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Blumea 58, 2013: 33–38www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea
http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651913X669707RESEARCH ARTICLE
INTRODUCTION
Magnoliasubg.Yulania(Spach)Rchb.comprisesofabout16species,
mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical regions
ofEastAsiaandNorthAmerica(Liu&Wu1996).However,themajority of
these species are native to the mountainous regions
ofeastandwestChina.Severalspeciesarecultivatedasorna-mental
flowering trees in gardens as they have highly attractive
flowersinspring.Formanyyearswehaveinvestigatedwildlocalities of
this subgenus of Magnolia, especially in central and
southernChina.Inthisstudy,twonewvarietiesofMagnolia are
describedandillustrated.Liu’staxonomicsystemisusedinthisarticle(Liu&Wu1996).Chromosomecountsweremadebyprotocolspreviouslydescribed(Wangetal.2005).
Magnolia biondii Pamp.var.purpurascensY.L.Wang&
S.Z.Zhang,var. nov.—Fig.1,2;Map1
A varietate typica differt surculis et foliis subtus dense
albo-pilosis, corollis cupulatis, tepalis late obovatis fere
omnibus extus a basi ad medium vel
adapicempurpurascentibus.—Typus:Y.L. Wang
Y20080308(holoSZG),China,Shaanxi province, Lueyang
county,MountQinling, in deciduousforestalongastreamat
thebottomofavalley,alt.1018m,N33°31'40",E106°09'37",8Mar.2008.
Deciduoustreesto18mtall.Barkpalegrey,smooth;oneortwoyearsoldtwigsgreen,usually3–4mmdiam,denselypaleyellowtowhiteappressed-pubescent.Petiole
1–2 cm, stipular
scar1/5–1/3aslongasthepetiole;leafbladesnarrowlyel-liptic, narrowly
ovate or narrowly obovate, 10–18 by 3–5 cm,
beneathlightgreen,atfirstlanate-pubescent,abovedarkgreen;basecuneate,apexacutetoshortlyacuminate.Pedunclec.1cm;flowerbudserectwithpalegreyishbrownhair,spathe
2–7;flowerscup-shaped,precocious,lightfragrance,5–7cmdiam;tepals9,outer3tepalssepaloid,purplishredorlightred,linguoid,1–1.5cmlong;tepalsofmiddleandinnerwhorlsabaxi-ally
purplish red or purplish red from base to middle, petal-like,
obovate-oblong,3.7–5by1.8–3cm,erect;stamens8–10mmlong,filamentspurple3–4mm,anthers4–5mm;gynoecium2cmlong.Fruitingpeduncle1by0.7cm,withresiduallongsericeoushairs;
fruitcylindrical,10–14cm long,mature
fol-liclesred,suborbicular,compressedlaterally,tuberculate;redarilandblackseedswithdeepfurrow.Chromosomenumber:2n=2x=38.
Distribution&Habitat—DistributedinSEGansuprovince(Huixian
county), in SShaanxi province (Foping,
Langao,Lueyang,Ningshan,Pingli,Xunyangcounties);indeciduousforests
at 520–1320m.Flowering: February
tomid-March;fruiting:ripeningAugusttoSeptember. Accompanying
vegetation — Acer monoMaxim.,Betula
platyphyllaSukaczev,Broussonetia papyrifera(L.)L’Hér.exVent.,
Castanea mollissima Blume, Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.,Corylus
heterophyllaFisch.exTrautv.,Cunninghamia
lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.,Diospyros lotusL.,Euptelea pleiospermum
Hook.f.&Thomson,Helwingia chinensis Batalin, H. japonica
(Thunb.)F.Dietr.,Juglans cathayensis Dode, Larix
gmelini(Rupr.)Rupr.,Lindera obutusiloba Blume, L.
pungensHemsl.,Lonicera tanguticaMaxim.,Magnolia
sprengeriPamp.,Pinus armandii Franch.,P. tabuliformis Carrière,
Populus adenopodaMaxim.,Quercus aliena Blume var.acuteserrataMaxim.
exWenz., Rhus chinensisMill.,Sabina chinensis(L.)Antoine,Tsuga
chinensis(Franch.)Pritz.,Vitis heyneana Roem.&Schult.
Conservation—Inthepast,thisspecieshassufferedse-verely from
large-scale forestry operations but the situation has recently
improved as a result of the introduction of stringent forestry
regulations.During fieldwork,weencountered onlyvery small groups
composed of 1–3 but occasionally up to 10
individuals.Theyusuallyoccurredalongstreamsatthebottomofvalleys.Seedproductioncansometimesbeabundant.Youngseedlingswereveryrarelyfoundandtheninverylownumbers.TheflowerbudswereusedasmedicinalXinyiintheseareasinthepast.
