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Index
A ab initio prediction 135-6
glycerol rejection 136 acetone, recovery of 531 acid-alkali resistance 227 acid-base reactions of arsenic species 155-7 acid-base stable NF membranes 24 acid-base systems, log concentration - pH
arsenic as toxic and carcinogenic agent 502-11 contamination of drinking water 506-8 effect of solution pH and membrane 508 occurrence in environment 506 occurrence in groundwater resources 506
future scope 58 cesium, rejection of 158-9 charge characteristics 539 charge density 38 charge interaction 496 cheese, continuous production process 321 chemical industry 26 chemical oxygen demand see COD chemical potential 122-3 chemical processing industry 329-61
applications of NF membranes 538 overview 330 seealso inorganic chemical industry; organic
chemical industry; petrochemical industry; pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry
chemical speciation computer codes 149 concept of 148-52 effect in nanofiltration separation 147-68 effect of concentration polarisation 165-7 effect of ionic strength 150-1 effect of temperature and pressure 151-2 example 148 solution processes influencing 153-64
G gamma-ray initiation 51 gas adsorption-desorption 101-2 gel 54 gel layer formation 184-5
organic fouling 194 Gel Polarisation Model 184 geometric standard deviation (GSD) 129 Gibbs free energy 199 glacial acetic acid 525 glutaraldehyde 47 glycerol rejection, ab initio prediction 136 glycocalyx 218 glycols, recycling and concentration 338-9 gold extraction, NF integrated into activated
carbon elution and electrowinning 470-1 gold processing 470-1
cyanide recovery in 301 Gouy-Chapman model 108 graft polymerization 18-19 granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration 279 gravitational force in colloidal fouling 209 gravity settlement 248 groundwater
advantages of NF 296 chloride transmission 298-9
feed composition 296 operating data 298 process features and fundamentals 296-9 process flow diagram 297 process fundamentals 298-9 process limitations 299-300 project drivers 295 protection 289 remediation 295-300 three-stage pilot plant results 296
gypsum formation, prevention of 470
H hafnia monoclinic membranes 55 Hagen-Poiseuille-type relationships 121-2 halide retentions as function of transmembrane
pressure 510 halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) 483 Halopeau-Dubin diagram 271 Hammett number 498 HCI acid casein whey 308 health effects
trace contaminants 503 trace organics 481-91
heavy metals, treatment of liquors containing 471 Helmholtz model 108 Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation 108 Henry constant (H) 493 hexane recovery 531 high pressure reverse osmosis (HPRO) 402, 408-9 high shear devices 76 hindrance factors 141 homogeneous catalysts 336-7, 531-3 Horvath-Kawazoe method 102 humic acids (HA) 175,248 hybrid processes 241-62
definition 242 seealso specific processes and applications
401 adsorption 401, 407-8 ammonia in 401 application of NF 405-11 biological treatment 400-1 biology and NF 405-6
and adsorption on powdered activated carbon 409-10
with concentrate treatment by adsorption/oxidation 407-8
biology, ultrafiltration, adsorption process 402
landfill I BOD COD cone ecoru estim legal mem NF as oven
oxida ozoru proce reduc R041
w
Langelie laundry leach sol leaching
conte in co
lead rem Loeb-Sot log-nom log-nom loose RO
reject
M macrom. macIOVO
form; magnetn maleic a, malic aci mangani
remo sped
mass law mass trai mass trai mass trai
maximu meat aru
proce
Index 551
landfill leachate treatment continued BOD 398,401 COD 398, 401 concentrate removal 403 economics 410-11 estimated cost 410-11 legal standards 399-400 membrane processes 402-3 NF as single process 405 overview of currently employed processes
lead removal from nitric acid 334 Loeb-Sourirajan (L-5) membranes 6, 8 log-normal distribution function 132-3 log-normal pore size distribution 130-2, 136 loose RO 6, 8, 331, 389
rejection values 1
M macromolecules, aggregation of 165-6 macrovoids 36
formation 37 magnetic treatment of water 246 maleic acid (MA) 40 malic acid 47 manganese
removal of 245-6, 283 speciation 462
mass law 153 mass transfer, in crossflow membrane filtration 188 mass transfer coefficient (MTC) 175, 177 mass transfer correlations 70 maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) 480, 482 meat and poultry pilot plant, wastewater treatment
process 252
membrane bioreactors (MBRs) 416-17 BOD 422 COD 422 Kubota system 421-2 re-use of permeate 422 submerged NF-membranes 423-4 types 417-18 wastewater treatment 422
