Annual Review of Virology New World Arenavirus Biology Nicol´ as Sarute and Susan R. Ross Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; email: [email protected], [email protected] Annu. Rev. Virol. 2017. 4:141–58 First published as a Review in Advance on June 23, 2017 The Annual Review of Virology is online at virology.annualreviews.org https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology- 101416-042001 Copyright c 2017 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved Keywords arenavirus, transferrin receptor, animal models Abstract Hemorrhagic fevers caused by viruses were identified in the late 1950s in South America. These viruses have existed in their hosts, the New World rodents, for millions of years. Their emergence as infectious agents in hu- mans coincided with changes in the environment and farming practices that caused explosions in their host rodent populations. Zoonosis into humans likely occurs because the pathogenic New World arenaviruses use human transferrin receptor 1 to enter cells. The mortality rate after infection with these viruses is high, but the mechanism by which disease is induced is still not clear. Possibilities include direct effects of cellular infection or the in- duction of high levels of cytokines by infected sentinel cells of the immune system, leading to endothelia and thrombocyte dysfunction and neurolog- ical disease. Here we provide a review of the ecology and molecular and cellular biology of New World arenaviruses, as well as a discussion of the current animal models of infection. The development of animal models, coupled with an improved understanding of the infection pathway and host response, should lead to the discovery of new drugs for treating infections. 141 Click here to view this article's online features: • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references • Download citations • Explore related articles • Search keywords ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Annu. Rev. Virol. 2017.4:141-158. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by 2402:800:62f0:1c62:edfe:da6:5804:e7b4 on 07/14/23. For personal use only.
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