2.4* In applications in which the fire to be detected is of a fuel different than the test fuel used in the process of listing or approval , the distance between the detector and the fire shall be adjusted, consistent with the fuel specificity of the detector as established by the manufacturer.
5-4.2.5 Since flame detectors are essentially line-of-sight devices, special care shall be taken to ensure that their abil- ity to respond to the required area of fire in the zone that is to be protected will not be compromised by the presence of intervening structural members or o ther opaque objects or materials.
5-4.2.6" In applications where airborne particulates and aerosols coat the detector window dur ing intervals between maintenance and affect sensitivity, provisions shall be made to sustain the window clarity.
5-4.3 Spacing Considerations for Spark/Ember Detectors.
5-4.3.1" The location .and spacing of detectors shall be the result of an engineer ing evaluation taking into consid- eration:
(a) The size of the spark or ember that is to be detected.
(b) The fuel involved.
(c) The sensitivity of the detector.
(d) The distance between the fire and the detector.
(e) The radiant energy absorption of the atmosphere.
(t) The presence of extraneous sources of radiant emis- sions.
(g) The purpose of the detection systems.
5-4.3.2* The designer shall define the size of the spark or ember of given fuel that the detection system is to detect.
5-4.3.3 Spark detectors shall be posit ioned such that all points within the cross section of the conveyance duct, con- veyor, or chute where the detectors are located are within the field of view of at least one detector as defined in 5-2.1.2.
5-4.3.4 The location and spacing of the detectors shall be adjusted using the inverse square law, modified for the atmospheric absorption and the absorption of nonburning fuel suspended in the air in accordance with the manufac- turer's recommendations. (See A-5-4.1.1.)
5-4.3.5" In applications where the sparks to be detected could occur in.an area not on the optical axis of the detec- tor, the distance shall be reduced or detectors added to compensate for the angular displacement of the fire in accordance with the manufacturer 's recommendations.
5-4.3.6* In applications where airborne particulates and aerosols coat the detector window and affect sensitivity, provisions shall be made to, sustain the window clarity.
5-5 Field of View Considerations.
5-5.1 Since flame detectors are essentially line-of-sight devices, special care shall be taken to ensure that their abil- ity to respond to the required area of fire in the zone that is to be protected will not be unduly compromised by the presence of in te rven ing s t ruc tura l member s or o the r opaque objects or materials.
5-5.2 The overall situation shall be reviewed fi'equently to ensure that changes in structural or usage conditions that could interfere with fire detection capabilities are remedied promptly.
5-6 Other Considerations.
5-6.1 Flame detectors shall have such spectral and optical response capabilities that they will initiate action from the specific spectral emission that occurs when the part icular fuel(s) of the protected hazard is afire.
5-6.2 Detectors shall be designed, protected, or serviced so that interference with reception of radiation will not Occur, prevent ing operation.
5-6.3 Where necessary, detectors shall be shielded or oth- erwise ar ranged to prevent action fi'om unwanted radiant energy.
5-6.4 Where used in ou tdoor applications, detectors shall be shielded in a fashion to prevent diminishing sensitivity by rain, snow, etc., and yet allow a clear field of vision of the hazard area.
Chapter 6 Gas Sens ing Fire Detec tors
6-1 Gases are molecules without cohesion that are pro- duced by a burn ing substance and are subject to oxidation or reduction.
6-1.1 General.
6-1.1.1" The purpose and scope of this chapter are to provide s tandards for location and spacing of fire detectors that sense gases produced by burning substances. These detectors are hereafter referred to simply as fire-gas detectors.
6-1.1.2 Fire-gas detectors shall be installed in all areas where required either by the appropr ia te NFPA standards or by the authori ty having jurisdiction.
6-1.1.3 Fire-gas detectors shall respond to one or more of the gases produced by a fire.
6-1.1.4 Although some fire-gas detectors are capable of detecting combustible gases or vapors pr ior to ignition, such applications are not within the scope of this s tandard.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
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72E- 18 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
6-2 Operating Principles.
6-2.1 Semiconductor . Fire-gas detectors of the semicon- ductor type respond to ei ther oxidizing or reducing gases by creating electrical changes in the semiconductor. The subsequent conduct ivi ty change of the semiconduc to r causes actuation.
6-2.2 Catalytic Element. Fire-gas detcctors of the cata- lytic element type contain a material that, in itself, remains unchanged but accelerates the oxidation of combustible gases. The resulting tempera ture rise of the e lement causes actuation.
6-3 Location and Spacing.
6-3.1" Genera l . The location and spacing of fire-gas detectors shall result from an evaluation based on engi- neering j u d g m e n t supplemented by the guidelines detailed in this s tandard. Ceiling shape and surfaces, ceiling height, configuration of contents, burning characteristics of com- bustible material present, and ventilation are some of the conditions that shall be considered.
6-3.1.1 Where the intent is to provide protection from a specific hazard, the detector(s) may be installed closer to the hazard in a position where the detector will readily intercept the fire gases.
6-3.1.2 Stratification. The possible effect of gas stratifica- tion at levels below the ceiling shall also be considered. (See A-4-4.1.2.)
6-3.2 Spot-type fire-gas detectors shall be located on the ceiling not less than 4 in. (100 mm) from a sidewall to the near edge, or if on a sidewall, between 4 in. and 12 in. (100 mm and 300 mm) down from the ceiling to the top of the detector. (See Figure A-3-4.1.)
Exception No. 1: See 6-3.1.2. Exception No. 2: In the case of solid joist construction, detectors shall be mounted at the bottom of the joists. Exception No. 3: In the case of beam construction where beants are less than 12 in. (300 ram) in depth and less than 8 f t (2.4 m) on center, detectors may be installed on the bottom of beams.
6-3.3* Each sampling por t of a sampling-type fire-gas detector shall be treated as a spot-type detector for the purpose of location and spacing.
6-3.4 Smooth Ceiling Spacing.
6-3.4.1 Spot-type Detectors. On smooth ceilings, spacing of 30 ft (9.1 In) may be used as a guide. In all cases, the manufacturer 's recommendat ions shall be followed. Other spacing may be used depending on ceiling height, varying conditions, or response requirements.
6-3.5 Solid Joist Construction. (See A-4-4.6.)
6-3.5.1 Ceiling construction in which joists are 8 in. (200 mm) or less in depth shall be considered equivalent to a smooth ceiling. (See also A-4-4.1.2.)
6-3.5.2 If joists exceed 8 in. (200 ram) in depth, the spac- ing of spot-type detectors in the direction perpendicular to the joists shall be reduced. (See also A-4-4.1.2.)
6-3.6 Beam Construction.
6-3.6.1 Ceiling construction where beams are 8 in. (200 mm) or less in depth shall be considered equivalent to a smooth ceiling. (See also A-4-4.1.2.)
6-3.6.2 If beams are over 8 in. (200 mm) in depth, the spacing of spot-type detectors in the direction perpendicu- lar to the beams shall be reduced. (See also A-4-4.1.2.)
6-3.6.3* If the beams exceed 18 in. (460 mm) in depth and are more than 8 ft (2.4 m) on centers, each bay shall be treated as a separate area requir ing at least one spot- type detector.
6-3.7 Sloped Ceilings.
6-3.7.1 Peaked . Detec tors shall first be spaced and located within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the peak, measured horizon- tally. The number and spacing of addit ional detectors, if any, shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceil- ing. (See Figure A-3-5.4.1.)
6-3.7.2 Shed. Detectors shall first be spaced and located within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the high side of the ceiling, measured horizontally. The number and spacing of addit ional detec- tors, if any, shall be based on the horizontal projection of the ceiling. (See Figure A-3-5.4.2.)
6-3.8 Suspended Ceilings. (See 2-7.4.)
6-3.9 Par t i t ions . Where par t i t ions ex tend upward to within 18 in. (460 mm) of the ceiling, they will not influ- ence the spacing. Where the parti t ion extends to within less than 18 in. (460 mm) of the ceiling, the effect on gas travel shall be considered in reduction of spacing.
6-4 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC).
6-4.1" In spaces served by air handl ing systems, detectors shall not be located where air from supply diffusers could dilute fire gases before they reach the detectors. Detectors shall be located to intercept the airflow toward the return air opening(s).
6-4.2 In spaces unde r floors and above ceiling spaces used as HVAC plenums, detectors shall be listed to be com- patible with air velocities present. Detector spacings and locations shall be selected based on anticipated air-flow pat- terns and fire types.
6-4.2.1 Detectors placed in environmental air ducts or plenums shall not be used as a substitute for open area detectors. Fire gases may not be drawn into the duct or plenums when the ventilating system is shut down. Fur- ther, when the ventilating system is operat ing, the detec- tor(s) may be less responsive to a fire condit ion in the room of fire origin due to dilution by clean air. (See Chapter 9 and Figure A-4-6.1.1.)
6-5 Special Considerations.
6-5.1 The selection and installation of fire-gas detectors shall take into consideration both the design characteristics of the detector and the areas into which the detectors will
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
OTHER FIRE DETECTORS/INSPECTIONS, TESTS, AND MAINTENANCE 72E- 19
be installed to prevent false operat ion or nonopera t ion after installation. Some of the considerations are as follows.
6-5.1.1 Fire-gas detectors may alarm in nonfire situations due to certain human activities. The use of some aerosol sprays and hydrocarbon solvents are examples. Accord- ingly, considerable care shall be employed when installing fire-gas detectors. They shall not be installed where, under normal conditions, concentrations of detectable gases may be present. A garage is not a place to use fire-gas detectors for fire alarm purposes because the concentration of car- bon monoxide may be high enough to tr igger an alarm.
6-5.1.2 Fire-gas detectors having a fixed tempera ture ele- ment as part of the unit shall be selected in accordance with Table 3-3.1 for the maximum ceiling tempera ture that can be expected in service.
6-5.1.3" The installation of fire-gas detectors shall take into cons idera t ion the env i ronmenta l condi t ion of the area(s). (See Figure A-4-6.1.1.) Fire-gas de t ec to r s a re intended for installation in areas where the normal ambi- ent conditions are not likely to:
(a) Exceed 100°F (38°C) or fall below 32°F (0°C); or
(b) Have relative humidi ty outside the range of 10 to 93 percent; or
(c) Exceed air velocity of 300 fpm (1.5 mps).
Exception: l~etectors specificaUy designed for use in ambients exceeding the above limits and listed for the temperature, humid- ity, and air velocity conditions expected.
Chapter 7 Other Fire Detectors
7-1 Detectors in the classification of "Other Fire Detec- tors" are those that opera te on principles differing from those described in Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6.
7-1.1 General.
7-1.1.1 Detectors in the classification of "O the r Fire Detectors" shall be installed in all areas where they are required ei ther by the appropr ia te NFPA standard or by the authori ty having jurisdiction.
7-1.1.2 Facilities for testing or meter ing or instrumenta- tion to ensure adequate initial sensitivity and adequate retention thereof, relative to the protected hazard, shall be provided. These facilities shall be employed at regular intervals.
7-2 Fire Characteristics.
7-2.1 These detectors shall opera te when subjected to the abnormal concentration of combustion effects that occur dur ing a fire, such as water vapor, ionized molecules, or other phenomena for which they are designed. Detection is dependen t upon the size and intensity of fire to provide the necessary amount of required products and related thermal lift, circulation, or diffusion for adequate opera- tion.
7-2.2 Room sizes and contours, airflow patterns, obstruc- tions, and other characteristics of the protected hazard shall be taken into account.
7-3 Location and Spacing.
7-3.1 The location and spacing of detectors shall be based on the principle of operat ion and an engineer ing survey of the conditions anticipated in service. The manufacturer 's technical bullet in shall be consulted for r e c o m m e n d e d detector uses and locations.
7-3.2 Detectors shall not be spaced beyond their listed or a p p r o v e d maximums. Closer spacing shall be uti l ized where the structural or o ther characteristics of the pro- tected hazard warrant.
7-3.3 Considerat ion shall be given to all factors with bear- ing on the location and sensitivity of the detectors, includ- ing structural features such as sizes and shapes of rooms and bays, their occupancies and uses, ceiling heights, ceil- ing and o ther obstructions, airflow patterns, stockpiles, files, and fire hazard locations.
7-3.4 The overall situation shall be reviewed frequently to assure that changes in structural or usage conditions that could interfere with fire detection are remedied.
7-4 Special Considerations. Conditions that could foster false operat ion or nonoperat ion of detectors shall be con- sidered when installation of detectors in this group is being planned.
Chapter 8 Inspections, Tests, and Maintenance
8-1 General.
8-1.1 Each detector shall be in reliable opera t ing condi- tion. Inspections, tests, and maintenance shall be per- formed.
8-1.2 Inspections, tests, and maintenance programs shall satisfy the requirements of this s tandard supplemented by the manufacturer ' s instructions.
Exception: Detectors installed to conform with the requirements of NFPA 74, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Household Fire Warning Equipment.
8-1.3 The owner or designated representat ive shall be responsible for inspections, tests, and maintenance. Dele- gation of authori ty shall be in writing.
8-1.3.1 The owner or designated representat ive shall be responsible for system alterations and additions.
8-1.3.2" Service personnel shall be qualified and experi- enced in the inspection, testing, and maintenance of fire detection devices.
8-1.4 Before testing, people at all points where the alarm signals or reports shall be notified to prevent unnecessary response. At the conclusion of testing, those previously
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E-20 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
notified (and others necessary) shall be fur ther notified that testing has been concluded.
8-1.5 Any method or device used for testing in an atmo- sphere or process classified as hazardous by Article 500 of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, ~ shall be suitable for such use.
8-1.6 Records of all inspections, tests, and maintenance shall be kept on the premises for at least five years for review by the authori ty having jurisdiction.
8-2" Initial Installation Inspect ion and Tests.
8-2.1 After installation, a visual inspection of all detectors shall be made to be sure that they are proper ly located.
8-2.2 After installation, each detector shall be inspected to ensure that it is proper ly mounted and connected in accor- dance with the manufacturer 's reconamendations.
8-2.3 Heat Detectors.
8-2.3.1" A restorable heat detector and the restorable ele- ment of a combination detector shall be tested by exposing the detector to a heat source, such as a ha i rdryer or a shielded heat lamp, until it responds. After each heat test, the detector shall reset. Precaution shall be taken to avoid damage to the nonrestorable fixed tempera ture element of a combination rate-of-rise/fixed tempera ture detector.
Exception: A pneumatic tube line-type detector shall be tested either with a heat source (if a test chamber is in the circuit) or tested pneumatically with a pressure pump. The manufacturer's instructions shall be followed.
8-2.3.2 Line- or spot-type nonrestorable fixed tempera- ture heat detectors shall not be heat tested, but shall be tested mechanically or electrically to verify alarm function.
8-2.3.2.1 Detectors with a replaceable fusible alloy ele- ment shall be tested by first removing the fusible e lement to determine that the detector contacts operate proper ly and then reinstalling the fusible element.
8-2.3.3 Where requi red for p r o p e r per formance , the loop resistance of line-type detectors shall be measured to determine if it is within acceptable limits for the equipment being used. The loop resistance shall be r ecorded for fu tu re re fe rence . O t h e r tests shall be p e r f o r m e d as required by the manufacturers.
8-2.4 Smoke Detectors.
8-2.4.1 To assure that each smoke detector is operative and produces the intended response, it shall be caused to initiate an alarm at its installed location. Before testing, each smoke detector shall be inspected to verify that any protection added dur ing the construction phase to guard against contamination by construction dust and dir t has been r e m o v e d and tha t smoke e n t r y has not been impeded.
8-2.4.1.1" For spot-type or sampling-type detectors, the detectors shall be tested in place to ensure smoke entry into the sensing chamber and an alarm response. Test ing with smoke or o ther aerosol acceptable to the detector manufac- turer shall be permit ted as one acceptable test method,
8-2.4.1.2 For projected beam-type smoke detectors, the detector shall be tested by introducing smoke, o ther aero- sol, or an optical filter into the beam path.
8-2.5 Radiant Energy-Sens ing Fire Detectors . Flame detectors and spa rk /ember detectors shall be tested in place in accordance with the manufacturer ' s instructions to de termine that each detector is operative.
8-2.6 Fire-Gas and Other Fire Detectors. Fire-gas detec- tors and other fire detectors shall be tested for operat ion in accordance with instructions supplied by the manufacturer or other test methods acceptable to the authori ty having jurisdiction.
8-3 Periodic Inspection and Tests.
8-3.1" Detectors shall be tested as described in the follow- ing paragraphs. The method of test shall be a sou t l i ned in Section 8-2. The authori ty having jurisdict ion may require testing at a greater frequency or may accept testing at a lesser frequency.
8-3.2 A visual inspection shall be made at least semiannu- ally to ensure that each detector remains in good physical condit ion and that there are no changes that would affect de tec tor pe r fo rmance , such as bu i ld ing modif icat ions, occupancy hazards, and environmental effects.
8-3.3 Heat Detectors.
8-3.3.1 For no'nrestorable spot-type detectors, after the fifteenth year, at least two detectors out of every hundred , or fraction thereof, shall be removed every five years and sent to a testing laboratory. The detectors t h a t h a v e been removed shall be replaced with new detectors. If a failure occurs on any of the detectors removed, addit ional detec- tors shall be removed and tested as a fur ther check on the installation until there is proven to exist ei ther a general problem involving faulty detectors or a localized problem involving one or two defective detectors.
8-3.3.2 For restorable heat detectors (except pneumatic line-type), one. or more detectors on each signal-initiating circuit shall be tested at least semiannually and different detectors shall be selected for each test. Within five years, each detector shall have been tested.
8-3.3.3 All pneumatic line-type detectors shall be tested for leaks and p rope r operat ion at least semiannually.
8-3.3.4 Nonrestorable line-type fixed t empera tu re detec- tors shall be tested for alarm function at least semiannually. The loop resistance shall be measured, recorded, and com- pared with that previously recorded. Any change in loop resistance shall be investigated.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
INSPECTIONS, TESTS, AND MAINTENANCE 72E-21
8-3.4 Smoke Detectors.
8-3.4.1 All smoke detectors shall be tested at least annu- ally in accordance with 8-2.4.1 to ensure that each detector is operative and produces the in tended response.
