NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS

NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS

America: Past and Present

Chapter 1

Native American Histories before Conquest 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become

first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of

South America. These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from

many communicative diseases

Routes of the First Americans

The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant

supply of meat Some suggest they over-hunted and caused

the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much

bigger role 5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution

Crops include maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to

permanent villages or large cities

Mysterious Disappearances

Anasazi Culture—Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation Well-built roads for transportation

Adena and Hopewell Peoples—Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network

Cahokia—Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds Far-flung trade network

Aztec Dominance

Aztecs settle valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political

structure Rule through fear and force

Eastern Woodland Cultures

Atlantic Coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and

gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by

English settlers

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

A World Transformed

Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures

The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural

survival

Cultural Negotiations

Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Define place in society through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical

formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around

reciprocal relationships

Confederacies of Eastern North America Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes

Ontario and Erie Iroquois--Central New York Powhattans--Chesapeake

Threats to Survival: Trade

Native Americans were eager for European trade

They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans

Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

Threats to Survival: Disease

Contact brings population decline among American Indians

Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease smallpox measles influenza

Rate as high as ninety-five percent

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs

A history of empires Mali Ghana

Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

Trade Routes in Africa

Beginnings of theSlave Trade

15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa

Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

How Many Slaves?17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year18th century--5.5 million transported to the AmericasBy 1860--ca. 11 millionBefore 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.

Europe on the Eve of Conquest

10th Century --Leif Ericson settles “Vinland” Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas

settlement attained rise of nation-states spread of new technologies spread of old knowledge.

1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization

Building New Nation-States

Population growth after 1450 “New Monarchs” forge nations from

scattered provinces Spain France England

“Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed

Imagining a New World

Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization

Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492--Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provides

rehearsal for colonization

Myths and Reality

Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”

1492--Initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of

China 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached

the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America

The Conquistadores

Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands

By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521--Cortés destroys Aztec Empire 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest

Voyages of European Exploration

From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors

Large land grants Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute

Appointed officials answer only to Crown Catholic Church

Protects Indian rights Performs mass conversions

By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarry Mixed-blood population emerges

The French Claim Canada

1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec French Empire eventually includes St.

Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French Crown makes little effort to foster

settlement Fur trade underpins economy Indians become valued trading partners

The English Enter the Competition

Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

Birth of English Protestantism

English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany 1536--John Calvin’s Institutes published in

Geneva Reformation pits European Protestants

against Catholics

The English Reformation

Tudor monarchs bring political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547)

strengthens Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r.

1547-1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English

Catholic Counterreformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English

Reformation

Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation

God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation

Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation

Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans

Woman in Power

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduces Via Media

Protestant Doctrine “Catholic” Ritual Ends religious turmoil in England

Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England

England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

Religion, War, and Nationalism

Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood

Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes

Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated

Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement

English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World

To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view Native Americans the same

way

English Conquest of Ireland

Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward English under Elizabeth seize Irish land

English Brutality

English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance

such as massacre of women and children English adventurers compare Native Americans

with “wild” Irish

An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virginia

Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and

their fate remains a mystery

Campaign to Sell America

By 1600 no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American

colonization Claimed that England needs American colonies