Newslater Jan 2011

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Newsletter of the National Institute for Medical Research______________________Tanzania______________________

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2011

NEW YEAR MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

Dear Directors and all NIMR Staff I thank you for your support and efficiency in implementing NIMRobligations of the year 2010, apart from the drawbacks which you have been experiencing. I wouldlike to thank NIMR Management for your efforts to promote the “One NIMR” culture throughteamwork and collaborative initiatives in doing research with other partners at local andinternational level.

As we have started this New Year 2011 and this third quarter, it’s a good time to look back, reflectingon where are we coming from, our achievements, challenges facing us and the way forwards ofmeeting these challenges as well as looking forwards to see what we still need to accomplish overthis year.

I am excited to see that throughout last year NIMR’s human resource capacity has been afundamental part of the whole research capacity strengthening agenda, which has allowed us toaddress the country research priorities, develop strong scientific solutions and put them intopractice. In 2010, the Institute has been growing in terms of size and scope to keep pace with theever-changing environment and respond to challenges. We have been able to expand our staffs to490 and transform our research approaches from a diseases specific approach to a current widermandate that includes all health research at the local, regional, zonal and national levels. Theinstitute has also been transforming and restructuring to perform its mandated functions moreeffectively and efficiently. At least 22 new staffs were employed last year in order to improve ourinstitution’s human resource capacity. I welcome all new staff and those who won new promotions,and I am expecting a high level of technical support from you, cooperation and hardworking infulfilling NIMR mandates and making our research initiatives a success.

In this year, NIMR will continue with researches on malaria vaccine, HIV/AIDS trial vaccines,neglected tropical diseases, tuberculosis direct observed treatment, and other chronic diseases.

The institute has been working very collaboratively with the Ministry of Health and SocialWelfare in the implementation of the National Disease control and Management Program in thecountry. The institute has been collaborating at with Tanzania national programmes on malariacontrol, tuberculosis and leprosy and Aids Control. NIMR is also Secretariat of the National

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Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme.As you are aware, throughout 2010 NIMR has been in the fore front in publishing Tanzania

Journal of Health Research, which comes out four times a year. Furthermore, our institution hassuccessfully managed to promote its image and activities through various national events such asInternational Trade Fair (Sabasaba) and the National Farmers Day (Nanenane) through participationin exhibitions. NIMR has been coordinating these activities with high level of integrity to the extentof helping the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to become an overall winner for the Nanenane2010.

At this glance let me strongly commend all NIMR staff for this efficiency based successes ofthe institute and I congratulate you for your active participation in celebrations to mark 30th

anniversary of our institution.NIMR 30th Anniversary Celebrations was an eye opener to Tanzanians as it has expanded

their knowledge about institutional activities and the role played in improving health status ofpeople through evidence based research.

Dear Colleagues, where there is sustainable development the challenges are always at theback. Indeed, successes in these endeavours had been made possible due to the strong researchcollaborations with local as well as international research institutions. These research collaborationsamong institutions had enabled the Institute come up with evidence based results which haveguided policy makers to make health reforms. Great institutional challenges ahead of us include thecapacities to develop proposals which will attract more sources of fund, improve our humanresource capacity in the field of administration and improve our infrastructures especially in some ofour centres.

Of recent, I have been appointed by His Excellency President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, to bethe Director General of NIMR, I believe that behind this successes are the NIMR staff supports andcontributions which catalyzed for a better output in the promotion of better health throughresearch. Under this new phase of my leadership, the institute will continue establishing besttechniques to rectify salary scales of staff, that every staff enjoys the advantage of working at NIMR.And at the outset I want to thank you all, especially those of you who are far from your homes,conducting researches in remote places. Thank you for all your hard work. I wish you all the verybest for this year and the following final quarter to come. May the lord bless you and your familiesfor the great successes for NIMR and your families.