New varieties of Magnolia biondii and Magnolia cylindrica
(Magnoliaceae) in ChinaY.L.Wang1,2,E.Ejder
3,J.F.Yang1,Y.X.Kang4,W.Ye5,S.Z. Zhang1
1
FairylakeBotanicalGarden,Shenzhen&ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shenzhen518004,China;
correspondingauthore-mail:[email protected]
QinlingNationalBotanicalGarden,Xi’an710061,China.3
SwedishMagnoliaGroup,Laholm,Sweden.4 College of Forestry, Northwest
Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100,China.
5 Xi’anBotanicalGarden,Xi’an710061,China.
Key words
ChinaMagnoliaMagnolia biondiiMagnolia
cylindricaMagnoliaceaetetraploidvariety
Abstract Magnolia biondiivar.purpurascensvar.nov.andMagnolia
cylindricavar.purpurascensvar.nov.(Magnoliaceae)aredescribedastwonewvarietiesendemic
toChina.Magnolia biondiivar.purpurascens is mainly
restrictedtoforestsofShaanxiandSEGansuprovinces.Itdiffersfromthetypicalvariety,M.
biondiivar.biondii,
inthedenseindumentumofwhitehairsontwigsandthecup-shapedpurplishredflowers.Magnolia
cylindricavar.purpurascensoccursinsecondaryforestsofJingningandSongyangcountiesofsouthernZhejiangprovince.Itdiffers
from the typical variety, M.
cylindricavar.cylindrica,inthecup-shapedflowersofpurplishredcolour.Thetwonew
varieties are distinct in their distributions in both cases but
share the chromosome numbers with their typical varieties.Magnolia
biondii var. purpurascens is a diploid with 2n = 38, whereas M.
cylindricavar.purpurascens is atetraploidwith2n=76.
Published on17June2013
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34 Blumea–Volume58/1,2013
Fig.1 Magnolia
biondiiPamp.var.purpurascensY.L.Wang&S.Z.Zhang.a.Flowerbud;b.flower;c.bract;d.outertepal;e.abaxialfaceofmiddletepal;f.adaxialfaceofmiddletepals;g.androeciumandgynoecium;h.stamen;i.twig;j.leaf;k.fruit.—DrawnbyCuiDH.
cb
d
a
g
h
i
j
k
ef
1 cm
5 mm
1 cm
5 mm
1 cm
1 cm1 cm
2 cm
5 mm
-
35Y.L.Wangetal.:NewvarietiesofMagnolia
Fig. 2Photosofthetwospeciesandtheirvarieties.a–c,e.Magnolia
biondiiPamp.var.purpurascensY.L.Wang&S.Z.ZhanginENingshancountyofShaanxiprovince;d.M.
biondiiPamp.var.biondiifromHenan;f– i.M.
cylindricaE.H.Wilsonvar.purpurascensY.L.Wang&S.Z.ZhanginJingningcountyofZhejiangprovince;j.M.
cylindricaE.H.Wilsonvar.cylindricainHuangshanMtofAnhuiprovince.
c
b
d
a
g h i
j
e
f
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36 Blumea–Volume58/1,2013
Fig. 3 Magnolia
cylindricaE.H.Wilsonvar.purpurascensY.L.Wang&S.Z.Zhang.a.Flowerbud;b.flower;c.bract;d,e.outertepals;f.abaxialfaceofmiddletepal;g.adaxialfaceofmiddletepals;h,i.abaxialfaceofinnertepals;j.androeciumandgynoecium;k.twig;l.leaf.—DrawnbyCuiDH.
1 cm
c
b
d
a
g
hi
j k
l
e
f
1 cm
1 cm
2 cm
1 cm
1 cm1 cm
-
37Y.L.Wangetal.:NewvarietiesofMagnolia
Additional
specimens.China,Shaanxi,Lueyang,alt.1018m,N33°31'40",E106°09'37",9Aug.2006,Y.L.
Wang,
Y20060809(fruits)(SZG);Shaanxi,Xu-nyang,alt.520m,N33°08',E109°03',16Mar.2007,Y.L.
Wang, Y20070316 (flowers) (SZB); Shaanxi, Foping, alt.
1184–1316m,N33°33'–33°35',E107°46'–107°50',25Apr.2010,Y.L. Wang
Y201004251, Y201004254,
Y201004256(fruits)(SZG);Gansu,Huixian,XiaolongshanNationalNaturalReserve,alt.1057m,N33°40',E106°19',27Apr.2010;Y.L.
Wang, Y201004271, Y201004272 (fruits)(SZG).
Additional observations.China, Shaanxi, Langao, alt.
