-
Back cover photo: Joshua M. White
ISBN 978-960-93-6188-0
New Trends in Ottoman Studies
New Trends in Ottoman Studies
This volume includes 83 essays which were originally delivered
as
papers at the 20th CIPO Symposium. The Symposium was held
in Rethymno, Crete, Greece, between 27 June and 1 July 2012,
and was organised by the Department of History and
Archaeology
of the University of Crete and the Institute for
Mediterranean
Studies of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas
(IMS/FORTH), in collaboration with the Region of Crete,
Regional
Unit of Rethymno, and the Municipality of Rethymno.
The essays cover a wide array of subjects, and are organised
in
six thematic sections: Economy and Finances; Institutions
and
Elites; The Ottoman Provinces; Inside a Wider World; Culture
and Ideology; Fine Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology.
University of Crete Department of History and
ArchaeologyFoundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Institute
for Mediterranean Studies
Cover photo: Giorgos Benakis (knocker, 10, P. Koronaiou Str.,
Rethymno)
Back cover photo: Joshua M. White
Mar
inos
Sar
iyan
nis
(ed.
)
Editor-in-chief: Marinos Sariyannis
Editors: Glsn Aksoy-Aivali, Marina Demetriadou, Yannis
Spyropoulos, Katerina Stathi, Yorgos Vidras
Consulting editors:
Antonis Anastasopoulos, Elias Kolovos
Papers presented at the 20th CIPO Symposium
Rethymno, 27 June 1 July 2012
New
Tre
nds
in
Ott
oman
Stu
dies
-
New Trends in Ottoman StudiesPapers presented at the 20th CIPO
SymposiumRethymno, 27 June 1 July 2012
Editor-in-chief: Marinos SariyannisEditors: Glsn Aksoy-Aivali,
Marina Demetriadou, Yannis Spyropoulos, Katerina Stathi, Yorgos
Vidras
Consulting editors: Antonis Anastasopoulos, Elias Kolovos
University of Crete Department of History and
ArchaeologyFoundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Institute
for Mediterranean Studies
Rethymno 2014
-
University of Crete, Department of History and
ArchaeologyRethymno campus, 741 00 Rethymno, Greece,
e-mail: [email protected],tel.: +30 2831077337, fax:
+30 2831077338,
http://www.history-archaeology.uoc.gr
Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas,Institute for
Mediterranean Studies
P.O. Box 119, 741 00 Rethymno, Greece, e-mail:
[email protected],
tel.: +30 2831056627, fax: +30 2831025810,
http://www.ims.forth.gr
Cover: Ntina GantiCover photo: Giorgos Benakis
Back cover photo: Joshua M. WhiteLayout: Crete University
Press
New Trends in Ottoman Studies: Papers presented at the 20th CIPO
Symposium, Rethymno, 27 June 1 July 2012 is a joint e-publication
of the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of
Crete and the Institute for Mediterranean Studies of the Foundation
for Research and Technology-Hellas.
2014 University of Crete, Department of History and Archaeology,
& Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute for
Mediterranean Studies
This e-book is not for sale.
This publication is protected by copyright. No part of it may be
reproduced, in any form, without the prior written permission of
the publishing institutions.
ISBN 978-960-93-6188-0
-
iv
C O N T E N T S
Preface ixPanels and papers of the 20th CIPO Symposium xiv
PART I
Economy and FinancesPanel: 1837-1923 srecinde Bursada koza
reticilii ve ipekli dokumaclk
sektrnn sosyo-ekonomik durumu
Nuran BAYRAM, 1837-1923 srecinde Bursada ipekilik sektrnn
sosyo-ekonomik analizi
2
Seher BOYKOY, 1908-1923 srecinde Bursada koza reticilii ve
ipekli dokumaclk sektr
15
Cafer FT, 1837-1908 srecinde Bursada koza retiilii ve ipekli
dokumaclk sektr
35
Yusuf OUZOLU, Giritli mbadillerin ipekilik deneyimleri ve bunun
Bursa yresine aktarlmas
49
Seluk DURSUN, evresel (ekolojik) tarih lensinden Osmanl tarihine
yeniden bakmak
56
ennur KAYA, Ariv belgeleri nda stanbulda porselen retimi
giri-imleri
70
Phokion P. KOTZAGEORGIS Demetrios PAPASTAMATIOU, Economic and
social hierarchies within an urban context: the case of
Thessaloniki in the eighteenth century
84
Fatma NCEL, Explaining the basics of proto-industrialization in
mid-nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria
99
Gl TLVEL, 17. yzyl Trabzonunda ekonomik ilikiler balamnda
Mslman-gayrimslim ilikileri
111
PART II
Institutions and ElitesPanel: Osmanlda eitim modernlemesiFatih
DEMREL, Osmanl modern eitim kurumlarnda ilenen sular 118Muammer
DEMREL, Osmanl modern mekteplerinde mkfat 133
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NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
v
Hatip YILDIZ, Osmanl modernleme dneminde tarada retmen eiti-mi:
Diyarbakr rnei
142
Panel: Les ccet volantes: diplomatique et valeur comme source
161Claudia RMER, Le cadi en tant que mfetti de muaa 162Michael
URSINUS, Some hccets from the Patmos archives issued by the
Cadi of the Imperial Fleet163
Elisabetta BORROMEO, Les ccet du fonds ottoman de lglise
Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul Galata
164
Nicolas VATIN, ccet signatures multiples dans le fonds ottoman
des archives du Monastre de Saint-Jean Patmos
164
Roger A. DEAL, Celestin Bonnin and the creation of a modern
Ottoman police force
166
Mehmet DEMRTA, Osmanl esnafnda iyeri ama uygulamas, karla-lan
istismarlar ve uygulanan yaptrmlar
176
Svetla IANEVA, The Rumelian provincial elites in the Ottoman
tax-farming system of the nineteenth century
196
Phokion P. KOTZAGEORGIS, Socio-economic aspects of a tax: the
metro-politans and bishops pike (second half of the seventeenth
century)
207
Erdem SNMEZ, Kuramsal kaynaklar zerine yeniden dnmek: Max Weber
ve Osmanl tarihyazm
223
Micha WASIUCIONEK, Ethnic solidarity in the wider Ottoman Empire
revisited: cins and local political elites in 17th-century Moldavia
and Wallachia
232
PART III
The Ottoman ProvincesPanel: Osmanl idaresinde bir Balkan ehri:
RusukMeral BAYRAK (FERLBA), Rusukta Osmanl kltr varlklar: Dini
ve
hayri kurumlardan bazlar247
Meryem KAAN ERDOAN, XVI. yzylda Rusukta demografik ve sosyo-
ekonomik yap
271
Panel: The Sudiremi subdistrict of KonyaAlaattin AKZ, XVI.
yzylda Sudiremi nahiyesinde yerleim ve demografi 297Doan YRK, The
economic structure of the Sudiremi nahiye in the 16th
century309
Panel: Eastern Mediterranean islands under Ottoman ruleM. Akif
ERDORU, Ottoman houses in the old town of Nicosia of Cyprus
at the beginning of the 18th century (1698-1710)328
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NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
vi
Ali Efdal ZKUL, Commercial activities of Italian city-states
(Sicily-Naples, Venice, Genoa, Sardinia and Duchy of Tuscany) on
the island of Cyprus under the Ottoman administration
335
Nimet Aye BAKIRCILAR, 1903-1907 tarihli Manastr ceraim defteri
nda Manastrda su
351
Agata CHMIEL, Self-conversion in the Balkans: a micro-history of
15th-cen-tury e and Divoane in the Rhodope Mountains
361
Fulya DVENC KARAKO, Cultural life in Ottoman Beirut in the early
1900s
375
Evanghelos HEKIMOGLOU, The Orthodox Christian poor and pauper
families in Salonica (18th-19th c.): how many and how strong they
were
393
Sophia LAIOU, Patronage networks in the Aegean sea, end of the
eighteenth-beginning of the nineteenth century
413
Anna POURADIER DUTEIL-LOIZIDOU, Le gouvernement de Chypre de la
fin du 17e au dbut du 18e sicle, daprs le tmoignage des consuls de
France Larnaca
424
Samir M. SEIKALY, Finding the Syrian countryside and its
peasants: repre-sentation in the Syrian press, 1906-1914
435
Mahmoud YAZBAK, Palestine in the 18th century: the era of Dahir
Al-Umar 444
PART IV
Inside a Wider WorldPanel: The appeal of signs: symbolic
practices of Western diplomats at the
Sublime Porte (16th-18th centuries)Peter BURSCHEL, Space, time
and the confession of ritual: a Lutheran pas-
tor in the Ottoman Empire455
Harriet RUDOLPH, The material culture of diplomacy: some remarks
on tangible dimensions of early modern Habsburg-Ottoman
relations
469
Arno STROHMEYER, The theatrical performance of peace: entries of
Habsburg grand embassies in Constantinople (17th-19th
centuries)
486
Christine VOGEL, The art of misunderstanding: French ambassadors
trans-lating Ottoman court ceremonial
495
Panel: The Great War and the end of the Ottoman Empire: aspects
of World War I
Deniz GNER, Birinci Dnya Sava srasnda Osmanl devletinde sansr
uygulamalar
505
Eftal IRKIATAL, Bir isyann kodlar: I. Dnya Savanda Arap
ayaklanmas 512
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NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
vii
Yksel NZAMOLU, III. Ordunun ileri harekta balama srecinde
istih-barat faaliyetleri ve mkleme heyetlerinin rol
522
Jean-Louis BACQU-GRAMMONT, Questions propos de ltude du Kitb-
Bahriyye de Pr Re's
536
Nilfer HATEMI, The assassination of the Russian consul at
Mitrovica, 1903 542Gne IIKSEL, Ottoman suzerainty over Morocco
during Abdulmeliks
reign (1576-1578): a reassessment568
Mathieu JESTIN, La protection des Grecs de Salonique: enjeu de
la diplo-matie consulaire franaise dans les annes 1830
578
Gbor KRMN, The price of succession: diplomatic negotiations
around the acknowledgment of Gyrgy Rkczi II as a prince of
Transylvania
594
Dariusz KOODZIEJCZYK, Ottomans vs. Crimean Tatar elites in the
17th century: a comparative approach
609
Tomoki OKAWARA, Some aspects of Anglo-Ottoman diplomacy in the
modern era: cases of British protection of the Harari family
617
Boris STOJKOVSKI, Mahmoud Tercman comme une source pour
lhis-toire mdivale hongroise
631
Elbieta WICICKA, A mysterious Ottoman map and its message of
Russian expansionism
643
Kahraman AKUL, Ottoman perceptions of the military reforms of
Tipu Sultan and ahin Giray
655
PART V
Culture and IdeologyPanel: Osmanl yenileme dneminde yaplan klk
kyafete ilikin reformlar
ve klk kyafet deiimleriEmine KOCA, Osmanlda yaplan klk kyafete
ilikin reformlarn erkek gi-
ysilerinin biimsel zelliklerine etkileri664
Fatma KO, Osmanlda yaplan klk kyafete ilikin reformlarn kadn
gi-ysilerinin biimsel zelliklerine etkileri
682
Beyhan PAMUK, Osmanl yenileme dneminde klk kyafete ilikin
reformlarn malzeme, aksesuar ve sslenme zelliklerine etkileri
700
Tuba VURAL, Osmanl yenileme dneminde klk kyafete ilikin
reformlar ekilde mi yoksa zde mi deiim getirmitir
713
R. Aslhan AKSOY-SHERIDAN, Forms of literacy: notes on the life
and cul-tural background of a 16th-century Ottoman sanjak
governor
728
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NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
viii
Nabil AL-TIKRITI, Idris-i Bidlisis 1513 treatise on caliphal and
sultanic protocols
741
Stavros Th. ANESTIDIS, Ioannis Kalfoglou (1871-1931). Un
patriote otto-man controvers
757
zer ERGEN Nil TEKGL, Role model defined for the Ottoman
indi-viduals and its change throughout time
768
Murat ISSI, Kurdistan gazetesi (1898-1902) 780Georgia KONDYLI,
Le thtre musical europen Smyrne 788Marinos SARIYANNIS, Time, work
and pleasure: a preliminary approach to
leisure in Ottoman mentality797
Emmanouil SEIRAGAKIS, Leblebidji Hor-Hor Agha, a glorious
Ottoman peddler
812
Borislava ZHIVKOVA, Lgat: a content-analysis approach of a
15th-century four-language dictionary
826
PART VII
Fine Arts, Architecture, and ArchaeologyPanel: Artistic
encounters in Ottoman art and architecture: zones of accul-
turation842
Selda ALP, Common living spaces, different worlds: non-Muslim
grave monuments in 19th-century Istanbul
845
Suat ALP, Form and image: hybrid receptions of Ottoman culture
on the metalwork produced in the Balkans (14th-18th c.)
