News 2 online and representation

Newspapers, Online and Social and Participatory Media

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs/the_papers

News and Online Language

• WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE NEWSPAPER SITES – APPLY TO

YOUR VOICEOVER (some ideas, more on board list)

• They are immediate and up to date. When something happens, users can access the news

and get regular updates

• They offer more immediate interactive opportunities, for example there is access to audio-

visual clips and opportunities to blog or email opinions (PARTICIPATORY MEDIA) The Daily

Mail which has a high percentage of female readers, has had particular success with its

online version of Femail with its diet of fashion and gossip.

• Apps for several newspapers are available for mobile phones and tablets

• There is an archive facility so that users can access back issues or features

• The navigation tool allows users to quickly select the news and features that interest them

• Participatory and Social media

• https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/12/the-dark-side-of-guardian-comments

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News and Online Language

• How has technological change affected newspapers?

• Why is it important to have an online presence?

• What are the advantages of a newspaper website for

readers?

• How have the producers of the Daily Mail used a

range of platforms to reach a broad audience?

NRS DATA RELEASE | JULY 2016 – JUNE 2017Source: NRS PADD

The National Readership Survey was established in 1956 and today provides the most authoritative

and valued audience research in use for print & digital advertising trading in the UK.

The survey covers over 250 of Britain’s major newsbrands and magazines, showing the size and

nature of the audiences they achieve.

MORE INFORMATION

Publishers Audience Measurement Company,

7/8 Market Place, London W1W 8AG

Tel +44 (0)20 7637 9822 www.nrs.co.uk

that’s 47.8 million people

52.6 million

91%of GB adults 15+

consume newsbrands across

print & digital

9 in 10 adults in Great Britain consume a newsbrand either in print or

digitally. 61% of GB adults 15+ read a print newspaper and 76% consume

newsbrand content via their PC or mobile device.

PRINT & DIGITAL* | CONSUMPTION OF NEWSBRANDS

Monthly Data* Digital figure includes PC, laptop, mobile & tablet

Based on all national & regional newsbrands in NRS PADD

91%

News and Online Newspaper vs Online websites

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B47mhquI4-TZeXJ2cllKT1VzNVk Guardian midday web 30.10https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B47mhquI4-TZVWZINHNBc2xwMmM Daily Mail midday web 30.10

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B47mhquI4-TZS1k0Q0xyV2xkT0k Guardian a couple of hours laterhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B47mhquI4-TZTEtvU196cW45Z28 Daily Mail a couple of hours later

Write and record an analysis voice over the following videos using screencast (film icon on top right of pc) start with a quick overview of the newspaper and then compare with the articles on the website. After this recording click on the video recorded later on the website and see what has changed and comment on the advantages of

Upload your analysis onto youtube and use key cover and pages from newspaper to compare on blog.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B47mhquI4-TZeXJ2cllKT1VzNVk

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B47mhquI4-TZVWZINHNBc2xwMmM

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B47mhquI4-TZS1k0Q0xyV2xkT0k

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B47mhquI4-TZTEtvU196cW45Z28

SCREENCASTS

MEDIA LANGUAGE AND REPRESENTATION

MEDIA INDUSTRIES AND MEDIA AUDIENCES

Pick at least two top articles from the Mail and the

Guardian

Then look at their online presence.

ONLINE Look at each chosen website article and the

associated social and participatory media feeds should

link to the themes or issues represented in the front

covers chosen.

How does media language and representation in those

feeds position the audience and engage participation?

How can audiences be reached through different media technologies and platforms?

What is the content and appeal of each of the set products and how is this used to target, reach and address different audiences?

What do you think the effects are of newspapers becoming more digital and less print? In your opinion how do they differ when it comes to telling us the news?

Find the social media related to the articles. (For example, if a Guardian front cover lead article is a ‘Brexit’ related story then

learners should study the associated Guardian Online article and Twitter, Facebook and Instagram feeds for this story).