========================NIMR at 30: Three Decades of Health Research in TanzaniaBy Koleta Njelekela

Thirty years of existence of the National Institute for Medical Research is a major milestone whichsignifies maturity and a turning point in health research. The Director of Information Technology andCommunication Dr. Leonard Mboera noted this observation in a book entitled NIMR at 30: History,Development, Achievements and Success Stories, officially launched during a symposium held on 20th

October 2010. Dr. Mboera further elaborated areas of progress reached by NIMR in the last 30 yearsas expansion of research areas, strengthening in research capacity, research coordination andcontrol and the improvement in administrative and financial structures related to managingresearch.

Citing examples on institutional achievements, Dr. Mboera said mosquito behaviouralstudies conducted during the 1990s at Amani have contributed immensely on our knowledge onmalaria and fiilariasis mosquitoes’ host-finding behaviour. “Mosquito host-seeking knowledgegenerated by Amani scientists provided the basis for the changes in mosquito trapping techniquesusing light traps that is used to monitor mosquitoes and determine the inoculation rates” heemphasized.

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The Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Ms. Blandina Nyoni (C)launching a book titled NIMR at 30: History, Development, Achievements and Success Stories,during NIMR 30th Anniversary in October, 2011. On her right is the Chair of NIMR Council ProfessorSamuel Maselle and NIMR Acting Director General Dr. Mwelecele Malecela

Amani Centre provided the first evidence that treated mosquito nets lower malaria transmission andthereafter strongly promoted treated net scale-up. The Centre also evaluated a number ofpyrethroid treated materials that has including the currently long lasting insecticide treated nets.According to Dr. Mboera NIMR Amani has generally contributed in generating research evidencethat informed scaling up the long lasting mosquito nets in Tanzania and other African countries.

Clinical trials conducted by Amani Centre and other collaborators on antimalarialchemotherapy, supportive therapy in paediatric and epidemiological studies on causes of febrileillness have provided evidence based information useful for appropriate disease management for anoverall goal of improving health in Tanzania and Africa at large. For instance, studies conducted bythe Centre has contributed substantially in setting performance indicators for health sector reformin Tanzania; generated evidence that contributed to changing antimalarial drug policy fromchloroquine to sulphadoxine pyremithamine and generating evidence to inform policy decisions onintermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy and in infants.

The centre has also been involved in programmes evaluations such as Tanzania NationalVoucher Scheme on Mosquito nets for pregnant women and young children and monitoring theeffect of the Tanzanian National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme; monitoringsusceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticide used for treating bed nets, other materials as well asindoor residual spraying.

Dr. Robert Malima briefing the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare,Ms. Blandina Nyoni on the use of Mosquito Spheres in mosquito behavioural studies during theNIMR 30th Anniversary

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Another area which NIMR signifies maturity and a turning point in health research is the area ofclinical trials of malaria vaccines by its Tanga Centre. In the past five years, three malaria vaccinetrials (RTS,S Phase IIb, MSP3 Phase Ib and RTS,S Phase III) have been carried out by the Centrethrough Joint Malaria Programme. The vaccine trials received funding from PATH-MVI and MCTA.The findings of the trial showed that the RTS,S/ASO1E vaccine was safe and able to protect 53% ofthe children against malaria infection. The Director of NIMR Tanga Dr. Martha Lemnge projectedthat if the vaccine will be found safe and efficacious, it will eventually be endorsed by regulatoryauthorities for use in children under the national expanded programme on immunization and willlikely to contribute towards malaria elimination.

Over the period of 30 years, Mwanza Centre has expanded its research portfolio fromresearch on schistosomiasis and intestinal helmith infections to research on the control of HIV andother sexually transmitted infections (STIs), malaria and tuberculosis. In recent year, Mwanza Centrehas been involved in studies on the management of syphilis including rapid syphilis testing inantenatal care and its feasibility of integrating into prevention of mother-to-child transmission ofHIV programmes in Tanzania. The Mwanza Centre Director, John Changalucha earlier noted thatsince the introduction of rapid syphilis test in September 2009 until June, 2010, a total of 40,201pregnant women have been tested for syphilis and 11.4% were found infected with the syphilisgerm. Of these, 92% were appropriately treated.