870
Nurdan SRBAHAN KKHASKYL, Circulating images: Ottoman painters,
travel books, overtones
876
Filiz YENEHRLOLU, Other histories, other stories and Ottoman art
892Panel: The importance of interdisciplinary research connecting
historical,
anthropological, information and engineering sciences based on
the case study of spatial-temporal GIS (DiMSIS-EX) application
Shigeru KAKUMOTO, Koji YOSHIKAWA, Yoshio KAJITANI, Hikari EGAWA,
The importance of interdisciplinary research connecting
his-torical, anthropological, information and engineering science
on the case study of ST-GIS application: experience from the
East-Japan earthquake and Dzce earthquake
912
Maria KOSUGI, Quranic manuscript data on computer: a case of
applying DiMSIS-EX to historical studies
921
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NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
ix
Takahiro TOMITA, Shigeru KAKUMOTO, Development policy and social
changes in a suburban area of Mongolia: application of the
DiMSIS-EX to an anthropological research
930
Koji YOSHIKAWA, Yoshio KAJITANI, Shigeru KAKUMOTO, Michinori
HATAYAMA, Mahito USUI, An introduction to the spatial-temporal GIS
DiMSIS-EX and its application for the recovery and registration
process after large disasters in Dzce city
944
Georgios P. ANTONIOU, Ottoman aqueducts in the Helladic region:
archi-tecture and construction
960
Gzde ELK, 19. yzylda idari deiim odak noktas olarak Bbli binas
990V. Belgin DEMRSAR ARLI, Osmanl seramik sanatnda bir formun
isim-
lendirilmesi1007
Mehmet Zeki BRAHMGL Ammar BRAHMGL, Girit adasnda Osmanl dnemi
mimarisi zerine genel bir deerlendirme
1021
Eleni I. KANETAKI Vassilis AYIANNIDES, Levantine architecture in
Smyrna/Izmir: tracing the architectural classification of its
residential buildings
1043
Georgios PALLIS, The settlement of Mendenitsa (Modoni), central
Greece: archaeological evidence for a local Ottoman pilgrimage
center
1077
ule PFEIFFER-TA, Suggestions as to the localization of the
harbour of Ayasuluk and the Italian settlement during the
Aydnoullar dynasty from a new perspective
1087
Elvan TOPALLI, A recently discovered painting of Mehmet Ali
Laga: Sadabad Sefas (Pleasure at Sadabad)
1108
Maria TSITIMAKI S. Mohammad T. SHARIAT-PANAHI, Transgression of
law regarding church-building (17th-19th c.): the case of
Lesvos
1121
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x
PREFACE
It is with particular joy that we present this collection of
papers, resulting from the 20th Symposium of the Comit
International des tudes Pr-Ottomanes et Ottomanes (CIPO), which was
organised in Rethymno between 27 June and 1 July 2012 by the
Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete
and the Institute for Mediterranean Studies of the Foundation for
Research and Technology Hellas (IMS/FORTH), in collaboration with
the Region of Crete, Regional Unit of Rethymno, and the
Municipality of Rethymno.
Out of the 224 papers delivered at the Symposium, 83 were
submitted for publication and are, therefore, included in this
volume. Even though they can-not reflect the full array of topics
covered during the Symposium, we hope that they do justice to the
high quality and level of scholarship that characterised it, and
that this e-book meets the standards of both the authors and the
wider community of Ottomanist scholars.
In order to help the reader to navigate through the diversity of
the subjects dealt with in this volume, the papers are organised in
six broad thematic sec-tions as follows: Economy and Finances;
Institutions and Elites; The Ottoman Provinces; Inside a Wider
World; Culture and Ideology; Fine Arts, Architecture, and
Archaeology. Whenever papers belonged to a pre-arranged symposium
panel, they are placed first in each section, followed by
independent papers in alphabetical order.
As Editor-in-Chief of this collection, I would like to thank the
other members of the organising committee of the Symposium, namely
my colleagues Glsn Aksoy-Aivali, Antonis Anastasopoulos, and Elias
Kolovos, of the University of Crete, who have always been helpful
and willing to answer all my requests re-garding the preparation
and publication of this volume. Glsn Aksoy-Aivali, moreover, was a
member of the outstanding team of my fellow editors, together with
Marina Demetriadou, Yannis Spyropoulos, Yorgos Vidras (all
graduates
-
xi
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
of the Postgraduate Programme in Turkish Studies, run by the
Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete
and the IMS/FORTH, and Ph.Ds or Ph.D. students in Ottoman history
at the University of Crete), and Katerina Stathi. Ms Stathi is to
be thanked also for her secretarial and ad-ministrative services
which were indispensable for the successful outcome of this
project. Finally, I would like to express our gratitude to Crete
University Press, and in particular Ms Dionysia Daskalou, who have
kindly provided the layout editing of this e-book, as well as to Mr
Giorgos Benakis and Dr Joshua M. White who gave permission to use
their photos for the cover and the back cover, respectively, of
this volume.
It is to be noted that editing concerns mainly style uniformity
and language. Individual authors bear the sole responsibility for
the content of their papers.
Marinos SariyannisEditor-in-Chief
Programme of Ottoman StudiesInstitute for Mediterranean Studies
/ Foundation for Research and
Technology Hellas
-
xii
PANELS AND PAPERS OF THE 20TH CIPO SYMPOSIUM
(according to the official programme of the Symposium)
Panels are listed in alphabetical order on the basis of the
family name of the panel leader.
The panels papers are listed together with the independent
papers in the relevant section.
-
xiii
20th CIPO Symposium
N E W T R E N D S I N O T T O M A N S T U D I E SRethymno,
Crete, Greece (27 June 1 July 2012)
Organising CommitteeGlsn Aksoy-Aivali
Antonis AnastasopoulosElias Kolovos
Marinos Sariyannis
Honorary CommitteeProf. Jean-Louis Bacqu-Grammont (Honorary
President, CIPO)
Prof. Vassilis Demetriades (Honorary Researcher, IMS/FORTH)Prof.
Costas Fotakis (President, FORTH)
Prof. Christos Hadziiossif (Director, IMS/FORTH)Prof. Katerina
Kopaka (Dean, School of Letters, University of Crete)
Ms Maria Lioni (Regional Vice Governor of Crete, Rethymno)Mr
Giorgis Marinakis (Mayor of Rethymno)
Ass. Prof. Socrates Petmezas (Chair, Department of History and
Archaeology, University of Crete)
Prof. Euripides G. Stephanou (Rector, University of Crete)Prof.
Michael Ursinus (President, CIPO)
Prof. Elizabeth A. Zachariadou (Honorary Researcher,
IMS/FORTH)
Symposium SecretariatEleni SfakianakiKaterina Stathi
Technical SupportAlexandros Maridakis
Symposium AssistantsMarilena Bali
Angeliki GaridiDespoina Giannakaki
Myrsini KavalariGeorgia KorontziAlexandra Kriti
Christos KyriakopoulosGiannis Lambrakis
Iordanis PanagiotidisStelios ParlamasStamatia PartsafaIoanna
PetroulidiMilan Prodanovi
Panagiota Sfyridaki
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NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xiv
P a n e l s
A. Nkhet Adyeke (chair), Nuri Adyeke, Mehmet Ali Demirba, Melike
Kara: Yeni Kaynaklar ve Yeni Yaklamlarla Osmanl Egemenliinde Girit
ve Sonras
Antonis Anastasopoulos & Shirine Hamadeh (co-chairs),
Marie-Carmen Smyrnelis, Ik Tamdoan: Flesh and Mud: Innovative
Approaches to the Study of Early Modern Ottoman Cities
Jean-Louis Bacqu-Grammont (chair), Faruk Bilici, Jean-Charles
Ducene: Regards de la cartographie ottomane
John J. Curry (chair), Nabil al-Tikriti, Gnhan Breki, Kahraman
akul: Shifts in Ottoman Political and Intellectual Mentalities over
the Course of the Early Modern Period
Cafer ifti (chair), Seher Boykoy, Nuran Bayram, Yusuf Ouzolu:
1837-1923 Srecinde Bursada Koza reticilii ve pekli Dokumaclk
Sektrnn Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu
Gkhan Yavuz Demir (chair), Nurcan Abac, Zeynep Drtok Abac,
Erturul Uzun: Hikayelerimiz ve Adaletin Mmknl: Osmanl
mparatorluundan Trkiye Cumhuriyetine Adalet Hikayeleri
Muammer Demirel (chair), Fatih Demirel, Hatip Yldz, Mehmet Salih
Erkek: Osmanlda Eitim Modernlemesi
Hikari Egawa (chair), Michinori Hatayama, Yoshio Kajitani,
Shigeru Kakumoto, Maria Kosugi, Halit Ramazan Kubilay, lhan ahin,
Takahiro Tomita, Mahito Usui, Koji Yoshikawa: The Importance of
Interdisciplinary Research Connecting Historical, Anthropological,
Information, and Engineering Sciences Based on the Case Study of
Spatial-Temporal GIS (DiMSIS-EX) Application
M. Akif Erdoru (chair), Ali Efdal zkul, Ersin Glsoy: Eastern
Mediterranean Islands under Ottoman Rule
M. Metin Hlag (chair), Glbadi Alan, mer Kl, Gkhan Bolat: Osmanl
Devletinin Srgn Politikas ve Akdeniz Adalar
Gbor Krmn (chair), Robert Born, Ovidiu Cristea, Radu G. Pun: The
Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire between Loyalty and the
Crusading Ideal
Eugenia Kermeli (chair), Elif Bayraktar Tellan, Hasan olak,
Phokion Kotzageorgis: The Orthodox Patriarchates as Ottoman
Institutions: 15th to 18th Centuries
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xv
Elektra Kostopoulou (chair), Aimee Genell, Andrew Arsan, E.
Attila Aytekin: The Ottoman Empire in the Age of Colonialism:
Fragmented Sovereignty and Provincial Lives
Tijana Krsti (chair), Derin Terziolu, Nir Shafir:
Contextualizing the Kadzadelis: Politics of Religion and Networks
of Piety in the 17th-Century Ottoman Empire
Paolo Maggiolini (chair), Francesco Mazzucotelli: Re-Thinking
Center and Periphery in the Ottoman Polity: Catholic Dignitaries
and the Ottoman Public Administration in the 2nd Half of the 19th
Century
Hseyin Mumal (chair), Salih K, Yunus nce, Ahmet Dnmez: Statesmen
and the Public in the Ottoman Empire during the Modernization
Process: Four Portraits
Zeynep Ouz (chair), Dimitris Loupis, Satoshi Kawamoto, nver
Rtem: Transcending Typologies: The Orchestration of Public and
Private Spaces in Multifunctional Ottoman Buildings
Blent zdemir (chair), Yksel Nizamolu, Deniz Gner, Eftal Irkatal:
The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire: Aspects of World
War I
Nilay zok-Gndoan (chair), David Gutman, Seda Altu: On the
Frontiers of Ottoman Studies: Exploring the Limits of the State in
the Post-Tanzimat Ottoman Empire
Minna Rozen (chair), Eyal Ginio, Evanghelos Hekimoglou, Shai
Srougo: The Lower Classes of Ottoman Salonika (Thessaloniki) during
the 18th-19th Centuries
Henning Sievert (chair), Johann Bssow, Astrid Meier: Peripheries
Utilising the Centre: Imperial and Local Politics in Arab Provinces
of the Ottoman Empire
Amy Singer (chair), Suna aaptay, Heath Lowry: From Byzantine
Adrianople to Ottoman Edirne
Arno Strohmeyer & Christine Vogel (co-chairs), Peter
Burschel, Harriet Rudolph: The Appeal of Signs: Symbolic Practices
of Western Diplomats at the Sublime Porte (16th-18th Centuries)
Mehmet Topal (chair), Meral Bayrak (Ferliba), Meryem Kaan
Erdoan: Osmanl daresinde Bir Balkan ehri: Rusuk
Muhittin Tu (chair), Alaattin Akz, Doan Yrk, Mehmet Ylmaz:
Ottoman Rural Life: The Sudiremi Subdistrict of Konya
Nicolas Vatin (chair), Claudia Rmer, Michael Ursinus: Les hccet
volantes: diplomatique et valeur comme source
Tuba Vural (chair), Emine Koca, Fatma Ko, Beyhan Pamuk: Osmanl
Yenileme Dneminde Yaplan Klk Kyafete likin Reformlar ve Klk Kyafet
Deiimleri
Filiz Yeniehirliolu (chair), Suat Alp, Nurdan Srbahan Kkhaskyl,
Selda Alp: Artistic Encounters in Ottoman Art and Architecture:
Zones of Acculturation
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NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xvi
P a P e r s
Nurcan Abac, Hz. sa Kad Mahkemesinde: Bir Kant Olarak Mslman ve
Hristiyanlarn Yemin Etme Sreleri
Butrus Abu-Manneh, Mehmed Rashids Tenure in Syria
(1866-1871)
Birgl Akyldz-engl, Architecture of Mardin in the 19th Century: A
Story of Modernisation
A. Nkhet Adyeke, 18. Yzylda Giritte Cizye Uygulamas ve Toplumsal
Etkileri
Nuri Adyeke, 17. ve 18. Yzyllarda Kad Sicillerine Gre Resmo
Manastr Vakflar
Alaattin Akz, The Settlement and Demography in Sudiremi
Subdistrict in the 16th Century
Aslhan Aksoy-Sheridan, I Now See that There Is No Constancy in
this World: Notes on the Life and Cultural Background of a
16th-Century Ottoman Sanjak Governor
Dilek Akyaln-Kaya, Entrepreneurs and Economic Relations in Late
19th-Century Salonica
Glbadi Alan, Osmanl Devlet Memurlar ve Aydnlarnn Srgnlerinde
Akdeniz Adalarnn Yeri ve nemi
Selda Alp, Public Spaces, Different Worlds: Non-Muslim Grave
Monuments in 19th-Century Istanbul
Suat Alp, Form and Image: Hybrid Receptions of Ottoman Culture
on the Metalwork Produced in the Balkans (14th-18th Centuries)
Nabil al-Tikriti, Grim Advice, Bold Solutions: Idris-i Bitlisis
1513 Treatise on the Caliphate and Sultanic Protocols
Zeynep Altok, Anecdotes about Poets and 16th-Century Ottoman
Elite Identity
Seda Altu, Land, Community, and Conflict in the Ottoman Province
of Diyarbekir: The Case of Beshiri, 1839-1878
Edith Ambros, How Secluded was the Ottoman Woman in Public?
