NEXT GENERATION ROTAVIRUS VACCINES WHO Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee 26-27 June 2018 Duncan Steele, Carl Kirkwood, Lyou-Fu Ma Confidential and proprietary data © 2014 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
NEXT GENERATION ROTAVIRUS VACCINES
WHO Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee
26-27 June 2018
Duncan Steele, Carl Kirkwood, Lyou-Fu Ma
Confidential and proprietary data
© 2014 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 2
Robust pipeline of live, attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines
• WHO pre-qualified and globally introduced
• Nationally licensed and in use in country
• New vaccines in development
Global impact of rotavirus vaccines
• Global status of rotavirus vaccine introductions
• Global impact and vaccine effectiveness
Rationale for developing parenterally delivered, non-replicating rotavirus vaccines
• Modest efficacy and effectiveness of the current live, attenuated rotavirus vaccines => better efficacy
• Potential increased safety profile of non-replicating rotavirus vaccines
• Opportunity for combination vaccines with routine childhood vaccines
• Potential lower COGS
• Potential for alternative immunization schedules
CURRENT SCENARIO FOR ROTAVIRUS VACCINES
CONFIDENTIAL
LIVE ATTENUATED, ORAL ROTAVIRUS VACCINES
Vaccine pipeline is diverse including: • Multiple live-attenuated oral vaccines • Non-replicating candidates “Current” licensed generation vaccines: • Three WHO PQed products • National licenses, mainly in private
market • These aim to match performance of
Rotarix/RotaTeq vaccines • Offer domestic mfg. options, add to
supplier base / sustain competition Next generation parenteral vaccines • Aim to exceed / meet performance of
Rotarix/RotaTeq vaccines • Offer potential additional safety • Offer potential lower costs • Offer potential combination
opportunities for increased coverage
WHO PQ
DCVMs include: Bharat Serum BioFarma Hilleman Polyvac Wuhan Shantha Butantan Langzhou
Liquid presentation Bharat Biotech
ROTAVAC Bharat Biotech
Live
-att
en
uat
ed
, o
ral Lamb rotavirus
Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products
Liquid BRV Serum Institute
Liquid BRV Shantha Biotechnics
Rotavin Polyvac, Vietnam.
RotaSIIL Serum Institute
RV3-BB Biofarma, Indonesia
Liquid BRV WUHAN China
Liquid BRV BUTANTAN Brazil
Discovery & preclinical
Phase 2 Phase 3 Market Phase 1
Live
-att
en
uat
ed
o
ral (
WH
O P
Q)
RotaTeq Merck
Rotarix GSK
Heat stable pentavalent Hilleman
MSD, India
Dormant
National license
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 3
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 4 Source: International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. VIEW-hub Global
Vaccine Introduction and Implementation Report, June20, 2018
New Gavi country introductions
2017: Lesotho, Cote D’Ivoire, Pakistan (phased national introduction
ongoing)
2018: Afghanistan, Uganda, DRC, Nepal, Benin, Bangladesh (Uttar
Pradesh will also introduce)
2019 (expected): Nigeria*, CAR, Myanmar, Lao PDR
GLOBAL ROTAVIRUS VACCINE INTRODUCTIONS
92 countries have introduced by December 2017
ROTAVIRUS VACCINE EFFICACY (PRE-LICENSURE) WAS SIMILAR IN
SIMILAR SETTINGS (i.e. HIGH AND LOW INCOME COUNTRIES)
US/Finland/Other
RotaTeq 98% (88.3,100)