416, 441 microorganisms, biocide control 221-4 micropores, defined 526 microporous membranes 52 microscopic techniques for morphology of NF
membranes 103-5 MINEQL 149 MINEQL+ 149 mineral processing, application of NF 469-75 MINTEQ 149 mixed oxides 56 modelling 119-46
historical background 120-1 linearised model of engineering calculations
138-41 NF transport 121 rejection of salts 125-9
552 Nanofiltration - Principlesand Applications
modelling continued rejection of uncharged solutes 122-5
modified fouling index (MFI) 175-7 modified fouling index UF (MFI-UF) 177 modules
arrangement 84-6, 268 characterisation 77, 539 concentration polarisation and crossflow
68-72 constraints 84-5 design and operation 67-88 flux enhancing strategies 81-3 high shear
rotor/stator 83 vibrating membrane 82-3
hollow fibre 75-6 laboratory trials 76-7 parallel connected 84 plate and frame 72-3 pulp and paper industry 365-7 role of 68 series connected 84 shell and tube 74-5 spiral-wound 73-4, 86-7, 267, 272
design features 77-81 feed channel spacers 78-81
estimated unit processing costs vs. flow rate 79
mass transfer coefficients vs. channel pressure loss 79
pretreatment 270 simulated distribution of local driving forces
(TMP) over spiral element membrane leaf 81
specific productivity vs. leaf geometry 82 tapered cascade 84 tubular 74-5 types 72-7 typical commercial 266
molar concentrations 151 molecular compound characteristics and groupings
multi-nuclear species 166-7 municipal wastewaters seewater reclamation
N Na- rejection by FilmTec NF40 membrane as
function of pH 155 NaCI
flux ratio as function of concentration 386 in textile dye effluent 384-6 rejection of during diafiltration 13 7 rejection with ratio of effective charge density
to bulk salt concentration 128 NaCl:MgClz mixture, rejection of 141 NaCI:NazS04 mixture, rejection of 141 NAD(P)(H)-linked enzymatic oxidation/reduction
reactions 425-8 nanofiltration (NF)
ceramic membranes 26 definition 1, 537 early development 14-16 future for 540 market growth 3 non-aqueous applications 521-36 possible futures 541 publications 3 rejection values 1 selectivity, early models 12-14 transport modelling 121 use of term 90
nanofiltration (NF) composites 19-20 early 16-19 interfacially produced 20 solvent-stable 24-6
nanofiltration (NF) membrane materials and preparation 33-65 classical organic reactions 49-50 overview 34 polymer types used 37-8
nanofiltration (NF) membranes continued compaction 173 distinctive features 1-2 first -generation 7-11 general behaviour investigation 446-7 history 1960 to 1990 5-31
non-aqueous systems 113 normalisation of performance 174-5 optimisation 120 organic solvent systems 526-8 performance modelling seemodelling performance parameters 91, 111-12 permeability variation with solution chemistry
174 polymeric 90, 351 porous structure 100-5 properties 161, 207-8 rejection of uncharged solutes 96-100 rejection phenomena 1 resistances in filtration, rinsing and cleaning
225 retention 225
as function of transmembrane pressure 2 defined 91 measurements of charged molecules 91-6 of chloride ions in solution of NaCl and
NaZS04 95 of NaZS04, NaCI and CaCl z as function of
feed concentration 95 of NaZS04, NaCI and MgClz and various
dyes 94 separation of charged molecules (ions)
across porous and nonporous 91 separation of uncharged molecules across
porous and nonporous 90 specification 120 stability 464-5 structure properties and performance 90 submerged systems 429 surface investigation 225
Index 553
tubular 266, 268-9 use of term 90 see also NF/RO membranes; non-aqueous
applications nanofiltration (NF) pores 1 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
400 natural organic matter (NOM) 166, 174, 190,
192-5,247-8,268,279-81,283,481,483,494, 504 effect of solution chemistry on deposit of 194 filtration 219 fouling 166 retention 219 variation of molecular dimension and shape
materials and membranes 522-8 non-aqueous RO 528 non-aqueous systems 109-11 non-interfacial crosslinking, composites produced
by 20-2 non-solvents (or 'bad' solvents) 39 non-volatile solvent (NMP) 39 normalized pressure drop (NPD) 175 normalized salt passage (NSP) 175 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 107, 123-4
554 Nanofiltration - Principles andApplications
o l-octanol445 OCWD 293 oil recovery, secondary 356-7 oleochemistry 530-1 oligosaccharides, production of 322-3 open asymmetric NF membranes 11 open RO membranes 6, 18 organic chemical industry
applications of NF 335-43 characterization 334-5 pollution 335 products 334
organic colloid deposition 185 organic compounds
combined effects 484 trace, occurrences and effects 481-91
organic solvents 49, 522 applications of NF 528-33 membrane types for application in 524 NF membranes for 526-8 permeability coefficients 110
