NEXT Man taking a piece of the Berlin Wall as a souvenir after the fall of communism in East Germany (December 1989). Struggles for Democracy, 1945–Present China and governments in Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet bloc respond to calls for democracy.
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NEXT Man taking a piece of the Berlin Wall as a souvenir after the fall of communism in East Germany (December 1989). Struggles for Democracy, 1945–Present.
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Man taking a piece of the Berlin Wall as a souvenir after the fall of communism in East Germany (December 1989).
Struggles for Democracy,1945–Present
China and governments in Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet bloc respond to calls for democracy.
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Struggles for Democracy,1945–Present
Map
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Democracy
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
SECTION 5 China: Reform and Reaction
Chart
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Section 1
Democracy In Latin America, economic problems andauthoritarian rule delay democracy.
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Democracy As a Goal
Democracy
Difficulties in Establishing Democracy• Common practices include free elections and
A Land of Many Peoples• Nigeria has people from three ethnic groups, each
with own state• Country adopts federal system—state, central
governments share power
SECTION
2
War with Biafra• In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting• Military imposes martial law—temporary military
rule—in 1966• In 1967, eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new
country of Biafra• War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated, Nigeria
reunited
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Nigeria’s Nation-Building
Federal Government Restored• In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable
federal system
SECTION
2
A Return to Civilian Rule• General Sani Abacha overturns election results of
1993, takes power• He punishes dissidents—government opponents• In 1999, civilian government finally gains power
President Obasanjo• Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by
ending corruption• Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigeria’s debt to
rebuild country
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South Africa Under Apartheid
Minority Rule• South Africa gains independence in 1931; white
minority rules
SECTION
2
Apartheid Segregates Society• In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid—
separation of races• Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for
blacks in 1959
Blacks Protest• In 1912, blacks form African National Congress
(ANC) to protest• Nelson Mandela—ANC leader imprisoned for 27
years• Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes
resulting in violence
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Struggle for Democracy
Pressure for Change• Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic
pressure on government• He asks other countries not to trade with South
Africa
SECTION
2
The First Steps• In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees
Mandela from prison• Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to
blacks• De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be
held in 1994
Continued . . .
Image
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Majority Rule• In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament;
Mandela elected president
continued Struggle for Democracy
SECTION
2
A New Constitution• In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights
to all
South Africa Today• In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected president• He faces challenges: high crime, unemployment,
rampant poverty• He hopes to increase trade with other countries• Major problem facing South Africa is high number of
people with AIDS
Section 3
The Collapse of theSoviet Union Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union.
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Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
Problems Develop• Politburo—ruling committee of Communist Party;
rules USSR harshly• Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule
briefly
SECTION
3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union
A Younger Leader• Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984• Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new
policies
Glasnost Promotes Openness• To achieve economic reforms, he needs open
dialogue in society• Promotes new policy of glasnost—openness;
dissent allowed
Image
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Reforming the Economy and Politics
Economic Restructuring• People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev
blames old system• In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of
economic restructuring• Hopes to make economy more efficient,
productive
SECTION
3
Democratization Opens the Political System• In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy• Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new
legislature
Foreign Policy• Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S.
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The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil
Ethnic Revolts• Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but
reforms lead to collapse• Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different
republics
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
Lithuania Defies Gorbachev• In 1990, Lithuania declares independence• Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics,
sends troops
Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev• Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against
Communist old guard• Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and
Yeltsin
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The August Coup• In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of
government again• Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against
this move• Army refuses to attack protesters and coup
collapses
continued The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil
SECTION
3
Image
End of the Soviet Union• Government takes actions to punish Communist
Party for the coup• Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev
cannot stop them• Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of
Independent States
Map
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Russia Under Boris Yeltsin
Yeltsin Faces Problems• Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy • Tries “shock therapy”—quick transition to free
market system• New policies bring economic chaos and hardship,
political troubles
SECTION
3
Chechnya Rebels• In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from
Russia• Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing unrest at
home• As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor of
Vladimir Putin
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Russia Under Vladimir Putin
Troubles Continue in Chechnya• Fighting drags on in Chechnya• In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in
Moscow, many die
SECTION
3
Economic, Political, and Social Problems• Economic problems continue, leading to unstable
politics• Social problems include homelessness,
unemployment• Declines in population, standard of living, average life
expectancy
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Section 4
Changes in Central andEastern EuropeChanges in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe.