Africa
RotaTeq 64.2% (40.2, 79.4)
Rotarix 61.7 % (44.0, 73.2)
Southeast Asia
RotaTeq 51.0% (12.8, 73.3)
India
ROTAVAC 56.3% (12.8, 73.3)
Efficacy against severe rotavirus disease in first year of life
Vesikari T, Matson DO, Dennehy P et al. NEJM 2006; 354:23-33; Ruiz-Palacios GM, Perez-Schael I, et al. NEJM 2006; 354:11-22; Madhi SA, Cunliffe NA, Steele AD et al. NEJM 2010; 362:346-
357; Zaman K, Anh DD, Victor CV et al. Lancet 2010; 376:615-23; Armah GE, Sow S, Breiman RF et al. Lancet 2010; 376:606-614; Bhandari N, Rongsen-Chandola T, Bavdekar A, et al. Lancet
2014; 383:2136-43; Isanaka S, Ousmane G, Langendorf C, et al. NEJM 2017;376:1121-30; Kulkarni PS, Desai S, Tewari T, et al. Vaccine 2017; 35:6228-37
Latin America/Finland
Rotarix 84.7% (71.7,92.4)
5
Southeast Asia (high)
Rotarix > 96%
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |
George Armah
Nigel Cunliffe
Samba Sow
Shabir Madhi
K Zaman
PK Kulkarni
India
RotaSIIL 36% (11.7, 53.6)
Niger
RotaSIIL 66.7% (49.9, 77.9)
Sheila Isanaka Dang Duc Anh
Nita Bhandari
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 6
SUMMARY OF ROTAVIRUS VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES
57 articles from 27 countries
Among children <5 years of age, the median percentage reduction in
AGE hospitalizations 38% overall and 41%, 30%, and 46% in countries with low, medium,
and high child mortality, respectively
Hospitalizations and emergency department visits due to rotavirus AGE were reduced by a
median of 67% overall and 71%, 59%, and 60% in countries with low, medium, and high child
mortality, respectively Reduction in mortality due to acute gastroenteritis
Burnett E, Jonestellar CL, Tate J et al, J Infect Dis. 2017; 215:1666-72
Gastanaduy P, Sanchex-Uribe E, Esparza-Aguilar M, et al. Pediatrics 2013; 131(4): e1115-20
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 7
ROTAVIRUS DISEASE BURDEN AFTER ROTAVIRUS VACCINE INTRODUCTION
Attributable proportion of rotavirus severe diarrhea is still high, despite vaccine introduction and
uptake in African countries (provisional unpublished data)
Kenya (RVIDA, 1st year data) Tanzania
CONFIDENTIAL Source: Karen Kotloff, UMD and Eric Houpt and colleagues, UVA
• Despite enormous success of live attenuated, oral rotavirus vaccines several issues remain:
o A lower protective efficacy in the first 1-2 years of life (~50-60%) in developing countries in Asia
and Africa against moderate-to-severe rotavirus diarrhea
o Waning efficacy in the second year of life with little evidence of protection in the second year as
compared to the protection in "high-income“ countries (>95%)
o Limited indirect protection in impoverished, high risk settings
• Lower national coverage of rotavirus vaccine than DPT-3 / pentavalent vaccine rates in most
countries
• Vaccine costs are still relatively high.
• Despite an overall acceptable safety profile, intussusception rate seems to be slightly
increased by the live oral rotavirus vaccination (occurrence 1 to 3 /100 000 vaccine
recipients) in developed countries
Thus non-replicating, parenterally delivered rotavirus vaccines may provide viable alternative
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 8
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNT ABOUT LIVE, ORAL ROTAVIRUS VACCINES?