Commenting on the impact of improved management of STIs on HIV transmission, MrChangalucha said “studies involving 12000 participants conducted by Mwanza Centre between 1991and 1994, showed that improved treatment of STIs reduced the incidence of HIV by 40%. Thesefindings formed the bases for the establishment of the National Control Programme for SexuallyTransmitted Diseases within the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.========================

Mbeya Medical Research Programme: Promoting Mobile Diagnosticand Training Service in Southern Highlands of Tanzania

Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP) was founded in 1996 when the Mbeya Regional MedicalOffice, Mbeya Referral Hospital and Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine of theUniversity of Munich (LMU) conducted small collaborative studies on HIV/AIDS in the southernhighland regions of Tanzania. The first formal project was established under European Commission(EC) support in 2000. The US Military HIV Research Programme (USMHRP) joined MMRP in 2001 andcollaboration with the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) started in 2004. The centre wasofficially inaugurated to become a NIMR collaborative centre by His Excellency, Dr. Jakaya Kikwete, thePresident of the United Republic of Tanzania on the 18th October 2008. MMRP was gazetted as MbeyaResearch Centre of the National Institute for Medical Research in November 2010.

MMRP started the Mobile Diagnostic and Training Centre under a four (4) year EC fundedActive Detection of Active Tuberculosis (ADAT) project in June 2007. The MDTC was established tofacilitate early diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in collaboration with the health facilities in therural communities using modern laboratory equipment, hence shortening the diagnosis time andfacilitate early treatment of the diseases. The diagnosed patients are therefore, immediately referredto the treatment centres. Other objectives include training of health facility workers within thecommunities served by the MDTC and ensure quality control of the laboratory services in therespective health facilities; and providing health education to the community members usingvideo/film shows.

After piloting in July 2009, the actual MDTC services started in October, 2009 in Mbeya Region.In 2010 the MDTC participated and provided services in 2 national events namely, Sabasaba andNanenane exhibitions, in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma, respectively.

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Dr. Leonard Maboko (R) of MMRP, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Permanent Secretary, MsBlandina Nyoni (C), and Dr. Mwelecele Malecela (L) at the MMRP pavilion during the 30th NIMRAnniversary

=============================Motorcycle injuries accounts 37.5% of all road traffic injuries inMwanza, a study has revealedBy Koleta NjelekelaMotorcycle injuries constituted a major but neglected public health problem accounting for 37.5% ofall road traffic injuries seen at Bugando Medical Centre, in Mwanza region. A study on Motorcycleinjuries as an emerging public health conducted in Mwanza City, in north western Tanzania hasrevealed. These statistics were obtained from a 2-year descriptive cross-sectional that involvedmotorcycle injuries among patients of all age groups who presented to the Accident and EmergencyDepartment of Bugando Medical Centre between March 2009 and February 2010.

An exclusive interview with the Principal Investigator, Dr. Phillipo Chalya, revealed thatmotorcyclists accounted for 55.2% for the majority of motorcycle injury patients at Bugando MedicalCentre, followed by passengers (33.9%) and “pedestrians” who accounted 10.9% of the victims. Dr.Challya attributed to rise in motorcycle accidents and injuries in Mwanza City to over-speed,passengers and luggage overload, recklessness, indiscipline and lack of respect for other road usersby the motorcyclists. “Other reasons include non-helmet use by riders and their passengers, lack ofcertified and valid licensing, poor regulation and law enforcement, underdeveloped infrastructuresand underemployment and possible use of alcohol and drugs by motorcyclists” Dr. Challya added.

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A sharp rise in public transport costs in urban areas is contributing to the misuse of motorcycles asseen in the above photo captured recently in the city. In an effort to convince more drivers to strapon a helmet in Tanzania, there is a need to sensitize motorcyclists on “helmet wearing culture”.

Motorcycle transport commonly known as “bodaboda” in Uganda and Kenya and ‘‘okada’’ inNigeria, has recently become increasingly popular in Tanzania as a means of commercial transport.This can be due to the following reasons; they are a quick means of transport especially for shortdistances in cities and towns, they are efficient in mitigating traffic jam delays in the cities and theyare available throughout the day and night hours.