Osmonics HL 104 osmotic pressure 183
difference across a pore 121 Osmotic Pressure Model 181 oxidation, landfill leachate treatment 407-8 oxidation!reduction, landfill leachate treatment
molecular structures 486 partition coefficients 97 rejection of 96 removal in borehole water 279 retention as function of molecular weight 499
petrochemical industry 353-8, 529-30 application of NF membranes 538 produced water recovery 357-8
pH cadmium species as function of 149 effect on As(V) and As(III) rejection by NF
membrane 156 Na- rejection by FilmTec NF40 membrane as
function of 155 pH control 202 pH range typical of natural waters 155-7 pH stability 23-4, 26 pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry
343-52 applications of NF 345-52 general industrial process description 344 overview 343 pilot/prototype applications 344 research and development bench test
technology 343 pharmaceutical industry 26 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs)
482-3,489-91 removal of
in municipal wastewater treatment 490 using RO membranes 491
photocatalysis characteristics of NF membranes used in 444 color removal via 390 coupled with physical separation 441 essential characteristics 438 heterogeneous 438-9 in liquid phase 437 in waste treatment 437 mechanism occurring when semiconductor
particle is irradiated 438 with RO processes 453
photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) advantages 435-58 applications and alternative processes 441-51 configurations 436! 441-5 NF membranes application to wastewater
pre filters 246 pregnant leach solution (PLS) 472 pretreatment 241-62
applications 243 biological 248-9 fouling 266 importance in NF 242-3 methods 243 nanofiltration as 253-6 non-membrane methods 243-9 overview 242-3 removal of colloids and solids 246 removal of organic substances 246-7 spiral-wound membranes 270 using filter media 249-53 see also specific processes and applications
process water, filtration and recycling 323-4
produced water, recovery of 357-8 rejectir
product purification and production 137, 252 une product recovery 137 product water, quality targets 292 residua propylene glycol, cleaning and recycling 339 Resista protein, hydrolysis 416 retentf protein-based biocatalysts 416 4-N
PTHREE project 488 CA: pulp and paper industry 364-77 defi
current and future applications of NF 374-5 effe estimated total costs 374 effe existing mill stage NF plants 368-71 flow sheet NF process 370-1 ent integrated mill 367-8 imj
NF modules 365-7 mel overview 364-5 mu permeate fluxes and development of feed Na2
conductivity 373 pilot and bench scale systems 371-4 Na< water circulation in integrated mill 369 water quality obtained with NF hybrid process sac
372 sod water streams in integrated mill 368 soli waters that could be processed with membranes reverse
and reused 367-8 292 pure water permeability 100 con purificaiton 256-7 pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) recovery 342-3 can pyridines 46 lam pyromellitic acid 525 phc
pre R put Raman spectroscopy 107 reje reactive dyes 380, 386, 392 sin! recirculation reservoir with immersed lamp 448 spn reclaimed water see water reclamation tex redox-initiated graft polymerisation with potassium see
aluminum separation from 466 anodising solutions, hybrid process 465 NF application 333 purification 467
sulfuric acid liquor, application of NF 465 supersaturation ratio 200 supports 56-7 surface area difference (SAD) 208 surface blockage, mechanism 204 surface energy 105 Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) 123 surface force - pore flow method for pore size and
pore size distribution 103 surface modification of membranes 48-52 surface properties of polyamide thin-film
titration 109 toluene 353 total carbon (1 total dissolved total dissolved total Inorganic total organic c
398,439,4 trace contamn
anthropogi characteris definitions drinking al examples' groups 48~
inorganics remove retentn
Index 559
temperature dependency of equilibrium constants 151
tertiary municipal effluent fouling 180 textile dye effluent 379-93
application of NF 382-6 BOD removal 387-8 clarification/filtration processes 391 COD removal 387-8 comparison of NF with UF and RO 381-2 effect of electrolyte and dye concentration on
concentration polarisation 383-4 effect of membrane charge 383 hybrid systems 388-91 issues needing to be resolved 381 membrane fouling with 387
textile industry application of NF membranes 539 current objectives 3RO
thin film composite (TFC) 90, Ill, 444 reverse osmosis 293
thin film composite polyamide (TFC PAl 281 tight UF 6 tinoxide membranes 56 rio,