NEXT The Rise of Dictators and World War II, 1931–1945 The rise of fascism leads to World War II. The war is won by the allies and has major consequences.

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The Rise of Dictators andWorld War II, 1931–1945

The rise of fascism leads to World War II. The war is won by the allies and has major consequences for the world.

British troops advance across the desert during the North Africa campaign of World War II.

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

Steps to War

War in Africa and Europe

War in the Pacific

SECTION 4

SECTION 5

The Home Front

The Legacy of the War

The Rise of Dictators andWorld War II, 1931–1945

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Section 1

Steps to War The rise of dictators in Europe and Asia leads to World War II.

The Rise of Dictators

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Steps to War

• By mid-1930s, dictators control Italy, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union

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• After WW I Germany treated harshly, loses some territories, all colonies

• Japan, Italy dissatisfied by treaties ending World War I

• Forced to disarm, pay war damages, accept war’s responsibility

• Great Depression causes mass unemployment, unrest worldwide

• Many Europeans turn to new leaders to solve problems

Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin

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• Italy’s Benito Mussolini begins political movement called fascism

• Fascism—extreme nationalism, patriotism, linked to racism: - oppress people with different views

• Mussolini becomes Italy’s dictator (1925), called IL Duce (the Leader)

Continued . . .

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continued Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin

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• Adolf Hitler leads National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi )

• In Russia, Joseph Stalin succeeds V.I. Lenin

• Win control, government (1933), Hitler called der Führer (the Leader)

• Nazis preach German racial superiority, revenge of WW I defeat

• Imposes strict control, crushes any form of opposition

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• Japan conquers Manchuria (1931), Italy conquers Ethiopia (1936)

• Germany, Italy, their allies form alliance known as the Axis

• Germany takes over Rhineland, shock French who take no action

Dictators Seek to Expand Territory

• Supported by Hitler and Mussolini, fascist forces take over Spain

• Hitler invades Austria (1938), welcomed by many Germans, Austrians

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Appeasement at Munich

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• Hitler wants to take over Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia

• Britain’s Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler (1938), agree that:- Germany takes control of Sudetenland- Germany promises not to seek more

territory

• France, Russia pledge to support Czechoslovakia if attacked

• Agreement is appeasement—meet Germany’s demands to avoid war

Germany Starts the War

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• Hitler conquers rest of Czechoslovakia, intends to attack Poland

• Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands

• Germany uses new method of warfare blitzkrieg (lightning war):- stresses speed, surprise in use of tanks, troops, planes

• Germany, Soviet Union sign nonaggression pact, both invade Poland

Continued . . .

Interactive

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• British soldiers retreat to Dunkirk, British vessels evacuate them

• German planes launch massive bombing attack on London

• Britain’s Royal Air Force fights German Air Force, or Luftwaffe

• German troops invade France, reach Paris in two weeks (1940)

• Battle of Britain frustrates Hitler, British do not surrender

continued Germany Starts the War

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Germany Attacks the Soviet Union

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• Soviet Union invades Finland, seizes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

• Hitler invades Soviet Union, June 1941

• Despite alliance, Hitler and Stalin distrust each other

• Harsh winter halts German advance, Soviets drive Germans back

• Reinforces armies heading North, South instead of focusing on Moscow

• Germans try to capture Leningrad for 3 years, city never falls

The United States Aids the Allies

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• FDR sets up Lend-Lease Act (1941), allows U.S. to:- lend, lease raw materials, equipment,

weapons to the Allies- send $50 billion in war goods to Allies

Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

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• Japan joins alliance with Germany, Italy (1940)

• Japanese planes bomb American naval base Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941)

• Wants to invade Dutch East Indies, needs to eliminate U.S. Navy

• About 2,400 Americans die in attack, U.S. planes, ships destroyed

• U.S. declares war on Japan, Germany; Italy declares war on U.S.

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Section 2

War in Africa and Europe The Allies defeat the Axis powers in Europe and Africa.

Mobilizing for War

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• In U.S., millions volunteer for armed forces, millions more drafted

• Selective Service Act—men between ages 18-38 register, military

War in Africa and Europe

• Mexican, African, Asian and Native Americans enlist

• African Americans, some Japanese Americans serve in segregated units

• Women serve in armed forces, also join Army, Navy Nurse Corps

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Battles in Africa and Italy

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• Britain fights Axis forces for control of northern Africa, Suez Canal

• U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Allied troops land, northern Africa

• British stop German advance toward the Suez Canal (1942)

• General Erwin Rommel commands Germany’s troops in Africa

• Defeated by Rommel, regroup, force Axis in northern Africa, surrender

• Allies establish base from which to attack southern Europe

Continued . . .

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• Allies force Germans out of Sicily (1943), sweep into Italy

• Mussolini imprisoned, escapes, Italy surrenders to Allies (Sept. 1943)

continued Battles in Africa and Italy

The Allied Advance and D-Day

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• Germans attack Stalingrad, after harsh winter surrender to Soviets (1943)

• After suffering severe losses, Allies secure Normandy beaches

• D-Day—Allied forces invade Normandy in France (June 6, 1944)

• Allied forces pour into France, liberate Paris • U.S. soldier Audie Murphy kills 50 enemy

troops, gets Medal of Honor • Battle of the Bulge—German troops attack

Allies, defeated

Victory in Europe

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• Allied leaders FDR, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin meet in Yalta

• Yalta Conference—plans made for end of war, Europe’s future:- Stalin promises to declare war on Japan after Germany surrenders- establish a postwar international

peace-keeping organization- discuss types of government to be set up in

Eastern Europe

Continued . . .