SOCIAL AND PARTICIPATORY MEDIA

What are the associated Twitter, Facebook and Instagram feeds for the online articles from the Mail Online website and The

Guardian websites? How is media language and representation in those feeds positioning the audience and engaging in

participation.

What might be the problem with political affiliation?

What might be the problem with political affiliation? https://www.newstatesman.com/2017/05/right-wing-newspaper-headlines-bring-bias-bbc

BIAS IN NEWS

http://gbhsmediastudies.blogspot.co.uk/2017/11/newspaper-bias-news-representation.html

November 16th front pages screencast

http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-33/website/pdf/3.%20Audience/5-critical-perspectives-gerbner.pdf

Gerbner student task

Subjects in the news that polarise newspapers/readers - save some interesting representations from the front pages on these issues

Pro/Anti Corbyn, May, Trump- Brexit/Remain- Immigration

- Muslims Syria/Burma/Libya refugee crisis

- Free schools/Grammar schools/Private schools- Paradise Papers, Divide between rich and poor another eg Grenfell

NHS fundingStrikes

Mass shootings, gun laws in USISIS - terror in Orlando, Barcelona, Manchester, London

News and Online Representation Assessment Revision Task 1

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http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-33/website/pdf/3. Audience/5-critical-perspectives-gerbner.pdf

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News and Online Label Representation and Language Revision Task 2

• Social media effect DISCUSSION, VIEWING AND NOTE TAKING to be linked with

pros and cons of social media. Write down four key changes. Outdated, what are

some more recent examples?

http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-

33/website/_eng/audience/the-social-media-effect.html

The next three tasks go together:

• Image selection DISCUSSION


33/website/_eng/language/6-image-selection.html

• Headlines STUDENT TASK


33/website/_eng/language/example-report-twins/7-headlines.html

• https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B47mhquI4-TZQlVJYVpZN2t5Njg

TASK: Compare the Mirror and Times twins article

http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-33/website/_eng/audience/the-social-media-effect.html

http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-33/website/_eng/language/6-image-selection.html

http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-33/website/_eng/language/example-report-twins/7-headlines.html

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B47mhquI4-TZQlVJYVpZN2t5Njg

Label LANGUAGE TASK 3 revision

Daily Mail The Daily Telegraph

Who was involved?

What happened?

Where did it happen?

When did it happen?

How did it happen?

Why did it happen?

Complete the table, answering the questions in as much detail as you can using language from the respective articles.What do you notice about the difference in content and how the articles convey this information? Why do you think that is? Mail/Guardian online articles 26th November

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5118189/Five-people-killed-stolen-car-crashes-tree.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/26/five-killed-including-three-children-stolen-car-crashes-leeds/

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5118189/Five-people-killed-stolen-car-crashes-tree.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/26/five-killed-including-three-children-stolen-car-crashes-leeds/

News and Online Label Language and Representation Task 4

Google a clearer version of this image for your blog and analyse it using the following prompts

Label IndustryTask 5

• Write a few points for each of the areas

• Write a summary on IPSO

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News and Online Print and online Industry Revision Task 6

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As a classhttp://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-33/website/_eng/audience/who-reads-the-newspapers.htmlIndividually choose the Daily Mirror, Daily Mail or Guardian (one you don’t think you know as well) and answer the following questions on your blog.

http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_1-33/website/_eng/audience/who-reads-the-newspapers.html

THEORIES TO APPLY TO NEWSPAPERSIndustry - Curran and Seaton, Hesmondhalgh,

Language – Levi Strauss, Barthes, Audience – Shirky, Gauntlett, Jenkins, Gerbner

Representation – Van Zoonen, Butler (Femail, make up advice?)