8-3.4.2* Detector sensitivity shall be checked within one year after installation and every al ternate year thereafter.
To assure that each smoke detector is within its listed and marked sensitivity range, it shall be tested using either:
(a) A calibrated test method, or
(b) The manufacturer 's calibrated sensitivity test instru- ment, or
(c) Listed control equipment a r ranged for the purpose, or
(d) A smoke detect0r/control unit a r rangement whereby the detector causes a signal at the control unit when its sensitivity is outside its acceptable sensitivity range.
(e) Other calibrated sensitivity test method acceptable to the authori ty having jur isdic t ion. .
Detectors found to have a sensitivity 0.25 percendf t obscuration or more outside t.he listed and marked.sensi- tivity range shall be cleaned and recalibrated or replaced.
Exception." Detectors listed as field adjustable may be either adjusted within the listed and marked sensivity range,, cleaned, and recalibrated or replaced.
The detector sensitivity shall not be tested or measured using any device that administers an unmeasured concen- tration of smoke or o ther aerosol into tile detector.
8-3.4.3 In addit ion to .the tests required in 8-3.4.1 and 8-3.4.2, a i r d u c t . s m o k e de t ec to r s shall be tes ted o r inspected at least annually to ensure t h a t t h e device will sample the air stream. The test shall be made in accor- dance with the manufacturer 's instructions (e.g., measur- ing the pressure d rop of airflow through the detector for devices using sampling tubes is acceptable.)
8-3.5 Radiant Energy Sensing Fire Detectors.
8-3.5.1 Flame detectors and spark/ember detectors shall be tested at least semiannually in accordance.with the man- ufacturer 's instructions to determine that each detector is operative.
8-3.5.2 Flame detector and spark/ember detector sensitiv- ity shall be de te rmined at least semiannually using either:
ia) a calibrated test method, or
(b) the manufacturer 's calibrated sensitivity test instru- ment, or
(c) listed control panel a r ranged for the purpose, or
(d) other.cal ibrated sensitivity.test method acceptable to the authori ty having jurisdiction, which is directly propor- tional to the input signal from a fire consistent with the detector listing or approval.
Detectors found to be outside of the approved range of sensitivity shall be replaced or adjusted to br ing them into the approved range if designed to be field adjustable.
Flame de tec tor and spa rk /ember de tec tor sensitivity shall not be de te rmined using a light source that adminis- ters an unmeasured quantity of radiation at an undefined distance from the detector.
8-3.6 Fire-Gas and Other Fire Detectors. All fire-gas detectors and other fire detectors shall be tested at least semiannually as prescribed by the manufacturer and more often if found to be necessary for the application.
8-4 Detector Maintenance.
8-4.1" Detectors shall be periodically cleaned in accor- dance with the manufacturer 's instructions to remove dust or dirt. The frequency of cleaning will depend on the type of detector and the local ambient conditions.
8-4.2 The sensitivity test required by 8-3.4.2 shall be per- formed for detectors that have been partially disassembled or washed.
NOTE: Removal of a detector from its plug-in base is not considered partial disassembly. .,
8-5 Tests Following Exposure to Fire Conditions.
8-5.1 All detectors suspected of exposure to a fire con- dition shall be tested in accordance with 8-1.2 and Sec- tion 8-2.
8-6 Inspection Forms.
8-6.1 An inspec t ion form shall .be p r o v i d e d by the installer/service company and include the following infor- mation on initial tests:
(a) Date.
(b) Name of property .
(c) Address.
(d) . Instal ler /service company name, address , phone number, and representative's name.
(e) Approving figency(ies) name, address, and represen- tative.
N u m b e r and type of detectors per zone for each (f) zone.
(g)
(h)
O)
Functional test of detectors. (See 8-1.4 and 8-2.4.1.)
Check of all smoke detectors. (See 8-2.4.2.)
Loop resistance for all fixed tempera ture line-type detectors. (See 8-2.3.2.)
(j) Other tests as required by equipment manufacturers.
I (k) Other tests required by the authority, having juris- diction.
(1) Signature of tester and approval authori ty represen- tative.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E-22 AUTOMNFIC FIRE DETECTORS
8-6.2 An inspection form shall be provided and include the following information for periodic tests.
(a) Date.
(b) Test frequency.
(c) Name of property.
(d) Address.
(e) Name of person performing inspection, mainte- nance and/or tests, affiliation, business address, and tele- phone number.
(f) Approving agency(ies) name, address, and represen- tative.
(g) Designation of the detector(s) tested (tests per- formed in accordance with Section 8-3).
(h) Functional test of detectors. (See 8-1.4 and 8-3.4.1.)
(i) Check of all smoke detectors. (See 8-3.4.2.)
(j) Loop resistance for all fixed temperature line-type heat detectors. (See 8-2.3.2.)
(k) Other tests as required by equipment manufactur- ers.
(I) Other tests as required by the authority having juris- diction.
(m) Signatures of tester and approved authority repre- sentative.
Chapter 9 S m o k e Detectors for Contro l o f S m o k e Spread
9-1 General.
Note: See NFPA 101, ® Life Safety Code, ® for definition of smoke compartment and NFPA 90A, Standard for the Instal- lation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, for definition of duct systems.
9-1.1" This chapter covers installation and use of all types of smoke detectors to prevent smoke spread by initiating control of fans, dampers, doors, and other equipment. Detectors for this use may be classified as:
(a) Area detectors that are installed in the related smoke compartments.
(b) Detectors that are installed in the air duct systems.
9-1.2" Detectors that are installed in the air duct system per 9-1.1 (b) shall not be used as a substitute for open area protection.
9-1.3 Smoke detectors in the related smoke compartment for open area protection are the preferred means to ini- tiate control of smoke spread.
9-2 Purposes.
9-2.1 The purposes for which smoke detectors may be applied in order to initiate control of smoke spread are:
(a) Prevention of the recirculation of dangerous quanti- ties of smoke within a building.
(b) Selective operation of equipment to exhaust smoke from a building.
(c) Selective opera t ion of equ ipment to pressurize smoke compartments.
(d) Operation of doors to close the openings in smoke compartments.
9-2.2 To prevent the recirculation of dangerous quanti- ties of smoke, a detector approved for air duct use shall be installed on the supply side of air handling systems in accordance with NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, and 9-3.2.1.
9-2.3 To selectively initiate the operation of equipment to control smoke spread, the requirements of 9-3.2.2 shall apply.
9-2.4 To initiate the opera t ion of smoke doors, the requirements of Section 9-5 shall apply.
9-3 Application.
9-3.1 Area Detectors Within Smoke Compartments. Area smoke detectors located within a smoke compartment
[ for complete area coverage may also be used to initiate control of smoke spread by operating doors, dampers, and other equipment where appropriate in the overall fire- safety plan.
9-3.2 Smoke Detection for the Air Duct System.
9-3.2.1 Supply Air System. Where the detect ion of smoke in the supply air system is required by other NFPA standards, the following alternative methods may be employed.
(a) Detector(s) listed for the air velocity present and located in the supply air duct downstream of both the fan and the filters, or
(b) Total smoke detector coverage within the smoke compartments served by the supply air system.
9-3.2.2* Return Air System. Where the detection of smoke in the return air system is required by other NFPA standards, detector(s) listed for the air velocity present shall be located at every return air opening within the smoke compartment, or where the air leaves each smoke compartment, or in the duct system before the air enters the return air system common to more than one smoke compartment. [See Figures A-9-3.2.2(a), (b), and (c).]
Exception No. 1: Where complete smoke detection is installed in the smoke compartment, installation of air duct detectors in the return air system is not necessary if their function can be accom-
] plished by the design of the area detection system.
Exception No. 2: Additional smoke detectors are not required to be installed in ducts where the air duct system passes through other smoke compartments not served by the duct.
9-4 Location and Installation of Detectors in Air Duct Systems.
9-4.1 Detectors shall be listed for the purpose.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
SMOKE DETECTORS FOR C O N T R O L OF SMOKE SPREAD 72E-23
9-4.2 Air duct detectors shall be securely installed in such a way as to obtain a represen ta t ive sample of the air stream. This may be achieved by any of the following meth- ods.
(a) Rigidly mounted within the duct.
(b) Rigidly mounted to the wall of the duct with the sensing element p ro t rud ing into the duct.
(c) Outs ide the duct with rigidly moun ted sampl ing tubes p ro t rud ing into the duct.
(d) With projected light beam through the duct.
9-4.3 Detectors shall be readily accessible for c leaning and shall be mounted in accordance with the manufactur- er 's recommendations. If necessary, access doors or panels shall be provided.
9-4.4 The location of all detectors in air duct systems shall be permanent ly and clearly identified and recorded.
9-4.5 Detectors mounted outside of a duct employing sampling tubes for t ranspor t ing smoke from inside the duct to the detector shall be a r ranged to permit verifica- tion of airflow from the duct to the detector.
9-4.6 Detectors shall be suitable for p r o p e r opera t ion over the complete range of air velocities, tempera ture , and humidity expected at the detector when the air handl ing system is operat ing.
9-4.7 All penetrat ions of a re turn air duct in the vicinity of detectors installed on or in an air duct shall be sealed to prevent entrance of outside air and possible dilution or redirection of smoke within the duct.
[ 9-4.8* Location of detectors mounted in or on re turn air ducts shall be at least six duct widths downstream from any duct openings, deflection plates, sharp bends, or branch connections.
Exception No. 1: Where detectors are installed in accordance with 9-3.2.2, 9-4.8 does not apply.
Exception No. 2: Where it is physically impossible to locate the detector according to 9-4.8, it shall be permissible to position the detector closer than the required six duct widths but as far as pos- sible from the opening, bend, or deflection plate so that smoke can still adequately be detected in the air stream.
9-5 Smoke Detectors for Door Release Service.
9-5.1 Smoke door release not initiated by a fire alarm system that includes smoke detectors protect ing the areas on both sides of the door affected shall be accomplished by smoke detectors appl ied as specified in this section.
9-5.2 Smoke detectors listed or approved exclusively for door release service shall not be used for open area protec- tion. (See 1-2.3.)
A smoke detector used concurrently for door release ser- vice and open area protection shall be acceptable if listed or approved for open area protect ion and installed in accordance with Chapter 4 of this s tandard.
9-5.3 Smoke detectors may be of the photoelectric, ion- ization, or o ther approved type.
9-5.4 Number of Detectors Required.
9-5.4.1 Where doors are to be closed in response to smoke flowing in e i ther d i rect ion, the following rules apply.
9-5.4.1.1 Where the depth of wall section above the door is 24 in. (610 mm) or less, one cei l ing-mounted detector shall be required on one side of the doorway only. (See Fig- ure 9-5.4.1.1, parts B and C.)
9-5.4.1.2 Where the depth of wall section above the door is grea ter than 24 in. (610 mm), two ce i l ing-mounted detectors shall be required, one on each side of the door- way. (See Figure 9-5.4.1.1, part F.)
9-5.4.1.3 Where the depth of wall section above the door is 60 in. (1520 mm) or greater, addit ional detectors may be required as indicated by an engineer ing evaluation.
9-5.4.1.4 Where a detector is specifically listed for door frame mounting, or where a listed combination or integral detector-door closer assembly is used, only one detector is required where installed in the manner recommended by the manufacturer . "
9-5.4.2 Where door release is intended to prevent smoke transmission from one space to another in one direction only, one detector located in the space to which smoke is to be confined shall suffice regardless of the depth of wall sec- tion above the door. Alternatively, a smoke detector con- forming with 9-5.4.1.4 shall be used.
9-5.4.3 Where there are multiple doorways, addit ional cei l ing-mounted detectors shall be required as follows.
9-5.4 .3 .1 W h e r e the s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n d o o r w a y s exceeds 24 in. (610 mm), each doorway must be treated separately. (See Figure 9-5.4.3.1.)
9-5.4.3.2* Each group of three doorway openings must be treated separately. (See Figure A-9-5.4.3.2, part A.)
9-5.4.3.3" Each group of doorway openings that exceeds 20 ft (6 m) in width measured at its overall extremes must be treated separately. (See Figure A-9-5.4.3.3.)
9-5.4.4 Where there are mult iple doorways and listed door f rame-mounted detectors, or where listed combina- tion or integral detector-door closer assemblies are used, there shall be one detector for each single or double doorway.
9-5.4.4.1 A double doorway is a single opening that has no intervening wall space or door trim separat ing the two doors. (See Figure 9-5.4.3.1.)
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
7 2 E - 2 4 AUTOMATIC FiRE DETECTORS
For SI Units:
Depth of Wall Section above door
dad#,
0--24" on both sides of doorway
Over 24" on one ride only
Over 24" on both ddes
Over 60"
1 in. = 25.4 mm; I ft = 0.305 m.
Door Frame mounted
Smoke Detector listed for frame mounting or as part of closer assembly
A
Detector or Detector closer Mounted on either side
0 70L _j Detector or Detector closer Mounted on either side
Detector or Detector closer Mounted on either side
Ceiling Mounted
Smoke Detector Ceiling Mounted
One detector mounted on either side
~_Max . 5' j Min. = d 2 - I
d1=20" i
One detector mounted on the higher side
F
~ e Max. 5" _ ~ i~_.Max. 5' Min-= d / [ M i n . = d 1 °±U
Two detectors required
D < ]
G May require additional detectors
Figure 9-5.4.1.1
9-5.5 Locat ion .
9-5.5.1 W h e r e ce i l ing-mounted smoke detectors are to be installed on a smooth ceil ing for a single or double door- way, they shall be located as follows. (See Figure 9-5.4.3.1.)
(a) On the center l ine of the doorway, and
(b) No more than 5 ft (1.5 m) measu red pe rpend icu la r ly on the ceil ing f rom the wall section above the d o o r (see Fig- ure 9-5.4.1.1), and
(c) No closer than shown in Figure 9-5.4.1.1, parts B, D, and F.
9 -5 .5 .2 W h e r e c e i l i n g - m o u n t e d d e t e c t o r s a r e to be installed in condi t ions o the r than those out l ined in 9-5.5.1, e n g i n e e r i n g j u d g m e n t is requi red .
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS/APPENDIX A 72E-25
A
D
For SI Units: 1 in. = 25.4 ram.
q_ !
!
q_ I
!
q_ I !
I I
q_
q_ , q_ J ! i i
i ~ I a I - - - i
, single door
door offset f rom center line of hall
double door
a = 2 4 " or less
a = more than 2 4 "
C h a p t e r 10 R e f e r e n c e d P u b l i c a t i o n s
10-1 T h e following d o c u m e n t s or por t ions t he r eo f are referenced within this s tandard and shall be cons idered part o f the r equ i r emen t s o f this documen t . T h e edi t ion indicated for each reference is the cu r r en t edi t ion as of the date of the NFPA issuance o f this documen t .
Figure 9-5.4.3.1
I
10-1.1 N F P A P u b l i c a t i o n s . Na t iona l Fire P r o t e c t i o n Association, 1 Ba t te rymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
N FPA 70-1990, National Electrical Code
N FPA 72-1990, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Protective Signaling Systems
NFPA 74-1989, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Household Fire Warning Equipment
N FPA 90A-1989, Standard for the Installation of Air Condi- tioning and Ventilating Systems
A p p e n d i x A
This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- ment, but is included for information purposes only.
I A-2-5.1.1 It is impor t an t that the designer , installer, and owner have clear in format ion in re fe rence to the de tec tor being compat ib le with the cont ro l unit , i nc lud ing such informat ion as the n u m b e r o f detectors al lowed pe r zone. Some installations utilize detectors f rom one manufac tu r e r with a control unit f rom a second manufac tu re r .
Detector(s) Locat ion
On center l ine of doorway
On center l ine of doo rway
On center l ine of doorway
On center l ine of separation
On center l ine of each doorway
A-2-7.5 Detectors may be r equ i r ed u n d e r large benches, shelves, or tables and inside cupboards or o the r enclosures.
A-2-7 .7 Refe r to F igu re s A-2-7.7(a),. (b), and (c) for p r o p e r connect ions of au tomat ic fire detectors to fire a la rm systems init iat ing device circuits and power supply circuits.
A-3-5.1 M a x i m u m l inear spacings on smooth ceilings for spot- type hea t detectors are d e t e r m i n e d by full-scale fire tests. T h e s e tests a s s u m e that the de t ec to r s a re to be installed in a pa t te rn o f one or more squares, each side of which equals the m a x i m u m spacing as d e t e r m i n e d in the test. This is i l lustrated in Figure A-3-5.1(a). T h e detectors to be tested are placed at one c o r n e r o f the square , which is the fur thest distance it can be f rom the fire while still within the square. T h u s the distance f rom the de tec to r "D" to the fire "F" is always the test spacing mul t ip l ied by 0.7, and can be set up in the fol lowing tables:
Test Spacing Maximum Test Distance from
Fire to Detector (0.7 x D)
50 x 50 ft 35 ft 40 x 40 ft 28 ft 30 x 30ft 21ft 25 x 25 ft 17.5 ft 20 x 20ft 14ft 15 x 15 ft 10.5 ft
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E-26 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
~n~!~i! In U [~iet e
Circuit wiring One splice lead Circuit wire Circuit wire Ioopecl looped under connected, other taped bent back on itself under terminal one terminal and not used and secured in one notch Wire run not broken
ELD = End of line device Incorrect Wirinq Method - Two Wire Detectors and Audible Appliances
Connections made to incoming and outgoing terminals and leads. If incorrect splice or terminal connection is made, trouble signal obtained from control unit.
Correct Wiring Method - Two Wire Detectors and Audible Appliances
I I I I
Connections of splices and to terminals not supervised. Circuit wire can disengage from splice or from under terminal and detector is inop- erative, and no trouble signal is obtained.
F i g u r e A-2-7 .7 (a )
Once the correct maximum test distance has been deter- mined, then it is valid to interchange the positions of the fire "F" and the detector "D." The detector is now in the middle of the square, and the listing actually says that the detector is adequate to detect a fire that occurs anywhere within that square -- even out to the furthest corner.
In laying out detector installations, designers speak in terms of rectangles, as building areas are generally rectan- gular in shape. The pattern of heat spread from a fire source, however, is not rectangular in shape. On a smooth ceiling, heat will spread out in all directions, in an ever- expanding circle. Thus, the coverage of a detector is not in fact a square, but rather a circle whose radius is the linear spacing multiplied by 0.7.
