Lecture L16 A WORLD WIDE NETWORK
New Technology Lecture L16 A Worldwide Network
Oct 30, 2014
The Internet grew out of US efforts to build the ARPANET, a network of peer computers built during the cold war. The two major players were military and academia. The network was simple and required no efforts for security or social responsibility. The early Internet community was mainly highly educated and respectable scientist. In the early 1990s the World Wide Web, a hypertext system is introduced, and soon browsers start to appear, leading the commercialization of Net. New businesses emerge and a technology boom known as the dot-com era.
The network, now over 40, is being stretched. Problems such as spam, viruses, antisocial behaviour, and demands for more content are prompting reinvention of the Net and threatening its neutrality. Add to this government efforts to regulate and limit the network.
In this lecture we look at the Internet and the impact of the network. We will also look at the future of the Internet.
The network, now over 40, is being stretched. Problems such as spam, viruses, antisocial behaviour, and demands for more content are prompting reinvention of the Net and threatening its neutrality. Add to this government efforts to regulate and limit the network.
In this lecture we look at the Internet and the impact of the network. We will also look at the future of the Internet.
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Lecture L16 A WORLD WIDE NETWORK
A Brief History of the Internet
1969-1995 Computer Networking! Simple net run by pioneers 1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth! Enter the ISPs and the public 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit! New applications and digital media 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network! The New Internet emerges 2010 - ?! Death?
“The Internet works because a lot of people cooperate to do things together”
- Jon Postel
1969-1995 Computer Networking
Computer Networking
Defence Strategic reasons during the Cold WarAny computer could be reached, and if one goes down, the others still work
Efforts on connecting computers started earlyTwo principal groups: Defence and Academia
Academia Economic reasonsMainframes are expensive and could be justified only by the collective needs of many departments
ARPANET
▪ Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) – Founded in 1958 – Attributed by the Russian
Sputnik satellite – Renamed to DARPA
▪ Two main objectives – Computers had to talk to each
other to share information – Links had to be robust
The Soviet Union lunched Sputnik 1 on October 4th 1954
ArpanetPacket switchingOpen Architecture
TCP/IPCommunication protocolWritten by Bob Kahn & Vint Cerf
197946 military sites
16 academic campus sites
Network LayersApplication Layer is for specific application
Transport Layer is for reliable communication
Network Layer is for routing packages
Packet Switched
Source: What is a packet?
Example: Email messageThe e-mail is about 3,500 bits (3.5 kilobits) in sizeThe network you send it over uses fixed-length packets of 1,024 bits (1 kilobit)The header of each packet is 96 bits long and the trailer is 32 bits long, leaving 896 bits for the payload To break the 3,500 bits of message into packets, you will need four packets divide 3,500 by 896)Three packets will contain 896 bits of payload and the fourth will have 812 bits
Source: What is a packet?
WHAT WAS THE KILLER APP OF THE EARLY INTERNET?
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Telnet
Usenet
Source: Internet protocol suite
HOW DO YOU WIRE ALL THESE MACHINES TOGETHER?
Connecting Computers
Source: Modem
The phone system was already there !
Modem - modulate and demodulate A device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information
The Early Internet Community
The Internet is a simple peer to peer network Designed to be simple rather than secure !
The Internet became a community Most users where highly educated scientists Respect for others – spam nearly nonexistent Antisocial behaviour was rare !
Netiquette! How to behave on the net Violators are removed from the network
“On the Internet,nobody knows you're a dog.”
- Peter Steiner cartoon in The New Yorker
1995-2000 Commercialisation and growth
The value of a network equals approximately the square of
the number of users of the system (n2)
Metcalfe’s Law
Everything will be connected
Metcalfe’s Law
Internet Growth
WHY DID THE INTERNET BECOME WIDESPREAD?
Maybe these gentlemen had something to do with it… inadvertently
Enter WinSock
In the early 1990 the most popular operating systems were Windows and DOS !
Designed for Personal Computers !
Network support was later added LANs – NetBIOS !
WinSock – Windows Sockets! Microsoft had completely ignored TCP/IP Due to demand from IT companies, efforts started in 1991 WinSock 1.0 became available in 1992
World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee started his efforts on information sharing in the 1980s Working for CERN, he proposed the creation of non-hierarchical hypertext based system!The system was to be based on the established TCP/IP protocols
World Wide Web
Due to lack of support he started work on his ideas himself
Using a NeXT computer he set out to create a program for building, browsing and editing hypertext pages
The Basic Idea of WWWHypertext
To move from one document to anotherResource identifiers – URL
To locate a particular resource (computer, document or other resource) on the network
Client-server model of computing – HTTPClient software requests of server software resources such as data or files
Markup language – HTMLTags embedded in text indicate to a computer how to print or display the text, e.g. as in italics or bold type
The Rise and Fall of Gopher
The WWW has not the only idea for a distributed hyperlink system!
Gopher Created at the University of Minnesota A distributed document search and retrieval systemHierarchical menu structureReleased in 1991Became popular until the UoM decided to license it
WHY DID THE WWW SUCEDE?
Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?
▪ This design was simple– Simple syntax– Uniform URL to any resource using any protocols– No security, not authentication, no tracking▪ HTTP– Simple protocol – GET, POST▪ HTML– Not an advanced markup – enough to display text in
different sizes▪ Did not try to solve the problem of back-links– Avoided a huge problem
Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?
▪ WWW was FREE ▪ Gopher failed – More rigid system – Tree structure – not free format – NOT FREE
First Browsers
Without browsers, the Web would not take offAnd without content, no one would create browsers
!
Mosaic NCSA developed Mosaic Web BrowserDeveloped by Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina !
The Internet became synonymous with “mosaic”
First Browsers
First Browsers
New Business Emerges
Internet Service Providers – ISPThe business of connecting the public to the InternetMany new companies entered this marketAOL became a giant
New services Domain name registration and hostingDial-up access, Leased line accessWeb Design, Email services
Laying the TracksCompanies like Cisco Systems
Netscape
Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark formed Mosaic Communication Corporation 1994
Few months later renamed to Netscape
Netscape became the Internet leader IPO in 1995 raised $140 million
The decline came just as fast Did not establish sound business models nor build an infrastructure Went head-on into competitionwith Microsoft
Later bought by AOL
PHONE COMPANIESCOMPLETELY IGNORED THE INTERNET
LEFT THE SPACE OPEN FOR NEW COMPANIES
“... an Internet browser is a very trivial piece of software. There are at least 30 companies that have written very
credible Internet browsers, so that’s nothing...” -‐ Bill Gates
Enter the Giants
The telephone business and software giants initially ignored the Internet
Their focus was on voice or softwareInternet traffic was using the phone linesClassic example of the RPV theory
!
Left the field open for new companies!
Seeing the success they entered the marketToday most ISPs are phone companies
Microsoft Came late to the Internet Bill Gates wrote The Road Ahead Were trying to establish a proprietary “Information Superhighway”
!
Microsoft Network MSN was released in 1995 with Windows 95
Enter the Giants
INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
WHY DID THE INTERNET WIN?
The Generative Pattern
Lessons: Internet
▪ The Internet works because of the simplicity – Dumb routing – No security – Anonymity
▪ The core of the network is always the same – Innovation is at the edges – No need to upgrade the core when new protocols
are invented
Lessons: Internet
▪ Network infrastructure companies like the telecoms ignored the internet – Did not see any business in consumer connections – RVP theory explains this: their customer were
companies ▪ Software vendors like Microsoft ignored the
Internet – Saw no revenue model ▪ Left the field open for the Yahoos, Googles
etc.
“Doing research on the Web is like using a library assembled piecemeal by pack rats and vandalized nightly”
- Roger Ebert (attributed)
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
Rise of P2PPeer-to-peer Networks
Relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in the network Peers act as both clients and servers No central server
!
Legal controversy
Digitalization of Content
Netflix represents 32.7% of North America´s peak Web traffic
Stretching the LimitsThe Internet has scaled up to 2+ billion users
Tweaked over the yearsDesigned to be simpleInnovation only happens at the edges
The end-to-end principleHas prevented innovations at its core
Testing the Limits
Visionaries only partially saw the future!
The net was designed to be simple peer to peer network!
Things like security and social responsibility were not a main concern
Problems with the Internet
Limited IP numbersDumb routing – content unawareSpam, Viruses and DoS attacksIllegal distribution of contentAntisocial behaviour Lack of securityNot possible to update theInternet protocols
“If a planet-wide network were built on Mars, what would it look like?”
- Reinventing the Internet (Economist)
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
The Internet Infrastructure
Several efforts for reinventing the InternetGENI – Global Environment for Networking InnovationsFIND – Future Internet DesignInternet2PlanetLab
!
ChallengeHow can we replace the current Internet infrastructure?How can we run multiple protocols at the same time?
Content Delivery Network
Source: Akamai
“Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as
platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform.”
- Tim O'Reilly
Web 2.0
....for seizing the reins of the global media, for founding and framing the new digital democracy, for working for nothing and beating the pros at their own game, TIME's Person of the Year for 2006 is you
Read more: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1569514,00.html#ixzz1FjqlB9yO
Web 2.0
New web developments Popularized by O’Reilly and othersRefers to a new phase in architecture and applicationdevelopment of webapplicationsBuzzword that is not easy to define
!
TrendDesktop Application and Web Application will become the same
The Community
The smartest people in the room is everybody
The Hype Cycle
“Web 2.0”
The Brief History of the Internet
▪ 1969-1995 Computer Networking – Simple net run by pioneers▪ 1995-2000 Commercialization and Growth – Enter the ISPs and the public▪ 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit – New applications and digital media▪ 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network – New business models▪ 2010-2015 ?
Vint Cerf on the Internet's future
Kevin Kelly on Internet of Things, 2007
Visions of the FutureTrends !
Mobile phones are connecting to the InternetSensors will be connected – Internet of Things New media content is emergingAll content will be digital
Internet of things is estimated to be worth $309 billion by 2020
We are just starting this revolution…
2010 – 2015 The App Internet - Smart and Local
Local
Smart
Linear Categorized Search Smart
Theory of Data Overload
SimpleWeb sites
Yahoo! Google Siri, Watson Local
Applications are small and pieced together
Data is in the cloud
Run on any device
INTERNET OF
THINGS
NIKE + FUELBAND ACTIVITY SENSOR
JAWBONE UP BODY TRACKER
HUE LIGHTING SYSTEM
NEST THERMOSTAT
LOCKITRON LOCK FOR ACCESS CONTROL
IGRILL COOKING THERMOMETER
SCANADU MEDICAL SENSOR
SAMSUNG SMART WASHER
SAMSUNG SMART FRIDGE
Future of the Internet
The App Internet Smart and Local – knowledge about youFragmentedSensor drivenConnecting the online and offline worlds!
Threats: Powerful content owners and politicians
Summary▪ 1969-1995 Computer Networking – Simple net, TCP/IP, FTP, Telnet, HTTP and the
web▪ 1995-2000 Commercialization and growth – Enter the ISPs and the public, huge growth –
dot-com▪ 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit – New applications and digital media, bandwidth
increases▪ 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network – IPv6, faster networks▪ 2010-2015 APPs, Smart and Local
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