News and Online Theories Revision

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Any of these theorists could come up in your exam. A useful idea is to highlight any areas which you think you can connect with examples from the news. For example: Gerbner’s repeated messages, Shirky’s new audiene or Levi Strauss’ oppositesLANGUAGEBarthesSemiology is the study of signs. Signs consist of a signifier (a word, an image, a sound, and so on) and its meaning – the

signified. The denotation of a sign is its literal meaning (e.g. the word ‘dog’ denotes a mammal that barks). Denotations signify connotations – the associations of the denotation (e.g. ‘dogness’ – the thoughts and feelings associated with dogs). Denotations and connotations are organised into myths – the ideological meaning. These make ideology seem natural. For example, a Bulldog might activate a myth of Britishness.Levi Strauss The ‘binary opposition’ – that the system of myths and fables was ruled by a structure of opposing terms, e.g. hot-cold, male-female, culture-nature, raw-cooked. Many writers have analysed media products using the idea of the binary opposition, but seeing the overall system as ‘ideology’ rather than ‘human consciousness’

THEORIES YOU CAN APPLY TO NEWSPAPERSIndustry - Curran and Seaton, Hesmondhalgh,




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INDUSTRYHesmondhalgh Risk is particularly high in the cultural industries because of the difficulty in predicting success, high production costs, low reproduction costs and the fact that media products are ‘public goods’ – they are not destroyed on consumption but can be further reproduced. This means that the cultural industries rely on ‘big hits’ to cover the costs of failure. Hence industries rely on repetition through use of stars, genres, franchises, repeatable narratives and so on to sell formats to audiences, then industries and governments try to impose scarcity, especially through copyright lawsCurran and Seaton A political economy approach to the media – arguing that patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate. Media industries follow the normal capitalist pattern of increasing concentration of ownership in fewer and fewer hands. This leads to a narrowing of the range of opinions represented and a pursuit of profit at the expense of quality or creativity. The internet does not represent a rupture with the past in that it does not offer a level playing field for diverse voices to be heard. It is constrained by nationalism and state censorship. News is still controlled by powerful news organisations, who have successfully defended their oligarchy.





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AUDIENCEShirky In the ‘old’ media, centralised producers addressed atomised consumers; in the ‘new’ media, every consumer is now a producer. Traditional media producers would ‘filter then publish’; as many ‘new’ media producers are not employees, they ‘publish then filter’. These amateur producers have different motivations to those of professionals – they value autonomy, competence, membership and generosity. User-generated content creates emotional connection between people who care about something. This can generate a cognitive surplus – for example, Wikipedia can aggregate people’s free time and talent to produce value that no traditional medium could match. ‘The Audience’ as a mass of people with predictable behaviour is gone. Now, behaviour is variable across different sites, with some of the audience creating content, some synthesising content and some consuming content. The ‘old’ media created a mass audience. The ‘new’ media provide a platform for people to provide value for each otherJenkins Fandom – act as ‘textual poachers’ – taking elements from media texts to create their own culture. The development of the ‘new’ media has accelerated ‘participatory culture’, in which audiences are active and creative participants rather than passive consumers. They create online communities, produce new creative forms, collaborate to solve problems, and shape the flow of media. This generates ‘collective intelligence’. From this perspective, convergence is a cultural process rather than a technological one. Jenkins prefers the term ‘spreadable media’ to terms such as ‘viral’, as the former emphasises the active, participatory element of the ‘new’ media.Cultivation Theory – Gerbner (GG!) Exposure to television over long periods of time cultivates standardised roles and behaviours. Gerbner used content analysis to analyse repeated media messages and values, then found that heavy users of television were more likely, for example, to develop ‘mean world syndrome’ – a cynical, mistrusting attitude towards others – following prolonged exposure to high levels of television violence. Gerbner found that heavy TV viewing led to ‘mainstreaming’ – a common outlook on the world based on the images and labels on TV. Mainstreamers would describe themselves as politically moderate. Reception Theory – Hall’s ‘encoding-decoding’ model argued that media producers encode ‘preferred meanings’ into texts, but these texts may be ‘read’ by their audiences in a number of different ways: • The dominant-hegemonic position: a ‘preferred reading’ that accepts the text’s messages and the ideological assumptions behind the messages • The negotiated position: the reader accepts the text’s ideological assumptions, but disagrees with aspects of the messages, so negotiates the meaning to fit with their ‘lived experience’ • The oppositional reading: the reader rejects both the overt message and its underlying ideological assumptions.