This is graphically illustrated in Figure A-3-5.1(b). With the detector as the center, by rotating the square an infinite number of squares can be laid out, the corners of which will plot a circle whose radius is 0.7 times the listed spac- ing. The detector will cover any of these squares, and con- sequently any point within the confines of the circle.
So far this explanation has considered squares and cir- cles. In practical applications, very few areas turn out to be exactly square, and circular areas are rare indeed. Design- ers deal generally with rectangles of odd dimensions, and corners of rooms or areas formed by wall intercepts, whe- respacing to one wall is less than one-half the listed spac- ing. To simplify the rest of this explanation, consider the
use of a detector with a listed spacing of 30 ft x 30 ft (9.1 m x 9.1 m). The principles derived will be equally applicable to other types.
Figure A-3-5.1(c) illustrates the derivation of this con- cept. A detector is placed in the center of a circle with a radius of 21 ft (0.7 x 30 ft) [6.4 m (0.7 x 9.1 m)]. A series of rectangles with one dimension less than the permissible maximum of 30 ft (9.1 m) is constructed within the circle. The following conclusions can be drawn:
1. As the smaller dimension decreases, the longer dimension can be increased beyond the linear maximum spacing of the detector, with no loss in detection efficiency.
2. A single detector will cover any area that will fit within the circle. For a rectangle, a single properly located detector will suffice if the diagonal of the rectangle does not exceed the diameter of the circle.
3. Relative de tec to r efficiency will ac tual ly be increased, because the area coverage in sq ft is always less than the 900 sq ft (83.6 m e ) permissible if the full 30 ft x 30 ft (9.1 m x 9.1 m) square were to be utilized. The pr inciple i l lustrated here allows equal l inear spacing between the detector and the fire, with no recognition for the effect of reflection from walls or partitions, which in narrow rooms or corridors will be of additional benefit. For detectors that are not centered, the longer dimension should always be used in laying out the radius of coverage.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
APPENDIX A 7 2 E - 2 7
0
Control Unit Initiating Device Circuit
Detector Power Supply
Correct Wiring Methods Four.Wire Detectors with Separate Power
o w e Supply Leads
Incoming Power Supply Leads
Three-Wire Connections
~00~'~~ E L D I Power Supv. Relay
0' , f
Con roUnto Initiating Device Circuit
~ . Outgoing Power Supply Leads
Detector 0-- Power Supply O'-
Supply Leads
Four,4Nire Connections
Power Supv. Relay
D = Detector
ELD = End of line device
Figure A-2-7.7(b) Correct Wiring Methods -- Four-Wire Detectors With Separate Power Supply.
The illustration is shown with single terminals for connect ion to supervised power and initiating clrcmts. Do not use looped wire connections unde r terminal plates. Break wires at each terminal to provide supervision of connections.
Incorrect
~ Two-thirds Three-quarters
I..Ju Screw post
Correct
O
Control Unit Initiating Device Circuit
O
Correct Wiring Method - Two Wire Detectors
Teeter Screw and Terminal
Connections made to incoming and outgoing terminals and leads. If incorrect splice or terminal connection is made, trouble signal obtained from control unit.
Figure A-2-7.7(c).
1990 Edition
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86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
7 2 E - 2 8 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
Ceiling
Acceptable here
Never I
~ . o - ~ 4 in..-----~
Top of detector acceptable here
NOTE:
Measurements shown are to the closest edge of the Oetector.
t 4 i n ,
( 100 mm) M in imum
__L 12 in.
(300 mm Max imum
I I
I 'l Side wall
Figure A-3-4.1 Spot-type Detectors.
Areas so large that they exceed the rec tangula r d imen- sions given in F igure A-3-5.I(c) requ i re addi t ional detec- tors. Often p r o p e r p l acemen t o f de tec tors can be facilitated by breaking down the area into mul t ip le rectangles o f the d imensions that fit most appropr ia te ly . (See Figure A-3-5.1(d).) For example , see Figure A-3-5. l(c). A co r r ido r 10 ft (3 m) wide and up to 82 ft (25 m) long can be covered with two 30-ft (9. l -m) detectors . An area 40 ft (12.2 m) wide and up to 74 ft (22.6 m) long can be covered with four detectors. I r r egu la r areas will take more careful p l ann ing to make sure that no spot on the ceil ing is m o r e than 21 ft (6.4 m) away from a detector• These points can be deter - mined by str iking arcs f rom the r emote corner . Where any par t of the area lies beyond the circle with a radius o f 0.7 times the listed spacings, addi t ional detectors a re requi red .
.7S ~ .7S t
.S
V @ @ @ @ t
t
S:
@ @ @
Spot-Type Detectors
s .7S .7S s .7S } ~ .7S
Line type / detector \
S ------~
_S 2
l • Line-Type Detectors
HEAT DETECTORS -- SPACING LAYOUTS -- SMOOTH CEILING S -- Listed spacing D -- Detector
Figure A-3-5.t
1990 Edition
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F - Test fire, denatured alcohol, 190-proof. Pan located ap- proximately 3 ft (0.9 m) above floor.
S - Indicates normal sprinkler spacings on 10-ft (3-m) schedules.
D - Indicates normal detector spacing on various spacing schedules..
For SI Units: I ft = 0.[405 m.
Figure A-3-5.1(a)
A B C
C A
B B
A C
C B A
Figure A-3-S.l(b)
Rectangle A = l O ' x 41' == 410sq. ft,
B ~= 15' x 39" = 5 8 5 sq. ft.
C = 20' x 37' = 740 sq. ft.
D "= 25' x 34' = 850 sq. ft,
Listed Spacing == 30' x 30' == 900 $q. ft.
C _ _
D
F
I
B%-.I
i0' A
2 0 ' "D 2 5 ' )
3 U '
4 1 ' 3 7 ' 31 23 3 4 '
i J -,-'T '
F igure A-3-5.1 (c)
s t e d ~ p a c i n g
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
72E-30 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS
30
20
10
25x25
x29.i
x32
0x33.9
5x35 35.4
25 35
25' Detector Curve Typical Rectangles.
5x35 10 x 33.9 15 x 32 20 x 29.1
,,•20 " - '~5x23 .9
0 "~10x26.4
" ~ 5 x 2 7 . 8 0 ~ 2 8 . 3
20 30
20' Detector Curve Typical Rectangles.
5 x 27.8 10 x 26.4 15 x 23.9
2O
iSxi5
I0 ~ O x l S . 7
- ~ x 2 0 . 6
0 ~ 2 X . 2 15 25
15' Detector Curve Typical Rectangles.
$ x 20.6 10 x 18.7
3C
2G
10
0 30 40 30' Detector Curve
Typical Rectongles. 10x41.2 15 x 40.9 5x42.1 20 x 37.9
4.2
Ox41.2
25 x 34.2
40
30
20
10
ForSl Units: I fi = 0.305 m.
,•x40 - - ~ x 4 4 . 4
- - - ~ x 4 7 . 9
- - ~ 5 x 50.7
- . . ~ OxS 2.9
---~15x54.5
. - - - ~ 1 0 x 5 5 . 6
40 50 40' Detector Cur~e
Typical Rectangles. $x56.3 15 x 54.5 25x50.7 10x55.6 20 x 52,9 30=47.9
35 x 44.4
Figure A-3-5.1(d)
5C
4C
3C
20
10
so 60 50' Detector Curve
Typical Rectangles. 5 x 70.5 20 x 67.8
10x70 25 x 66.1 15 x 69.1 30 x 64
,•SO " - ~ $ 4 . S
- - - ~ O x S 8.3
" ~ S x 6 1 . 4
- - ~ 0 x 6 4 . 0
" - '~Sx6 6.1
---~20x67.8
-- 15x69.i
-- 10x70
-- 5x70.5
70.7
0
35 x 61.4 40 x 58.3 45 x 54.5
1990 Edition
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86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
APPENDIX A 72E-31
/
/ ~ '~ _ , \
i ~\_ \I 2/
1 _ _ ~ / 2 , , \ ~ ; I
@
"o t,,p_, is.s ' =l 4@ 37'
-- 74 ' [ -
~0.~' =~: ,,' [ - - i - 8Z'
•o
l "
- - I
ForSI Units: 1 fi = 0.305m.
F i g u r e A - 3 - 5 . 1 . 1
A-3-5.1.2 B.oth pa rag raph and Table 3-5.1.2 are con- structed to provide essentially the equivalent detector per- formance on higher ceilings [to 30 fi (9.1 m) high)] to that which would exist with detectors on a 10-ft (3-m) high ceil- ing. (See Appendix B.)
The Fire Detection Institute Fire Test Report (see refer- ences in Appendix C), used as a basis for Table 3-5.1.2, does not include data on integration-type detectors. Pending development of such data, the manufacturer 's recommen- dations provide guidance.
A-3-5.3 Location and spacing of heat detectors should consider beam depth, ceiling height, beam spacing, and fire size.
(a) If the ratio of beam depth (D) to ceiling height (H) (D/H) is greater than 0.10 and the ratio of beam spacing (W) to ceiling height (W/H) is greater than 0.40, heat detectors should be located in each beam pocket.
(b) If ei ther the ratio of beam depth to ceiling height is less than 0.10, or the ratio of beam spacing to ceiling height (W/H) is less than 0.40, heat detectors should be installed on the bottom of the beams.
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A-4-1.1 The addition of a heat detector to a smoke detec- tor does not enhance its performance as an early warning device.
A-4-1.3 The person designing an installation should keep in mind that in order for a smoke detector to respond, the smoke must travel from the point of origin to the detector. In evaluating any particular building or location, likely fire locations should first be determined. From each of these points of origin, paths of smoke travel should be deter- mined. Wherever practical, actual field tests should be con- ducted. The most desired location for smoke detectors would be the common points of intersection of smoke travel from fire locations throughout the building.
NOTE: This is one of the reasons that specific spacing is not assigned to smoke detectors by the testing laboratories.
A-4-2.2 Most light scattering detectors use a high inten- sity pulsed light source with silicon photodiode or pho- totransistor light sensors, resulting in excellent response to most smoldering fires and good response to most flaming fires.
A-4-2.3 Projected beam detectors respond to the sum of the smoke obscuration in the beam path along its entire length between the transmitt ing unit and the receiving unit. A reduction in the received light initiates an alarm signal. A total and sudden loss of received light initiates a trouble signal indicating beam blockage or the need for service. Some projected beam detectors have signal pro- cessing circuits to compensate for transient conditions and the effect of dust on sensitivity.
A-4-4.1 For opera t ion , all types of smoke detectors depend on smoke entering the sensing chamber or light beam. When sufficient concentration is present, operation is obtained. Since the detectors are usually mounted on the ceiling, response time depends on the nature of the fire. A hot fire will drive the smoke up to the ceiling rapidly. A smoldering fire, such as in a sofa, produces little heat; and therefore the time for smoke to reach the detector will be increased.
A-4-4.1.2 Stratification. Stratification of air in a room may hinder air containing smoke particles or gaseous com- bustion products from reaching ceiling-mounted smoke or fire gas detectors.
Stratification occurs when air containing smoke particles or gaseous combustion products is heated by smoldering or burn ing material and, becoming less dense than sur- rounding cooler air, rises until it reaches a level at which there is no longer a difference in temperature between it and the sur rounding air.
Stratification may also occur when evaporative coolers are used, because moisture introduced by these devices may condense on smoke causing it to fall toward the floor. Therefore, to ensure rapid response, smoke detectors may need to be installed on .sidewalls or at locations below the ceiling.
In installations where detection of smoldering or small fires is desired and where the possibility of stratification exists, consideration should be given to mount ing a por- tion of the detectors below tile ceiling.
~ A -
Smoke detectors at ceiling / I " \
0 • 0 • 0 •
0 • 0 • 0 • 0
• 0 • 0 • 0 •
0 • 0 • 0 • 0
"\\ I / Smoke detectors below ceiling
T J' '[' '[' 3' Minimum
-Aq
High ceiling area Section A A
For SI Units: 1 fi = 0.305 m.
Figure A-4-4.1.2
In high ceiling areas, projected beam-type detectors at different levels should also be considered.
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
86E4DE1D-09B1-418B-ACA0-44A93BD8E902
APPENDIX A 72E-33
Raised floor panel Steel angle or Junction box secured \ ~ ~ , ~ , , U channel support _ / at floor support
\ ~ ' ~ ~ I S ~ m o k e detector I~ I " [ ~
- -
MOUNTING INSTALLATIONS - PERMITTED
Raised floor t panel
Smoke ~ detector ~EMT FMC or l ~ " ~ ~ FMC or
MOUNTING INSTALLATIONS - NOT PERMITTED Figure A-4-4.2.1
A-4-4.2 In high ceiling areas, such as atriums, where spot-type smoke detectors are not accessible for periodic maintenance and testing, projected beam-type detectors should be considered where access can be provided.
pend the projector and receiver fiom the ceiling at a dis- tance from the end walls not exceeding one-quarter the selected spacing. For an illustration of this, see Figure A-4-4.5.2.
A-4-4.5.2 On smooth ceilings, a spacing of not more than 60 ft (18.3 m) between projected beams, and not more than one-half that spacing between a projected beam and a side- wall (wall parallel to the beam travel), may be used as a guide. Other spacing may be determined depending on ceiling height , airflow character is t ics , and response requirements.
In some cases, the light beam projector will be mounted on one end wall, with the light beam receiver mounted on the opposite wall. However, it is also permissible to sus-
A-4-4.6 Detectors are placed at reduced spacings at right angles to joists or beams in an attempt to ensure that detec- tion time ts equivalent to that which would be experienced on a flat ceiling. It takes longer for the combustion prod- ucts (smoke or heat) to travel at right angles to beams or joists because of the phenomenon wherein a plume from a relatively hot fire with significant thermal lift tends to fill the pocket between each beam or joist before moving to the next one.
1990 Edition
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2 4 /9 L = c + d + e /-, . . . . . d- - - -~" Oc e ~
For SI Units:
EXAMPLE - Maximum allowable length of beam listed for 300 feet (L) using two mirrors is 4/9 x 300 or 133 feet.
1 ft = 0.305 m.
Figure A-4-4.3.1.1
Pro jec to r
0----~
H 0 .......~
7 Pro jec tor
½S R e c e i v e r
R e c e i v e r
Maximunl distance that ceil ing-suspended light projector and receiver may be positioned from end wall is I/,t selected spacing "S."
Figure A-4-4.5.2
Though it is true that this phenomenon may not be sig- nificant in a small smoldering fire, where there is only enough thermal lift to cause stratification at the bottom of the joists, reduced spacing is still recommended to ensure that detection time is equivalent to that which would exist on a flat ceiling, even in the hotter type of fire.
A-4-4.7.4 To detect flaming fires (strong plumes), detec- tors should be installed as follows:
(a) If the ratio of the beam depth, D, to ceiling height, H, (D/H) is greater than 0.10 and the ratio of beam spac- ing, W, to ceiling height, W/H, is greater than 0.40, detec- tors should be located in each beam pocket.
(b) If either the ratio of beam depth to ceiling height (D/H) is less than 0.10, or the ratio of beam spacing to ceil- ing height (W/H) is less than 0.40, detectors should be installed on the bottom of the beams.
To detect smoldering fires (weak or no plumes), detec- tors should be installed as follows:
(c) If air mixing into beam pockets is good (e.g., air-flow parallel to long beams) and condition (a) exists as above, detector should be located in each beam pocket.
(d) If air mixing into beam pockets is limited, or condi- tion (b) exists as above, detectors should be located on the bottom of the beams.
Research on plumes and ceiling jets indicates that the radius of a plume where it impinges on the ceiling is approximately 20 percent of the ceiling height above the fire source (p. 2H) and the minimum depth of the ceiling jet (at its turning point) is approximately 10 percent of the ceiling height above the fire source (y. 0.10H). For ceilings with beams deeper than the jet depth and spaced wider than the plume width, detectors will respond faster in the beam pocket because they will be in either the plume or ceiling jet. For ceilings with beams of less depth than ceil- ing jet, or spaced closer than the plume width, detector response will not be enhanced by placing detectors in each beam pocket and the detectors may perform better on (for spot-type detectors) or below (for beam detectors) the bot- tom of the beams.
When plumes are weak, ventilation and mixing into the beam pockets will determine detector response. Where beams are closely spaced and airflow is perpendicular to the beam, mixing into the beam pocket is limited and detectors will perform better on or below the bottom of the beams.
A-4-5.1 Detectors should not be located in a direct air- flow nor closer than 3 ft (900 ram) from an air supply dif- fuser.
[ A°4-6.1.1 Product listing standards include tests for tem- porary excursions beyond normal limits. In addition to temperature , humidity, and velocity variations, smoke detectors should operate reliably under such common environmental conditions as mechanical vibration, electri- cal interference, and other environmental influences. Tests for these conditions are also conducted by the testing labo- ratories in their listing program.
In those cases in which env i ronmenta l condi t ions approach the limits shown in Table A-4-6.1.1, consult with the detector manufacturer for additional information and • recommendations.
A-4-6.1.2 Smoke detectors may be affected by electrical and mechanical influences and by aerosols and particulate matter found in protected spaces. Location of detectors should be such that the influences of aerosols and particu- late matter from sources as those ifi Table A-4-6.1.2(a) are minimized. Similarly the influences o f electrical and mechanical factors shown in Table A-4-6.1.2(b) should be minimized. While it may not be possible to totally isolate environmental factors, an awareness of these factors during system layout and design will favorably affect detector per- formance.
= ~ 1990 Edition
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T a b l e A-4 -6 .1 .1 E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n d i t i o n s that I n f l u e n c e D e t e c t o r R e s p o n s e
D e t e c t i o n A i r V e l o c i t y A t m . P r e s s u r e > 3 0 0 0 ' H u m i d i t y T e m p . < 32 ° F C o l o r o f P r i n c i p l e > 3 0 0 ' / m i n a b o v e s ea l e v e l > 93% > 100 ° F S m o k e
Ion X X X X O Photo O O X X X Beam O O X X O
X = May affect detector response. O = Generally does not aft~ct detector response.