CONFIDENTIAL
CHALLENGES FOR ORAL ROTAVIRUS VACCINES
• Transplacental maternal
antibodies
• Breast milk antibodies
• Stomach acid/proteases
• Co-administration of other
vaccines
• Nutritional status
• Environmental enteropathy
• Microbiota
• Micronutrient deficiency
• Early & constant exposure
to other gut pathogens
• Other co-morbidities
Factors that lower
virus titre
Factors that affect
antibody responses
9 Glass RI, Jiang B, Parashar U. Vaccine 2018; 36:2233-36; Patel M, Shane AL, Parashar U et al, J Infect Dis 2009; 200:39-48
Multiple clinical immuno studies • 2 v 3 doses of Rotatrix
• With/without breastfeeding
• Interference from maternal ab
• Interval between doses
• Booster dose at 9 mo
• Enteric pathogen interference
• Zn / probiotic co-administration
Multiple host studies • Microbiome
• Blood group antigen /Lewis
secretor status
• Environmental enteropathy
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |
NON-REPLICATING, PARENTERAL ROTAVIRUS VACCINES
10
Discovery Phase 2 Phase 3
Expressed
VP6 protein
No
n r
eplic
atin
g
Inactivated Rotavirus CDC/SII
VLP VP2/6;
VP2/6/7
NRRV (P2-VP8*) PATH
Combo- VP6 with
norovirus VLP
Potential benefits include:
• Lower COGs
• Higher efficacy profile
• Decreased signal of intussusception
• Potential for use in combination vaccine
• Potential for alternative dosing schedules
Pre-clinical
CONFIDENTIAL
Phase 1 Licensure
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |
• Developed by PATH, using NIH constructs. • SK Vaccines, Korea - commercial partner
• Trivalent vaccine candidate based on: • truncated VP8 subunits of P[4], P[6] and P[8]
genotypes (major circulating human rotavirus
genotypes)
• fused to tetanus toxin P2 CD4 epitope
• expressed in E.coli (T7 promoter)
• adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide
• parenteral IM administration route
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 11
NON-REPLICATING ROTAVIRUS VACCINE (NRRV – P2-VP8* TV)
*
*
ΔVP8*
Fusion domain
Hsc70 binding
site
*
*
Wen X et al. Vaccine 2014; Wen X et al. HVI 2015
VP7 outer capsid
VP4 hemagglutinin
VP6 inner capsid
Phase 1 safety study in US adults
Monovalent P2-VP8* P[8] was well
tolerated and immunogenic
• 4-fold rises of both IgA and IgG
responses observed
• Increasing GMTs with dose and titres
• Homologous N-Abs observed in ~50%
of subjects
• Responses to P[4] and P[6] had lower
GMTs
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 12
CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF P2-VP8* MONOVALENT CANDIDATE
Phase 2 age-descending, dose-escalating study of the
monovalent vaccine candidate (P2-VP8* P[8]) in toddlers
and infants in South Africa
Serum antibody geometric mean titres (unadjusted)
Fix A, Harro C, McNeal M et al. Vaccine 2015; 33:3766-72; Groome MJ, Koen A, Fix A et al, Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17:843-53
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 13
Serum antibody responses
Shedding of Rotarix after 3-dose P2-VP8* vaccine
PHASE 2 SAFETY/IMMUNOGENICITY
IN TODDLERS AND INFANTS
Groome MJ, Koen A, Fix A et al, Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17:843-53
14
AGE-DESCENDING, DOSE-ESCALATING STUDY OF THE TRIVALENT P2-
VP8* VACCINE IN SOUTH AFRICAN INFANTS
• Phase 1/2 study in South Africa – initiated in March 2016
• Healthy adults, toddlers and infants
• Dose-escalation: 15 => 30 => 90 µg of total antigen
• Infants received 3 IM doses, one month apart, co-administered with EPI vaccines
• Enrolled in two stages, DSMB review before progression to Phase 2
• Enrollment closed in May 2017 – 558 infants enrolled
• Final visit for primary data (28 days after last study vaccination) – 18 August 2017
• All dose-levels in infants well tolerated and no safety signals observed
• Immunogenicity results showed robust immune responses (n=139/arm)
A priori “go” criteria were met and a decision to progress to Phase 2b/3 efficacy study,
with early futility read.