Dr. Challya further noted that despite the burden of the problem in Mwanza City,motorcycle injuries have not received the attention they deserve partly because of lack of local data,and the public policy responses to this epidemic have been muted at regional and national level. Hesaid to establish prevention strategies and treatment protocols, comprehensive collaborative effortsare needed by all stakeholders to understand the magnitude of the problem, contributing factors,injury patterns and outcome of these patients.This article has been published as: in Tanzania Journal of Health Research, Vol 12 (4) October 2010===========================================

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Vaccination against tuberculosis boosts the chance of cure in TBpatients

A research scientist with NIMR Mwanza, Dr Jeremiah Kidola noted recently that the BCG vaccine (thevaccine against tuberculosis) which protects primarily against tuberculosis of the brain membranesand lungs in children has been shown to provide a varying degree of protection against tuberculosisof the lungs among adults. It was initially assumed that the protective effect of the TB vaccine lay inits ability to reduce TB of the lungs, and thus limit the ability of the bacteria to multiply and spreadduring the course of the disease.

In his recent publication in Thorax (one of the most prestigious journals of chest diseases),Dr. Kidola said that until today the positive effects of the BCG vaccine are yet to be known withcertainty. In his prospective study conducted recently in Tanzania with a sample of 546 tuberculosispatients, it was discovered that infected patients with a visible vaccination (BCG) scar, are 3 timesmore likely to be cured (within 2 months) than patients without a visible BCG scar during treatment.Previous studies have shown that patients who are still infected 2 months after the initiation oftreatment run a high risk of relapsing. These findings emphasise the need for promoting earlyvaccination against tuberculosis as an important initiative for future TB control.

BCG vaccine was first introduced in 1921 over 3 billion doses of vaccines have beenadministered in the fight against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causestuberculosis (TB).This article was published in Thorax 2010, 65, 1072-1076.=============================================

New Appointments

DR. MWELECELE MALECELA

On 14th December 2010, His Excellency Dr. Jakaya Kikwete, the President of the United Republic ofTanzania, appointed Dr. Mwelecele Ntuli Malecela, Chief Research Scientist, to be the 3rd DirectorGeneral of the National Institute for Medical Research. Before her new appointment, she wasDirector of Research Coordination and Promotion and Director of the Tanzania Lymphatic FilariasisElimination Programmme of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

Dr. Malecela holds a BSc in Zoology from the University of Dar-es-salaam and an MSc andPhD in Parasitology from the University of London (London School of Hygiene and TropicalMedicine). Her area of specialization is filarial immunology specifically on filarial immune evasionmechanisms. Dr. Malecela has worked with the National institute for Medical Research for 23 yearsmainly in the field of Lymphatic Filariasis immunoepidemiology and in Health Systems and Policyresearch. Dr Malecela has been in the forefront of priority setting for health research activities inTanzania where she facilitated the Tanzania National Health Research Priority Setting process in1999 and revision of these priorities in 2005.

Dr. Malecela has served on a number of international committees including The Technical AdvisoryGroup of The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, The Mectizan Expert Committee and

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the advisory board of the Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships in Health (IPPPH). Mwele iscurrently a member of the WHO Strategic and Technical Advisory Committee for Neglected TropicalDiseases and a member of the Medicine in Need steering Committee on Innovation, Alliance andTranslation Management (MITAM). Mwele is also an adjunct faculty member of the Public HealthSciences Institute of Morehouse College.

DR. WILLIAM N. KISINZA

On 16th December 2010, the NIMR Council has appointed Dr. William Kisinza, Principal ResearchScientist as the new Centre Director of the Amani Medical Research Centre. Dr. Kisinza takes over Dr.Stephen M. Magesa, who is currently on leave without pay. Before his new appointment, Dr. Kisinzawas the Head of Amani Hill Research Station from (2007-2010).