T a b l e A-4 -6 .1 .2 (a ) C o m m o n S o u r c e s o f A e r o s o l s a n d P a r t i c u l a t e M a t t e r M o i s t u r e
Moisture
Live steam Excessive tobacco smoke Steam tables Heat treating Showers Corrosive atmospheres Humidifiers Dust or lint Slop sink Linen/bedding handling Humid outside air Sawing, drilling, and grinding Water spray Pneumatic transport
Textile and agricultural processing Combustion Products and
Fumes
Cooking equipment Engine Exhaust Ovens Dryers Gasoline forklift trucks Fireplaces Diesel trucks and locomotives Exhaust hoods Engines not vented to the outside Cutting, welding, and
T a b l e A-4 -6 .1 .2 (b ) S o u r c e s o f E l e c t r i c a l a n d M e c h a n i c a l I n f l u e n c e s o n S m o k e D e t e c t o r s
Electrical Noise and Transients Airflow
Vibration or Shock Gusts Radiation Excessive velocity Radio frequency Power supply Intense light Lightning Electrostatic discharge
I A-4-6.2.2 Airflow through holes in the rear of a smoke detector may interfere with smoke entry to the sensing chamber. Similarly, air from the conduit system may flow around the outside edges of the detector and again inter- fere with smoke reaching the sensing chamber. Addition- ally, holes in the rear of a detector provide a means for entry of dust, dirt, and insects, each of which can adversely affect the detector's performance.
I A-4-6.4 High Rack Storage. For most effective detection of fire in high rack storage areas, detectors should be located on the ceiling above each aisle and at intermediate levels in the racks. This is necessary to detect smoke that may be trapped in the racks at an early stage of fire devel-
opment, when insufficient thermal energy is released to carry the smoke to the ceiling. Earliest detection of smoke is achieved by locating the intermediate level detectors adjacent to alternate pallet sections as shown in Figures A-4-6.4(a) and (b). Detector manufacturers ' recommenda- tions and engineering judgmen t should be followed for specific installations.
A protected beant-type detector may be used in lieu of a single row of individual spot-type smoke detectors.
Elevation
Plan
Typical Clos~
_ ~01-- H
- D q -'P-4 0
- b q "-t--q
- D ¢ --P-~
- ) q . - t - ~
- p t - . ~ - 4
osed Rack Storage 0 - - - - - 0 - -
I
b g " " l D I - -
I
. . . . 4 - -
r / / l l l l i l l l l l l l l l /
o q ' t I (
t q I
q
. _ _ k , °, _
OO-- ~--, It q
O-- ~--" I) (
O 0 - - D 1~-
I 0
O DETECTORS ON CEILING • DETECTORS ON RACKS
(UPPER INTERMEDIARY LEVEL) • DETECTORS ON RACKS
(LOWER INTERMEDIARY LEVEL)
Figure A-4-6.4(a) For Solid Storage in which Transverse and Longitudi- nal Flue Spaces are Irregular or Nonexistent , as for Slatted or Solid
Shelved Storage.
1990 Edition
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f[l¢llll/llll¥1[lllll l g l l l [ l l l l l l l l l ¢ ¥ J
! I
-
- 0~5~-- 0 ~--~0 I= ~-- O =a l== ==w
O I ~ 0 I,= F = ~ .-, h-.-
1= :=~ I== 0 ~ b = = ==1
o h L= 0 1,= ~==~ l== I== =n
I= i ~ ~ 0 = = ~ I
0 DETECTORS ON CEILING • DETECTORS IN RACKS AT UPPER
INTERMEDIARY LEVEL
(]P DETECTORS IN RACKS AT LOWER INTERMEDIARY LEVEL
I Figure A-4-6.4(b) For Palletized Storage or No Shelved Storage in which Regular Transverse and Longitudinal Flue Spaces are Maintained.
A-5-2.1.1 Class A and D combustibles will burn as embers under conditions where the typical flame associated with fire does not necessarily exist. This "glowing combustion" yields radiant emissions in radically different parts of the radiant energy spectrum than does flaming combustion. Specialized detectors, specifically designed to detect those emissions, should be used in applications where this type of combustion is expected. In general, flame detectors are not intended for the detection of embers:
A-5-2.1.6 The overwhe lming major i ty of appl ica t ions involving the detect ion of Class A and D combustibles using radiant energy sensing detectors involve the trans- port of particulate solid materials through pneumatic con- veyance ducts or mechanical conveyors. It is common in the industries that include such hazards to call a moving piece of burning material a "spark" and systems for the detection of such fires "spark detection systems."
A-5-2.1.9 The concept of wavelength is extremely impor- tant in selecting the p roper detector for a part icular appli- cation. There is a precise interrelation between the wave-
length of l ight be ing emi t t ed f rom a f lame and the combustion chemistry producing the flame. Specific sub- atomic, atomic, and molecular events yield radiant energy of specific wavelengths. For example, uhraviolet photons are emitted as the result of the complete loss of electrons or very large changcs in electron energy levels. During com- bustion, molecules are violently torn apar t by the chemical reactivity of oxygen, and electrons are released in the pro- cess, recombining at drastically lower energy levels, thus giving rise to ultraviolet radiation. Visible radiant energy is generally the result of smaller changes in electron energy levels within the molecules of fuel, flame intermediates, and products of combustion. In f ra red radia t ion comes fi'om the vibration of molecules or parts of molecules when they are in the superheated state associated with combus- tion. Each chemical compound exhibits a group of wave- lengths at which it is resonant. These wavelengths consti- tute the chemical's IR spectrum, which is usually unique to that chemical.
This interrelat ionship between wavelength and combus- tion chemistry affects the relative peHbrmance of various types of detectors to various fires.
A-5-3.1 The radiant energy from a flame or spark/ember Is comprised of emissions in various bands of the ultravio- let, visible, and infrared port ions of the spectrum. The rel- ative quantities of radiation emitted in each par t of the spectrum are de te rmined by the fuel chemistry, the tem- perature , and the rate of combustion. The detector should be matched to the characteristics of the fire.
Almost all materials that part icipate in flaming combus- tion will emit ultraviolet radiation to some degree dur ing flaming combustion, whereas only carbon-containing fuels will emit significant radiation at the 4.35 micron (carbon dioxide) band used by many detector types to detect a flame.
The radiant energy emitted from an ember is deter- mined primari ly by the fuel t empera ture (Plank's Law of Emissions ) and the emissivity of the fuel. Radiant energy from an e m b e r is p r imar i ly in f ra red and, to a lesser degree, visible in wavelength. In general , embers do not emit ultraviolet energy in significant quantities (0.1 percent of total emissions) until the ember achieves tempera tures of 2000 K (1727°C or 3240°F). In most cases, the emissions will be included in the band of 0.8 to 2.0 microns, corre- sponding to tempera tures of approximate ly 750°F (398°C) to 1830°F (1000°C).
Most radiant energy detectors have some form of quali- fication circuitry within them that uses time to help distin- guish between spurious, transient signals and legitimate fire alarms. These circuits become very impor tant when one considers the anticipated fire scenario and the ability of the detector to respond to that anticipated fire. For example, a detector that utilizes an integration circuit or a t iming circuit to respond to the flickering light from a fire may not respond well to a deflagration resulting from the ~gnition of accumulated combustible vapors and gases, or where the fire is a spark that is traveling up to 100 meters ~er second past the detector. Under these circumstances, a
1990 Edition
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detector that has a high speed response capability would be most app ropr i a t e . On the o ther hand, in appl icat ions where the development of the fire will be slower, a detec- tor that utilizes time for the confirmation of repetitive sig- nals would be appropr ia te . Consequently, the fire growth rate should be considered in selecting the detector. The detector performance should be selected to respond to the anticipated fire:
The radiant emissions are not the only criterion to be considered. The medium between the anticipated fire and the detector is also very important , Different wavelengths of radiant energy are absorbed with varying degrees of efficiency by materials suspended in the air or by those that may accumulate on the optical surfaces of the detector. Generally, aerosols and surface deposits reduce the sensi- tivity of the detector. The detection technology utilized should take into account those normally occurring aerosols and surface deposits to minimize the reduction of system response between maintenance intervals. Note that the smoke evolved from the combustion of middle and heavy fraction pet ro leum distillates is highly absorptive in the ultraviolet end of the spectrum. Where using this type of detection, the system should be designed to minimize the interference of smoke on the response of the detection sys- tem.
The environment and ambient conditions anticipated in the area to be protected will impact on the choice of detec- tor. All detectors have limitations on the range of ambient temperatures over which they will respond consistent with their tested or approved sensitivities. The designer should make certain that the detector is compatible with the range of ambient temperatures anticipated in the area in which it is installed. In addition, rain, snow, and ice are all optically opaque at both u l t rav io le t and in f ra red wavelengths . Where applicable, provisions should be made to protect the detector from accumulations of these materials on the optical surfaces.
A-5-4.1.1 All optical detectors respond pursuant to the following theoretical equation:
S = k P e ~d d v
k = proport ional i ty constant for the detector p = radiant power emitted by the fire e = Naperian logari thm base (2.7183)
(Zeta) = the extinction coefficient of air d = the distance between the fire and the detector S = radiant power reaching the detector
The sensitivity, S, would typically be measured in nano- watts. This equation yields a family of curves similar to the one shown in Figure A-5-4.1.1.
5 m
4 - -
Normal ized 3 - Distance
2 - -
1 - -
General ized Fire Size Vs. Distance Curves
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
] 2 4 9 16 Normalized Fi~'e Size
Figure A - 5 - 4 . I . I G e n e r a l i z e d Fire Size vs. D i s t a n c e Curves .
The curve defines the maximum distance at which the detector consistently detects a fire of defined size and fuel. Detectors should only be employed in the shaded area beneath the curve.
U n d e r the best of condi t ions , with no a tmospher ic absorpt ion, the radiant power reaching the detector is reduced by a factor of 4 if the distance between the detec- tor and the fire is doubled. For the consumption of the atmospheric extinction, the exponential term, Zeta (~) is added to the equation. Zeta (~) is a measure of the clarity of the air at the wavelength under consideration. Zeta (~) will be affected by humidity, dust, and any other contami- nants in the air that are absorbant at the wavelength in question. Zeta (~) generally has values between -.001 and -.1.
A-5-4.2.1 Extraneous sources of radiant emissions that have been identified as interfering with the stability of flame detectors include:
(a) sunlight
(b) l ightn ing .
(c) x-rays
(d) gamma rays
(e) cosmic rays
(f) ultraviolet radiation from arc welding
(g) radio frequency interference
(h) hot objects
1990 Edit ion
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A-5-4.2.3 The greater the displacement of the fire from the optical axis of the detector, the larger the fire must become before it is detected. This phenomenon establishes the field of view of the detector. Figure A-5-4.2.3 shows an example of the effective sensitivity versus angular displace- ment of a flame detector.
Normalized Sensitivity Vs. Angular Displacement (Normal)
1.0 .75 .50 .25
15 Angle of Incidence with Radiant
.25 .50 .75 1.0 Normalized Distance from Detector
Figure A-5-4.2.3 Normalized Sensitivity vs. Angular Displacement.
A°5-4.2.4 Virtually all radiant energy sensing detectors exhibit some kind of "fuel specificity." Different fuels when burned at uniform rates (joules/sec or watts) will emit dif- ferent levels of radiant power in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared port ions of the spectrum. Under free-burn condi- tions, a fire of given surface area but of different fuels will burn at different rates (joules/sec or watts) and emit vary- ing levels of radiation in each of the major portions of the spect rum. Most r ad ian t energy de tec tors des igned to detect flame are qualified based upon a defined fire under specific conditions. Where employing these detectors for fuels other than the defined fire, the designer should make certain that the appropr ia te adjustments to the maximum distance between the detector and the fire are made con- sistent with the fuel specificity of the detector.
A-5-4.2.6 The means by which this requirement has been satisfied include:
(a) lens clarity monitor ing and cleaning when a contam- inated lens signal is rendered , or
(b) lens air purge.
A-5-4.3.1 Spark/ember detectors are installed primari ly to detect sparks and embers that may, if allowed to con- tinue to burn, precipitate a much larger fire or explosion. Spark /ember detectors are typically moun ted on some form of conveyor monitor ing the fuel as it passes by. Usu- ally, it is necessary to enclose the por t ion of conveyor where the detectors are located as these devices generally require a dark environment. Extraneous sources of radiant emissions that have been identified as interfering with the stability of spark/ember detectors include:
(a) ambient light
(b) radio frequency interference
(c) electrostatic discharge in the fuel stream
A-5-4.3.2 There is a minimum ignition power (watts) for all combustible dusts. If the spark or ember is incapable of delivering that quantity of power to the adjacent combusti- ble material (dust) and expanding dust, fire will not occur. The minimum ignition power is de te rmined by the fuel chemistry, fuel particle size, fuel concentrat ion in air, and ambient conditions such as tempera ture and humidity.
A-5-4.3.5 The greater the displacement of the fire from the optical axis of the detector, the larger the fire must become before it is detected. This phenomenon establishes the field of view of the detector. Figure A-5-4.3.5 shows an example of the effective sensitivity versus angular displace- ment of a flame detector.
A-5-4.3.6 The means by which this requi rement has been satisfied include:
(a) lens clarity monitor ing and cleaning when a contam- inated lens signal is rendered , or
(b) lens air purge.
A-6-1.1.1 Many gases may be produced by a fire. Fire-gas detectors are instruments that are t r iggered into alarm by one or more fire gases. Fire-gas detectors need not be able to differentiate among the various fire gases. Depending on the material being burned and the oxygen supply avail- able, the quantity and composit ion of gases given off can vary greatly. If ord inary cellulosic material such as wood or paper is burned with an abundance of oxygen, the gases given off are primari ly carbon dioxide and water vapor. If, however, the same material is burned or smolders with a limited supply of oxygen, a host of addit ional gases will be evolved.
A-6-3.1 Fire-gas detectors depend on fire gases reaching the sensing e lement . When sufficient concen t ra t ion is present, operat ion is obtained. Since the detectors are usu- ally m o u n t e d on o r nea r the cei l ing, r e sponse t ime depends on the nature of the fire. A hot fire will drive fire gases up to the ceiling more rapidly. A smolder ing fire produces little heat and, therefore, the detection time will be increased.
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A-6-3.3 Gas transport to the sensor of a fire-gas detector may occur by diffusion where migration results fi'om con- centration gradients or by sampling if pumps, fans, or aspi- rators are employed.
A-6-3.6.3 Location and spacing of fire-gas detectors should consider beam depth, ceiling height, beam spacing, and anticipated fire type and location. For ceiling configu- rations where mixing of air into beam pockets is inhibited by ventilation systems, detectors will perform better if installed on the bottom of beams.
To detect flaming fires (strong plumes), detectors should be installed as follows:
(a) I f the ratio of the beam depth, D, to ceiling height, H, (D/H) is greater than 0.10 and the ratio of beam spac- ing, W, to ceiling height (W/H) is greater than 0.40, detec- tors should be located in each beam pocket.
(b) If either ratio of beam depth to ceiling heigl-it (D/H) is less than 0.10, or the ratio of beam spacing to ceiling height (W/H) is less than 0.40, detectors should be installed on the bottom of the beams.
To detect smoldering fires (weak or no plumes), detec- tors should be instfilled as follows:
(c) If air mixing into beam pockets is good (e.g. air-flow parallel to long beams) and condition (a) exists as above, a detector should be located in each beam pocket.
(d) If air mixing into beam pockets is limited, or condi- tion (b) exists as above, detectors should be located on the bottom of the beams.
A-6-4.1 Detectors should not be located in a direct air- flow nor closer than 3 ft (900 ram) from an air supply dif- fuser.
A-6-5.1.3 Product listing standards include tests for tem- porary excursions beyond normal limits. In addition to temperature, humidity, and velocity variations, fire-gas detectors should operate reliably under such common environmental conditions as mechanical vibration, electri- cal interference, and other environmental influences. These conditions are also included in tests conducted by the listing agencies.
A-8-1.3.2 Examples of qualified personnel include but are not limited to:
(a) Factory trained and certified.
(b) National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies certified.
(c) International Municipal Signaling Association Certi- fied.
(d) Certified by State or Local Authority.
(e) Trained and qualified personnel employed by an organization listed by a nationally recognized Testing Laboratory for the servicing of Fire Protective Signaling System.
A-8-2 Factors to be considered for inspection and tests of detectors include:
(a) Operational range of voltage, current, and signaling technique of the detector with respect to the control equip- ment.
(b) Polarity of power connection to the detector•
(c) Integ~:ity of electrical connections.
(d) Integrity of mechanical connections•
(e) Mechanical support.
A-8-2.3.1 The rate-of-rise element of a combinat ion detector can also be tested by cooling the detector and then causing it to rise in temperatur& This will generally acti- vate the rate-of-rise element without risk of damage to the nonrestorable fixed temperature element.
A-8-2.4.1.1 Aerosols should be used in accordance with the detector manufacturer 's instructions to avoid damage and contamination to the detector.
I f aerosols are sprayed directly into the detector at less than the recommended distance, or if aerosols are sprayed for too long a time, an excessive amount of aerosol may cause damage to the detector.
A-8-3.1 Regardless of the type of detectors in use, the fol- lowing detectors should either be replaced or representa- tive samples sent to a testing laboratory or the manufac- turer for testing:
(a) Detectors on systems that are being restored to ser- vice after a period of disuse.
(b) Detectors that are perceptibly corroded.
(c) Detectors that have been painted in the field, unless they are of a type found by the testing laboratory to be unaffected by paintingl
(d) Detectors that have been cleaned of paint.
(e) Detectors that have been subjected to mechanical injury or similar abuse.
(f) Detectors on circuits that have been subjected to surges'by overvoltages or lightning damage.
(g) Detectors that are subjected to other conditions that may permanently affect their operation, such as grease or other deposits or corrosive atmospheres.
A-8-3.4.2 In the determination of baseline detector sensi- tivity, the detectors should be isolated from the installed environmental factors (i.e., air velocity) that may affect the measurement. Detectors installed in environments subject to large amounts of dust and dirt or in areas recently ren- ovated require more frequent sensitivity testing.
In lieu of environmental isolation for test, analog type detectors may utilize listed control equipment that auto- matically compensates for environmental conditions and maintains the detector "sensitivity" (alarm point definition) within acceptable limits.