CONFIDENTIAL © Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |
CONFIDENTIAL Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 15
TWO DATA SLIDES WITHHELD OF THE P2-VP8* TRIVALENT CLINICAL TRIAL IN SOUTH AFRICA
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 16
INACTIVATED ROTAVIRUS VACCINE (IRV) WITH GROWTH AND
STABILITY
>99% TLP
G1P8 G2P4
● 107 ~ 108 titer in Vero cells
● Predominant (>90%) triple-layered
● Stable during USP & DSP
~ 107 ffu/ml
~ 108 ffu/ml
G1P4
CDC-9 strain
Jiang B et al, Vaccine 2008; Jiang B et al, HVI 2008
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 17
IRV-CDC9 SHOWS IMMUNOGENICITY AND PROTECTION IN ANIMAL
MODELS
10
100
1000
10000
Wa G1P[8] MW333 G8P[4] WI61 G9P[8]
An
tib
od
ies (G
MT
)
pre dose 1
post dose 1
post dose 2
post dose 3
Induces cross-neutralizing-antibody to homotypic
and heterotypic strains IM route protects against oral challenge in
gnotobiotic piglets
Days of rotavirus shedding in stool after oral challenge (measured
by EIA)
Placebo IRV- CDC9
Jiang B, Wang Y, Glass RI. Human Vac & Immunotherap 2013; 9:1634-37; Wang Y, Azevedo M, Saif LJ et al Vaccine 2010; 28:5432-36
Wang Y, Vlasova A, Velasquez DE et al. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166038
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 18
ONE DATA SLIDE OF UNPUBLISHED RESULTS OF CO-ADMINISTRATION OF IRV-CDC9 AND IPV IN RAT MODEL
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 19
IRV-CDC9 DEVELOPMENT: PROGRESS TO DATE AT SERUM INSTITUTE
Procurement of strains and related regulatory work completed.
Preparation and characterization of seed viruses completed.
Production procedure (pilot scale) standardized.
Inactivation kinetic study on pilot scale (one liter) completed.
Immunogenicity & cross protective immunity in animals established.
Assays validated, stability (up to 9 months) and potency completed.
Future plans
• Large scale production development process optimization (one year).
• Animal Toxicity materials preparation (six months).
• First in human study should start by Mid 2019
• Combination vaccine R&D – proposed with IPV
CONFIDENTIAL
Last updated: July 19, 2018
Tri
vale
nt
P2
-VP
8
PA
TH
/SK
Ch
em
ica
ls Multinational P2b/3 Futility/Efficacy Trial with active comparator for
prevention of severe RV gastroenteritis in healthy infants
cGMP
Manuf P3 Stand Alone
Vaccine
Value Proposition / Health
Economics of various options
Combination Vaccine
NRRV+ Penta/Hexa
Formulation
Feasibility cGMP Manuf Combination
Vaccine Formulation
Scale up
Immunization Schedule Clinical immunogenicity Trial- Prime (oral
RV vax) / Boost (trivalent P2-VP8)
IRV
CD
C9
CD
C/S
IIL
GLP Tox
cGMP
Manuf Ph1
Adult Phase 1
2024 20252018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Clinical immunogenicity
bridging trial
IND
Ph2/3 Age De-escalation to
booster population
Proc Validation/cGMP
Manuf for Ph3
Ph3 booster extension study for efficacy
Local Registration
MFDS
WHO PQ
Local Registration
TBD
Licensure as a toddler booster
dose in ORV countries
Ph2: Immunogenicity Age
Descending
Proc Validation/CGMP Manuf P3
Ph3 clinical efficacy
Local Registration
MFDS
Traditional path
APPROXIMATE DEVELOPMENT TIMELINES FOR LEAD CANDIDATES
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 20
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 21
HIGH-LEVEL VALUE PROPOSITION OF NEXT GENERATION ROTAVIRUS
VACCINES
Strategic goal: To develop a parenterally administered alternative to currently available live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LORVs) which is safe, provides increased relative efficacy and is more affordable to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with severe rotavirus gastroenteritis (SRVGE) in infants and toddlers residing in low resource settings
THAT WILL (new benefits over existing alternative)
Increase relative vaccine efficacy over existing LORVs
Provide a parenteral route of administration to circumvent the purported mechanisms resulting in suboptimal efficacy of LORVs in infants and toddlers in low resource settings
Supply for public sector purchase at a lower price per dose and per regimen rotavirus vaccine than currently available LORVs
Has the potential to be co-formulated with other parenterally delivered pediatric combination vaccines to further reduce cost-of-goods sold (COGS), costs of vaccine delivery, and burden on the cold chain.