Antonis Anastasopoulos, A Mosque and Its Town Quarter or a Town
Quarter and Its Mosque? The Elhac Ali Paa Mosque and Quarter in
Ottoman Kandiye
Stavros Th. Anestidis, Ioannis Kalfoglou (1871-1931), un
patriote ottoman controvers
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xvii
Georgios P. Antoniou, Ottoman Aqueducts in the Helladic Region:
Architecture and Construction
Nikolay Antov, Processes of Demographic and Ethno-Religious
Change in 16th-Century Ottoman Dobrudja (NE Balkans): Repopulation,
Turcoman Colonization, and Conversion to Islam
Zeki Arkan, Ustazade Yunusun Giritin Fethi Tarihi
Andrew Arsan, An Inquiry into Imperial Political Thought:
International Intervention, Provincial Law, and Shared Sovereignty
in Late Ottoman Lebanon
Safi Avc Yasemin Avc, Osmanl mparatorluunda Kamusal Alan
Dzenlemeleri ve Antsal almalar (1840-1917)
H. Veli Aydn, 18. Yzylda Selanikte Para Vakflar ve Kredi
lemleri
Ebru Aykut, Unveiling the Unseen Agent of Crime: Medico-Legal
Evidence in Suspected Poisoning Cases in the Late Ottoman
Empire
Duygu Aysal Cin, Modernization, Urban Development and
Electrification in the Ottoman Empire: Examples from the
Electricity Projects of Istanbul and Thessaloniki
E. Attila Aytekin, Between Empire and Nation-State: Belgrade
during the Period of Autonomy: 1830-1867
Jean-Louis Bacqu-Grammont, Notes sur la Crte dans le Kitb-i
Bahriyye de Piri Res
Nimet Aye Bakrclar, 1903-1907 Tarihli Manastr Ceraim Defteri
Inda Manastrda Su
Glhan Balsoy, Gendered Approaches to Infanticide in 19th-Century
Ottoman Society
Samettin Baol, Osmanl ehirlerinde na ve Onarm Faaliyetlerinde
alan Gruplar ve Meslekler
Meral Bayrak (Ferliba), Rusukta Osmanl Kltr Varlklar: Dini Ve
Hayri Kurumlardan Bazlar
Elif Bayraktar Tellan, As It Is Clearly Expressed in their
Berats: An Interpretation of the Transformation of the Patriarchate
of Istanbul in the Light of Patriarchal Berats in the 18th
Century
Nuran Bayram, 1837-1923 Srecinde Bursada pekilik Sektrnn
Sosyo-Ekonomik Analizi
Faruk Bilici, Le Danube chez Evliy Celeb
Sedat Bingl, 19. Yzyl Belgelerine Gre Cesaret ve Uykusuzluun Kol
Gezdii Osmanl Mahalleleri
Gkhan Bolat, Bedirhan Airetinin Srgn Edilmesi erevesinde Akdeniz
Adalarna Yaplan Airet Srgnleri
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xviii
Robert Born, From Vassal to Miles Christianus: Sigismund Bthorys
Battles with the Ottomans as a European Media Event
Seher Boykoy, 1908-1923 Srecinde Bursada Koza reticilii ve pekli
Dokumaclk Sektr
Michel Bozdmir, Le rinvestissement du pass par le prsent: des
usages multiples de lhistoire ottomane
Gnhan Breki, Seeking Power at an Imperial Court Divided by
Factions: The New Ruling Strategies of the Ottoman Sultans in the
Late 16th and Early 17th Centuries
Peter Burschel, Topkap Saray or a Journey to the End of Time
Johann Bssow, The Anaza Bedouins and the Ottoman State during
the Nineteenth Century
Maria-Christina Chatziioannou, Wearing and Trading the Fez in an
Ottoman-Mediterranean Context (18th-19th C.)
Rafael-Dorian Chelaru, Catholic Elites and Ottomans in the
Western Balkans (17th-18th Centuries)
Agata Anna Chmiel, Self-Conversion in the Balkans: A
Micro-History of 15th-Century e and Divoane in the Rhodope
Mountains
Danuta Chmielowska, Giritli Osmanl Ressamlarndan Kazm Kavur
ahsiyeti ve Eserleri
Ovidiu Cristea, Ottoman Military Support for Tributary States:
The Case of Wallachia and Moldavia (15th-16th C.)
John J. Curry, Ottoman Perceptions of the Indian Subcontinent as
Reflected in the Cihnnm of Katip elebi
Suna aaptay, A City Caught In Between: Viewing Byzantine
Adrianople against Historical and Scholarly Disjunctions
Birten elik, The Women Guards at the Service of the Ottoman
Customs
Gzde elik, 19. Yzylda dari Deiimin Odak Noktas Olarak Bbli
Binas
Halil etin, About the Political Identity of Osman Bey: Was He A
Khan?
Cafer ifti, 1837-1908 Srecinde Bursada Koza reticilii ve pekli
Dokumaclk Sektr
Hasan olak, Centralisation of the Patriarchates of Antioch,
Jerusalem, and Alexandria in Istanbul: Testimony of the Patriarchal
Berats of the 18th Century
Roger Deal, Celestin Bonnin and the Creation of a Modern Ottoman
Police Force
Gkhan Yavuz Demir, Adaletin Hikayeler zerinden Tesisi
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xix
Mehmet Ali Demirba, Gayr- Menkul Satnda uf a (nalm) Hakknn
Kullanm: Kandiye rnei
Fatih Demirel, Osmanl Modern Eitim Kurumlarnda lenen Sular
Muammer Demirel, Osmanl Modern Mekteplerinde dllendirme
Belgin Demirsar Arl, Osmanl Seramik Sanatnda Yeni Bir Keif
Mehmet Demirta, Osmanl Esnafnda yeri Ama Uygulamas, Karlalan
stismarlar ve Uygulanan Yaptrmlar
Sotirios Dimitriadis, Transforming Urban Space in a Late Ottoman
Port-City: The Ayasofya Mosque in Salonica
Ahmet Dnmez, Differentiation in Governance and Reform
Understanding between Mahmud II and Reshid Pasha during the
Modernization Process
Zeynep Drtok Abac, Osmanl Mahkemesinde Taraflar ahitler ve Dava
Hikayeleri: Tahkiyelerin Sosyal Alar zerinden Okunmas
Jean-Charles Ducene, Notes sur les ctes du Maghreb dans le
Kitb-i Bahriyye de Piri Res
Seluk Dursun, evre (Ekoloji) Tarihi Merceinden Osmanl Tarihini
Yeniden Yazmak
Flya Dvenci Karako, 1900 Yl Balarnda Osmanl Beyrutunda Kltrel
Yaam
M. Akif Erdoru, The Ottoman Houses in the Old Town of the City
of Nicosia of Cyprus in the 17th Century
zer Ergen Nil Tekgl, Ideal/Role Model Defined for the Ottoman
Individuals and its Change throughout Time
Mehmet Salih Erkek, Bir Dnem On Bir Nazr: II. Merutiyet Dneminin
Maarif Nazrlar
Aleksandar Foti, The Serbian Orthodox Community in Ottoman
Jerusalem (16th-17th C.): Sources, Interpretations and
Historiographical Problems
Eleni Gara, Violence in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire and its
Social Meanings
Aimee Genell, Boundaries, Passports and Treaties: Ottoman Legal
Challenges to the British Occupation of Egypt
Eyal Ginio, Networks of Immigration to Ottoman Salonica
David Gutman, Trans-Hemispheric Migration, Domestic Mobility and
the Limits to Ottoman State Control of Armenian Migration from
Eastern Anatolia to North America, 1888-1908
Ersin Glsoy, Governor Generals of the Island of Crete under the
Ottoman Rule
smail Gndodu, Osmanl Devletinde Timar Erbabna Hazineden Verilen
Borlar ve Geri Alnmas: Sultan IV. Muratn Badat Seferi rnei
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xx
Deniz Gner, Birinci Dnya Sava Srasnda Osmanl Devletinde Sansr
Uygulamalar
Zbeyde Gne Yac, Ege Kysnda Bir Osmanl Kasabasnda Yaam Standard:
Edremit
Antonis Hadjikyriacou, Urban-Rural Relations in an Ottoman
Miniature Continent: Advance Purchase and Forward Contracts in
Eighteenth-Century Cyprus
Shirine Hamadeh, Young and Single in Istanbul: The Social Space
of the Bekr Community
Hlya Hanc, How Does a Poet Become a Bad Poet? The Case of the
16th-Century Ottoman Poet Kef
Nilfer Hatemi, The Assassination of the Russian Consul at
Mitrovica, 1903
Evanghelos Hekimoglou, The Orthodox Christian Poor and Pauper
Families in Thessaloniki (18th-19th C.): How Many and How Strong
They Were?
M. Metin Hlag, Osmanl Devletinde Srgn Cezasnn Hukuki Boyutu ve
Akdeniz Adalarnn Srgnler Asndan nemi
Eftal Irkatal, Bir syann Kodlar: I. Dnya Savanda Arap
Ayaklanmas
Gne Iksel, Mulay Abd al-Maliks Enthronement in Morocco (June
1576) in the Context of the Ottomano-Habsburg Rivalry
Svetla Ianeva, The Rumelian Provincial Elites in the Ottoman
Tax-Farming System of the 19th Century
Mehmet Zeki brahimgil, Assessment of the Architecture of the
Ottoman Empire: The Island of Crete
Nurcin leri, A Murder in Pangalt, 1895: Tell Me Your Sources, I
Tell Your Story
Slobodan Ili, Man as Microcosm: The Concept of Al-nsan Al-Kamil
in the Light of the Mystical Treatises of Husayn Lamakani (d.