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There is a large population of installed smoke detectors that were manufactured in compliance with previous prod- uct standards that did not require a means for testing sen- sitivity within an acceptable listed range. It is the intent of this s tandard that these detectors need not be tested against current product standards.
In order to determine the effects of the environment on the detector, a measurement of detector sensitivity in the installed environment should be considered.
A-8-4.1 Accumulation of dust and dirt adversely affect detector performance. Detectors that are visibly dirty or have significantly changed in sensitivity, should be cleaned.
If after five years of field service, a detector has not been cleaned, it should be cleaned for the purpose of preventa- tive maintenance to minimize false alarms. In an excep- tionally clean e n v i r o n m e n t the time interval may be extended.
Manufacturer's instructions may detail detector mainte- nance methods such as vacuuming to remove loose dirt and insects, and washing to remove greasy deposits. In lieu of these cleaning methods, the manufacturer may provide cleaning servce at the factory or field locations.
A-9-1.1 Smoke detectors located in the open area(s) are prefi:rred to duct-type detectors because of the dilution eltizct in air ducts.
A-9.1.2 Dilution of smoke-laden air by clean air from other parts of the building, or dilution by outside air intakes, may allow high densities of smoke in a single room with no appreciable smoke in the air duct at the detector location.
Smoke may not be drawn from open areas when air conditioning systems or ventilating systems are shut down.
A-9-3.2.2 Detectors listed for the air velocity present may be installed at the opening where the return air enters the common return air system.
The detectors should be installed up to 12 in. (0.3 m) in fi'ont of or behind the opening and spaced according to the following opening dimensions:
(1) Width: up to 36 in. -- One detector centered in opening up to 72 in. -- Two detectors located at the I/,t
points of the opening over 72 in. -- One additional detector for each full
24 in. of opening
(2) Depth: The number and spacing of the detector(s) in the depth (vertical) of the opening should be the same as those given tbr the width (horizonal) above. [See Figure A-9-3.2.2(a).]
(3) Orientation: Detectors should be oriented in the most favorable position tbr smoke entry with respect to the direction of air flow. The path of a projected beam- type detector across the return air openings should be considered equivalent in coverage to a row of individ- ual detectors.
width width t----up to-----I I - - - - - ~ u p to 36" / / 72- I
V / 7
I ~max.~ for each full evenly spaced depth 24 inches of
up to T[] [] additional 36" opening width
d/2
I
Figure A-9-3.2.2(a)
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Smoke detector(s) here -- see Figure 9.3.2,2(a) or Paragraph 9.4.2
Smoke detector anywhere here
Common return air system serving more than one smoke compartment
Figure A-9-3.2.2(b) Locat ion O f Smoke Detector(s) in Re turn Air Systems for Selective Opera t ion of Equipment .
Acceptable location tot' • Imoke detector in In l i r duel
Preferred location of t h i detKtor in the duct; ~ l oa t ion i t not rlquired.
....... ' " i " ;" i.. ;. ; ",;,,,i" ;;;,.,;,,;;;.; ~ / I I I / I I I H ~ l l l / l l l l l l l / l l l l / / / / l l l / l l l l l l / / l ~
[ J L p l l , / i , " / . . . . . . . . / I t
Ceiling /
Smoke c ~ p a r t m e n t 1 S411oke com~trtmen! 2 Smoko cornp~rtmem 3
Smoke barrier i
;I
Common return j air W~n
Figure A-9-3.2.2(c) Detector Location in a Duct Which Passes T h r o u g h Smoke Compar tmen t s not Served by the Duct.
1990 Edition
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Tube support hole only for ducts more than 3 ft wide
I~ Air f low direction idth -~
L=,I ~ l n s e r t rubber olug
this end of inlet tube
Expected air f low direction
~'~" Return tube / s ant cut face
oriented downstream Inlet tube of air f low holes face
Do not insert upstream of air f low rubber plug
Figure A-9-4.8(c) Inlet Tube Orientation.
1990 Edition
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F o r S l Un i t s : 1 in . = 2 5 . 4 r a m ; I ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m
Figure A-9-5.4.3.2
a = 2 4 " or less 3 open ings w = 20 ' or less
a = 2 4 " or less more than 3 openings
De tec to r (s) Loca t i on
On center l ine o f center open ing
Trea t in 2 or more groups
a = 2 4 " or less w = more than 20 '
Treat as 2 or more groups
For SI Un i t s :
- " W v
I in . = 2 5 . 4 m m ; 1 f t = 0 . 3 0 5 m
Figure A-9-5.4.3.3
1990 Edition
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This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- ment, but is included for information purposes only.
B-I. General.
B-I - I A detector will ordinari ly operate sooner in detect- ing the fire if it is nearer the fire.
B-I-2 General ly , he ight is the most impor t an t single dimension where ceiling heights exceed 16 ft (4.9 m).
B-I-3 As smoke and heat rise from a fire, they tend to spread in the general form of an inverted cone. Therefore, the concentration within the cone varies inversely as a vari- able exponential function of the distance from the source. This effect is very significant in the early stages of a fire as the angle of the cone is wide. As a fire progresses in inten- sity, the angle of the cone narrows and the significance of the effect of height is lessened.
B-I-4 High Ceilings. As the ceiling height increases, a larger-size fire is required to actuate the same detector in the same time. In view of this, it is mandatory that the designer of a fire detection system calling for heat detectors consider the size of the fire and rate of heat release that may be permit ted to develop be[bre detection is ultimately obtained.
B-l-5 The most sensitive detectors suitable [br the maxi- mum ambient tempera ture at heights above 30 ft (9.1 m) should be employed.
B-l-6 Spacing recommended by testing laboratories for the location of detectors is an indication of their relative sensitivity. This applies with each detection principle; how- ever, detectors opera t ing on various physical principles have different inherent sensitivities to different types of fires and fuels.
B-l-7 Reduction of listed spacing may be required fro. any of the following purposes:
(a) Faster response of the device to a fire.
(b) Response of the device to a smaller fire.
(c) Accommodation to room geometry.
(d) Other special considerations, such as air movement, or ceiling or other obstructions.
Appendix C Guide for Automatic Fire Detector Spacing
This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- ment, but is included for inforTnation purposes only.
NOTE: Superior numbers in the text correspond to refer- ences al the end of this Appendix.
C-1 Introduction.
C-I -1 Scope . Th i s a p p e n d i x p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n intended to supplement NFPA 72E, Standard for Automatic Fire Detectors, and includes a procedure for deternfining heat detector spacing based on the size and rate of growth of fire to be detected, various ceiling heights, and ambient temperature . The effects of ceiling height and the size and rate of growth of a flaming fire on smoke detector spacing are also treated. A procedure for analyzing the response of existing heat detection systems is also presented.
C-I- I .1 This appendix utilizes the results of fire research funded by the Fire Detection Institute to provide test data and analysis to the NFPA Technical Committee on Detec- tion Devices. (See reference 2.)
C-1-1.2 This appendix is based on full-scale fire tests in which all fires were geometrically growing flaming fires.
C-1-1.3 The guidance applicable to smoke detectors is limited to a theoretical analysis based on the flaming fire test data and is not in tended to address the detection of smolder ing fires.
C-1-2 Purpose. The purpose of this appendix is to assist fire alarm system design engineers concerned with the spacing of heat or smoke detectors.
C-1-2.1 This appendix is intended to provide a method for modifying the listed spacing of both rate-of-rise and fixed t e m p e r a t u r e heat de tec tors r equ i r ed to achieve detector response to a geometrically growing flaming fire, at a specific fire size, taking into account the height of the ceiling on which the detectors are mounted. This proce- dure also permits modification of listed spacing of fixed t empera tu re heat detectors to account for variat ion of ambient t empera ture (Ta) from standard test conditions.
C-1-2.1.1 This appendix may be used to estimate the fire size that can be detected by an existing array of listed heat detectors installed at a given spacing for a given ceiling height in known ambient conditions.
C-1-2.2 The append ix is also in tended to explain the effect of rate of fire growth and fire size of a flaming fire, as well as the effect of ceiling height on the spacing of smoke detectors.
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C-1-2.3 This design methodology utilizes theories of fire development , fire p lume dynamics, and detector perfor- mance, which are the major factors inf luencing detector response. However, it does not consider several lesser phe- nomena that, in general , are unlikely to have significant influence. A discussion of ceiling drag, heat loss to the ceil- ing, radia t ion to the detector from a fire, reradia t ion of heat from a detector to its su r round ings , and the heat of fusion of eutectic mater ia ls in fusible e lements of heat detectors a n d the i r possible l imi ta t ions on the des ign method are provided in reference 9.
C-1-3 Relationship to Listed Spacings. Listed spacings for hea t de tec tors a re based on re la t ive ly la rge fires (approximately 1200 Btu/sec) b u r n i n g at a cons tant rate. [The listed spacing is based on the distance from a fire at which an o rd ina ry degree heat detector actuates pr ior to opera t ion o f a 160°F (71.1°C) spr inkler installed at a 10 ft (3 m) spacing. See Figure A-3-5.1(a).]
Design spacing for this type of fire can be d e t e r m i n e d using the material of Chap te r 3.
When smaller fires and varying growth rates mus t be considered, the des igner may use the material p resen ted by this appendix .
Cr2 Fire D e v e l o p m e n t and Cei l ing Height Consider- ations.
C-2-1 Genera l . The purpose of this section is to discuss the ceiling height and the selection of a threshold fire size, which may be used as the basis for de t e rmina t ion of type and spacing of automatic fire d e t e c t o r s in a specific situation.
C-2-2 Fire Development.
C-2-2.1 Fire d e v e l o p m e n t will vary d e p e n d i n g on the combus t ion characteristics of the fuels involved and the physical conf igura t ion of the fuels. After ignit ion, most fires grow in an accelerat ing pat tern .
C-2-2.2 Fire Size.
C-2-2.2.1 Fires can be characterized by their rate of heat release, measured in terms of the n u m b e r of Btu per sec- ond (kW) genera ted . Typical m a x i m u m heat release rates for a n u m b e r of different fuels and fuel conf igura t ions are provided in Tables C-2-2.2. l(a) an d (b).
Table C-2-2.2.1(a) Maximum Heat Release Rates
Qm = qA
Where Qm = Max imum Heat Release Rate (Btu/sec) q = Heat Release Density (Btu/sec/ft ~) A = Floor Area (ft")
The following heat-release rates per un i t floor area are for fully involved combustibles, a ssuming 100 percen t combus- tion efficiency. T h e growth times shown are those requ i red to exceed 1000 Btu/sec heat release rate for developing fires assuming 100 percent combus t ion efficiency.
(PE = polyethylene; PS = polystyrene; PVC = polyvinyl chloride; PP -- polypropylene; PU = po lyure thane ; FRP = fiberglass-reinforced polyester.)
Warehouse Materials Classification
Growth Heat (s - slow) Time Release (m - medium) (see) Density (q) ( f - fast)
1. Wood pallets, stack 11/2 ft high (6-12% moisture) 150-310 110
2. Wood pallets, stack 5 ft high (6-12% moisture) 90-190 330
3. Wood pallets, stack 10 ft high (6-12% moisture) 80-110 600
4. Wood pallets, stack 16 ft high (6-12% moisture) 75-105 900
5. Mail bags, filled, stored 5 ft high 190 35
6. Cartons, compart- mented, stacked 15 ft high 60 200
7. Paper, vertical rolls, stacked 20 ft high 15-28 -
8. Cotton (also PE, PE/ Cot, Acrylic/Nylon/ PE), garments in 12 ft high rack 20-42
9. Cartons on pallets rack storage, 15-30 ft high 40-280 -
10. Paper products, densely packed in c a r t o n s , r a c k s t o r - a g e , 20 ft high 470 -
11. PE letter trays filled, stacked 5 ft high on cart 190 750
12. PE trash barrels in cartons stacked 15 ft high 55 250
13. FRP shower stalls in cartons, stacked 15 fi high 85 110
14. PE bottles packed in Item 6 85 550
15. PE bottles in car- tons, stacked 15 fi high 75 170
16. PE pallets, stacked 3 ft high 130
17. PE pallets, stacked 6-8 ft high 30-55
18. PU mattress, sin- gle, horizontal 110 -
19. PE insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 15 ft high 8 170
20. PSjars packed in Item 6 55 1200
21. PS robs nested in cartons, stacked 14 ft high 105 450
22. PS toy parts in car- tons, stacked 15 ft high 110 180
m-f
f
f
f
f
t
t
t
111 - f
llI-S
f
t
t
t
t
f
t
f
t
t
f
f
1 9 9 0 E d i t i o n
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tFire growth rate exceeds design data. ForSI Units: I fi = 0.305 m.
Table C-2-2.2.1(b) Maximum Heat Release Rates from Fire Detection Institute Analysis
Approximate Values Btu/sec
1. Medium wastebasket with milk cartons 100 2. Large barrel with milk cartons 140 3. Upholstered chair with polyurethane foam 350 4. Latex tbam mattress (heat at room door) 1200 5. Furnished living room (heat at open door) 4000-8000
I C-2-2.2.2 The National Inst i tute of Standards and Tech- nology has developed a large-scale ca lor imeter for measur- ing the heat release rates of b u r n i n g f u r n i t u r e . Two reports issued by Th e National Inst i tute of S tandards and Technology (references 5 and 7) describe the appara tus and data collected d u r i n g two test series.
Tes t data from forty fu rn i tu re ca lor imeter tests have been used i n d e p e n d e n t l y to verify the power- law fire growth model, Q = Xt 2. Here Q is the ins tan taneous heat release rate. X is alpha, the fire intensi ty coefficient, and t is time. The fire growth time, t_, is arbi trari ly def ined as s the time, after established bu rn ing , when the fire would reach a b u r n i n g rate of 1000 Btu/sec. In terms oftg:
X = 1000/tg 2 = Btu sec "~ or kW/sec 2 and
Q = (1000/tg2)t ~- = Btu/sec or kW
Graphs of heat release data from the forty fu rn i tu re cal- or imeter tests can be found in reference 8. Best fit power- law fire growth curves have been super imposed on the graphs. Data from the best fit curves can be used with this append ix to design or analyze fire detect ion systems that must respond to similar items b u r n i n g u n d e r a flat ceiling. Table C-2-2.2.2 is a s u mmary of that data.
For reference, the table contains the test n u m b e r s used in the original National Inst i tute of S tandards and Tech- nology reports. The virtual t ime of origin, t,,, is the t ime at
which the fires began to obey the power-law fire growth model. Prior to t v, the fuels may have smoldered , bu t did no t b u r n vigorously with an open flame. T h e model curves are then predic ted by:
Q = X ( t - T , , ) ~ or
Q = (lO00/tg) (t - %)2 = Btu/sec or kW
For tests 19, 2 2 , 2 9 , 42, and 67, different power-law curves were used to model the initial and the latter realms of bu rn ing . In examples such as these, eng inee r s mus t choose the fire growth pa rame te r that best describes the r ea lm of b u r n i n g tha t the d e t e c t i o n system is b e i n g des igned to r e spond to.
In a d d i t i o n to hea t re lease ra te da ta , the o r ig ina l National Inst i tute of S tandards and Technology reports conta in data on part iculate convers ion and radiat ion from the test specimens. These data can be used to de t e rmine the threshold fire size (heat release rate) at which tenabil i ty becomes e n d a n g e r e d or when addi t iona l fuel packages might become involved in the fire.
C-2-2.2.3 A fire de tec t ion system can be de s igned to detect a fire at a certain size in terms of its heat release rate. This is called the threshold fire size, Qd. The thresh- old size is the rate of heat release at which detect ion is desired.
C-2-2.2 .4 T h e t h r e sho ld fire sizes c o n s i d e r e d in this append ix range from 100 Btu/sec (105 kW) to 2000 Btu/ sec (2110 kW).
C-2-2.3 Fire Growth .
C-2-2.3.1 A second impor t an t cons idera t ion conce rn ing fire deve lopmen t is the t ime (tg) it takes for fire to reach a given heat release rate. TaBle C-2-2.2.1(a) and Table C-2-2.2.2 p rov ide the t imes r e q u i r e d to reach a heat release rate of 1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW) for a variety of materials in various configurat ions.
C-2-2.3.2 For purposes of this append ix , fires are classi- fied as be ing ei ther slow, med ium, or fast developing.
C-2-2.3.2.1 The slowly deve loping fire is def ined as one that would take 400 or more seconds (6 minutes , 40 sec- onds) from the t ime that open f laming occur red unti l the fire reaches a heat release rate of 1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW).
C-2-2.3.2.2 T h e m e d i u m d e v e l o p i n g fire is one that would take 150 seconds (2 minutes , 30 seconds) or more and less than 400 seconds (6 minutes , 40 seconds) from the t ime that open f laming occurred unti l the fire reaches a heat release rate of 1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW).
C-2-2.3.2.3 T h e last deve lop ing fire is one that would take less than 150 seconds (2 minutes , 30 seconds) from the t ime that open f laming occurred unti l the fire reaches a heat release rate of 1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW).
1990 Edition
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TEST 15 TEST 18 TEST 19 TEST "29 TEST 21 TEST 21 TEST 21 TEST 22 TEST 23 TEST 24 TEST 25" TEST 26 TEST 27 TEST 28 TEST 29 TEST 29 TEST 30 TEST 31 TEST 37 TEST 38 TEST 39
TEST 40
TEST 4t
TEST 42
TEST 42
TEST 43
TEST 44
TEST 45 TEST 46 TEST 47
TEST 48 TEST 49 TEST 50
TEST 51
TEST 52 TEST 53
TEST 54
TEST 55 TEST 56
TEST 57
TEST 61
TEST 62
TEST 64
TEST TEST TEST
t Fire For S!