1022–1092m,N32°18'–32°19',E109°02';Shaanxi,Pingli,alt.739m,N32°18',E109°28';Shaanxi,Ningshan,alt.1092–1310m,N33°18'–33°19',E108°26'–108°29'.
Notes—ThenewvarietyshowsadistributiondistinctfromM.
biondiivar.biondiiwhichoccursinChongqing,WHenan,WHubeiandNHunan(Liuetal.2004,Xiaetal.2008).Theflow-ersofvar.biondii
are usually white with a pale or purplish red nerve or a pale red
stain on the base of the tepals which reflex
graduallyasinFig.2dwhichshowsamediumopenflower.Thereflexing
continues and eventually the tepals hang down before fallingoff
incontrasttovar.purpurascens where the
purple-pigmentedtepalsarehelderectuntiltheyareshed.Previousstudiesrecordedthisvarietyasdiploid(Chenetal.1985,Lietal.1998).WehaveinvestigatedmanylocalitiesofM.
biondiivar.biondii,coveringmostitsdistributionareaincludingtheXinyang,NanzhaoandLushicountiesinHenanprovince,MountShen-nongjiaandWufengcountyinHubeiprovince,CilicountyinHunanprovince.Allthetreesobservedinthoselocalitiesshowflowermorphology
consistentwith that of
var.biondii.ThespecimensfromsouthernShaanxiandGansu,heredescribedasthenewvar.purpurascens,
are different, having flowers with
erectandbroadlyobovatetepalsofdarkredcolourabaxially.WhileM.
biondiivar.biondii often produce abundant but rather
insignificantflowers,thenewvarietyheredescribed,M. biondii
var.purpurascens, is an attractive garden tree for its shape and
itspurpleorpurpleandwhiteflowers.
Magnolia
cylindricaE.H.Wilsonvar.purpurascensY.L.Wang&S.Z.Zhang,var.
nov.—Fig.2,3;Map1
A varietate typica differt corollis cupulatis, tepalis late
obovatis fere omnibus
extusabasiadmediumveladapicempurpurascentibus.—Typus:Y.L. Wang
Y201015(holoSZG),China,Zhejiangprovince,Jingningcounty,deciduousforest,alt.1215m,N27°44',E119°38',27Feb.2010.
Deciduoustreesto8–12mtall.Barkpalegrey,smooth;twigsyellowishbrown.Petiole1.2–1.8cm,stipularscars1/5–1/3aslongaspetiole;leafbladesnarrowlyobovateorobovate-oblong,14–17by7–8cm,papery,greenabove,lightgreenbeneathwith
densely short hairs, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse
oracute.Peduncle0.9–1.1cm,denselypaleyellowsericeous;flower buds
ovoid, with pale greyish yellow to silvery grey long
hairs;flowerscup-shaped,precocious;tepals9,outer3tepalssepaloid,triangularorlinguoid,0.8–3by0.5–0.9cm;tepalsofmiddle
and inner whorls purplish red abaxially but sometimes more or less
white at the apex, petal-like, obovate-oblong,
3.7–4.2by1.8–2.2cm,erect;stamens0.8–1.0cm,filamentbase purplish
red, connective exerted and forming a tip or
mucro;gynoeciumpurplishyellow,cylindrical-ovoid,1.2–1.5cmlong,50–65carpels.Chromosomenumber2n=4x=76accordingtocountinleafbudsamples.
Distribution&Habitat—Endemic
toJingningandSong-yangCounty,SouthofZhejiangProvince,China,inthesemi-evergreenbroad-leaved
forests at 1100–1220m.Theareaof occurrence belongs to the oceanic
monsoon climate of the
subtropicalclimaticzone.TheJingningpopulationcomprised10treesofwhich7weresampledforflowersanddryleaves.Morethan20treeswereobserved
inSongyangcountyand4were sampled for flowers and dry leaves.No
fruitswerefoundineitherarea.Theflowershapeandothermorphologi-cal
characters are very homogeneous in and between the two
populations.Theabaxial tepal colour showssomevariationin
theextensionof thewhitemarginat
theapex.Noyoungseedlingswerefoundaroundthosetrees.Thepopulationsaredistributed
within conservation areas of a local forest bureau
andplantsareprotectedverywellinbothareas.Someindividu-als of M.
cylindricavar.purpurascens grow on the slope of a
valley,whereasotherswerefoundalongbrooklets.Flowering:fromtheendofFebruarytomiddleMarch;Fruiting:unseen.
Accompanying vegetation — Alnus trabeculosaHand.-Mazz.,
Bretschneidera sinensisHemsl.,Camellia chekiangoleosaHu,
Chimonobambusa quadrangularis(Franceschi)Makino,Emmenopterys
henryiOliv.,Halesia macgregorii Chun, Pinus taiwanensisHayata,Taxus
wallichianavar.mairei(Lemée&H.Lév.)