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Changes in Central andEastern Europe
The Rise of Solidarity• Workers strike to win recognition of Solidarity—
Polish labor union• Lech Walesa—leader of union—becomes national
hero
SECTION
4
Poland and Hungary Reform
Continued . . .
Solidarity Defeats Communists• Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot
solve economic woes• In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of
Solidarity• Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president
of Poland
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Poland Votes Out Walesa• Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly• Though some progress made, many Poles
unhappy; Walesa voted out
continued Poland and Hungary Reform
SECTION
4
Hungarian Communists Disband • In 1990, voters elect non-Communist government in
Hungary• Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999
Poland Under Kwasniewski• Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in 1995• Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong
market economy
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Germany Reunifies
Resistance to Change• East Germany’s leader resists reforms as in
Poland, Hungary• Thousands of East Germans escape through
Hungary to Austria
Fall of the Berlin Wall• East Germany closes its borders, sparking massive
protests• In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin
Wall• By end of year, Communist government there has
collapsed
SECTION
4
Continued . . .
Image
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Reunification• Reunification—merging of the two Germanys—
achieved in 1990
continued Germany Reunifies
SECTION
4
A New Chancellor• In 1998, Kohl voted out of office• New leader—Gerhard Schroeder—has difficulty
reviving economy• Germany becomes more active in world affairs after
reunifying
Germany’s Challenges• East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding• This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl
to raise taxes
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Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia Reforms• In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests,
demands democracy• Tough government crackdown sparks more
protests• By late 1989, Communists are gone; Václav
Havel elected president
Czechoslovakia Breaks Up• Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern
part of country• In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate
countries• Both economies grow—slow in Czech Republic;
faster in Slovakia
SECTION
4
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Overthrow in Romania
A Popular Uprising• In late 1989, Romania’s leader has army shoot
protestors• This action prompts major revolt and collapse of
Communist rule• Dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and wife executed
Christmas Day, 1989
The Romanian Economy• Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s;
economy lags • Much of economy still owned by government, not in
private hands• But Government begins moving toward market
economy
SECTION
4
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The Breakup of Yugoslavia
Ethnic Problems• Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of
6 republics
A Bloody Breakup• Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on
whole country• Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win
independence• In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares
independence; war breaks out• Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid
of Bosnian Muslims• In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up
multiethnic government
SECTION
4
Image
Continued . . .
Map
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Rebellion in Kosovo• In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province
of ethnic Albanians • Serbian army invades to put down Albanian
rebels with harsh force• In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to
withdraw
continued The Breakup of Yugoslavia
SECTION
4
The Region Faces Its Problems• Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes
trials• Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may
separate in future
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Section 5
China: Reform and Reaction In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.
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China: Reform and Reaction
Problems of Mao’s Rule• Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but
cannot• Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent
economic growth• He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive
Communist spirit• Its excesses turn many people against communism• Zhou Enlai—leader in early 1970s—pursues
moderate policies
The Legacy of Mao
SECTION
5
Chart
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China and the West
China Opened Its Doors• Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest
of world• In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations
SECTION
5
Economic Reform• In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of
Communist Party• Deng Xiaoping—becomes leader of China by 1980• Four Modernizations—Deng’s plan for economic
progress• This policy reverses strict Communist policies long
backed by Mao
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Massacre in Tiananmen Square
Unforeseen Problems• Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of
Communist leaders• Western political ideas enter China, encouraging
democracy
SECTION
5
Students Demand Democracy• In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square—
public area in Beijing
Deng Orders a Crackdown• Deng orders army to surround square, attack
protesters• Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded• Government begins large-scale campaign to end
dissent
Image
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China Enters the New Millennium
China Under Jiang• In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power• Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s
reforms• In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji• Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms
SECTION
5
Transfer of Hong Kong• Hong Kong—former British colony, city in China,
major economic power• In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China
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China Beyond 2000
Economics and Politics• Economic reforms reduce poverty in China• Though many countries have economic
problems, China’s economy grows• Many in China want political reforms• China is becoming more involved with other
countries
SECTION
5
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