1625)
Yunus nce, An Ottoman Padishah from the Point of View of his
Subjects: Mahmud II
Murat Iss, Osmanlnn Son Dneminde Krt Basn: lk Krt Gazetesi
Krdistan (1898-1902)
Katharina Ivanyi, And the Question of Lands is Very Confusing:
Birgivi on Land Tenure and Taxation
Mathieu Jestin, Le consul Charles Guys et la question de la
protection franaise dans la Salonique ottomane dans les annes
1830
Meryem Kaan Erdoan, 16. Yzylda Rusukta Demografik ve
Sosyo-Ekonomik Yap
Shigeru Kakumoto lhan ahin Hikari Egawa Yoshio Kajitani Halit
Ramazan Kubilay, Collaborative Research of History and Information
Science: Difference of Recovery Procedure after the Earthquake
Disaster Based on Each Culture
Eirini Kalogeropoulou, A Village Micro-Economy in the Hinterland
of Selanik between 1770 and 1845
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xxi
Eleni Kanetaki Vassilis Ayiannides, Levantine Architecture in
Smyrna/Izmir: Tracing the Architectural Classification of its
Residential Buildings
Melike Kara, Kuzey Afrikada Girit Mslmanlar
Grer Karagedikli, The Making of the Edirne Jewish Community: A
Demographic and Spatial Analysis (c. 1690-1750)
Selim Karahasanolu, Osmanl Literatrnde Ben-Anlatlarna
(Ego-dokumente) Katk: Sadreddinzade Telhisi Mustafa Efendi Gnl
(1711-1735)
Ayfer Karakaya-Stump, From Formal Suppression to Informal
Accommodation: The Ottoman State and the Kizilbash/Alevi
Communities in Anatolia
Ceyda Karamrsel, My Name is irin Kadn, my Craft, Slaver: The
World of Slave Women in the Late Nineteenth-Century Ottoman
Empire
Gbor Krmn, The Transylvanian Rhetoric of Being an Ottoman
Tributary
Satoshi Kawamoto, The Courtyard of erefeli Mosque: A Point of
Contact between Mosque and Palace Architecture
Alp Ycel Kaya, Comparative Analysis of Labor Organisation in
iftliks in the Hinterlands of Izmir and Salonica (1840-1912)
ennur Kaya, Babakanlk Osmanl Arivi Belgeleri Inda stanbulda
Porselen retimi Giriimleri
Vangelis Kechriotis, Ottomanism and Notions of Empire on the
Verge of its Collapse
Eugenia Kermeli, The Ulema and the Patriarch: Accommodation and
Conflict
mer Kl, Krm Hanlarnn Osmanlda Srgn Gnleri (Akdeniz Adalarnda
Srgn Asilzadeler)
Salih K, A Serdar- Ekrem in the Ottoman Army during the
Transition Process: R. Mehmed Pasha
Svetlana Kirillina, Defining the Confessional and Ethnic
Plurality of the Ottoman Society: Pilgrimage of Monastic Priest
Leontii to the Holy Land of Christianity (1763-1766)
Denise Klein, Between Court and Coffeehouse: Crimean Tatar
Chronicles in the 16th-18th Centuries
Emine Koca, Osmanlda Yaplan Klk Kyafete likin Reformlarn Erkek
Giysilerinin Biimsel zelliklerine Etkileri
Saim ari Kocakaplan, Osmanl Mukataa Sisteminde Emanet ve ltizam
Uygulamalar: stanbul Gmr rnei
Fatma Ko, Osmanlda Yaplan Klk Kyafete likin Reformlarn Kadn
Giysilerinin Biimsel zelliklerine Etkileri
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xxii
Dariusz Koodziejczyk, Ottoman vs. Crimean Tatar Elites in the
17th Century: A Comparative Approach
Elias Kolovos, Early Ottoman Diplomatics Revisited: An Order of
the Beylerbey of Rumeli in 1401 in Favor of the Athonite Monastery
of Vatopedi
Georgia Kondyli, Le thtre musical europen Smyrne
Elektra Kostopoulou, Sovereignty Laws: The Secular Conception of
the Religious in the Fin-de-Sicle Ottoman Mediterranean
Maria Kosugi Shigeru Kakumoto, Quranic Manuscript Data on
Computer: A Case of Applying DiMSIS-EX to Historical Studies
Phokion Kotzageorgis, Socio-Economic Aspects of a Tax: The
Metropolitans and Bishops Pike (2nd Half of the 17th Century)
Phokion Kotzageorgis and Demetris Papastamatiou, Economic and
Social Hierarchies within an Urban Context: The Case of
Thessaloniki in the 18th Century
Daria Kovaleva, Experienced Diplomat, Skilled Bohac, or
Professional Witch? On the Nature of Jewish Womens Presence in the
Ottoman Royal Palace
Tijana Krsti, Defining a Subject of the Sultans Nation: Law,
Religion and Orthodoxy in Ahmed Is Istanbul
Sadi S. Kucur, 13-14. Yzyl Trkiyesine Ait Temlikname ve Arazi
Sat Hccetleri
zlem Kumrular, Disguise as a Means of Safe Travel and Survival
in the Ottoman Empire in the Modern Age
Vjeran Kursar, The Zellich Print House: European Immigrants and
Technology Transfer in the 19th-Century Ottoman Empire
Sophia Laiou, Patronage Networks in the Aegean Sea, End of the
18th Beginning of the 19th Century
Dimitris Loupis, A Building for All Purposes: Functions of the
T-Shaped Edifices under Evrenos in the Early Ottoman Balkans
Heath Lowry, 14th-Century Zaviye-Imarets in Edirne and Eastern
Rumeli: An Overlooked Facet of the Ottoman Method of Conquest
Andreas Lyberatos, Proto-Globalization and National
Politicization in Late Ottoman Thrace: The Case of Stenimahos
(stanimaka)
Paolo Maggiolini, Understanding Life in the Ottoman-Montenegrin
Borderlands of Northern Albania during the Tanzimat Era: Catholic
Mirdite Tribes, Missionaries and Ottoman Officials
Francesco Malfatti, The Medici and the Ottoman-Habsburg Wars:
The Szigetvr Campaign (1566)
Sinan Marufolu, 19. Yzylda Dicle ve Fratta Osmanl Nehir
Tamacl
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xxiii
Francesco Mazzucotelli, The Amazing Stories of Rstem Mariani
Paa, Vasa Paa, and Muzaffer Czaikowski Paa: Catholic Mutasarrfs in
Ottoman Mount Lebanon, 1861-1914
Astrid Meier, Villagers, Kadaskers, eyhlislams and the Sultan:
Resolving a Water Conflict in the Environment of Ottoman Damascus,
1670-1720
Milena B. Methodieva, The Young Turks and the Muslim Reform
Movement in Bulgaria, 1895-1908
Erica Mezzoli, Corruption, Economy and Bureaucracy in
17th-Century Ottoman Bosnia: The View of the Ragusean Diplomacy
Michalis N. Michael, Revolts, Demands and Reaction in an Era of
Uncertainty in the Ottoman Periphery: The Three Revolts of 1833 in
Cyprus
Konstantinos Moustakas, The Myth of the Byzantine Origins of the
Osmanlis: An Essay to Interpretation
Hseyin Mumal, An Ayan in Anatolia during the Reform Process:
Sleyman Bey and his Trial
Yksel Nizamolu, Byk Savata III. Ordunun leri Harekat ve
stihbarat Faaliyetlerinin Rol
Michael Nizri, The Ongoing Dialogue between the Letter of the
Waqf Law and Socio-Economic Requirements as Indicated by Waqf
Account Books
Zeynep Ouz, Pleasure and Piety: The Palatial Elements in the
Zaviyes of Early Ottoman Rulers
Yusuf Ouzolu, Giritli Mbadillerin pekilik Deneyimleri ve Bunun
Bursa Yresine Aktarlmas
Tomoki Okawara, Migration Movements and British-Ottoman
Diplomatic Relations
Fatma ncel, Proto-Industrialization in Mid 19th-Century Ottoman
Rural Area: Textile Manufacturing in Villages of Plovdiv
Blent zdemir, The Heart of the War: The Strategic Importance of
the Mediterranean Basin for the Powers during WW I and the
Dardanelles Campaign
Ali Efdal zkul, Commercial Activities of Italian City-States
(Sicily-Naples, Venice, Genoa and Sardinia) on the Island of Cyprus
under the Ottoman Rule
Nilay zok-Gndoan, Land Disputes in the Frontiers of the State:
The Making of the Modern Ottoman State in the Kurdish Periphery,
1840-1870
Georgios Pallis, The Settlement of Mendenitsa (Modoni), Central
Greece: Archaeological Evidence for a Local Ottoman Pilgrimage
Center
Beyhan Pamuk, Osmanl Yenileme Dneminde Klk Kyafete likin
Reformlarn Malzeme Aksesuar ve Sslenme zelliklerine Etkileri
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xxiv
Konstantinos Papastathis Ruth Kark, The Effect of the Young
Turks Revolution on Religious Power Politics: The Case of the
Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (1908-1910)
Radu G. Pun, Rhetorics of Hope and Fear, the Prophecies about
the Ruin of the Ottoman Power and the Military Revolts against the
Porte (Wallachia and Moldavia, 16th-17th Centuries)
Katerina Pavlopoulou, Identity and Modernization Issues through
the Eyes of an Employee
Zozan Pehlivan, Circulation of Commodities and Commercial
Networks of Diyarbekir in the Early Nineteenth Century
Emrah Pelvanolu, Metafordan roniye: Osmanl Modernlemesine
Metatarihsel Bir Yaklam
ule Pfeiffer-Ta, Suggestions as to the Localization of the
Harbour of Ayasuluk and the Italian Settlement during the
Aydnoullar Dynasty under New Observations
Anna Pouradier Duteil-Loizidou, Le gouvernement de Chypre de la
fin du 17e au dbut du 18e sicle, daprs le tmoignage des consuls de
France Larnaca
Gisela Prochzka-Eisl, Avret Gibi Qilduq Firr: Poetical
Reflections of a 16th-Century Campaign to Hungary in a Mecma
Xeyirbey Qasimov, Dou Anadolu Blgesindeki At ve Ko Heykelli
Mezar Talar
Abdul-Karim Rafeq, The Arabs and the Ottomans: Confrontation and
Accommodation in Ottoman Syria
Claudia Rmer, Le cadi en tant que mfetti de muaa
Minna Rozen, The Jewish Proletariat of Salonica during the Last
Ottoman Century: History and Nostalgia
Harriet Rudolph, The Material Culture of Habsburg-Ottoman
Diplomacy
nver Rtem, Between Palace and Mosque: The Role of the Sultans
Pavilion in Late Ottoman Architecture
Tetsuya Sahara, The Adana Incident of 1909 and the Muslim
Refugee Question
Yuko Saito, Rumeli Demiryollar letmesi Kaytlarna Gre 19.
Yzyldaki Osmanl Modernlemesine Bir Bak
Maria Sardi, The Role of Textiles in Ottoman-Mamluk Relations,
Politics and Religion
Marinos Sariyannis, Pleasure is a Private Business: A
Preliminary Approach to Leisure in Ottoman Mentality
Samir Seikaly, Looking for the Fallahin
Emmanouil Seiragakis, Leblebidji Hor-Hor Agha, a Glorious
Ottoman Peddler
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xxv
Nir Shafir, The Knowledge Networks of Abdulghani al-Nabulusi
S. Mohammad T. Shariat-Panahi Maria Tsitimaki, Transgression of
Law Regarding Church-Building during the 18th and 19th Century: The
Case of Lesvos
Sarah Shields, Locating Ottoman Minorities: Reappraising the
Context of Majority
Henning Sievert, Tripolitanians, Cyrenaicans and their Empire:
Political Strategies and Networks in Ottoman Africa
Amy Singer, The Shape of Early Ottoman Edirne
Will Smiley, The Ottoman-Russian Definition of Identity: An
Early Modern International Law of Naturalization?
Marie-Carmen Smyrnelis, Individus et familles dans lespace
urbain de Smyrne (fin XVIIIe dbut XIXe sicle)
Erdem Snmez, Kuramsal Kaynaklar zerine Yeniden Dnmek: Max Weber
ve Osmanl Tarihyazm
Shai Srougo, The Jewish Dockers of Ottoman Salonica:
Professional, Ethnic and Political Identities in a Period of
Political Turmoil
Boris Stojkovski, Mahmoud Tercman comme une source pour
lhistoire mdivale hongroise
Martin Strohmeier, The Province of Sivas at the End of the 19th
Century
Arno Strohmeyer, The Theatrical Performance of Peace: Entries of
Habsburg Grand Embassies in Constantinople, 17th-18th Centuries
Nurdan Srbahan Kkhaskyl, Circulating Images: Ottoman Painters,
Travel Books, Overtones
Elbieta wicicka, A Cartographical Memorial of Tatars Raids on
Muscovy
Kahraman akul, Ottoman Perceptions of the Military Reforms of
Tipu Sultan and ahin Giray
Ik Tamdoan, Approcher la configuration de la violence dans
lespace urbain (Adana au XVIIIe sicle)
Derin Terziolu, The Forgotten Kadzade: Kadzade Mehmed lmi and
the Sunnitizing Sufi Preachers of Rumeli
Takahiro Tomita Shigeru Kakumoto, Development Policy and Social
Changes in a Suburban Area of Mongolia: Application of DiMSIS-EX to
an Anthropological Research
Mehmet Topal, Balkanlarda Bir Modernleme rnei: Rusuk
Elvan Topall, Asker Ressam Mehmet Ali Lagann Gnyzne kmam Bir
Tablosu: Sadabad Sefas
-
NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xxvi
Glin Tunal Ko, Seseya: The Representation of Theseus by the
Ottoman Mufti of Athens in the Beginning of the 18th Century
Muhittin Tu, The Economic and Social Structure of the Sudiremi
Subdistrict in the 19th Century
Gl Tlveli, 17. Yzyl Trabzonunda Ekonomik likiler Balamnda
Mslman-Gayrimslim likileri
Zeynep Trkylmaz, Neither Muslim Nor Christian: Crypto-Christians
of Trabzon (1856-1924)
Mehmet Ttnc, Corsair Diplomacy between Netherlands and Ottoman
Algeria: Treaties and Documents from the Netherlands Archives
Michael Ursinus, Some Hccets from the Patmos Archives Issued by
the Cadi of the Imperial Fleet
Mehmet Fatih Uslu, The Making of a Provincial Writer
Erturul Uzun, 20. Yzyl Trkiyesinde Mahkeme Kararlarnda Ahlaki
Gerekeler
Ceren nal, Kuva-yi Milliye Mzesinde Yer Alan Artuklu Beyliine
Ait Figr Tasvirli Sikkeler
Nicolas Vatin, ccet signatures multiples dans le fonds ottoman
des archives du monastre de Saint-Jean Patmos
Margaret L. Venzke, The Question of Sokollu Mehmed Pashas Vaqf
in Aleppo and Antioch: The Importance of Vaqf in the Northern
Syrian Lands, the 16th Century
Christine Vogel, The Art of Misunderstanding: French Ambassadors
Translating Ottoman Court Ceremonial
Tuba Vural, Osmanl Yenileme Dneminde Klk Kyafete likin Reformlar
ekilde Mi Yoksa zde Mi Deiim Getirmitir
Micha Wasiucionek, Ethnic Solidarity in the Wider Ottoman Empire
Revisited: Cins and Local Political Elites in 17th-Century Moldavia
and Wallachia
Joshua Michael White, Amrs Odyssey: Pirates, Slaves, and Islamic
Law in the Early Modern Mediterranean
Michael Winter, Ottoman Mentalities and Attitudes: Loyalty,
Religion, Ethnicity
Avner Wishnitzer, Lifting the Veil of Darkness: Nightlife and
Nocturnal Order in the Late Ottoman Empire
Larry Wolff, Ottoman Subjects on the European Operatic Stage
during the Long 18th Century
Filiz Yaar, Osmanl Krsalnda ki Kaynak ncelemesi: Notariaka ve
lam (Sakz Adas rnei)
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NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES
xxvii
Mahmoud Yazbak, Palestine in the 18th Century: The Politics of
Trade and Power
Filiz Yeniehirliolu, Other Histories, Other Stories and Ottoman
Art
Onur Yldrm Seven Agir, Gedik: Asset Ownership and Labor
Relations in Early 19th-Century Istanbul
Hatip Yldz, Osmanl Modernleme Dneminde Tarada retmen Eitimi:
Diyarbakr rnei
Mehmet Ylmaz, Population and Settlement in the Sudiremi
Subdistrict according to the 1844 Census
Yasir Ylmaz, Lets Go Get Our Uniforms at St. Gotthard!:
Decision-Making, Intentio-nality, and Grand Strategy in Early
Modern Europe Revisited
Eunjeong Yi, Atpazari Seyyid Osman in the Political Turmoil of
the Late 17th Century: An Arabic Sufi Texts Potential as a
Historical Source
Koji Yoshikawa Yoshio Kajitani Shigeru Kakumoto Michinori
Hatayama Mahito Usui, An Introduction of the Spatial-Temporal GIS
DiMSIS-EX and Its Application for the Recovery and Restoration
Process after Large Disasters in Dzce City: The Construction of the
New Residential Area and Traffic Network
Doan Yrk, The Economic Structure of the Sudiremi Subdistrict in
the 16th Century
Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, Revisiting Early Ottoman History
Nedim Zahirovi, Habsburg Merchants as Suppliers of Ottoman
Troops at the End of the 18th and the Beginning of the 19th
Century
Borislava Zhivkova, Lgat: A 15th-Century Four-Language
Dictionary. A Content Analysis
-
PART I
ECONOMY AND FINANCES
-
2
P a n e l
1837-1923 SRECNDE BURSADA KOZA RETCL VE PEKL DOKUMACILIK
SEKTRNN SOSYO-EKONOMK DURUMU
Nuran Bayram, Seher Boykoy, Cafer ifti, Yusuf Ouzolu
1837-1923 SRECNDE BURSADA PEKLK SEKTRNN SOSYO-EKONOMK ANALZ
Nuran Bayram*
1. Giri
Osmanl dneminde Bursa, ipekilik sektrnn en nemli
ehirlerindendir. 19. yzyln ortalarna kadar ham ipein retimi evlerde
ve mahallelerde gele-neksel yntemlerle ve tepme mancnklar vastasyla
yaplrken, 19. yzyln or-talarndan itibaren sektrde fabrikalama sreci
balamtr. Bursada ham ipek reten ilk fabrika 1837 ylnda, ipekli
dokumaclk yapan ilk fabrika ise 1908 ylnda kurulmutur. Kozadan ipek
teli ekme ve ipek ipliinden dokumac-lk yapma asndan yenileme
srecini ifade eden bu yllar, sektrde nemli gelimeleri ve deiimleri
ortaya karmtr. Hazrlanan bu alma, belirtilen srete ipekilik sektrnn
ekonomik analizini tarihsel kaynaklardan elde edilen saysal veriler
erevesinde deerlendirmeyi amalamaktadr.