Kisinza is a PhD holder (Tropical Medicine-Epidemiology) and MSc in Medical Entomology &Parasitology from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool in the UnitedKingdom. He graduated a BSc (Hons) degree in Applied Microbiology, Zoology and Marine Biology inthe faculty of science from the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in 1995. Dr. Kisinza joined theNational Institute for Medical Research in 1996 as a Research Scientist (Medical Entomology). Over15 years has substantial experience in fieldwork covering entomological and parasitological researchespecially in appropriate technologies for vector control, vector ecology, insecticide resistance,epidemiology and molecular entomology of malaria vectors and Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever. He wasin one of the leading group of researchers who discovered a new pathogenic Borrelia species thattransmits tick-borne relapsing fever in Tanzania. He has published 30 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals.

Dr. Kisinza is a member of several committees and boards both nationally andinternationally, Tanzania Public Health Association, African Medical Entomological Association, andBritish Society for Parasitology, African Network on Vector Resistance, Innovative Vector ControlConsortium, African Vector Control New Tool Consortium and Roll Back Malaria Vector ControlWorking Group.

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WHO IS WHO AT NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH

THRESIA ESTOMIH NKYA

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Theresia Nkya, Research Scientist, holds a BSc degree in Biology from the Texas Southern Universityand MSc in Parasitology and Medical Entomology from Muhimbili University of Health and AlliedSciences where she was the first and only graduate of that degree and was awarded a prize for bestacademic performance. Ms. Nkya joined the National Institute for Medical Research in 2007. Shewas posted to Amani Research Centre where she worked on Health Systems and Policy Research.She has participated in a multi country study on community directed intervention (CDI). Ms. Nkya isnow on her PhD programme with Grenoble University and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College. Herarea of study is “Selection pressure influencing pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae”

Ms. Nkya is a strong advocate of empowering women mainly in medical field. She is workinginto establishing a coalition of young women scientists in Tanzania focusing on health research. Sheexpects that this initiative will bring more women into science research and opting them to applyhigher positions in this field.================================

CHACHA MANGA

Mr. Chacha Manga, Research Assistant (Public Health), joined the National Institute for MedicalResearch, Tabora Centre in 2006. He is a holder BA in Resource Assessment and EnvironmentManagement of University of Dar-es-Salaam and Master of Public Health (MPH) of the KilimanjaroChristian Medical College Tumaini University.

During his time with NIMR, Mr. Manga has carried out a number of studies on SleepingSickness, Malaria and HIV/AIDS. His recent MPH dissertation, Mr. Manga carried out an Assessmenton the Quality of Malaria Microscope Slide Readings at District Hospital in Tanzania.Before joining NIMR, Mr. Manga worked with the National Environment Management Council-Tanzania as Environmental Management Officer (2001-2002). Mr. Manga is a member of TanzaniaPublic Health Association and Joint Environment Action Management. Currently, in addition to hisresearch duties, he is providing free public health education to community living in Tabora.=============

Tanzania Journal of Health Research, January 2011

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A total of 13 articles have been published in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research Volume 13,No. 1 of January 2011:

1. Reaching the poor through community-based distributors of contraceptives: experiencesfrom Muheza district, Tanzania. Daudi Simba, Cordula Schuemer, Kate Forrester andMerriment Hiza

2. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in relation to CD4 counts and anaemia among HIV-infectedpatients in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Frederick O. Akinbo, Christopher E. Okaka andRichard Omoregie

3. Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV patients receiving Highly ActiveAntiretroviral Therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Veneranda M. Bwana, Filemoni Tenu,Stephen M. Magesa and Sayoki G. Mfinanga

4. Tuberculosis-HIV co-infection among patients admitted at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dares salaam, Tanzania. Pili Kamenju and Said Aboud

5. The role of HIV counselling and testing in sexual health behaviour change amongundergraduates in Lagos, Nigeria. Onipede Wusu and Saturday Okoukoni

6. Anaemia among pregnant women in northern Tanzania: prevalence, risk factors and effecton perinatal outcomes. Sia E. Msuya, Tamara H. Hussein, Jacqueline Uriyo, Noel E. Sam andBabill Stray-Pedersen

7. Detecting adenosine triphosphatase 6 point mutations that may be associated withPlasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin: prevalence at baseline, before policychange in Uganda. Erasmus Kamugisha, Hakim Sendagire, Mark Kaddumukasa, Nizar Enwejiand Fatemeh Gheysari