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REPRESENTATION PT1HallRepresentation is not about whether the media reflects or distorts reality, as this implies that there can be one ‘true’ meaning, but the many meanings a representation can generate. Meaning is constituted by representation, by what is present, what is absent, and what is different. Thus, meaning can be contested. A representation implicates the audience in creating its meaning. Power – through ideology or bystereotyping – tries to fix the meaning of a representation in a ‘preferred meaning’. To create deliberate anti-stereotypes is still to attempt to fix the meaning (albeit in a different way). A more effective strategy is to go inside the stereotype and open it up from within, to deconstruct the work of representation. GauntlettThe media have an important but complex relationship with identities. In the modern world, it is now an expectation that individuals make choices about their identity and lifestyle. Even in the traditional media, there are many diverse and contradictory media messages that individuals can use to think through their identities and ways of expressing themselves. For example, the success of ‘popular feminism’ and increasing representation of different sexualities created a world where the meaning of gender, sexuality and identity is increasingly open. The online media offer people a route to self-expression, and therefore a stronger sense of self and participating in the world by making and exchanging. These media are places of conversation, exchange and transformation: ‘a fantastically messy set of networks filled with millions of sparks – some igniting new meanings, ideas and passions and some just fading away.’ People still build identities, but through everyday, creative practice. However, this practice would be improved by better platforms for creativity.





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REPRESENTATION PT2Feminist Theory – Van Zoonen In patriarchal culture, the way women’s bodies are represented as objects is different to the representation of male bodies as spectacle. Gender is performative – our ideas of femininity and masculinity are constructed in our performances of these roles. Gender is ‘what we do’ rather than ‘what we are’. Moreover, gender is contextual – its meaning changes with cultural and historical contexts. Van Zoonen disagrees with arguments that the internet, being based on collaboration, is a technology that is true and close to women andfemininity. These views are too simple and based on the idea of an essential femininity, whereas there is a rich diversity of ways that gender is articulated on the internet. Bell Hooks Feminism is a movement to end patriarchy: sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression. ‘Intersectionality’ refers to the intersectionsof gender, race, class and sexuality to create a ‘white supremacist capitalist patriarchy’, whose ideologies dominate media representations. She argues that black women should develop an ‘oppositional gaze’ that refuses to identify with characters – the ‘gaze’ is political for black Americans, as slaves were punished for looking at their white owners. Butler states gender is created in how we perform our gender roles – there is no essential gender identity behind these roles, it is created in the performance. Performativity is not a singular act but a repetition and a ritual that becomes naturalised within the body. Any feminism concerned only with masculinity and femininity excludes other forms of gender and sexuality. This creates ‘gender trouble’ for those that do not fit the heterosexual norms. Butler is an important postmodern writer and has influenced queer theory – theory which deconstructs and aims to destabilise apparently fixed identities based on gender and sexualities.





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REPRESENTATION PT3

Post-Colonial Theory – Gilroy The African diaspora caused by the slave trade has now constructed a transatlantic culture that is simultaneously African, American, Caribbean and British – the ‘Black Atlantic’. Britain has failed to mourn its loss of empire, creating ‘postcolonial melancholia’, an attachment to an airbrushed version of British colonial history, which expresses itself in criminalising immigrants and an ‘us and them’ approach to the world founded on the belief in the inherent superiority of white western civilisation.

News and Online ASSESSMENT 1B

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Revision Topics • Codes and Conventions of Tabloids/Broadsheets• Circulation and Readership – audiences, advertisers• Bias• Online news - Social media/Participatory media• News Values• Pros and Cons of online news• Theorists• News Terminology

News 2 online and representation

Education