2. Osmanl Devletinde Koza retimi ve Hudvendigr Vilyetinin
YeriOsmanl Devleti ve Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann 1888-1908
yl-lar arasnda ya koza retimi ve r gelirleri aadaki tabloda
sunulmutur.
* Prof. Dr., Uluda niversitesi, BF, Ekonometri Blm,
[email protected]
-
3
1837-1923 srecnde Bursada peklk
3
Tablo 1. Osmanl Devleti ve Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann
ya koza retimi ve r gelirleri (1888-1908)1
Osmanl DevletiHudvendigr Vilyeti ile
zmit SancandaHudvendigr Vilyeti ile
zmit Sancann
YllarYa Koza retimi
(Kilo)
r Gelirleri (Osmn
Lira)
Ya Koza retimi
(Kilo)
r Gelirleri (Osmn Lira)
Ya Koza retimind-
eki % pay
r Gelirler-indeki % pay
1888 4.104.000 45.593 2.057.497 24.870 50.13 54.551889 5.730.000
69.028 3.088.583 37.063 53.90 53.691890 7.485.000 90.096 3.965.726
48.935 52.98 54.311891 8.000.000 82.759 3.426.027 41.412 42.83
50.04
1892 9.500.000 100.776 4.324.670 51.868 45.52 51.471893
9.812.000 119.707 4.610.584 65.005 46.99 54.301894 9.550.000 88.776
4.581.105 49.108 47.97 55.321895 8.860.000 84.138 3.439.984 42.125
38.83 50.071896 11.300.000 98.312 5.386.119 54.230 47.66 55.161897
9.000.000 83.138 4.207.392 45.167 46.75 54.331898 10.500.000
112.246 4.950.315 61.932 47.15 55.181899 12.900.000 153.408
6.146.620 84.803 47.65 55.281900 10.580.000 116.279 5.132.524
65.255 48.51 56.121901 11.800.000 122.725 5.264.984 63.362 44.62
51.631902 11.250.000 130.470 5.226.827 69.862 46.46 53.551903
16.000.000 181.681 5.434.490 96.766 33.97 53.261904 13.900.000
144.317 6.100.919 73.353 43.89 50.831905 16.500.000 206.343
7.436.000 100.000 45.07 48.461906 17.000.000 194.015 - - - -1907
18.000.000 249.943 - - - -1908 18.338.000 198.417 7.527.000 - 41.05
-
Tablodan da grld gibi, Osmanl Devletinin 1888-1908 yllar arasnda
ya koza retimi yaklak %447 orannda art gstermitir. Bilindii gibi,
1888 ylnda pekilik Okulu (Harir Darttaliminin) kurulmutur. Okulun
kurulu tarihinde kozann r geliri 45.593 Osmanl Liras iken, 1908
ylnda 198.417 olarak (%435) art gstermitir. Ayn ekilde, 1888-1905
yllar arasnda Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza
retimindeki hsl olan gelime pay %361, r gelirlerindeki hsl olan
gelime pay ise %402 orannda olmutur.
1 Kevork Torkomyan, pekbcei Beslemek ve pekbcei Tohumu stihsl
Etmek Usl ve Kavidi, Dersadet 1326, s. 35; Hudvendigr Vilyeti
Slnmesi, 1325, s. 268.
-
4
nuran Bayram
19
08
19
05
19
04
19
03
19
02
19
01
19
00
18
99
18
98
18
97
18
96
18
95
18
94
18
93
18
92
18
91
18
90
18
89
18
88
Y IL
55,00
50,00
45,00
40,00
35,00
KIL
O (
%)
19
05
19
04
19
03
19
02
19
01
19
00
18
99
18
98
18
97
18
96
18
95
18
94
18
93
18
92
18
91
18
90
18
89
18
88
Y IL
56,00
54,00
52,00
50,00
48,00
LIR
A (
%)
Grafik 1. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza
retimindeki % pay
Grafik 2. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann r gelirindeki %
pay
Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimindeki % pay
1888 ylnda yaklak %50 iken, 1905 ylnda yaklak %45 olmutur. Bu pay
1903 ylnda %34 ile en dk deere ulamtr. Grafik 2 incelendiinde,
Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimininin r
gelirin-deki % pay 1904 ylnda %48 ile en dk deer de iken, 1900
yllnda %56 ile en yksek deere ulamtr.
Tablo 1de belirtildii gibi, Osmanl Devletine ait 1908 yl ya koza
retimi 18.338.000 kilodur. Bu yla ait ya koza retiminin vilyetlere
gre dalm ise aadaki tabloda sunulmutur.
Tablo 2. 1908 yl ya kozann retiminin vilyetlere gre dalm2
Vilayetler
KiloHudvendigr Vilyetiyle zmit Sancanda 7.527.000Beyrut ve
Suriye Vilyetleriyle Cebel-i Lbnanda 5.641.000Selnik-Manastr-Kosova
ve Yanya Vilyetlerinde 1.793.000Edirne Vilyetinde 1.639.000Adana ve
Haleb Vilyetlerinde 755.000Trabzon ve Sivas-Mamuretl aziz ve
Erzurum Vilyetlerinde 126.000Aydn ve Cezyir-i Bahr- Sefid
Vilyetleriyle Biga Sancanda 285.000Diyarbekir-Musul-Badad
Vilyetlerinde 170.000
Ankara ve Konya Vilyetlerinde 102.000
Toplam 18.338.000
2 Torkomyan, pekbcei Beslemek, s. 13-14.
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5
1837-1923 srecnde Bursada peklk
Tablo 2den de grld gibi 1908 ylnda ya koza retim deeri en fazla
olan vilayet Hudvendigr Vilyetiyle zmit Sancadr.
Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancanda 1888-1908 yllar arasnda
bes-lenilmi olan yerli ve yabanc ipek tohumu ve yabanc lkelere
yaplan yerli ipek tohumu ihrct miktarlar aadaki tabloda
sunulmutur.
Tablo 3. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancana ait beslenilmi
yerli ve yabanc ipek tohumu ile yabanc lkelere yaplan yerli ipek
tohumu ihrct miktarlar3
YllarBeslenmi yerli
tohumuBeslenmi yabanc
tohumuToplam
Yabanc lkelere ihr olunan
Kilo Gram Kilo Gram Kilo Gram Kilo Gram1888 475 - 1900 - 2375 -
- -1889 947 425 1613 225 2560 650 - -1890 912 575 1694 800 2877 375
- -1891 2364 950 639 650 3004 600 24 9501892 2909 400 302 700 3212
100 507 9251893 2635 325 73 375 2710 700 1048 6751894 2903 425 34
450 2937 875 1104 4751895 2458 750 13 525 2472 275 4730 9751896
2890 475 78 350 2968 825 5452 6501897 3298 15 42 475 3340 490 5546
9751898 3082 525 222 450 3304 975 4595 5251899 3851 800 49 275 3901
75 10060 3001900 4884 525 2 675 4887 200 10480 6501901 5066 350 25
75 5091 425 11438 -1902 4196 700 45 700 4242 400 8996 5501903 4043
625 20 650 4064 270 7624 7251904 5324 875 16 875 5341 750 14238
251905 5361 500 13 150 5374 650 9557 5001906 3843 825 1 - 3844 825
7695 9001907 4018 600 1 200 4019 800 5573 8501908 4201 900 9 325
4211 225 11397 725
1888-1908 yllar arasnda Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancana ait
besle-nilmi yerli ipek tohumunda yllar itibariyle art olduu ve
beslenilmi yabanc ipek tohumunda da bir azal olduu Tablo 3den
grlmektedir. 1888-1908 yl-lar arasnda Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit
Sancana ait beslenilmi yerli ve
3 a.g.e., s. 35.
-
6
nuran Bayram
yabanc ipek tohumunun toplam deeri ve ihra edilen yerli ipek
tohumunun deerleri aadaki grafiklerde sunulmutur.
YIL
1908
1906
1904
1902
1900
1898
1896
1894
1892
1890
1888
TOPL
AM (k
g)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
YIL
1908
1907
1906
1905
1904
1903
1902
1901
1900
1899
1898
1897
1896
1895
1894
1893
1892
1891
IHR
ACAT
(kg)
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Grafik 3. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann beslenmi toplam
ipek tohumu (kg)
Grafik 4. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancandan ihra edilen
yerli
ipek tohumu (kg)
Grafik 3 incelendiinde Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann
bes-lenmi olduu toplam ipek tohumunda 1904 ve 1905 yllarnda yksek
deere ulat, Grakfik 4 incelendiinde ise ihra edilen yerli ipek
tohumu-nun 1904 ylnda maksimum deere ulat grlmektedir. Her iki
grafikten, Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann hem beslenmi toplam
ipek tohu-munda hem de ihra edilen yerli ipek tohumunda yllar
itibariyle art gsterir-ken 1906 ylnda azal gsterdii
grlmektedir.
3. Osmanl Devletinde pek Koza ve Ham pek hracat
1878li yllarda Osmanl devletinin en nemli ihra mallar arasnda
buday, zm, tiftik, afyon ve ham ipek bulunmaktadr. Bu mallarn ve
ipek koza dee-rinin toplam ihracat iindeki paylar dikkate alnarak
Tablo 4 aadaki gibi hazrlanmtr.
-
7
1837-1923 srecnde Bursada peklk
Tablo 4. pek Koza ve Ham pek ihracatnn toplam ihracat iindeki
pay (%), (18781913)4
pek Koza Ham pek Buday zm Tiftik AfyonYllar % % % % % %
1878 1.1 5.3 9.7 12.6 1.7 7.11879 3.7 3.9 3.8 16.1 5.0 8.01880 -
9.8 2.6 11.8 10.2 5.31881 - 7.9 7.9 6.9 7.1 8.51882 - 6.5 9.9 9.5
9.7 4.71883 2.4 5.2 10.7 9.2 - 6.31884 2.6 6.3 8.4 12.8 6.0 4.61885
2.3 6.4 7.6 12.1 4.9 7.51886 2.7 6.2 6.3 14.4 6.8 6.31887 3.5 7.4
3.9 15.3 4.4 3.71888 2.5 5.9 5.9 14.9 4.5 5.91889 3.7 6.4 9.0 9.7
4.4 4.11890 3.1 7.9 10.0 7.7 2.8 5.51891 2.9 7.1 11.5 10.8 3.6
5.51892 5.4 7.6 5.0 13.1 4.7 4.51893 4.3 8.2 1.2 13.4 4.6 4.11894
3.4 9.9 1.1 12.9 4.7 4.51895 4.3 8.5 2.4 14.1 4.9 4.81896 4.5 9.4
5.6 12.5 3.3 5.11897 4.4 8.9 4.2 12.3 6.3 3.71898 5.6 11.3 2.3 10.2
6.9 4.71899 5.8 10.5 0.9 12.5 6.7 4.91900 3.8 9.2 1.2 8.9 4.8
5.81905 5.6 9.2 1.9 12.0 4.7 3.71907 3.4 8.4 1.2 8.3 1.7 0.91908
3.4 9.4 1.3 9.5 3.3 2.01909 3.3 10.0 0.2 8.9 5.1 2.61910 3.7 7.2
0.4 6.3 3.9 5.01911 4.6 6.7 1.6 7.7 2.6 3.11913 2.4 6.8 0.5 10.4
3.4 3.7
4 evket Pamuk, 19. Yzylda Osmanl D Ticareti, Cilt 1, Ankara
1995, s. 37.