BECAUSE (Reasons to invest in product)
Immunization engenders antibody response that exerts protective effect at the gut level
Combining with EPI vaccines facilitates delivery and reduces associated costs
Enhanced efficacy and ease of administration, small footprint in cold chain, reduced vaccine wastage
Efficient, high throughput, low cost manufacturing platform. Greatly reduced supply constraints
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 22
TARGET PRODUCT PROFILES - NEW ROTAVIRUS VACCINES
Characteristic RotaVac
(Bharat Biotech)
BRV-PV Lyo (Serum Institute)
RV3-BB (PT Biofarma)
P2-VP8*-TV
(PATH / SK Vaccines)
IRV (CDC / Serum Institute)
Indication Prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis
Target Population Infants Infants Infants and Neonates Infants Infants
Route of Administration Oral Oral Oral IM IM
Presentation / Formulation 5 dose vials (0.5mL/d) 1 or 2 dose vial
(2mL liquid)
1 dose vial (2mL liquid)
1 dose vial
Combo product with
penta or hexa
TBD
Combo product with
IPV
Dosing Schedule
3 doses (6, 10, 14wk DTP
schedule)
3 doses (6, 10, 14wk DTP
schedule)
3 doses (6, 10, 14wk DTP
schedule)
3 doses (6,10,14wk or 2,4,6mo)
3 doses (6, 10, 14wk DTP)
Duration of Protection 2 years 2 years 2 years 2 years 2 years
Vaccination Strategy Routine Routine Routine Routine + Penta Routine + IPV
Expected Efficacy 56% 36% - 67% 56 - 73% 75% (TBD) 75% (TBD)
Price per Dose $0.98 $1.70 (TBD) $1.17 (TBD) $0.85 (TBD) TBD
Licensure Date Q2 2014 Q4 2016 2020 2022 (TBD) 2024+ (TBD)
WHO PQ Date Q1 2018 Q4 2018 2022 2024 (TBD) 2025+ (TBD)
CONFIDENTIAL
Gavi prices:
Rotarix – $4.38/course
RotaTeq - $9.60/course
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 23
Variable Minimum Optimistic
Indication* Prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and toddlers
Prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and toddlers
Target Population* Individuals ~6 weeks to 2 years of age during primary EPI series (co-
administration)
Neonates through children 2 years of age during primary EPI series (co-
administration)
Target Countries GAVI-eligible and Lower-Middle Income Countries GAVI-eligible and Lower-Middle Income Countries
Efficacy* >75% >75%
Duration of Protection Through 2nd year of life Through 2nd year of life
Onset of Immunity 2 weeks after 3rd dose 2 weeks after 2nd dose
Indirect (Herd) Protection Yes Yes
Safety Clinically acceptable safety profile Clinically acceptable safety profile
Co-administration EPI series EPI series
Presentation Liquid formulated with Alum
Vaccine in presentations from one to five 0.5-ml doses filled in a “2R” vial
conforming to ISO 8362 dimensions. Vial height 3.5 cm
Liquid formulated with Alum
Vaccine in presentations from one to five 0.5-ml doses filled in a “2R” vial
conforming to ISO 8362 dimensions. Vial height 3.1 cm or less, for reasons of
volume reduction and dimensional harmonization.