Metal Wardrobe 41.4 KG (Total) Chair F33 (Trial Loveseat) 39.2 KG .Chair F21 28.15 KG Chair F21 28.15 KG Metal Wardrobe 40.8 KG (Total) Metal Wardrobe 40.8 KG (Total) Metal Wardrobe 40.8 KG (Total) Chair F24 28.3 KG Chair F23 31.2 KG Chair F22 31.9 KG Chair F26 19.2'KG " Chair F27 29:0 KG
• Chair F29 14.0 KG Chair F28 29.2 KG Chair F25 27.8 KG Chair F25.27.8 KG Chair F30.25.2 KG Chair F31 (Loveseat) 39.6 KG Chair F31 (Loveseat) 40.40 KG Chair F32 (So(a) 51.5 KG l,~ in. Plywood Wardrobe with Fabrics ".68.5 KG -. "" l~ in. Plywood Wardrobe with Fabrics
68.32 KG ' in. Plywood Wardrobe with Fabrics 36.0 KG in. Plywood Wardrobe w/Fire- Retardant Int. Fin. in. Plywood Wardrobe w/Fire- Retardant Int. Fin.
Repeat of ~ in. Plywood'Wardrobe 67.62 KG in. Plywood Wardrobe w/F-R Latex Paint 37.26 KG
C'hhir F21 28.34 KG" Chair F21 28.34 KG' Chair Adj. Back Metal Frame, Foam
Cushions 20.82 KG Easy Chair CO7 (11.52 KG) Easy Chair 15.68 KG (F-34) Chair Metal Frame Minimum Cushion
16.52 KG Chair Molded Fiberglass No Cushion
5.28 KG Molded Plastic Patient Chair 11.26 KG Chair Metal Frame with Padded Seat
and Back 15.54 KG Loveseat Metal Frame with Foam
Cushions 27.26 KG
50 .4O0 175 5O
25O 120 100 35O 400
2000 200 20O 100 425
6O 100 60 6O 8O
100
35
35
40
70
300
30
90 100 45
170 175 200
200
120 275
350
500
Chair Wood Frame and Latex Foam Cushions 11.2 KG 500
Loveseat Wood Frame and Foam Cushions 54.60 KG 350
Wardrobe ~ in. Particleboard 120.33 KG 150
Bookcase Plywood with Aluminum Frame 30.39 KG- 65
Easy Chair Molded. Flexible Urethane Frame 15.98 KG 1000
66 Easy Chair 23.02 KG 76 67 Mattress and Boxspring 62.36 KG 350 67 . Mattress and Boxspring 62.36 KG "..1100
growth exceeds design data Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m, 1000 BTU/s = 1055 kW, 1 lb = 0.456 kg
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C-2-2.3.3 The design fires used in this guide ~row according to the following equation: Q = [1000/(tg) "] t 2, where Q is the heat release in Btu/sec; tg is the fire growth time (149 sec = fast, 150-399 sec = medium, 400 sec = slow); and t is the time, in seconds, after open flaming OCCURS.
C-2-2.4 Selection of Fire Size. The selection of threshold fire size, O~, should be based on an unders tanding of the characteristics of a specified space and firesafety objectives for that space.
For example, in a particular installation it may be desir- able to detect a typical wastebasket fire. Table C-2-2.2. l(b) includes a fire involving a comparable array of combusti- bles, specifically milk cartons in a wastebasket. Such a fire is indicated to produce a peak burn ing rate of 100 Btu/sec.
C-2-3 C e i l i n g H e i g ht .
C-2-3,1 The Fire Detection Institute data are based on the height of the ceiling above the fire. In this guide, it is recommended that the designer use the actual distance from floor to ceiling, since the ceiling height will thereby be more conservative, and actual detector response will improve when the potential fuel in a room is above floor level.
C-2-3.2 Where the des igner desires to consider the height of the potential fuel in the room, the distance between the fuel and the ceiling should be used as the ceil- ing height. This should be considered only when the min- imum height of the potential fuel is always constant, and where the concept is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
C-2-3.3 The procedures presented in this appendix are based on an analysis of test data for ceiling heights up to 30 ft (9.1 m). No data was analyzed for ceilings greater than 30 ft (9.1 m). Therefore, in such installations engineering judgment and manufacturers ' recommendations should be used.
C-3 Heat Detectors .
C-3-1 Genera l .
C-3-1.1 This chapter discusses procedures for determina- tion of installed spacing of listed heat detectors used to detect flaming fires.
C-3-1.2 The determinat ion of the installed spacing of heat detectors using these procedures adjusts the listed spacing to reflect the effects of ceiling height, threshold fire size, rate of fire development, and, for fixed temperature detectors, the ambient temperature and the temperature rating of the detector.
C-3.1.3 Other factors that will affect detector response are treated in Chapter 3.
C-3-1.4 The difference between the rated temperature of a fixed temperature (T~) detector and the maximum ambi- ent temperature (To) at the ceiling should be as small as
possible. To reduce unwan ted alarms, the difference between operating temperature and ambient temperature should be not less than 25°F (14°C).
C-3-1.5 Listed rate-of-rise heat detectors are designed to activate at a nominal rate of temperature rise of 15°F per minute (8.3°C/rain).
C-3-1.6 The listed spacing of a detector is an indicator of the detector's sensitivity. Given the same temperature rat- ing, a detector listed for a 50 ft (15.2 m) spacing is more sensitive than one listed for a 20 ft (6.1 m) spacing.
C-3-1.7 When using combination detectors incorporating both fixed tempera ture and rate-of-rise heat detection principles to detect a geometrically growing fire, the data herein for rate-of-rise detectors should be used in selecting an installed spacing because the rate-of-rise principle con- trols the response.
C-3-1.8 Rate compensated detectors are not specifically covered by this appendix. However, a conservative approach .to predicting their performance is to use the fixed temperature guidance contained herein.
C-3-2 F i x e d T e m p e r a t u r e Heat Detector S p a c i n g .
C-3-2.1 Tables C-3-2.1.1 and C-3-2.1.2(a) through (y) are to be used to determine the installed spacing of fixed tem- perature heat detectors. The analytical basis for the tables is presented in this appendix. This section describes how the tables are to be used.
C-3-2.1.1 Except for ceiling height, the nearest value shown in the tables will provide sufficient accuracy for these calculations. Interpolation is allowable but not neces- sary except for ceiling height.
Table C-3-2.1.1 Time Constants for any Listed Detector (BET TC) (sec)*
NOTE 1: These time constants are based un an analysis of the Underwrit- ers Laboratories Inc. and Factory Mutual listing test procedures. Phmge test ~ results performed on the detector to be used will give a more accurate time constant. See Section C-6 of this appendix fi~r a further discussion of detector time constants. NOTE 2: These time constants can be converted to response time index (RTI) values by multiplying by ~//5 ft/sec. (See. C-6-3.) *At a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
C-3-2.2 Given the detector's listed spacing and the detec- tor's rated temperature (Ts), use Table C-3-2.1.1 to find the detector time constant (DET TC). The time constant is a measure of the detector's sensitivity. See Section C-5.
C-3-2.2.1 Response time index (RTI) can also be used to describe the sensitivity of a fixed temperature heat detec- tor. See Section C-6.
1990 Edition
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C-3-2.3 Estimate the m i n i m u m ambien t t e m p e r a t u r e (To) expected at the ceil ing of the space to be protected• Calcu- late the t e m p e r a t u r e change (&T) of the de tec to r r equ i r ed for detect ion (&T = T~ - To).
C - 3 - 2 . 4 H a v i n g d e t e r m i n e d the d e t e c t o r ' s sensi t iv i ty (time constant o r RTI) (C-3-2.2), the t e m p e r a t u r e change of the de tec tor r equ i r ed for de tec t ion (C-3-2.3), the thresh- old fire size (C-2-2.2), the fire growth rate (C-2-2.3), and the ceil ing height , use Tables C-3-2.1.2(a) t h rough (y) to de t e rmine the r equ i red installed spacing.
C-3-2 .5 E x a m p l e .
Input." Ceil ing Height : 8 ft Detector Type: Fixed t e m p e r a t u r e
30 ft UL listed spacing 135°F rated t e m p e r a t u r e
Qd = 500 Btu/sec Fire Growth Rate = slow tg = 600 sec. (X = .003 Btu/sec ~) M i n i m u m Ambien t T e m p e r a t u r e = 55°F
Spacing: From Table C-3-2.1.1, the de tec tor t ime constant is 80 seconds.
(RTI = 80 ~/g'-- = 180 ft u~ sec I/=) ~ ' r = T,-To = 135-55 = 80°V From Table C-3-2.1.1(j): For D E T T C = 75 s e c - - spacing = 17 ft For D E T T C -- 1 0 0 s e c - - spacing = 16f t By in terpola t ion: Spacing = 1 7 - [(17-16)(80-75/100-75)] = 16.8
Note: If the ceiling height is 16 It, the spacing is 8.8 ft. Using the'detector in the above example, at a ceiling height of 28 ft, no practical spacing would ensure detection of the tire at the threshold fire size of 500 Btu/sec. A more sensi- tive detector would need to be used. These results clearly illustrate the need to consider ceiling height in the design of a detection system.
For SI Units: I ft = 0.305 m.
Table C-3-2.1.2(a) Threshold Fire Size at Respond: 250 BTU/SEC. Fire Growth Rate: 50 Seconds to 1000 BTU/SEC
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N O T E : Detec tor t ime cons t an t at a reference velocity of 5 f t / sec .
For SI Units: l ft = 0 .305 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
T a b l e C - 3 . 2 . 1 . 2 ( u ) T h r e s h o l d F i re Size a t Response : 2000 B T U / S E C . F i r e G r o w t h Ra te : 50 Seconds to 1000 B T U / S E C
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec. For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m
1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
C-3-3 Rate -o f -Ri se H e a t D e t e c t o r S p a c i n g .
C-3-3,1 Tables C-3-3.2 and C-3-3.3 a re to be used to de t e rmine the installed spacing of rate-of-rise heat detec- tors. T h e analytical basis for the, tables is p resen ted in Sec- tion C-6 o f this appendix . This section shows how the tables are to be used.
C-3-3.2 Table C-3-3.2 provides installed spacings for rate- of-rise heat detectors r equ i r ed to achieve detect ion for a specific th resho ld fbr size, fire growth rate, and cei l ing he ight . Th i s table may be used d i rec t ly to d e t e r m i n e installed spacings for 50 ft (15.2 m) listed spacing detectors .
1990 Edition
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C-3-3.3 For rate-of-rise heat detectors with a listed spac- ing of other than 50 ft (15.2 m), installed spacing obtained from Table C-3-3.2 must be multiplied by the modifier shown in Table C-3-3.3 for the appropriate listed spacing a n d f i re g r o w t h r a t e . T h i s t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t t h e d i f f e r e n c e in s e n s i t i v i t y b e t w e e n t h e d e t e c t o r a n d a 50 ft (15 .2 m) l i s t ed d e t e c t o r .
Tab le C-3-3.3
Lis ted Spac ing ft
Spac ing Modif iers for Rate-of-Rise Hea t Detectors
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C-3-3.4 Having determined the threshold fire size (C-2-2.2), the fire growth rate (C-2-2.3), the detector's listed spacing, and the ceiling height, use Table C-3-3.2 to determine the corrected spacing for 50 ft (15.2 m) listed detectors. Use Table C-3-3.3 to determine the spacing modifier. Find the required installed spacing by multiply- ing the corrected spacing by the spacing modifier.
C-3o3.4 Example.
Input: Ceiling Height:
Detector Type:
Spacing:
12 ft (3.7 m)
Combination rate-of- rise, fixed temperature 30 ft (9.1 m) listed spacing
Q, /= 500 Btu/sec Fire Growth Rate = medium
From Table C-3-3.2, installed spacing = 18 ft (5.5 m) From Table C-3-3.3, spacing modifier = 0.86 Installed spacing = 18 x 0.86 = 15.5 ft (4.7 m).
C-3-4 Design Curves.
C-3-4.1 The design curves [Figures C-3-4.1 (a)-(i)] may also be used to determine the installed spacings of heat detectors. However they are not as comprehensive as the tables because the tables include additional fire growth rates, fire sizes, and detector sensitivities.
Co3-4.1.1 Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors. Figures C-3-4.1 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) can be used directly to determine the installed spacing for fixed temperature heat detectors having listed spacings of 30 ft and 50 ft (9.1 m and 15.2 m), respectively, when the difference between the detectors' rated temperature (Ts) and the ambient temper- ature (To) is 65°F (18.3°C). When AT is not 65°F (18.3°C), tables previously discussed in Section C-3-3 should be used.
C-3-4.1.2 Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors. Figures C-3-4.1(g), (h), and (i) can be used directly to determine the installed spacing for rate-of-rise heat detectors having a listed spac- ing of 50 ft (15.2 m).
C-3-4.1.3 To use the curves, the same format must be fol- lowed as with tables. The designer must first determine how large a fire can be tolerated before detection can occur. This is the threshold fire size, Q4. Curves are pre- sented, in most cases, for values of Qa = 1000, 750, 500, 250, 100 Btu/sec (1055, 791,527, 264, and 105 kW). Inter- polation between values of Q, /on a given graph is allow- able. Table C-2-2.2.1(a) also contains examples of various fuels and their fire growth rates under specified condi- tions.
C-3-4.1.4 Once a threshold size and expected fire growth rate have been selected, an installed detector spacing can be obtained from Figures C-3-4.1 (a)-(i) for a certain detec- tor 's listed spacing, ambient, temperature , and ceiling height. As in Section C-3-2.5, Example 1, to determine the installed spacing of 135°F (57.2°C) fixed temperature heat
.detectors with a listed spacing of 30 It. (9.1 m), to detect a slowly developing fire at a threshold fire size of 500 Btu/sec (527 kW) in a room 10 ft (3 m) high with an ambient tem- perature of 70°F (21.1°C), the following procedure is used:
Example 1.
h,put: Ceiling Height: 10 fi (3 m)
Detector Type: Fixed temperature 135°F (57.2°C) listed spacing, 30f t (9 .1 m)
O~: 500 Btu/sec (527 kW)
Fire growth rate: slow Ambient temperature: 70°F (21. I°C); AT = 65°F (36.1°C)
Spacing: From Figure C-3-4.1(a), use an installed spacing of 17 ft (5.2 m).
Note that if the ceiling height is 15 ft (4.6 m), the same graph gives an installed spacing of 12 ft (3.5 m). A ceiling height of 20 ft (6.1 m) would require a spacing of 8 ft (2.4 m). Tiffs change in spacing clearly illustrates the need to consider ceiling height in the design of a detection system.
C-3-4.1.5 Example 2.
Input:
Spacing:
Ceiling Height: 10 ft (3 m)
Detector Type: Combination rate-of-rise and fixed temperature; 50 ft (15.2 m) listed spacing
Q,/: 500 Btu/sec (527 kW) Fire growth rate: ifast Ambient temperature: 70°F (21.1°C); AT = 65°F (36 .1 °C)
From Figure C-3-4.1(i), use an installed spacing of 20 ft (5.8 m).
A 30 ft (9.1 m) fixed temperature detector would require a 7.5 ft (2.5 m) spacing.
If the fire growth rate was slow, as in Example 1, the rate-of-rise detector would require an installed spacing of 16 ft (4.88 m).
1990 Edition
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F i g u r e C-3-4 .1(a) H e a t Detec tor , F i x e d T e m p e r a t u r e L i s t ed S p a c i n g : 30 ft (9.1 m) S l o w Fire. T = 65°F (36.1°C)
1990 E d i t i o n
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I I II ~ ' ~ l :I ! : I i ~ ' ~ Q d - 1 0 0 0 B t u / s e c
!1 !i-,,~ I , x ~ l , l : ! , ' i ' * , ! : i ' ~ , , ' i : 1 , ._
i I : , L : , ' , •
i : i : , i i : ' ~ , J ' . t
[ : : : i " ! , , " , = . . . . . !
i • [ , , : ! ' ~ ' , l i l l : I
1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0
C e i l i n g H e i g h t ( f t )
Figure C-3-4.1(b) Heat Detector, Fixed Temperature Listed Spacing: 30 ft (9.1 m) Medium Fire. T = 65°F (36.10C)
1 9 9 0 E d i t i o n
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F i g u r e C - 3 . 4 . 1 ( c ) H e a t D e t e c t o r , F i x e d T e m p e r a t u r e L i s t e d S p a c i n g : 3 0 f t ( 9 . 1 m ) F a s t F i r e ; T = 6 5 ° F ( 3 6 . 1 ° C )
1 9 9 0 E d i t i o n
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Figure C-3-4.1(d) Heat Detector, Fixed Temperature Listed Spacing: 50 ft (15.2 m) Slow Fire. T = 65°F (36.1"C)
1990 Edition
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Heat Detector, Fixed Temperature Listed Spacing: 50 ft (15.2 m) Medium Fire. T = 65°F (36.1"C)
1 9 9 0 Edit ion
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Figure C-3-4.1(1~ H e a t Detector, Fixed Temperature Listed Spacing: 50 ft (15.2 m) Fast Fire.
1990 Edition
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Figure C-3-4.1(g) Heat Detector, Rate-of-Rise Listed Spacing: 50 ft (15.2 m) Slow Fire.
1990 Ed i t i on
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Figure C-3-4.1(h) Heat Detector, Rate-of-Rise Listed Spacing: 50 ft (15.2 m) Medium Fire.
1990 Edi t ion
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Figure C-3-4.1(i) Heat Detector, Rate-of-Rise Listed Spacing: 50 ft (15.2 m) Fast Fire.
1 9 9 0 E d i t i o n
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I C-4-1 Tables C-4-1(a)-(nn) can be used to de t e rmine the size fire (heat release rate) which existing fixed tempera- t u r e heat detect ion systems will r espond to.
The use of the analysis tables is similar to that described for new designs. The difference is that the spacing of the existing detectors m u s t be known. An estimate of the fire intensity coefficient a lpha or the fire growth time, t,r mus t also be made for the fuel that is expected to burn .
Example.
Input:
Threshold Fire Size (~):
Ceiling Height: 8 ft
Detector Type: Fixed t empera tu re 30 ft. U.L. listed spacing 135°F rated t empera tu re
M i n i m u m Ambien t T e m p e r a t u r e = 55°F
From Table C-3-2.1.1 the detector t ime cons tant is 80 seconds AT = T s . - T o = 1 3 5 - 55 = 80°F From Table C-4-1 (t) For D E T T C = 75 s e c - Qa = 418 For D E T T C = 1 0 0 s e c - Q , t = 472
., By in terpola t ion: O--,I = 418 - [(75-80) (418-472)/(75-100)] Q,t = 429 Btu/sec
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N O T E : Detec tor t ime cons t an t at a reference velocity of 5 f t / sec .