-
nuran Bayram
8
YIL
1911
1909
1907
1900
1898
1896
1894
1892
1890
1888
1886
1884
1882
1880
1878
%20
10
0
Ipek Koza
Ham Ipek
Bugday
Uzum
Tiftik
Afyon
YIL
1911
1909
1907
1900
1898
1896
1894
1892
1890
1888
1886
1884
1882
1880
1878
%
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ham Ipek
Ipek Koza
Grafik 5. eitli rn ihracatnn toplam ihracat iindeki pay,
(18781913)
Grafik 6. pek Koza ve Ham pek ihracatnn to-plam ihracat iindeki
pay, (18781913)
Osmanl Devletinin en nemli ihra mallar arasnda saylan buday, zm,
tiftik, afyon ve ham ipein toplam ihracat iindeki paylarnn dikkate
alna-rak hazrland Tablo 4 ve bu deerlerin izildii Grafik 5
incelendiinde, 1878-1913 yllar arasnda ham ipek ihracat deerinin
genellikle ilk mal ara-snda yer ald, 1898 ile 1909 yllar arasnda da
en yksek deere sahip olduu grlmektedir.
Ayrca, hem Tablo 4ten hem de Grafik 6dan grld gibi, ham ipek
ihra-catnn toplam ihracat iindeki pay ipek koza ihracatna nazaran
1878-1913 yllar arasnda daha fazla olduu grlmektedir. Bunun yan
sra, 1898 ve 1899 yllarnda hem ham ipek ihracatnn hem de ipek koza
ihracatnn toplam ihra-cat iindeki paynn en fazla olduu tespit
edilmitir.
Tablo 5. lkelere gre toplam ihracat deeri ve ham ipein toplam
ihracat iindeki pay (%)5
YllarHam pek
Fransa Avusturya talya1840-42 30.4 - -1859-61 - - -1860-62 38.6
- -1880-82 18.3 - -1890-92 - - -1891-93 - 5.8 -1900-02 31.1 4.5
48.21910-12 35.5 1.4 36.8**
**1910-1913 aras
5 a.g.e., s.63.
-
9
1837-1923 srecnde Bursada peklk
Osmanl devletinin ham ipei ihra ettii lkelere ve ham ipein
toplam ihracat iindeki payna bakldnda 1840 yllardan 1900l yllara
kadar arada kesinti olsa da en fazla Fransaya ihra ettii elde
edilmitir. Fransaya olan ihra-catta 1880-1882 ylndaki azal kozaclk
faaliyetini derinden etkileyen Peb-rine (Karataban) adl ipekbcei
hastalndan kaynaklanm olsa gerektir. Bilindii gibi bu hastalk
1860larda Osmanl sahasna girmi ve 20 yla yakn bir zaman iin Bursada
koza reticilerine ve onlara bal retim yapan fabrika sahiplerine
ciddi skntlar yaatmtr. Ham ipek ihracatnda Avusturyaya olan
ihracatn yllar itibariyle azald Tablo 5den grlmektedir. 1900l
yllarda Fransaya nazaran talyaya daha fazla ham ipek ihra edildii
tablodan grl-mektedir. Ayrca, 19. yzyl boyunca Bursadaki ipek
retiminin %90dan fazla-snn Fransaya ihra edildii
bilinmektedir.6
1835-1875 yllar arasnda teknoloji sayesinde retim artm ancak
1875 ylndan sonra teknolojik bir gelime yaplmamtr.7 1859 ylnda
Bursadan yaplan ihracat deerinin o yla ait ithalat deerinden 2.6
kat daha fazla olduu bilinmektedir.8
4. Ham pek Fabrikalar
1906 ylnda Bursa merkezde 44 ipek fabrikas bulunurken, 1913
ylnda bu say 41e inmitir. Yine Bursa Merkezde 1906 ylnda 2.364
mancnk bulunurken, 1913 ylnda ham ipek imalatnda toplam olarak
1.824 mancnkl 32 ve 1915 ylnda 1.158 mancnkl 20 fabrika almtr.9
pek fabrikalarnda genellikle gen bayanlar almaktadr. zellikle
19. yz-yl boyunca gen bayanlarn evleninceye kadar fabrikalarda alt
bilinmek-tedir.10 Ayrca, 19. yzyl boyunca Bursadaki ipek
fabrikalarnda %90n stnde bayan iiler almaktayken bu oran 1923 ylnda
%4e gerilemitir.11
6 Leila Thayer Erder, The Making of Industrial Bursa: Economic
Activity and Population in a Turkish City 1835-1975, yaynlanmam
Doktora tezi, Princeton niversitesi 1976, s. 127.
7 a.g.e., s. 97.8 a.g.e., s.129.9 A. Gndz kn, Osmanl Sanayii,
1913,1915 Yllar Sanayi statistiki, Ankara 1997, s.
134.10 Thayer Erder, The Making of Industrial Bursa, s. 113.11
a.g.e., s. 138-139.
-
10
nuran Bayram
1915 yl itibariyle Bursada 41 ham ipek imalat yapan ve 6 ipek
imalat yapan fabrika bulunmaktadr. Bu fabrikalarn hepsi muharrik g
ile altk-lar iin fabrika olarak nitelendirilmitir.
1913'de 32 fabrika (%78'i), 1915'te 20 fabrika (%48,8i) kaytlar
arasnda bulunmutur. Bylece, 1913den 1915e alan fabrika saysnda
%37,5 azalma olmutur. Bu durumun, sava nedeniyle koza retiminde
meydana gelen geri-lemeden kaynakland sylenebilir.12
Tablo 6. 1915 yl ham ipek imalat ve ipek dokuma yapan
fabrikalarn mlkiyete gre dalm13
MlkiyetToplam
Hkmet Anonim zelHam ipek imalat 14 - 27 41pek dokuma 1 1 4 6
Buna gre, ham ipek imalat yapan fabrikalarn 27si, ipek dokuma
yapan fab-rikalarn da 4 zeldir. Bursa ipek fabrikalarndan hi biri
Tevik-i Sanayi Kanunu'ndan yararlanamamtr. Bunun nedeni, fabrika
sahiplerinin bu konuda mracaat etmemelerinden kaynaklanmtr.14
Bursa'da ipek fabrikalarnda genellikle krep den, krapon, ponje
yaplm-tr. Krep, brmcek, sre gibi iplikli kumalar ev tezghlarnda
dokunmaktadr.
D Ticaret statistiklerine gelince, 355 (seyrek ipek dokuma), 357
(saf ipek dokuma), 358 (kark ipek dokuma) numaralarda liman ithalt
23.318.239 kuru (eer 1913 yl ise; 2012 yl deeri: 50.525.253,57 TL;
eer 1915 yl ise; 2012 yl deeri: 50.457.477,75 TL), ihracat da
231.863 kurutur (eer 1913 yl
12 kn, Osmanl Sanayii, s. 133.13 a.g.e., s. 15.14 a.g.e., s.
133
-
11
1837-1923 srecnde Bursada peklk
ise; 2012 yl deeri: 502.393,72 TL; eer 1915 yl ise; 2012 yl
deeri: 501.719,80 TL). Bu durumda imaltn, tketimin ancak %4,5ini
karlad sylenebilir.15 16
Daha ncede belirtildii gibi, Bursada da ipek dokuma imalt,
evlerde, tezghlarda dokunmak suretiyle, ok eskidir. 1917 ylnda bu
ekilde al-an 1.400 kadar tezgh vardr. Bu sanayide muharrik g
kullanan fabrikala-rn kuruluu ise ok yenidir. Fabrikalarn hemen
hepsi Merutiyet daresinden sonra kurulmutur. 1915'te Sava nedeniyle
ipek (sanayii) byk bir buhrana urad iin, fabrikalarn ileyii de
durma noktasna gelmitir.17
1916 ylnda sz edilen buhran ortadan kalkmtr. thalt da kesik
olduu iin sz konusu fabrikalarn tm de byk bir faaliyetle ilemilerse
de, 1917'de ipek deerinin ok ykselmesi nedeni ile faaliyetlerini
snrlamak zorunda kal-mlardr.18
1913-1915 yllar arasnda ham ipek imalat ve ipek dokuma
fabrikalarnda alanlarn says aadaki tabloda sunulmutur.
Tablo 7. 1913-1915 Yllar Arasnda Ham pek malat ve pek Dokumaya
ait eitli Bilgiler19
Ham ipek malat pekli Dokuma1913 1915 1913 1915
le
tme
say
s Mevcut olan 41 41 6 6
ler durumda olan 32 20 6 2
al
an
lar Memur - - 25 20
Ustaba ve ii 3.648 2.316 781 347
Toplam 3.648 2.316 806 367
15 a.g.e., s. 138.16 Bugnk deer hesab: X = Verilen deer Y = X .
(Gemi yllara ait bir lirann 1998 yl sonunda TL olarak deer) /
1.000.000*
Kaynak: evket Pamuk, stanbul ve Dier Kentlerde 500 Yllk Fiyatlar
ve cretler 1469-1998, Ankara 2000.
Bugnk deer = [Y . (2012 endeks deeri-2003 yl 100 bazl)] / (1998
endeks deeri - 2003 yl 100 bazl) Kaynak: TCMB
* 2005 ylnda TLden alt sfr atld iin 1.000.000 deerine
blnmektedir.17 kn, Osmanl Sanayii, s. 137.18 a.g.e., s. 137.19
a.g.e., s. 119.
-
12
nuran Bayram
Daha nce de belirtildii gibi, 1913 ylnda ham ipek imalatnda
toplam ola-rak 1.824 mancnkl 32 ve 1915 ylnda 1.158 mancnkl 20
fabrika almtr. Alnan bilgilere dayanlarak her mancnk bana 2 kiinin
alt hesap edil-dii iin 1913 ylnda, toplam olarak, 3.648 ve 1915
ylnda 2.316 memur, usta ve ii altrlmtr. Bunlarn ancak %5'i
erkektir. Geri kalan kk kz ve kadndr. Grlyor ki, 1915'te alanlarn
saysnda %36.52 bir azalma var-dr.20
1913'de ipekli dokumada 4 fabrikada (6 fabrikann 4nden bilgi
alnd iin) 25'i memur, 16's ustaba, 765'i ii (%63 kadn) olmak zere
toplam olarak 806 ve 1915 ylnda ilemi olan (3 ve 6 no.lu)
fabrikalarda 20'si memur, 94' ustaba, 333' ii (43' kadn) olmak zere
toplam olarak 367 kii al-mtr.
1913 ylnda 2 fabrikada 705 iiye 1.449.730 kuru (2012 yl deeri:
3.141.231,03 TL) ve 1915'te 33 iiye 671.566 kuru (2012 yl deeri:
1.453.176,91 TL) denmi olduuna gre, bir ii ylda 2.056 kuru (2012 yl
deeri: 4.454,88 TL), gnde 6,85 kuru (2012 yl deeri: 14,84 TL) ve
1915'de ise ylda 2.287 kuru (2012 yl deeri: 4.948,75 TL), gnde 7,6
kuru (2012 yl deeri: 16,44 TL) kazanm oluyor.21 22
1469 yl iin tketici fiyatlar endeksi 1.0 olarak alndnda 1913 yl
endeks deeri 307,6 ve 1915 yl endeks deeri 370,0 olduu iin
1913-1915 yl-lar arasnda tketici fiyatlar endeksi zerinden yllk
enflasyon oran yaklak olarak %9.723 olarak gereklemitir.24 Bu
durumda, yukarda verilen verilere gre ipekilik sektrnde alan
iilerin gnlk cretlerindeki art oran yl-lk olarak %5.225 eklinde
gereklemitir.
20 a.g.e., s. 134.21 a.g.e., s. 138.22 Bugnk deer hesab: X =
Verilen deer Y = X . (Gemi yllara ait bir lirann 1998 yl sonunda TL
olarak deer) / 1.000.000*
Kaynak: Pamuk, stanbul ve Dier. Bugnk deer = [Y . (2012 endeks
deeri-2003 yl 100 bazl)] / (1998 endeks deeri -
2003 yl 100 bazl) Kaynak: TCMB * 2005 ylnda TLden alt sfr atld
iin 1.000.000 deerine blnmektedir.23 Bileik faiz forml kullanlarak
hesaplanmtr (1 + r) n = 1+ i24 Pamuk, stanbul ve Dier Kentlerde.25
Bileik faiz forml kullanlarak hesaplanmtr (1 + r) n = 1+ i
-
13
1837-1923 srecnde Bursada peklk
1915 ylnda ham ipek imalat ve ipek dokuma sanayinde iler durumda
olan iletme says 1913 ylna gre azalmtr. Szkonusu iletmelere alanlar
asndan bakldnda yine 1915 ylnda 1913 ylna nazaran bir azalma olduu
elde edilmitir. 1913'de 32 fabrika (%78'i) ve 1915'te 20 fabrika
(%48.8'i) iler durumda faaliyet gstermitir. Bylece, alan fabrika
saysnda %37.5 azalma olmutur. Bu durum, sava dolaysyla koza
retiminde hasl olan gerilemeden ileri gelmitir.26 Dier bir ifade
ile, ham ipek imalt kozann azalmas kar-snda savatan etkilenmi,
dolaysyla ipek dokuma imalt da azalmtr.27
Tablo 8. Bursa li iin Alan ipek tohumu kutusu ve Koza
retimi28
Yllar Koza retimi (ton)1909 5.0521913 3.8571914 1.755
lke genelinde olduu gibi Bursa ilinde de koza retiminde yllar
itibariye giderek azalma gsterdii elde edilmitir. 1914 ylnda koza
retiminin 1909 ylna nazaran yaklak 2.9 kat azald grlmektedir. Bunun
nedeni, 1912-1913 Balkan Savalar olsa gerektir.