L.K.Fu&NanLi.ThereisalsoalargerpopulationofMagnolia
sinostellataP.L.Chiu&Z.H.Chengrowingtogetherwiththisva-
rietyintheSongyangpopulation,butnoM. sinostellata
indivi-dualwasobservedintheJingningpopulation.
Additional
specimens.China,Zhejiangprovince,Jingning,alt.900–1100m,
N27°44',E119°38',27Feb.2010,Y.L. Wang, Y201016, Y201017, Y201018;
Zhejiang province,Songyang, alt. 880–1000m,N28°16',
E119°32',26Mar.2012,Y.L. Wang, Y2012032601, Y2012032602,
Y2012032604, Y2012032608.
Notes—Thenewvarietyisdistinctinitsseparatedistributioncompared
with M. cylindricavar.cylindrica, which is found in the
montanesparseforestatanaltitudeof600–1700inSAnhui,
Zhejiang,JiangxiandNFujian(Liuetal.2004,Xiaetal.2008).
Map
1Investigatedlocalitiesofthetwospeciesstudiedandtheirtwonewvarieties:
Magnolia biondiiPamp.var.biondii(ª)andM.
biondiiPamp.var.purpurascensY.L.Wang&S.Z.Zhang (u),M.
cylindrica E.H.Wilson var.cylindrica (▲)andM.
cylindricaE.H.Wilsonvar.purpurascensY.L.Wang&S.Z.Zhang(«).
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38 Blumea–Volume58/1,2013
Themajorityofknownlocalitiesofvar.cylindrica were
inves-tigatedinthepastyearsincludingMountHuangshaninAnhuiprovince,MountWuyi
andMountEfeng
inFujianprovince,MountLushanandJingganginJiangxiprovince.Theflowersof
the typical variety are usually white with a purplish red nerve
abaxiallyonthebase.ThetepalsreflexastheflowerdevelopsasinFig.2jwhichshowsanopenflower.Thetepalswillkeepreflexingfurtheruntil
theyhangdownandeventuallyfalloff.Thesefloralcharacters,whichwerecommontoallindividualsobserved
in those localities of M. cylindrica var.cylindrica, differ from
the erect purple-pigmented flowers of M. cylindrica
var.purpurascensofSZhejiang.Thevar.purpurascens is tetraploid
(likevar.cylindrica)inourchromosomecounts.Thisvarietyisanattractivegardentreebasedonitsnicetree-shapeandpurplishredflower.TheflowerbudsortreebarkarenotusedasmedicinalXinyiorHoupuintheseareas.
EtymologyIt isa coincidence that in the twodifferent species
studied,Magnolia biondii and M. cylindrica flowers of similar shape
and colour occur and are described here with the same epithet,
purpurascens,forbothnewvarieties.
Some comments on wild
materialTheflowerbudsofmostdeciduousMagnoliasaretraditionalsourcesoftheChineseherbalmedicineXinyi.Sometimeswildgrowingtreeswerefelledtoharvestflowerbuds.Themarketdemand
for these products has decreased in recent years and the pressure
on remaining wild Magnolia populations has eased.BudsofM.
biondiiareamongthetypicalsourcesofXinyiand the usage has had a
strong impact on wild populations of
thisspecies.However,theuseinXinyimotivatedtheplantingof M. biondii
trees at mountain farms for domestic or small commercial
flower-budharvesting.These
farmsareusuallyfoundinHenanandHubeiprovinces.Materialfromcultivatedspecimenshasnotbeenincludedinourinvestigation.
AcknowledgementsThe studywas supported by
theNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(grantnumber30970180)and
theNationalSparkProgramofChina(grantnumber2010GA780012).ManythankstoDr.KEFlinckforthegenerousfinancialsupportandhisinterestinthestudy.TheauthorsaregratefultoYuan-KeXu,Li-MinYe,RaoLiuandothercol-leagues
from Jingning Forestry Bureau, the staff from Caoyutang Forestry
FarmandWangdongyangForestryFarm,
LiangLiaoandYuan-RongLifromYangdangshanForestryBureau,Zhang-GuiGaoandLi-FangQuefromSongyangForestryBureau,Yu-ChaoChenandZhi-HuMafromAn-kangprefectureForestryBureau,Ning-ChaoTianfromNingshanForestryBureau,Zheng-PingLiaofromLangaoForestryBureaufortheirgenerousassistanceandcooperation.ManythankstoMeiYang,WeiYe,Ya-MeiShenandJun-JuanLiforcontributingtothefieldwork.ThanksareduetoZi-CanHeforthechromosomestudies.
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