For SI Units: I ft = 0 .305 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference vel6city of 5 f t /sec.
ForSl Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m
1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime cons tan t at a reference velocity of 5 f t / sec .
For SI Units: I ft = 0.~'08 m 1000 B T U / s e e = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec to r t ime c o n s t a n t a t a re fe rence velocity of 5 hlsec,
F o r S l Units: l h = 0 .305 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
F o r S ! Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 f t /sec.
F o r S I Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec tor t ime c o n s t a n t a t a re fe rence velocity of 5 f t / sec .
F o r S l Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec tor t ime cons t an t a t a re fe rence velocity of 5 f t / sec .
F o r S I Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1 0 0 0 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec to r t ime cons t an t a t a reference velocity of 5 f t / sec .
Fo r SI Units: 1 ft = 0.30.5 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: .1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : D e t e c t o r t i m e c o n s t a n t at a r e f e r e n c e veloci ty of 5 f t / sec .
For Si Uni ts : 1 ft = 0 .305 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 f t /sec.
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft /sec.
F o r S I Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For S1 Units: 1 ft = 0.30.5 m 1000 BTU/sec -- 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 f t /sec.
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 B T U / s e c -- 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: I ft = 0 . $ 0 5 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
Fo rS l Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec to r t ime c o n s t a n t a t a re fe rence velocity of 5 f t / sec .
F o r S 1 Units: 1 ft = 0 .805 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a r e~ rence velocity of 5 ft /sec.
For SI Units: 1 ~ = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec tor t ime c o n s t a n t a t a re fe rence velocity o f 5 ft/sec.
F o r S l Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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N O T E : De tec to r t ime c o n s t a n t a t a reference velocity of 5 f t / sec ,
For SI Units: I ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: 1 f t = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 BTU/sec -- 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
For SI Units: l ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec to r t ime cons t an t a t a reference velocity of 5 f t / sec .
F o r S l Units: 1 ft = 0 .305 m 100O B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
ForS l Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
ForSl Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
/
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec to r t ime c o n s t a n t a t a . reference velocity of 5 f t / sec .
F o r SI Units: 1 ft = 0 , 3 0 5 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
ForSl Units: 1 ft = 0.505m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
ForSI Units: I ft = 0 .~05m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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NOTE: Detector time constant at a reference velocity of 5 ft/sec.
ForSI Units: 1 ft = 0 .305 m 1000 BTU/sec -- 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant a t a reference velocity of 5 f t /sec.
For SI Units: 1 ft = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec to r t ime c o n s t a n t a t a reference velocity of 5 ftlsec.
For SI Units: 1 f t = 0 . 3 0 5 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
J 1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 f t /sec.
F o r S l Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 BTU/sec = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detector t ime constant at a reference velocity of 5 f t /sec.
F o r S I Units: 1 ft = 0.305 m 1000 B T U / s e c = 1055 kW
1990 Edition
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N O T E : Detec to r t ime c o n s t a n t a t a re fe rence velocity of 5 f t / sec .
F o r S I Units: l ft = 0.S05 m I000 B T U / s e c = 1055 k W
1990 Edition
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C-5-1.1 Ideally, the placement of smoke detectors should be based on a knowledge of fire p lume and ceiling je t flows, smoke product ion rates, particulate changes due to aging, and the unique opera t ing characterist ics of the detector being used. Knowledge of plume and je t flows enabled the heat detector spacing information presented in Section C-3 to be developed. Unfortunately, that knowl- edge does not apply to smoke originating from smoldering fires. Unders tanding of smoke product ion and aging lags considerably behind that of heat production. The operat- ing characterisitics of smoke detectors in specific fire envi- ronments are not often measured or made generally avail- able for o ther than a very few combust ible materials. Hence, the existing data base precludes the development of complete engineer ing design information for smoke detector location and spacing.
C-5-1.2 In f laming fire, smoke de t ec to r r e sponse is affected by ceiling height, size, and rate of growth of the fire in much the same way as heat detector response. The thermal energy of the flaming fire t ransports smoke parti- cles to the smoke sensor jus t as it does heat to a heat sen- sor. While the relationship between the amount of smoke and the amount of heat produced by a fire is highly depen- dent upon the t"uel and the way it is burning, research has shown that the relationship between tempera ture and opti- cal density of smoke remains essentially constant within the fire p lume and on the ceiling in the proximity of the phnne.
C-5-1.3 In smoldering fires, thermal energy also provides a force for t ransport ing smoke particles to the smoke sen- sor. However, because the rate of energy release is usually small and the rate of growth of the fire is slow, other fac- tors such as airflow may have a s t ronger influence on the t ransport of smoke particles to the smoke sensor. Addition- ally, for smoldering fires, the relationship between temper- a ture and the optical density of smoke is not constant and therefore not useful.
C-5-1.4 Smoke detectors , regardless of whe ther they detect by sensing scattered light, loss of light transmission (light extinction), or reduction of ion current , are particle detectors. Particle concentration, size, color, and size distri- bution affect each sensing technology differently. It is gen- eral ly accepted that the concent ra t ion of sub-micron- d iameter particles produced by a flaming fire is greater than that produced by a smoldering fire. Conversely, the concentration of larger particles is greater from a smolder- ing fire. It is also known that the smaller particles agglom- erate and form larger ones as they age and are carried away from the fire source. More research is required to provide sufficient data to first predict particle concentra- tion and behavior and secondly to predict the response of a part icular detector.
C-5-2 Smoke Detector Spacing for Flaming Fires.
C-5-2.1 Unlike heat detectors, listed smoke detectors are not given a listed spacing. It has become general practice to install smoke detectors on 30 ft (9.1 m) centers on
smooth ceilings with reductions made empirically to that spacing for beamed or joisted ceilings and fi)r areas having high rates of air movement. Adjustments of spacing fi)r ceiling height are also necessary as discussed herein.
(1-5-2.1.1 Figures C-5-2. l . l (a) , (b), and (c) are based on the assumption that smoke t ranspor t to the detector is entirely from fire p lume dynamics. It assumes that the ratio of the gas tempera ture rise to the optical density of the smoke is a constant and that the detector will actuate at a constant value of optical density. The data presented in Figures C-5-2.1.1 (a), (b), and (c) clearly indicate that spac- ings considerably greater than 30 ft (9.1 m) are acceptable for detecting geometrically growing flaming fires when Q,t is 1000 Btu/sec or more.
C-5-2.1.2 In the early stages of development of a growing fire, when the heat release rate is approximately 250 Btu/sec or less, the environmental effects in spaces having high ceilings may dominate the t ransportat ion of smoke. Examples of such environmental effects are heating, cool- ing, humidity, and ventilation. Grea ter thermal energy release fi-om the fire may be required to overcome such environmental effects. Until the growing fire reaches a suf- ficiently high level of heat release, closer spacing of smoke detectors on the ceiling will not significantly improve the response of the detectors to the fire. Therefore, when con- sidering ceiling height alone, smoke detectors should not be placed closer than 30 ft (9.1 m) spacing except in unt, sual instances where an engineering analysis indicates addit ional benefit will result. Other construction character- istics must also be considered; see Chapters 4 and 9.
C-5-2.2 The method used to determine the spacing of smoke detectors is similar to that used for heat detectors and is based on fire size, fire growth rate, and ceiling height.
C-5-2.2.1 In o rde r to use Figures C-5-2.1.1(a), (b), or (c) to de termine the installed spacing of a smoke detector, the designer must first select, Qa, the threshold flaming fire size at which detection is desired•
C-5-2.2.2 In addition to threshold flaming fire size, 0.,/, the designer must consider the expected fire growth rate. Figures C-5-2.1. l(a), (b), and (c) are used for fast, medium, and slowly growing flaming fires, respectively. See Table C-2-2.2.1(a) for heat release rates and fire growth rates.
Co5-2.2.3 As an example, to determine the installed spac- ing of a smoke detector on a 30-ft (9. l-m) ceiling required to detect a 750 Btu/sec fire that is growing at a medium rate, use Figure C-5-2.1.1 (b).
Example 3.
Input: Ceiling Height: 30 ft (9.1 m) O~t = 750 Btu/sec (791 kW) Fire growth rate: medium
Spacing: From Figure C-5-2.1.1(b), using the 750 Btu/sec (791 kW) curve, installed spacing is 41 ft (12.8 In).
As another example, consider a 20-ft (6. l -m) ceiling with a threshold fire size of 250 Btu/sec growing at a meditnn rate.
1990 Edition
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F i g u r e C-5-2 .1 .1(a) S m o k e D e t e c t o r - - Fast Fire.
1 9 9 0 E d i t i o n
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Figure C-5-2.1.I(b) Smoke Detector -- Medium Fire.
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FigurerC-5-2.1.1(c) Smoke Detector - - S l o w Fire.
1990 Edition
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Input: Ceiling Height: 20 ft (6.1 m) Q,t = 250 Btu/sec (264 kW) Fire growth rate: medium
Spacing: From Figure C-5-2.1.1(b), using the 250 Btu/ sec (264 kW) curve, installed spacing for the smoke detector is 30 ft (9.1 m) since the inter- sect of a vertical line at 20 ft (6.1 m) and the O~t = 250 curve falls within the shaded area below 30 ft (9.1 m) spacing. See C-5-2.1.2.
Note: Both a slow and fast rate of growth fire would resuh in the same 30 [i (9. I m) spacing using Figures C-5-2.1. l(c) and C-5-2.1.1 (a).
C-5-2.2.4 Smoke detector spacings of less than 30 ft (9.1 m) nmy be used for detection of flaming fires where no other detector type is suitable and where environmental conditions allow the use of a smoke detector.
C-6 Theoretical Considerations.
c-6-1 Introduct ion. The design methods of this Appen- dix are the joint result of extensive experimental work and of mathematical modeling of the heat and mass transfer
• t 1,2,8,t.) processes m~olved. This section outlines models and data correlations used to generate the design data pre- sented in this appendix. Only the general principles are described. More detailed information may be obtained from the references.
C-6-2 Temperature and Velocity Correlations. In order to predict the operation of any detector, it is necessary to characterize the local environment created by the fire at the detector location. For a heat detector the important variables are temperature and velocity of the gases at the detector. Through a program of full-scale tests and using mathematical modeling techniques, general expressions for temperature and velocity at a detector location have been developed. ''~'~':~ The expressions are valid for fires that grow according to
Q = xff
where Q is the theoretical fire heat release rate, X is the fire intensity coefficient characteristic of a particular fuel and configuration, and t is time. The calculations used to produce the spacing curves assume that the ratio of the actual convective heat release to the theoretical heat release for all fuels is equal to that ratio for wood crib fires.
C-6-3 Heat Detector Model. The heating of a heat detec- tor is given by the equation, s
dTo _ (l) (T~-Td) dt (Y)
, where: T a = temperature rating of the detector .~..g= gas temperature at the detector
= detector time constant (DET TC)
The time constant is a measure of the detector's sensitiv- ity and is given by:
MC y - hA
where: M = the detector element mass C = detector element specific heat h = convection heat transfer coefficient A = surface area of detector element
h varies approximately as the square root of the gas velocity, U.
It is customary to speak of the time constant Y at a ref- erence velocity of U o = 5fps.
Y = Y,, (Uo / U) "~
Y can be measured most easily by a "phmge test. '':* It can also be related to the listed spacing of a detector through a calculation; z Table C-3-2.1.1 results fi'om these calcula- tions. This model uses the temperature and velocity of the gases at the detector to predict the temperature rise of the detector element. Detector operation occurs when the pre- set conditions are reached.
The detector's sensitivity can also be expressed in units that are independent of the air velocity used in the test to d e t e r m i n e the time constant . This is known as the Response Time Index, RTI.
m
RI1 = 'r V U
The RTl value can therefore be obtained by multiplying T,, values by X/U~:,; for example, when 67U'.~ 5 ft/sec, a % of 30 sec corresponds to an RTI of sec '/'' ft ~/'' or 35.9 sec I/~ m ' / ' ' -
A detector having a RTI of 67.1 sec'/'' ft '/~ would have a "r of 23.7 sec, if measured in an air velocity of 8 ft/seo
C-6-4 Ambient Temperature Considerations. (Reference also 3-2.1.2.) T h e m a x i m u m a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e expected to occur at the ceiling dictates the choice of tem- perature rating for a fixed tempera ture heat detector application. But the minimum ambient temperature likely at the ceiling constitutes the worst-case condit ion for response by that detector to a fire.
The mass, specific heat, heat transfer coefficient, and surface area of a detector's sensing element characterize that detector's time constant. The response time by a given detector to a given fire depends only on the detector's time constant and the difference between the detector's temper- ature rating and the ambient temperature at the detector when the fire starts. When ambient temperature at the ceil- ing decreases, more heat from a fire will be needed to bring the air sur rounding the detector's sensing element up to its rated (operating) temperature; this translates into slower response and, in the case of a growing fire, a larger fire size at the time of detection. In a room or work area that has central heating, the min imum ambient tempera- ture would usually be 70°F (21.1°C). Certain warehouse occupancies may only be heated enough to prevent water pipe freeze-up; in that case the minimum ambient should be considered 35°F (2°C) even though dur ing many
1990 Edition
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months of the year the actual ambient is much higher. An unheated building in nor thern states and Canada should be presumed to have a minimum ambient o f - 4 0 ° F (-40°C) or lower.
C-6-5 Heat and S m o k e Ana logy -- S m o k e Detec tor Model . For smoke cletectors, the t e m p e r a t u r e of the gases at the detector is not directly rclcvant to detection, but the mass concentration and size distribution of partic- ulates are relevant. For many types of smoke, the mass concentration of particles is directly propor t ional to the optical density of tlae smoke, D,,. A general correlation for flaming fires has been shown to exist between the temper- a ture rise of the fire gases at a given location and the opti- cal density.
If the optical density at which a detector responds, D o, was known and was independent of particle size distribu- tion, tbc response of the detector could be approximated as a function of heat release rate of the burning fuel, rate of fire growth, and ceiling height, assuming that the above correlation held.
However, the more popular ionization and light scatter- ing detecto, 's cxhibit widely different D o whcn particle size distribution is changed; hence, whcn D O for these detectors is meast, rcd in o rder to predict response, the test aerosol used must be vet'), carefully controlled so that particle size distribution is constant.
A p p e n d i x D R e f e r e n c e d P u b l i c a t i o n s
D-I The following doct, ments or portions thereof are ref- erenced within this s tandard tbr informational purposes only and thus are not considcred part of the requircments of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document.
D-I.I NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- ciation. 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
N FPA 71-1989, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Signaling Systerm for" Central Station Service
N FPA 74-1989, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Household Fire Warning Equipment
N I r PA 90A- 1989, Standard for the lnstallatimt of Air Condi- tioning and.Ventilating Systems
NFPA 101-1988, Life Safety, Code
NFPA 231 C- 1986, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials
D-I.2 Other Publications.
D-I.2.1 National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Signaling Protection and Communicat ions Section, Wash- ington, DC.
Guide Jbr Proper Use of Smoke Detectors" i, Duct Applications. I. Heskes|ad, G., "The Initial Co,wective Flow in
Fire: Seventeenth Synq~osium on Combustion," The Com- bustion Institute, l ' i t tsburgh, PA (1979).
2. Heskestad, G. and Delichatsios, M.A., "Environ- ments of Fire Detectors - - Phase 1: Effect of Fire Size, Ceil ing Height and Material ." Volume ! - - "Measure- ments" (NBS-GCR-77-86), Volume I1 - - "Analysis" (NBS- GCR-77-95). Nat iona l Techn ica l ln f i ) rmat ion Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22151.
3. Heskestad, G., "Investigation of a New Sprinkler Sensitivity Approval Test: The Plunge Test," FMCR Tech. Report 22485, Factory Mutual Research Corporat ion, I 151 Providence Turnpike , Norwood, MA 02062.
4. Heskestad, G., "Characterization of Smoke Entry and Responsc for l~roducts-of-Conabustion Detectors," Pro- ceedings, 7th Internat ional Conference on Problems of Automatic Fire Detection, Rheini~h-Westt, dischen Technis- chen Hochschule Aachen (March 1975).
5. Vytenis Babrauskas, J. Randall Lawson, W.D. Walton and William H. Twilley: National Bureau of Stan- dards: "Uphols tered Furni ture Heat Release Rates Mea- sured With a Furni ture Calorimeter," Dec. 1982 (NBSIR 82-2604). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Center tbr Fire Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20889.
6. NFPA 204M, Standard o'n Smoke and Heat Venting, National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
7. J.R. Lawson, W.D. Walton and W.H. Twilley, "Fire Performance of Furnishings as Measured in the NBS Ftn'nittn'e Calorimeter, Part 1," National Institute of Stan- dards and Technology, Center fi)r Fire Research, Gaithers- burg, MD 20889, Number NBSIR 83-2787, August 1983.
8. R. Schifiliti, "Use of Fire Phune Theory in the Design and Analysis of Fire Detec tor and S p r i n k l e r Response," Masters Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Insti- tute, Center fiar Firesafety Studies, Worcester, MA, 1986.
9. C. Beyler, "A Design Method for Flaming Fire Detection", Fire Technology, Volume 20, Number 4, Novem- ber- 1984.
10. D.D. Evans and D.W. S t roup , "Me thods to Cal- culate Response T ime o f H e a t and Smoke Detectors Installed Below Large Unobstrncted Ceilings," National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithcrsburg, M D 20889, Numbcr NBSIR 85-3167, Fcbrnary 1985, lsstmd July 1986.
11. Alpcrt , "Ceil ing Jets," Fire Technology, August 1972. Alpcrt and Ward, SFPE Technology Report 1984.
1990 Edition
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"1"he c o p y r i g h t in th is i n d e x is s e p a r a t e a n d d i s t i nc t f i 'om t b e c o p y r i g h t in t h e d o c u m e n t w h i c h it i n d e x e s . T h e l i c e n s i n g p r o v i s i o n s set f o r t h t b r t h e d o c t n n e n t a r c n o t a p p l i c a b l e to th i s i n d e x . T h i s i n d e x m a y n o t be r e p r o d u c e d in w h o l e o r in p a r t b y a n y m e a n s w i t h o u t t he e x p r e s s w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l F i re P r o t e c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , Inc .
