Newtons Laws Opt

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Chapter 3Chapter 3

Newton’s LawNewton’s Law

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Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws

3 Newton’s First Law

xLaw of Inertia

3 Newton’s Second Law

xF = ma

3 Newton’s Third Law

xAction Reaction

3 Law of Universal

Gravitation

2

'

r

Gmm F =



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MassMass3 …is measured in kilograms.

3 …is the measure of the inertia of an object.

3 Inertia is the natural tendency of a body resist

changes in motion.



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ForceForce3 …the agency of change.

3 …changes the velocity.

3 …is a vector quantity.

3 ...measured in Newton’s.



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Newton’s First LawNewton’s First Law3 Law of Inertia

3

“A body remains at restor moves in a straight

line at a constant speed

unless acted upon by a

force.”



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Newton’s First Law

3No mention of chemical composition

3No mention of terrestrial or celestial

realms3Force required when object changes

motion

3 Acceleration is the observableconsequence of forces acting



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Newton’s Second LawNewton’s Second Law

The Sum of the Forces acting

on a body is proportional to

the acceleration that the body

experiences

ΣF ∝ a

Σ F = (mass) a



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am F

=

x xma F =∑

y y ma F =∑

Net Force

z z ma F =∑



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Newton’s Third LawNewton’s Third Law3 Action-Reaction

3

For every action forcethere is an equal and

opposite reaction force



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The Law of GravityThe Law of Gravity3 Every mass exerts a force of attraction on

every other mass.

3 The math…

2

'

r

Gmm F =

3G = 6.67 × 10-11 N·m2/kg2



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Gravity QuestionsGravity Questions3 Did the Moon exert a gravitational force on

the Apollo astronauts?

3 What kind of objects can exert a

gravitational force on other objects?



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Gravity QuestionsGravity Questions

3 The constant G is a rather small number.

What kind of objects can exert strong

gravitational forces?

3 If the distance between two objects in space

is doubled, then what happens to thegravitational force between them?



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WeightWeight

3 The weight of an object FW is the

gravitational force acting downward on the

object.

3 FW = m g



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TensionTension(Tensile Force)(Tensile Force)

3 Tension is the force in a string, chain or

tendon that is applied tending to stretch it.

3 FT



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Normal ForceNormal Force

3 The normal force on an object that is being

supported by a surface is the component of

the supporting force that is perpendicular tothe surface.

3 F N



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Coefficient of FrictionCoefficient of Friction

Kinetic Friction

• Ff = µk F N

3 Static Friction

• Ff ≤ µs F N

3 In most cases, µk < µs.


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