Route of Administration and
dosing frequency
Intramuscular
3 doses at 3-8 week intervals, starting at 6 weeks of age
Intramuscular
2 doses at 3-8 week intervals, starting at birth
Vaccine Volume (cm3 /dose) 0.5ml/dose
17cm3
0.5 ml /dose
17cm3
Stability / Shelf Life 2 years at 2-8C ;VVM-30 (30 days @40C, >3 years at 2-8C) VVM-30 (30 days @40C, >3 years at 2-8C)
Product Registration Path Marketing Authorization Application from NRA designated as functional by WHO - Local license/WHO PQ
Marketing Authorization Application from NRA designated as functional by WHO - Local license/WHO PQ
WHO Prequalification Date 2023 2022
Primary Target Delivery Channel GAVI and Lower-Middle Income Countries GAVI and Lower-Middle Income Countries
Clinical Endpoint for Licensure Efficacy Efficacy
NEXT GENERATION INTERVENTION TARGET PRODUCT PROFILE
Last updated: July 19, 2018 © Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 24
COMBINATION OPTIONS – PREFERENCE UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
(A GATES FOUNDATION PERSPECTIVE)
Conditions where this combination would be preferred
Heptavalent vaccine
(Penta+IPV+NexGenRV)
Hexavalent-1 (Penta+IPV) &
NextGenRV
Hexavalent-2
(Penta+NextGenRV) & IPV
NextGenRV+IPV Combo &
Pentavalent
1
2
3
4
• Formulation for Heptavalent is feasible AND
• Price for Hepta is less than or equal to Hexa 1 plus NextGenRV
• Removal of IPV shot in combination with Penta makes space for
NextGenRV injection in the schedule, if efficacy can support
replacement of ORV
• Hexa1 exists but countries prefer to unbundle because Hexa1 price
is > Penta + 2 doses of IPV
• OR Hexa1 supply insufficient to cover demand in the 2023-2027
AND Hexa2 is ready in that time period
• OR After 2031, countries no longer want IPV
• Formulation and price are prohibitive in the options above
• 2 doses of NextGenRV provides sufficient protection
• OR an oral neonatal dose oral provides sufficient protection in
conjunction with the NextGenRV+IPV combo
Fo
rmu
latio
n fo
r H
ep
ta is n
ot fe
asib
le
CONFIDENTIAL
Clinical development
• Choice of comparator for Phase 3 efficacy studies – no correlate of protection identified
• Innovative immunization schedules and strategies – prime boost options
Manufacturing and formulation development
• Selection of manufacturing partner (requires a compelling business case)
• Stand-alone or combination vaccine strategies
• RV + pentavalent vaccine or hexavalent vaccine
• RV + IPV
Policy and introduction
• Policy and regulatory pathways need to be examined and developed
• PPC and gPPP required
Full Public Health Value Proposition
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 25
DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS
CONFIDENTIAL
Last updated: July 19, 2018
THANK YOU
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 27
SUBUNIT ROTAVIRUS VACCINE (VP6 INNER CAPSID PROTEIN)
Vaccine Expressed rotavirus proteins (based on rotavirus VP6 inner capsid)
Developer(s) Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Med Cent, USA Vaccine research center/University of Tampere Finland
Development VP6 expressed in E. coli as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein, and administered with attenuated heat-labile toxin LT (adjuvant). Animal studies: • Immunogenic (via CD4+ T cells) • Protected in challenge studies in mice Rotavirus VP6 - self-assemble into oligomeric structures (nanotubes, tubular and spherical structures) or produced using a Baculovirus expression system Animal studies: • Immunogenic, induce strong humoral and T cell immunity generated CD4+
CTLs with the potential to lyse RV-infected target cells. • Protective in small animal studies (predom. Homotypic)
Combined RV - norovirus vaccine candidate: Murine challenge: • showed protection against RV shedding observed regardless of delivery
route (intramuscularly, intranasally or a combination)
CONFIDENTIAL
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 28
SUBUNIT ROTAVIRUS VACCINE (VLP)
Vaccine Virus like particle approach
Developer(s) Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co-op., Japan. Baylor College of Medicine, USA
Development
Rotavirus VP2, VP6, VP7 and NSP4 (from G1P[8] strains) Plant based production: VLPs are produced by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using Agrobacterium vectors transfected with the rotavirus genes Animal studies: • induced the significant high level of anti-Wa IgG in dose dependent. • homologous neutralizing antibodies was statistically higher than the placebo
group
Various Constructs: VP2/VP4/VP6/VP7 VLP produced in baculovirus expression system.
Animal studies - murine
• Highly Immunogenic • Various delivery routes compared IM, IN and oral. • Parenterally or intranasally gave highest mean protection from challenge • Protective small animals (predominantly homotypic)
CONFIDENTIAL