-A-
Acceptance tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see Tes t s , A c c e p t a n c e Air cond i t ion ing sys tems
F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -4 , A-6-4 .1 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -5 , A-4-5 .1
Air duct sys tems , s m o k e detectors in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 5 . 2 . 1 , 6 -4 .2 .1 , 8 -3 .4 .3 , 9 -3 .2 , A - 9 - 3 . 2 . 2
I n s t a l l a t i o n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -4 , A-9 -4 .8 Air sampl ing- type detector
D c f i m t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -2 .2 .3 Air sys tems
Beam construct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4. I. 1 F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 .6 , A - 6 - 3 . 6 . 3 H e a t d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -5 .3 , A-3 -5 .3 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -4 .7 , A - 4 - 4 . 7 . 4
Bimetal l ic s ens ing e lement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2.1.3(a)
B e a m e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. see B e a m c o n s t r u c t i o n De th f i t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1. I H e i g h t
De f in i t i on ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 . I D e t e r m i n a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 2 - 3 Fire d e v e l o p m e n t a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . C -2
H i g h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B - I - 4 , B - I - 7 H e a t d e t c c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 . 1.2, A - 3 - 5 . 1 . 2
F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 :7 .1 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . 4 -4 .8 .1
S h a p e s o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 S h e d
F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 3 . 7 . 2 H e a t de tc , c to r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -5 .4 .2 , Fig. A - 3 - 5 . 4 . 2 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 8 . 2 S l o p e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -3 .1 .2 F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 .7 H e a t d e t e c t o r s f ind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -5 .4 , Fig. A-3 -5 .4 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 8
S m o o t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4. 1.4 F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 .4 H e a t d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -5 .1 , A-3-5 .1 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 5 , A-4 -4 .5 .2 , Fig. A - 4 - 4 . 5 . 2
S u r f a c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 S u s p e n d e d
F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 3 . 8 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 9
T e m p e r a t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -4 .3 , 4 - 6 . 2 . 1 , T a b l e '.4-3. I • i 9 Classtficat on of fire detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2, 4-3
C l e a n i n g of detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 . I, A-8-4.1 Cloud chamber s m o k e detect ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !~ . . . . " 4 - 2 . 4
-E-
Electrical conduct iv i ty rate-of-change detector . . . . . . . . 3 - 2 . 3 . 2 ( d ) Electrical conduct iv i ty s ens ing e lement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2.1.3(b) Ember
D e f i n i i i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -2 .1 . I, A-5-2 .1 .1
Fire detectors Clas s i l i c a t i ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -2 , 4 -3 I)efinitio,~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -2 O p e r a t i n g m o d e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -2 .3 O t h e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . 7
De f in i t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 . 1 . 5 P r i n c i p l e s o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -2 , A-4 -2 Se l ec t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -3 , A-5-3 . I T y p e s o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 . 2
Fire-gas detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . 6, A-6 De f in i t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 . 1 . 4 H e a t i n g , v e n t i l a t i n g , a n d a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g . .' . . . . . . . . 6 -4 , A-6-4 . I L o c a t i o n a n d s p a c i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-'1, A-6-3 . I O p e r a t i n g pr in-ciples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -2 Spec ia l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 , A - 6 - 5 . 1 . 3 "1 c s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -2 .6 , 8 - 3 . 6
Fire[s] C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and d e t e c t o r se l ec t ion . . . . . . . . . 5-3 , 7-2 , A-5-3 .1 D e v e l o p m e n t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 -2 , C - 5 - 2 . 1 . 2 E x p o s u r c to, tes ts t b l l o w i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 F l a m i n g , s m o k e d e t e c t o r s p a c i n g tb r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C -5 G r o w t h o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C -2 -2 .3 Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 2 - 2 . 2 , C -2 -2 .4
Fixed temperature detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2. I S p a c i n g o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C -3 -2 , C-3-4 . I. 1, Figs. C-3-4 . I (a t h r u [)
Flame detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . a D e l i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2. 1.3.1, 5-2. 1.4 Field o f view c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 F i re c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d s e l e c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 O p e r a t i n g p r i n c i p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -9 O t h e r c o { t s k l c r a t i o n s 5-6 Sens i t iv i ty
D e l i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -2 .1 .5
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated userCESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact
S p a c i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 , A - 5 - 4 T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -2 .6 , 8 -3 .5
F l o o r s , r a i s e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 9 F u s i b l e a l l o y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -2 .1 .3 (c )
-M-
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -1 , 8-4 , A-8-4 .1 M u l t i p l e w a v e l e n g t h i n f r a r e d d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 2 . 2 . 4
-G-
Gas sensing f i r e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s Gases
H a z a r d s , s p e c i f i c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 .1 . I Heat
D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Heat detection systems, analysis o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 4 Heat d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . 3, C-3
D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -2 .1 .1 L o c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 , A-3-4 . I, A-3 -5 .3 , Fig. A-3-4 .1 M o d e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 6 - 3 O p e r a t i n g p r i n c i p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 S p a c i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -5 , A-3 -5 .1 , C-3 T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 2 . 3 , . 8 - 3 . 3 , A-8 -2 .3 . I
H e a t release rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . T a b l e s C - 2 - 2 . 2 . 1 ( a a n d b), C - 2 - 2 . 2 . 2 H e a t i n g systems
F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -4 , A-6-4 .1 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -5 , A-4-5 .1
H e a t - s e n s i t i v e c a b l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2 . 1 . 3 ( d ) H i g h a i r m o v e m e n t areas, smoke d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6 . 5 H i g h rack storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -6 .4 , A-4 -6 .4 H i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e a r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -4 .3 H V A C s y s t e m s . . . see Ah" c o n d i t i o n i n g sys t ems ; H e a t i n g s y s t e m s ,
V e n t i l a t i n g s y s t e m s
- I -
I n f r a r e d d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -2 .2 .2 t h r u 5 - 2 . 2 . 4 I n s p e c t i o n f o r m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -6 I n s p e c t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -1 , 8-2 , A-8-2; see a l so M a i n t e n a n c e ; T e s t s
Ini t ia l i n s t a l l a t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '8-2, A - 8 - 2 P e r i o d i c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 , A-8-3 . I
I n s t a l l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -7 , A-2 -7 F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -5 .1 , A - 6 - 5 . 1 . 3 I n s p e c t i o n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -2 , A-8 -2 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . 4 -6 . I. 1, 4 -6 .1 .3 , 9 -4 , A-4- ! .3, A-4 -6 .1 .1 In a i r d u c t s y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . 9 -1 .2 , 9 -3 .2 , 9 -4 , A - 9 - 1 . 2 , A - 9 - 3 . 2 . 2
I o n i z a t i o n s m o k e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2.1 I r r e g u l a r a r e a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 5 . 1 . 1 , A-3-5 .1 .1
-L-
L i g h t scattering smoke d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 2 . 2 , A-4 -2 .2 L i n e - t y p e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -4 .2
D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -2 .2 .1 L i q u i d e x p a n s i o n s e n s i n g e l e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2. 1.3(e) L o c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see a l so S p a c i n g
F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 , A-6 -3 H e a t d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 , A-3-4 . I, A -3 -5 .3 O t h e r d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -4 , 4-6 . 1.2, 4 - 6 . 5 . 3 , A-4 -4 .1 ,
A-6 -5 .3 , A - 4 - 6 . 1 . 2 F o r d o o r r e l e a se s e rv i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -5 .5 In a i r d u c t s y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -4 , A-9 -4 .8
-N-
Nonrestorable d e t e c t o r s D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -2 .3 .1
- O -
O t h e r f i r e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . 7 C la s s i f i c a t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 . I F i r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 L o c a t i o n a n d s p a c i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 Spec ia l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4 T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -2 .6 , 8 -3 .5
.p.
P a r t i t i o n s F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 3 . 9 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 1 0
P h o t o e l e c t r i c l i g h t o b s c u r a t i o n s m o k e d e t e c t i o n .. 4 -2 .3 , A-4 -2 .3 P h o t o e l e c t r i c . l i g h t s ca t t e r i n . . g s m o k e d e t e c t i o n . . . . . . . . 4 - 2 2 A - 4 - 2 2 Pneumatsc r a t e - o f - r i s e t u b m 3 - 2 3 2 ( a a n d b) • g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Projected b e a m - t y p e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 3 , 4 - 4 . 5 . 2 , 4 -6 .3 , A - 4 - 4 . 3 . 1 . 1 , Fig. A - 4 - 4 . 5 . 2
P u r p o s e o f s t a n d a r d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
-R-
R a d i a n t e n e r g y D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 . I
R a d i a n t e n e r g y - s e n s i n g f i r e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . 5 -3 .1 , 5 -4 .1 .1 , A-5-3 . I, A-5-4 .1 .1
D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 . 1 . 3 T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -2 .5 , 8 -3 .5
R a t e c o m p e n s a t i o n d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -2 .2 R a t e - o f - r i s e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -2 .3
S p a c i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 3 - 3 , C-3-4 . i . 2 , Figs. C -3 -4 . l (g) t h r u ( i ) R e c o r d s o f i n s p e c t i o n , m a i n t e n a n c e , a n d t e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 - R e q u i r e m e n t s , c o m m o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . 2 R e s t o r a b l e d e t e c t o r s
D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 . 3 . 2 R e t u r n a i r s y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 3 . 2 . 2 , A - 9 - 3 . 2 . 2
-S-
S a m p l i n g - t y p e f i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 .3 , A-6 -3 .3 S a m p l i n g - t y p e s m o k e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 4 Scope o f s t a n d a r d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 S e m i c o n d u c t o r t y p e o f f i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 . I Single wavelength i n f r a r e d d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -2 .2 .2 Smoke d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . 4, A-4
A r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . 9-3 . I C la s s i f i ca t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -3 De f in i t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2.1.2 F o r c o n t r o l o f s m o k e . s p r e a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . 9, A-9 F o r d o o r r e l e a s e se rv i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -5 H e a t i n g , v e n t i l a t i n g , a n d a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g . . . . . . . . . . 4 -5 , A-4-5 . I I n s t a l l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1 . 3 , A - 4 - 1 . 3 L o c a t i o n a n d s p a c i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -4 , A - 4 - 4
F o r f l a m i n g f i res . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 5 M o d e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 6 - 5 O p e r a t i n g p r i n c i p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -2 Spec ia l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -6 , 8 -3 .4 , A-4-4 , A - 8 - 3 . 4 . 2 T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -2 .4 , 8 -3 .4 .1
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated userCESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact
S o l i d j o i s t c o n s t r u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 . 1 . 3 F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 .5 H e a t d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -5 .2 , F i g u r e A-3 -5 .2 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -4 .6 , A-4 -4 .6
Spacing D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1.1 F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 , A - 6 - 3 F l a m e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 G u i d e to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hea t de tec to rs . . . . . . . . ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.." . . . . . . . ".'.' 3"-'5 ~ "A" ~,'-'51 . . . . C-I-3,ApP'c-3C O t h e r de tec tors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 Sens i t i v i ty and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . App . B S m o k e de tec to rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4, 4-6.2.4, 4-6.5.4, A-4-4. | , -C-5
Spark D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -2 .1 .6 , A - 5 - 2 . 1 . 6
Spark/ember d e t e c t o r s De f in i t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -2 .1 .7 O p e r a t i n g p r i n c i p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -2 .3 Sens i t iv i ty
D e f i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 2 . 1 . 8 T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -3 .5 .2
Spot - t , y p e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -2 .3 .2 (b ) , 4-3 .1 D e n n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 . 2 . 2 L o c a t i o n
F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -3 .2 , 6 -3 .4 .1 H e a t d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -2 .2 .2 , 3-5. I, Fig. A-3-4 .1 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -4 .2 , 4 - 4 . 5 . 1 , A-4-4 .2 .1
Stora[~e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see H i g h r a c k s t o r a g e S t r a t i f i c a t i o n
Fi re- as d e t e c t o r s a n d 6-3 I 2 g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4 . 1 . 2 , A-4-4 . 1.2
S u p p l y a i r s y s t e m , s m o k e d e t e c t o r s i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -3 .2 .1 , 9 - 4 . 7
-T-
Temperature A m b i e n t , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 6 - 4 C la s s i f i ca t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :¢-3, T a b l e 3-3.1 C o r r e l a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 6 - 2
Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p . 8 A c c e p t a n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -6 F o l l o w i n g a n a l a r m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 In i t ia l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 , A-8 -2 P e r i o d i c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -3 , A-8-3.1
T h e r m a l l a g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -2 .1 .2 T h e r m o e l e c t r i c e f f ec t d e t e c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -2 .3 .2 (c ) T o t a l c o v e r a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 7 . 4
-U-
U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -9 .2 .1 U l t r a v i o l e t / i n f r a r e d d e t e c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 2 . 2 . 3
-V-
V e l o c i t y c o r r e l a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - 6 - 2 V e n t i l a t i n g systems
F i r e - g a s d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -4 , A-6-4 .1 S m o k e d e t e c t o r s a n d . . . . . . . . . . 4 -5 , A-4-5 .1
-W-
Wavelength D e t i n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -2 .1 .9 , A - 5 - 2 . 1 . 9
1990 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated userCESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated userCESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact
SUBMITTING PROPOSALS ON NFPA TECHNICAL COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS
Contact NFPA Standards Administration for final date for receipt of proposals on a specific document.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INSTRUCTIONS
Please use the forms which follow for submitting proposed a me ndme n t s . Use a separate form for each proposal.
For each document on which you are proposing a m e n d m e n t indicate:
(a) The n u m b e r and title of the document
(b) The specific section or paragraph.
Check the box indicat ing whether or not this proposal recommends new text, revised text, or to delete text. \
In the space identified as "Proposal" include the wording you propose as new or revised text, or indicate if you wish to delete text.
In the space titled "Statement of Problem and Substant ia t ion for Proposal" state the problem which will be resolved by your recommendat ion and give the specific reason for your proposal in- c luding copies of tests, research papers, fire experience, etc. If a statement is more than 200 words in length, the technical committee is authorized to abstract it for the Technical Commit tee Report,
Check the box indicat ing whether or not this proposal is original material, and if it is not, indicate source.
6. If supplementary material (photographs, diagrams, reports, etc.) is included, you may be required to submit sufficient copies for all members and alternates of the technical committee.
7. Type or print legibly in black ink.
NOTE: The NFPA Regulations Governing Committee Projects in Paragraph 10-10 state: Each proposal shall be submit- ted to the Council Secretary and shall include: (a) identification of the submitter and his affiliation (Committee. organization, company) where appropriate, and (b) identification of the document, paragraph of the document to which the proposal i:s directed, and (c) a statement of the problem and substantiation for the proposal, and (d) proposed text of proposal, including the wording to be added, revised (and how revised), or deleted.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated userCESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact
FORM FOR PROPOSALS ON NFPA T E C H N I C A L C O M M I T T E E D o c U M E N T S
Mail to: Secretary, Standards Council National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101
Note: All proposals must be received by 5:00 p .m.E .S .T . /E .S .D.T , on the published proposal closing date.
Date 5/18/85 Name John B. Smith Tel. No. 617-555-1212
Address 9 Seattle St.. Seattle, WA 02255
Representing (Please indicate organization, company or self)
1. a) Document Title: Protective Signaling SYstems
b) Sect ion/Paragraph: 2-7.1 (Exception)
2. Proposal recommends: (Check one) [] new text [] revised text P~ deleted text.
3. Proposal (include proposed new or revised wording,
or identification of wording to be deleted):
Delete exception.
Fire Marshals Assn. of North America
NFPA No. &Year NFPA 72D
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
Log #:
Date Rec'd:
Proposal #:
4. Statement of Problem and
A properly installed and maint~ = 4
The occurrence of one or mo " t rouble" signal because it in to future malfunctior o / ~ e s available on these sys~rpcv~aC,,y it on all systems will h
" s ~ s ~ b u l d be free of ground faults. ~a~a~fs should be required to cause a a~Y~dition that could contribute
./',Ground fault protection has been widely and its cost is negligible. Requiring • installations, maintenance and reliability.
5. [] This Proposal is original material. [] This Proposal is not original material; its source (if known) is as follows:
(Note : Or ig ina l ma te r i a l is cons ide red t~* be the submit ter*s t lwn idea based tm o r as a result o f his own expcr l ence , t h o u g h t , t~r research a n d . |o the best o f his knowledge , is no t copied
from another s~urce.)
I agree to give NFPA all and full rights, including rights of copyright, in this Proposal and I understand that I acquire no rights in any publication of NFPA in which this Proposal in this or another similar or analogous form is used.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated userCESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact
FORM FOR PROPOSALS ON NFPA T E C H N I C A L C O M M I T T E E DOCUMENTS
Mail to: Secretary, Standards Council National Fire Protect ion Association, 1 Bat terymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101
Note: All proposals must be received by 5:00 p .m .E .S .T . /E .S .D .T , on the published proposal closing date.
Date
Address
Name Tel . No.
Representing (Please indicate organization, company or self)
1 . a) Document Tit le:
b) Sect ion/Paragraph:
2. Proposal recommends: (Check one) [] new text [] revised text [] deleted text.
3. Proposal (include proposed new or revised wording, or identification of wording to be deleted):
N F P A No. & Year
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
Log #:
Date Rec'd:
Proposal #:
4. Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Proposal:
5. [] This Proposal is original material . [] This Proposal is not original material; its source (if known) is as follows:
(Note : Or ig ina l m a t e r i a l is cons ide red to be t he submi t t e r ' s own idea based t)n or as a result c~f his own exper i ence , t h o u g h t , or research and . to the best of his knowledge, is not copied
from another source.)
I agree to give NFPA all and full rights, including rights of copyright, in this Proposal and I understand that I acquire no rights in any publication of NFPA in which this Proposal in this or another similar or analogous form is used.
Signature
PLEASE USE SEPARATE FORM FOR EACH PROPOSAL
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated userCESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated userCESAR AUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact
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Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and single download on March 28, 2014 to INNOVAR ESPACIOS SAS for designated user CESARAUGUSTO ORTIZ RINCON. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].