New Trends in New Trends in Gambling Research Gambling Research Christine Reilly Christine Reilly Institute for Research on Institute for Research on Pathological Gambling and Related Pathological Gambling and Related Disorders Disorders Division on Addictions Division on Addictions Cambridge Health Alliance, affiliate of Cambridge Health Alliance, affiliate of Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School
Presentation by Christine Reilly, then executive director of the Institute for Research on Gambling Disorders, at the North American Gaming Regulators Association (NAGRA) 2006 Annual Conference. Presentation focuses on research trends in the field of gambling disorders.
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New Trends in Gambling New Trends in Gambling ResearchResearch
Christine ReillyChristine Reilly
Institute for Research on Pathological Institute for Research on Pathological Gambling and Related DisordersGambling and Related Disorders
Division on AddictionsDivision on Addictions
Cambridge Health Alliance, affiliate of Harvard Medical Cambridge Health Alliance, affiliate of Harvard Medical SchoolSchool
Explosion of KnowledgeExplosion of Knowledge
1/3 of all knowledge 1/3 of all knowledge about gambling about gambling published 1999-2003published 1999-2003
Much of what we know Much of what we know has been learned only has been learned only in the past few yearsin the past few years
Findings have Findings have challenged challenged conventional wisdomconventional wisdom
Research TrendsResearch Trends Population StudiesPopulation Studies
– Trajectory dynamic, not staticTrajectory dynamic, not static– Transition to adulthood Transition to adulthood – Natural recovery Natural recovery – Similarity of international prevalence Similarity of international prevalence
ratesrates GeneticsGenetics Drug TreatmentsDrug Treatments
Trajectory of gambling Trajectory of gambling disordersdisorders
Research indicatesResearch indicates– DynamicDynamic– Episodic rather than chronicEpisodic rather than chronic– Moving toward healthMoving toward health
From adolescence to From adolescence to adulthoodadulthood
Longitudinal study by Winters, Stinchfield, Longitudinal study by Winters, Stinchfield, Botzet, & Slutske (2005)Botzet, & Slutske (2005)
Gambling problem progression during Gambling problem progression during adolescence dynamicadolescence dynamic
No evidence of automatic progression to most No evidence of automatic progression to most disordered statedisordered state
No evidence that increased gambling in No evidence that increased gambling in Minnesota triggered increase in PG among Minnesota triggered increase in PG among youthyouth
Demonstrates importance of longitudinal Demonstrates importance of longitudinal studiesstudies
Natural RecoveryNatural Recovery
Conventional wisdomConventional wisdom– People with gambling addiction need People with gambling addiction need
treatment or self-help groups to recovertreatment or self-help groups to recover New Research – University of Missouri New Research – University of Missouri
(Slutske, 2006)(Slutske, 2006)– First empirical evidence for natural First empirical evidence for natural
recoveryrecovery– Analysis of 2 national community surveysAnalysis of 2 national community surveys– Approximately 1/3 got well on their own Approximately 1/3 got well on their own – Similar to other addictive disordersSimilar to other addictive disorders
Adults
U.S. 1979*
U.S. 2001**
Sweden 2001***
Switzerland 2000
New Zealand 2001
British 2000
South Africa 2001
Norway 2003
Hong Kong
2002 LEVEL
1
97.05 96.75
98.00 97.00 98.7 99.3 -- 99.3 94.1
LEVEL
2
2.2 2.2 1.4 2.2 0.8 -- -- 0.5 4
LEVEL
3
0.7 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.7 1.1/1.4 0.2 1.9
*(Kallick, Suits, Dielman, & Hybels, 1979) **(Shaffer & Hall, 2001) ***(Volberg, Abbott, Ronnberg, & Munck, 2001) (Bondolfi, Osiek, & Ferrero, 2000) (Abbott, 2001) ´ (Sproston, Erens, & Orford, 2000) ™(Collins & Barr, 2001, GA 20 Questions/SOGS estimates) Gotestam, K. G., & Johansson, A. (2003), DSM-IV (Centre for Social Policy Studies of The Department of Applied Social Sciences & The General Education Centre of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2002)
International Prevalence International Prevalence RatesRates
Role of Genetics
Conventional wisdomConventional wisdom– Clinicians have suspected genetic linkClinicians have suspected genetic link
Research now provides evidence for Research now provides evidence for genetic rolegenetic role– University of Iowa study (funded by University of Iowa study (funded by
NCRG)NCRG)– National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health
Treatment Treatment
No treatment standard yetNo treatment standard yet Promising strategies:Promising strategies:
Nalmefene study released in 2006Nalmefene study released in 2006– Used for alcohol disordersUsed for alcohol disorders– Largest randomized pharmacotherapy Largest randomized pharmacotherapy
trial for PGtrial for PG– Nalmefene effective for reducing PG Nalmefene effective for reducing PG
symptomssymptoms– Published in Published in American Journal of American Journal of
PsychiatryPsychiatry (Grant, JE, et al., 2006) (Grant, JE, et al., 2006)
Implications for Gaming Implications for Gaming RegulationsRegulations
Understanding of PG shifting constantlyUnderstanding of PG shifting constantly It’s not about the gameIt’s not about the game Responsible gaming policies should be Responsible gaming policies should be
based on empirical not anecdotal evidencebased on empirical not anecdotal evidence Prevalence does not = treatment-seekingPrevalence does not = treatment-seeking Educational materials must be updated Educational materials must be updated
periodicallyperiodically– EMERGE: Executive, Management and EMERGE: Executive, Management and
Employee Responsible Gaming EducationEmployee Responsible Gaming Education Evaluation of prevention and intervention Evaluation of prevention and intervention
programs essential programs essential
How to keep up with How to keep up with researchresearch
Subscribe to the BASISSubscribe to the BASIS– Monthly research report on gambling Monthly research report on gambling
research – The WAGERresearch – The WAGER Contact the Institute (781-306-8604); Contact the Institute (781-306-8604);
[email protected] Attend Annual NCRG Conference on Attend Annual NCRG Conference on