8. Performance of ParaHit and OptiMAL tests in the diagnosis of malaria in Mwanza, north-western Tanzania. Simon N. Buhalata and Julius J. Massaga

9. Transmission intensity and malaria vector population structure in Magugu, Babati District innorthern Tanzania. Charles Mwanziva, Jovin Kitau, Patrick K. Tungu, Clement N. Mweya,Humphrey Mkali, Chacha Ndege, Alex Sanga, Charles Mtabho, Charles Lukwaro, Salum Azizi,Joseph Myamba, Jaffu Chilongola, Stephen M. Magesa, Seif Shekalaghe and Franklin W.Mosha

10. A retrospective study of Human African Trypanosomiasis in three Malawian districts. John E.Chisi, Adamson S. Muula, Bagrey Ngwira and Stone Kabuluzi

11. Reducing therapeutic injection overuse through patients-prescribers Interaction GroupDiscussions in Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Amos Y. Massele, Yohana J.Mashalla, I. Kayombo, J. Mwaiselage, Natu E. Mwamba and I. Kaniki

12. Aetiological spectrum, injury characteristics and treatment outcome of head injury patientsat Bugando Medical Centre in north-western Tanzania. Phillipo L. Chalya, Emmanuel S.Kanumba, Joseph B. Mabula, Godfrey Giiti and Japhet M. Gilyoma

13. Recurrent, massive Kaposi’s sarcoma pericardial effusion presenting without cutaneouslesions in an HIV infected adult: a Case Report. Rodrick Kabangila, William Mahalu, NestoryMasalu, Hyasinta Jaka and Robert N Peck.

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NIMR Publications, October-December 2010

1) Kidola, J., PrayGod, G., Faurholt-Jepsen, D., Range, N., Andersen, A.B., Grewal, H.M.S. & Friis, H.(2010) BCG vaccination status may predict sputum conversion in patients with pulmonarytuberculosis: a new consideration for an old vaccine. Thorax 65, 1072-1076.

2) Aabye, M.G., Ruhwald, M., PrayGod, G., Jeremiah, K., Faurholt-Jepsen, M., Faurholt-Jepsen, D.,Range, N., Friis, H., Changalucha, J., Andersen, A.B. & Ravn, P. (2010). Potential of interferon-y-inducible protein in improving tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected patients. EuropeanRespiratory Journal 36 (6(, 1488-1490.

3) Kitau, J., Pates,H., Rwegoshora, T.R., Rwegoshora, D., Matowo, J., Kweka, J., Kweka, E.J., Mosha,F.W., McKenzie, K. & Magesa, S.M. (2010) The effect of mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus trap onthe human mosquito biting rate under semi-field conditions. Journal of the American MosquitoControl Association 26 (3), 287-294.

4) Mboera, L.E.G., Massaga, J.J., Munga, M.A., Mayala, B.K., Kahwa, A.M., Msovela, J., Shija, A.,Mushi, A.K. & Kilale, A.M. (2010) Health Services Availability at Various Levels of the HealthSystem in Tanzania. National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

5) Mosha, J.F., Conteh, L., Tediosi, F., Gesase, S., Bruce, J., Chandramoha, D. & Gosling, R. (2010)Cost implications of improving malaria diagnosis: findings from north-eastern Tanzania. PLoSOne 5 (1), e8707.

6) Range, N.S., Malenganisho, W., Temu, M.M., Changalucha, J., Magnussen, P., Krarup, H.,Andersen, A.B. & Friis, H. (2010) Body composition of HIV-positive patients with pulmonarytuberculosis: a cross sectional study in Mwanza, Tanzania. Annals of Tropical Medicine andParasitology 104, 81-90.

7) Tungu, P., Magesa, S., Maxwell, C., Malima, R., Masue, D., Sudi, W., Myamba, J., Pigeon, O. &Rowland, M. (2010) Evaluation of PermaNet 3.0 a deltamethrin-PBO combination net againstAnopheles gambiae and pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes: anexperimental hut trial in Tanzania. Malaria Journal 9:21

NIMR Highlights is available at: www.nimr.or.tz___________________________________________________________________________