Sonu
Bu almada, 1837-1923 yllar arasnda Bursada ipekilik sektrnn
ekono-mik analizi tarihsel kaynaklardan elde edilen saysal veriler
erevesinde deer-lendirilmeye allmtr. Osmanl Devletinin 1888-1908
yllar arasnda ya koza retiminin yaklak %447 orannda art gsterdii,
1888-1905 yllar ara-snda ise Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya
koza retimindeki hsl olan gelime paynn %361e, r gelirlerindeki hsl
olan gelime pay-nn ise %402 orannda art gsterdii tespit
edilmitir.
Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimindeki % pay
1903 ylnda %34 ile en dk deerde iken, r gelirindeki % pay 1904
ylnda %48 ile en dk deere sahip olmutur. Bunun yan sra, 1908 ylnda
ya koza
26 kn, Osmanl Sanayii, s. 133.27 a.g.e., s. 121.28 Tevfik Gran,
Osmanl Dnemi Tarm statistikleri, 1909, 1913, 1914, Tarihi
statistikler
Dizisi, Cilt 3, Ankara 1997, s. 68, s. 135, s. 212.
-
14
nuran Bayram
retim deerinin en fazla olduu vilayet Hudvendigr Vilyetiyle zmit
San-ca olarak belirlenmitir.
Osmanl Devletinin en nemli ihra mallar arasnda saylan buday, zm,
tiftik, afyon ve ham ipein toplam ihracat iindeki paylarnn
incelendiinde, 1878-1913 yllar arasnda ham ipek ihracat deerinin
genellikle ilk mal ara-snda yer ald, 1898 ile 1909 yllar arasnda da
en yksek deere sahip olduu elde edilmitir. Ayrca, ham ipek
ihracatnn toplam ihracat iindeki paynn ipek koza ihracatna nazaran
1878-1913 yllar arasnda daha fazla olduu tes-pit edilmitir. Bunun
yan sra, 1898 ve 1899 yllarnda hem ham ipek ihraca-tnn hem de ipek
koza ihracatnn toplam ihracat iindeki paynn en fazla olduu tespit
edilmitir.
1913 ylnda bir ii ylda 2.056 kuru ve gnde 6,85 kuru kazandna
gre, bu verilerin 2012 yl deerleri hesaplandnda, bir ii iin ylda
4.454,88 TL ve gnde 14,84 TL olarak elde edilmitir. Ayn ekilde,
1915 ylnda bir ii ylda 2.287 kuru ve gnde 7,6 kuru kazandna gre,
2012 yl deerleri, bir ii iin ylda 4.948,75 TL ve gnde 16,44 TL
olarak hesaplanmtr. Bu durumda, 1913-1915 yllar arasnda ipekilik
sektrnde alan iilerin gnlk cret-lerindeki art orannn %5,2 olduu
sylenebilir.
1906 ylnda Bursa merkezde 44 ipek fabrikas bulunurken 1913 ylnda
bu say 41e inmitir. Yine Bursa merkezde 1906 ylnda 2.364 mancnk
bulunur-ken 1913 ylnda ham ipek imalatnda toplam olarak 1.824
mancnkl 32 ve 1915 ylnda 1.158 mancnkl 20 fabrika almtr. Bunun yan
sra, 1909-1914 yllar arasnda Bursa ilinde koza retiminin yllar
itibariyle giderek azal-d elde edilmitir. 1914 ylnda koza retiminin
1909 ylna nazaran yaklak 2.9 kat azald tespit edilmitir. 1914 ylnda
dnya savann balamas, sava yllarnda yaanan sevk ve iskn
uygulamalarna bal olarak nfus komposiz-yonunda meydana gelen deiim,
I.Dnya Savandan sonra balayan igaller sreci, Trk Kurtulu Sava ve
1923 Nfus Mbadelesi, Bursa ve evresinde ipekbcekilii ve ipek
retimini byk lde gerilettii sylenebilir.
-
15
1908-1923 SRECNDE BURSADA KOZA RETCL VE PEKL DOKUMACILIK
SEKTR
Seher Boykoy*
Bursa kenti, tarih boyunca, tekstil rnleri ve tekstilin
hammaddesi olan iplik retim ve ticareti asndan, Anadoluda nemli
merkezlerden biri olmutur. Kentin zellikle 19. yyn. ilk yarsndan
itibaren endstriyel ve teknolojik geli-iminin temel dinamiini, ipek
tekil etmi; buna bal olarak da, koza retici-lii ve ipekli dokumaclk
sektr nem kazanmtr.
A-pek plii Endstrisi ve Bursa
pek iplii endstrisi, kozann fabrikalarda ilenmesi suretiyle ham
ipein imal edildii bir retim daldr. 19. yy. Bursa ipek iplii
endstrisi asndan nemli bir husus, filatr fabrikalarnda retilen ham
ipein byk ksmnn i pazardan ok, Fransa ipekli kuma retim merkezi
olan Lyondaki dokuma tezghlar iin retilmesi olmutur. pekilik
sektrnn tarmsal art alannn mevcut olmas itibariyle de, bu srete
Bursa, d dnyann talepleri dorultusunda tarmsal retimini
gerekletiren ve Batnn gelimi dokuma endstrisinin hammadde ve yar
mamul retim merkezi haline gelmitir.1
* Uluda niversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi Tarih Blm, Yrd. Do.
Dr., [email protected] 1 lhan Tekeli, Bursann Tarihinde Ayr Dnm
Dnemi, Uluslar Aras XI. Yap ve
Yaam 99 Kongresi, Bursa 1999, s. 16-17, evket Pamuk, Osmanl
Ekonomisinin Dnya Kapitalizmine Als, Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Trkiye
Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 3, stanbul 1985, s. 718.
-
16
seher Boykoy
A-1) XX. yy. Balarnda Bursada Koza retimi
Bursa ipek sanayi, tarmsal bir faaliyet olan koza retimine
paralel gelime gs-terdii iin, bu sektrde koza retimi, 20. yy
balarna kadar nemli yere sahip olmutur. 20. yy. ilk eyreinde,
ipekilik sanatnn ilerlemesi ve tevik edilmesi iin vilayete nemli
giriimlerde bulunulduu grlmektedir.
Bu giriimler kapsamnda, Hdavendigr vilayetinde, ipek kozas
msaba-kalar dzenlenmi; msabakalara dair talimatnameler yaynlanmtr.
Bu tali-matnamelerle, en iyi bcekhanesi olan, hasta aalar tedavi
eden, fenni usul ile bcek besleyenlere verilecek mkfatlar
belirlenmitir.2 Harir msabakas iin bcekilere verilmek zere madalya
darb edilmesi nemli hususlardan biri olmutur3. Bu ekilde
dllendirilenler arasnda, Bursa Harir Daruttaliminden mezun olup,
ipek fabrikas ve bcekhane tesis eden kiiler ounluu tekil
etmitir.4
Vilayette bu ile megul olan kiilerin sayca fazla olmas
itibariyle, zaman zaman teviklerin snrlandrlmasna da gidilmitir.
yle ki, dutluklarn oaltlmas iin bo arazileri kullananlar nceleri
tevik kapsamnda dllen-dirilirken; bunlarn sayca art zerine, sadece
ipekiliin gelimesine katk salayanlara madalya verilmesi
kararlatrlmtr.5
Vilayette ipekiliin ilerlemesine eitli ekillerde katk salayan
kiiler dl-lendirilirken; ipek tohumu retimi iin bcek besleyenlerin
uymas gereken usul ve kaidelere, ipek tohumu retim ve satna dair
dzenlenen nizamname-lere uymayan, Dyun- Umumiye'ye durumlarn
bildirmeyen, mfettilerin kontrolne engel olan kiiler hakknda da
gerekli ilemlerin yaplmas konu-sunda hassasiyet gsterilmitir.6
Vilayet dhilinde alnan btn bu nlemlerle, Bursada koza retimi
artar-ken; ham ipek imal etmek zere faaliyet gsteren ipek fabrikas
ve mancnkla-rn says da nem kazanmtr.
2 BOA, DH.MKT ,02/Ra/1319 (H), Dosya No:2500, Gmlek No:72.3 BOA,
Tarih: 18/S /1321 (H), Dosya No:2069, Gmlek No:155108; BOA, Tarih:
08/M
/1327 (H), Dosya No:3482, Gmlek No:261118; BOA, 07/R /1328 (H),
Dosya No:3736, Gmlek No:280133.
4 BOA, Tarih: 05/B /1325 (H), Dosya No:3124, Gmlek No:2342745
BOA, DH. MKT. Tarih: 02/C /1327 (H), Dosya No:2851, Gmlek No:38.6
BOA, DH. MKT, Tarih: 14/Ca/1327 (H), Dosya No:2830, Gmlek
No:43.
-
17
1908-1923 srecnde Bursada koza retcl
A-2) XX. yy. Balarnda Bursada Ham pek Fabrikalar
1906 yl itibariyle Bursa Sancanda mevcut ham ipek fabrika
verilerine gre, Bursa Merkezde ipek retimi ile uraan 44 fabrika
faaliyettedir. Bunu, Bile-cik ve Kpl yerleimleri izlemektedir.
Sancak genelinde mancnk says, 5591; ipek fabrika says ise,
103tr.7
Bursada olan ve bir muharrik g ile altklar iin fabrika olarak
nitelen-dirilen btn ham ipek fabrikalarnn saym ise, 1913 ylnda
yaplmtr8. Bu sayma gre, Bursa Merkezde ipek retimi ile uraan 41
fabrika, ayakla ileyen 1-10 mancnkl 127 imalathane mevcuttur.
1913-1915 Tarihli Osmanl Sanayi Saymna gre Bursada Ham pek reten
Fabrikalarn ad ve tarihi aadaki tabloda verilmitir.9
Fabrikann Ad Yapl TarihiEmirza Artin 1853Emirza Artin 1853Emirza
Rafik 1873Instasyadis Odesif 1909Ayineli Yorgaki 1884Balaban Agop
veresesi 1892Balabanyan Manuk 1877Balaban !stefan veresesi 1852Bay
Onnik 1860Bay Biraderler 1853Bay Greguvar Zevcesi 1898Bdkyan Osib
1877
Birut Mari Luiz (Mari Louise Brotte) 1863Boduryan Akpos ve
Karnik 1848Boduryan Akpos ve Karnik 1848
Boduryan Karnik ve Madam Guma 1843Bahari 1858
7 Hdavendigr Vilyeti Salnamesi, H 1324 (1906), Bursa, s. 278.8
Ticaret ve Ziraat Nezareti, 1329-1331 yllarna ilikin olarak,
Tevik-i Sanayi Kanunu
Muvakkatinden yararlanan sanayi kurulularnn saymn yapmak zere,
stanbul, Bur-sa, Bandrma, zmir, Uak ve Manisa ehirlerinde sanayi
saym yapmtr. Bu saymda sadece, umumi kymeti 1000 liray geen, yllk
750 gndelik miktarnda amele ve en az 5 beygir muharrik g kullanan
ve ham-yar mamul maddeleri baka ekle dntren fabrika ve atlyeler
deerlendirilmitir. . Hsrev Tkin, Rakamlarla Trkiye, C. I, Anka-ra
1949, s. 19.
9 Gndz kn, Osmanl Sanayi 1913-1915 statistikleri, stanbul 1984,
s. 140, 141.
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18
seher Boykoy
Belar-Lans 1873Tevfik 1911Derviyan Karabet Zevcesi 1873Silukzade
Hakk 1868Simkeyan Eznif 1907Simkeyan Eznif 1911eftiyan stefan ve
Zevcesi 1878
Sandk Emini Ahmed Efendi veresesi 1863Dastanl Hac Abdullah
1896Osman Fevzi 1877Osman Fevzi 1865Gama Poul veresesi 1863Gama Lui
veresesi 1853Fabrika-i Hmayun 1911Fabrika-i Hmayun 1847Konstan Bay
1833Konstan Bay 1847Kurdikyan Hac Onnik 1863
Glmezyan Serviin ve Nian 1896Kleyan Diran 1860Kleyan Mihran
-------Kleyan Mihran 1848Varsamidi Zevcesi 1868 Vasilyadi Zevcesi
1911
Bu fabrikalarn 2si hazine-i hassann mlkiyetinde olup, dierleri
zel kiilerin tasarrufunda iletilmektedir. zel kiilerin
tasarrufundaki ipek fabrikalarnn ou ise, sahipleri tarafndan
iletilmemekte; mevsimlik olarak kiraya verilmektedir. Bu durum, sz
konusu iletmelerin geliimini ve sanay-ideki bilimsel yenilikleri
takip etmesini gletirmitir. Bununla birlikte, 1915 ylnn ikinci
yarsnda Simkeyan Eznif Fabrikas gmenlere, Balaban Agop veresesi
miraslar- evkafa verilmi; bir ksm fabrikalar da emlak- emiriy-eye10
gemitir.
pek fabrikalarnn iletilmesi asndan etnik bileime bakldnda,
kentte-ki fabrika sahiplerinin ounu, Ermeni, Rum gibi yerli
aznlklar ve yabanclarn
10 Osmanl mparatorluu zamannda, hazinenin zel mlkiyetinde ve
devlet tasarrufu altnda tanmaz mallarn ynetimi iin 1909 ylnda
Maliye Nezaretine bal Emlak-i Emiriye Mdriyeti kurulmutur.