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• FDR dies, vice-president Harry S. Truman succeeds him

• Allies declare May 8, V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)

• Russians reach Berlin, Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders

continued Victory in Europe

The Horrors of the Holocaust

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• Allies discover concentration camps where Jews, others murdered

• During the Holocaust Nazis kill:- about 6 million Jews- millions of people from other ethnic groups- 11 million people in all

• Hitler preaches hatred of Jews, blames Jews for Germany’s problems

Continued . . .

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• Hitler enforces anti-Semitism, denies Jews their rights, possessions

• Force able-bodied to work, rest are slaughtered

• Nazi’s cram Jews into concentration camps

• Starts “The Final Solution”—kill every Jew under German rule

• Kill hundreds at a time in gas chambers, then burn bodies in ovens

continued The Horrors of the Holocaust

• In largest concentration camp, Auschwitz, more than 1 million murdered

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Section 3

War in the Pacific After early losses, the Allies defeat the Japanese in the Pacific.

Japan Expands Its Empire

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War in the Pacific

• Attacks Malaya, Burma, defeats British forces

• Japan conquers Hong Kong, Thailand, U.S. islands Guam, Wake

• Invades Philippines, meets stiff resistance from U.S., Filipino troops

• U.S. troops on Bataan surrender to Japan, endure Bataan Death March

• In Philippines, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur told to withdraw

The Allies Turn the Tide at Midway

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• U.S. launches daring air raid on Japanese cities, including Tokyo

• Marks turning point in the war

• Defeats Japanese navy at Battle of Midway (June 1942)

• U.S. Navy blocks Japanese advance at Battle of the Coral Sea

The Allies Advance

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• Allies attack Japanese by using method called island hopping:- invade islands not heavily defended by

Japanese- use captured islands to stage further attacks

Continued . . .

Interactive

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• Allies defeat Japanese at Guadalcanal (1942)

• Japanese use kamikazes, suicide pilots fly planes into Allied warships

• Allies take over the Philippines, Japanese navy severely damaged

• Use Navajo language to transmit messages, Navajos as Code Talkers

continued The Allies Advance

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

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• Allies conquer islands of Iwo Jima, Okinawa (1945)

• More than 18,000 U.S. deaths, more than 120,000 Japanese deaths

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Atomic Weapons End the War

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• To avoid heavy U.S. casualties, U.S. uses atomic bomb on Japan

• Manhattan Project—top-secret program set up to build atomic bomb

• President Truman warns Japanese about destruction

• Japan does not surrender, atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, kills 70,000

• Japan refuses to surrender, 2nd atomic bomb hits Nagasaki, kills 40,000

• Japan surrenders on September 2, 1945

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Section 4

The Home Front Americans at home make great contributions to the Allied victory.

Wartime Production

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The Home Front

• WW II ends Great Depression, U.S. unemployment rate falls

• War Production Board (WPB)—guides production of war supplies

• Armed forces need for materials makes some items scarce

• To pay for war, government raises income taxes, sells war bonds

• Rationing—families receive a fixed amount of scarce items

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Opportunities for Women and Minorities

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• Many men fight overseas, demand for women workers rises sharply

• “Rosie the Riveter”—popular image, strong woman works in arms factory

• African Americans get many jobs in defense industry

• Go to cities offering jobs, influx inflames racial tension

Continued . . .

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• A. Philip Randolph helps get equal rights for blacks in workplaces

continued Opportunities for Women and Minorities

• President Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802, outlaws:- job discrimination in defense industries

working for U.S. government • Thousands of Native Americans, Hispanics

work in war industries • Bracero program—U.S. government hires

Mexicans to do farm labor • Los Angeles, U.S. servicemen attack Mexican

Americans in zoot-suit riots

The Internment of Japanese Americans

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• After Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans seen as security threat

• President Roosevelt supports Japanese-American internment:- more than 110,000 Japanese Americans moved from homes to camps- kept under guard, live in cramped conditions

• U.S. fear of Japanese-American disloyalty is unfounded

• Japanese-American military units show courage in battle

Map

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Section 5

The Legacy of the War World War II has deep and lasting effects on the United States and the world.

The War’s Human Cost

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The Legacy of the War

• Soviet Union suffers most severe losses:- 7.5 million military deaths, 5 million wounded

• World War II claims more lives than any other war

•War creates about 21 million refugees, try to

readjust after war

• Civilian casualties number in the millions

Economic Winners and Losers

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• WW II leaves many of world’s economies in ruins

• Only U.S. comes out of war with a strong economy

• Secretary of State George C. Marshall sets up Marshall Plan (1948):- U.S. gives 13 billion to European countries

to help them revive

Changes in American Society

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• G.I. Bill of Rights—provides education, economic help to veterans

• Returning soldiers cause housing shortage • Many Americans have moved to war-related

jobs in cities, California • Includes hundreds of thousands of

African-Americans

The Nuremberg Trials

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• Nuremberg trials—international court tries Nazi leaders for war crimes

• 24 defendants accused of crimes against humanity including:- murder of millions of Jews, others

• 19 defendants found guilty, 12 sentenced to death

• 185 other Nazi leaders found guilty in later trials

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Creation of the United Nations

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• WW II shows weakness of League of Nations • League is weak largely because U.S. is not a

member • 50 nations, including U.S., form peacekeeping

body—United Nations

International Tensions

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• United Nations helps found Israel, a homeland for Jews in Palestine

• Neighboring Arab nations attack Israel • Many colonies around the world fight for

independence • Powerful Soviet Union puts Eastern Europe

under Communist control • U.S. wants to stop spread of Communism • End of WW II marks beginning of the atomic

age

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