-
19
1908-1923 srecnde Bursada koza retcl
tekil ettii grlmektedir.11 Bu sektrde yerli aznlk ve yabanc
tccarlarn yatrm yapmalarn kolaylatran en nemli faktr, bu evrelerin,
Avrupa l-kelerinden aldklar dk faizli kredilerle koza almlarn
rahatlkla finanse edebilmeleri olmutur.12
Kentteki ipek filatr fabrikalarnn fiziki yaps asndan, mancnk
hane, kozaklk, istim hane gibi blmleri bulunmaktadr. Koza
yetitiricilerden alnan koza, nce istim hane, sonra kozaklk ve son
olarak mancnk hanelerde eitli ilemlere tabi tutulmakta ve ham ipek
haline getirilmektedir. Mancnkhanede retim mekn iindeki kadnlar,
nlerinde bulunan scak su dolu leenler iindeki kozalarn ucunu,
srekli dnerek ipek saran aletlere vermekte; baz kadnlar kozalar al
sprgesiyle alkalamakta, kozalardan kan ipek ular sprgeye toplandka
da bunlar dier kadnlarn leenine aktarmaktadr.13
1909 ylnda Bursaya gelen Doktor erafeddin Mamumi, salk
kontrolleri srasnda ipek filatr fabrikalarnn ileyii ve salk hayat
zerindeki etkileri hakkndaki gzlemlerini u szlerle ortaya
koymutur.
Mahalleler arasnda 30-35 kadar iplik fabrikas vardr. Her fabrika
imalathane ve koza deposu olmak zere iki binadan ibaret olup, ii
odalar gibi eklentiler de var-dr. malathane, yani i salonunda iki
sra arklar vardr. Scak ve souk su dolu tavalar ve leenler bulunur.
Boydan boya geirilmi iki borunun her tava ve leen hizasnda
musluklar vardr. Sular buralardan gelir. Her tava nnde bir ii
otur-mu, scak suya atlm kozalardaki iplii zp arklara sarmaktadr.
Scak suya dayanabilmek iin, parmaklarn sk sk dier leendeki souk
suya daldrr. salo-nunda pien kozalarn buhar ve kokumas, iilerin
saln tehdit etmekte; fakat fabrikatrler bu konuya hi nem
vermemektedirler. Kyden gelen iilerin yat-t yerler karanlk ve
rutubetlidir. alma sresi, 13-14 saattir. Gnde yarm saat-lik
paydoslar vardr. Bu koullarda bu kadar almaya insan bedeni
dayanamaz.14
11 Donald Quataert, The Silk Industry of Bursa 1880-1914, Huri
slamolu-nan (ed), The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy,
Cambridge 2004, s. 295, Leila T. Erder, The Making of Industrial
Bursa: Economic Activity and Population in a Turkish City 18351975,
yaynlanmam Doktora Tezi, Princeton niversitesi 1976, s. 105.
12 Ayhan Aktar, Bursada Devlet ve Ekonomi, Engin Yenal (ed), Bir
Masald Bursa, stan-bul 1996, s. 123.
13 Neslihan Trkn Dostolu, Osmanl Dneminde Bursa, C. I-II,
Antalya 2002.14 erafeddin Mamumi, Bir Osmanl Doktorunun Anlar, Yzyl
nce Anadolu ve Suriye,
stanbul 2001, s. 46.
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20
seher Boykoy
A-3) Bursa Sergileri
Bursada retim sektrlerinin genel yaps ve ham ipek retiminin bu
ekonomik etkinlikler iindeki merkezi konumunu ortaya koymas asndan,
20. yy. bala-rnda dzenlenen ve uluslar aras dzeyde katlmn
gerekletii yerel lekli sergiler nemli yere sahip bulunmaktadr.
Bu sergilerin ilki, Padiah Abdlhamitin saltanatnn son yllarnda
ve Osmanl tahtna k yldnm olan Rumi 19 Austos 1322 (1 Eyll 1906)
tarihinde Bursa Hamidiye Mekteb-i ddi-i Mlkisinde (Bursa Erkek
Lisesi) almtr. Bursa kentine ait rnlerin gsterildii bu sergide,
mensucat- hari-riye (ipekli dokumalar), mensucat (dokuma) tezghlar
gsterime sunulan rnler arasnda yer almtr.15
20. yy balarndaki Bursa sergilerinden ikincisi, II. Merutiyetin
ilannn ilk yldnm dolaysyla, 23 Temmuz-13 Eyll 1909 tarihleri
arasnda, belediye binas bahesinde dzenlenmitir. Osmanl Padiah
Mehmet Reatn da bizzat ziyaret ettii bu sergi sresince haftada bir
defa olmak zere, toplam 10 say ola-rak Bursa Sergisi adl dergi
yaynlanmtr. Dergi, kue ve kaln kda, 12 sayfa olarak vilayet
matbaasnda baslmtr.16
1909 Bursa Sergisi, ilk defa resmi olarak yabanc bir kurulu,
Bulgar ticaret kurulu tarafndan ziyaret edilmitir.17 Yurt dndan
firmalarn da sergiye katl-mas itibariyle, Bursann uluslar aras ilgi
uyandran ilk fuar olarak deerlen-dirilmektedir.18
Bulgaristandan gelerek sergiyi ziyaret eden 63 kiilik heyetin
gzlemlerine dayanlarak, Sofya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas tarafndan
Bursa sergisi hakknda hazrlanan kapsaml raporda, sergide gsterime
sunulan Bursa filatrleri hak-knda bilgiler verilmektedir.
Rapora gre, Bursann balca geim kayna ipekiliktir ve kentte 43
filatr faaliyet gstermektedir.
Duyun-u Umumiye, Bursada alan ipekilik okulu ve ipekilii balca
ura alan haline getiren Bulgaristandan g eden Trkler, Bursada
ipekiliin gelimesine katk salamtr.
15 Hdvendigr Vilyeti Salnmesi, 1325/1907, s. 288-296.16 Raif
Kaplanolu, Merutiyetten Cumhuriyete Bursa (1876-1926), stanbul
2006, s. 244.17 Faruk skdari, Eski Bursadan Notlar, Bursa 1972, s.
82.18 Kaplanolu, Merutiyetten Cumhuriyete Bursa, s. 177.
-
21
1908-1923 srecnde Bursada koza retcl
Serginin nemli blmlerinden biri olan yn, ipek, pamuk, keten,
kenevir kumalar, sergide iyi bir ekilde temsil edilmitir.19
Raporda Bursada ticaret hakknda da bilgi verilmektedir. Buna gre
Bursa, ipekilik merkezi olmas itibariyle, ihra rnlerinin banda ipek
gelmekte; en byk pazar ise, Lyon, Saint Etienne ve Paristeki Fransz
ipek pazarlar tekil etmektedir. Bursada retilen ham ipein yaklak %
90 bu pazarlarda deer-lendirilmektedir. 20
Bursada dier bir sergi, Milli Mcadele sonrasnda Bursann igalden
kur-tuluunun ilk yldnm olan 11 Eyll 1923te almtr. Cumhuriyetin
ilann-dan ksa bir sre nce alan bu sergi ile, Bursann retim asndan
ulat gelime dzeyini darya gstermek, Bursa vilayetinde gelimi olan
hal, ipekli kuma ve havlu dokumacl sanatlarndaki incelikleri,
bunlarla megul olan teki yerlere de genelletirmek
hedeflenmitir.
Mustafa Kemal Paann onursal bakan seildii, hkmet temsilcileri,
askeri makamlar, yerel yneticilerin de onursal yeler arasnda yer
ald bu sergide, Bursann mamult- sanayisi arasnda ipekli, pamuklu,
iplik, yn, kl ksmlarna yer verilmi; ipek sanayinde balca dokumaclk
dallar arasnda, ipekli kumalar, araflar, krep din, krep, barts,
hamam takmlar, men-dil, kasnak, abani, hilali bez sralanmtr.21
B-pekli Dokumaclk ve Bursa
1908 sonrasndaki srete, ham ipek ve koza retiminde bu gelimeler
yaa-nrken, ipekilik endstrisi asndan en nemli gelime, ipek
retiminin ikinci aamasn tekil eden ipek dokumaclnda kendini
gstermitir. Tekstil sana-yinin ipekli kuma dokuma alannda
makineleme sreci, II. Merutiyetten sonra balamtr. Bu nedenledir ki
bu dnem, Bursa tekstil sanayinde teknolo-jik gelimeler asndan nemli
bir sreci temsil etmitir.
19 Hseyin Mevsim, Sofya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasnn 1909 stanbul ve
Bursa Gezisi Rapo-ru, Bursada Yaam, (Ocak 2012), s. 341-342.
20 a.g.e., s. 344-345.21 Ylmaz Akkl, Osmanldan Cumhuriyete Dnm
Srecinde Bursa Sergisi, Bursa
Defteri, 3 (1999), s. 180-181.
-
22
seher Boykoy
20. yy balarna kadar, Bursadaki ipekli dokuma, ounlukla says
1.400 bulan el tezghlarnda yaplmtr22. 19. yy ikinci yarsnda Bursada
devlet yatrm olarak Fabrika-i Humayun almsa da, bu iletmenin temel
ilevi, Herekede dokunan ipekli kumalar iin hammadde salamak
olduundan, Bursann dokuma sanayi iinde nemli deiiklik yaratmam;
yalnzca istih-damn artmasna katk salamtr.
ngiliz konsolos yardmcs Mailing, o dnemde Bursa dokuma
sanayisi-nin durumunu,
ipekli, pamuklu ve ynl dokumaclk, el tezgh sisteminin stne
kamamtr. Bir ev sanat olan naklkla birlikte dokumaclk da hzla
kmektedir. Dier i kolla-rnda da durum, bir ustann en fazla iki
kalfa ve rak altrmasdr
szleriyle ortaya koymutur.23
B-1) XX. yy. Balarnda Bursada pekli Dokuma Fabrikalar
II. Merutiyetten sonra, d dnya ile temaslarn artmas, sanayi ve
ticaret alan-larnda devletin ald tedbirler, bu sektrde sermaye
sahiplerini tevik etmi, lkeye makine getirilmesi srecini
hzlandrmtr. Bu sreten etkilenen yer-lerin banda da, ipek retim
merkezi olarak Bursa gelmitir. Ticaret ve Ziraat Nezareti tarafndan
1913-1915 yllarnda yaplan saymlarda, lke genelinde buhar gcyle ipek
dokumacl yapan 6 fabrika tespit edilmitir ki; bu fab-rikalardan
beinin, II. Merutiyet Dneminde Bursada ald grlmektedir.
Ditriches markal ilk dokuma makinesi, 1910 ylnda Derviyan Kogos
adl giriimci tarafndan Bursaya getirilmitir. Kogos, gaz motoru ile
iletilen 400 telli bir jakar makinesi olan tezghn, Umurbey Camii
altndaki bir evde, nceden altrd el tezghlar yanna yerletirmi;
bylece ilk defa inorga-nik enerji ile alan modern dokuma tezgh, el
tezghlarnn yannda faali-yete gemitir.
Bursaya, daha sonraki dnemlerde, Kuyumcuolu tarafndan 6,
Morukolu tarafndan 8, Maksud adl kii tarafndan da 9 makine tezgh
getirtilmitir. zel kiilerin tasarrufu altndaki bu fabrikalar zaman
ierisinde el deitirmi-
22 Vedat Eldem, Osmanl mparatorluunun ktisadi artlar Hakknda Bir
Tetkik, Ankara 1994, s. 74-88. 1913 ylnda Hdavendigar vilayetinde,
2.100 tezghta, 750 ton iplikle 4-5 milyon metrelik kuma
dokunmutur.
23 Ergun Trkcan, ngiliz Konsolosluk Raporlarna Gre 19. yy. kinci
Yarsnda Bursa, Ta-rih ve Toplum 24 (Aralk 1985), s. 386.
-
23
1908-1923 srecnde Bursada koza retcl
tir. Maksudun 9 tezghlk atlyesi, Cumhuriyetten sonra Hac Sabri
ve Sait Ete adlarndaki dokumaclar tarafndan iletilmitir.24
Bu dnemde Bursada muharrik g kullanan dokuma fabrikalar arasnda,
Ermeni dokumaclarn ithal ettii bu tezghlar yannda; nemli bir
iletmenin de yer ald grlmektedir ki bu da, Bursada ilk dokumaclk
irketi olarak 1910 ylnda kurulan Mensucat- Osmaniye Anonim
irketidir.
1908 sonrasndaki dnemde, ttihat Terakkinin milli iktisat
politikasnn ekonomik alanda en nemli yansmas, milli irketlerin
kurulmas olmutur.25 Bu srete, Bursada da milli irketlerin kurulduu
grlmektedir.
Merkezi otorite, bu dnemde irketleme ve sanayileme balamnda
tevik politikas izlemitir. 1909 ylnda ileri Bakanlndan Hdavendigar
Vilaye-tine gnderilen talimata uygun olarak, 15 Austos 1909 tarih
ve 171 sayl yasa gereince, halkn refahn salamak iin ticari ve
ekonomik irketler, sandklar kurulmasnn teviki ve bu konuda gerekli
nlemlerin alnmas Bursa Ticaret Odasndan istenmektedir.26
Bursada ilk anonim irketin kurulmas da, bu srete gereklemitir.
1908den 1920ye kadar Osmanlda kurulan anonim irketlerden Bursada
kurulmutur. Bu irketlerin ilki, Bursa Mensucat- Osmaniye A..dir.
1910 ylnda, 10 bin Osmanl Liras sermaye ile kurulan bu irketi,
1911de, 20 bin lira sermaye ile kurulan Hdavendigar Seyri Sefain
Anonim irketi ile 1915te 50 bin lira sermaye ile kurulan Bursa ehri
Tramvay ve Tenvir-i Elektrik ve Kuvve-i Elektirikiye Osmanl A..
izlemitir.27 Bu irketlerd