New SSUSH9 C Comparing Civil War Leadersmrgoethals.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/5/4/16542680/lesson_17... · 2018. 10. 13. · Confederate Leaders Robert E. Lee (1807 – 1870) James Longstreet

SSUSH9 C Comparing Civil War Leaders

Comparing Civil War Leaders

POB: Virginia

Robert E. Lee (1807 – 1870)

Ulysses S. Grant (1822 – 1885)

POB: Ohio

West Point (1825 – 1829)

West Point (1839 – 1843)

2nd of 46 (Engineers)

21st of 39 (Infantry)

2nd Lieutenant (Corps of Engineers)

2nd Lieutenant (4th U.S. Infantry)

War with Mexico (1846 – 1848)

• Staff Officer w/Winfield Scott • Staff Officer w/Winfield Scott

• Fought at Battle of Chapultepec • Fought at Battle of Chapultepec

• Brevet Lt. Col. & Col. For Bravery • Brevet Capt. & Maj. For Bravery

Comparing Civil War Leaders

William T. Sherman (1820 – 1891)

James Longstreet (1821 – 1904)

POB: Ohio POB: S. Carolina

West Point (1836 – 1840)

West Point (1838 – 1842)

6th of 42 (Artillery)

54th of 62 (Infantry)

2nd Lieutenant (3rd U.S. Artillery)

2nd Lieutenant (8th U.S. Infantry)

War with Mexico (1846 – 1848)

• Served in California Territory • Served under Winfield Scott (Inf)

• Helped Survey Sacramento • Fought at Battle of Chapultepec

• Brevet Capt. (Meritorious Svc) • Brevet Capt. & Maj. For Bravery

Confederate Generals who fought at the Battle of Chapultepec (12-13 Sep 1847)

Robert E. Lee (Bvt. Col.)

James Longstreet (Bvt. Maj.)

Joseph E. Johnston (Bvt. Col.)

Thomas J. Jackson (Bvt. Maj.)

George Pickett (Bvt. Capt.)

P. G. T. Beauregard (Bvt. Maj.)

Union Generals who fought at the Battle of Chapultepec (12-13 Sep 1847)

Winfield Scott (General)

Ulysses S. Grant (Bvt. Maj.)

George B. McClellan (Bvt. Capt.)

Silas Casey (Bvt. Maj.)

Joseph Hooker (Bvt. Maj.)

Edwin V. Sumner (Bvt. Col.)

Confederate Leaders

Robert E. Lee (1807 – 1870)

James Longstreet (1821 – 1904)

Chief Engineer Fort Carroll

Baltimore Harbor (1848 – 1852)

Superintendent West Point

(1852 - 1855)

Lt. Col. & Colonel 2nd U.S. Cavalry (1855 - 1861)

Infantry Captain 8th U.S. Infantry Texas Frontier (1848 – 1858)

Infantry Major 8th U.S. Inf. Ft. Bliss, TX (1858 – 1861)

The Civil War Begins

• Offered Command of all Union

Forces by Pres. Lincoln (18 Apr 61)

• Accepted appointment as General

in Confederate Army (23 Apr 61)

• Resigned from the U.S. Army to

join the Confederacy (1 Jun 61)

• Appointed Brigadier General in the

Confederate Army (17 Jun 61)

Union Leaders

William T. Sherman (1820 – 1891)

Ulysses S. Grant (1822 – 1885)

Infantry Captain 4th U.S. Infantry Oregon/California

(1848 – 1854)

Artillery Captain 3rd U.S. Artillery

in California (1848 – 1853)

Resigned (1853)

Resigned (1854)

Bank Manager in San Francisco

(1853 - 1859)

Farmer in St. Louis

(1854 - 1859)

The Civil War Begins

• Requested Reinstatement (Denied) • Requested Reinstatement (Denied)

• Commissioned Colonel, 13th U.S. Inf.

(14 May 1861)

• Commissioned Colonel, 21st Ill Vols.

(14 June 1861)

• Promoted B.G. U.S.V. (17 May 1861)

for Service at 1st Battle of Bull Run

• Promoted B.G. U.S.V. (7 Aug 1861)

for Service at Battle of Ft. Henry

Comparing Civil War Leaders Views on Slavery & Secession

“Slavery as an institution is a moral

and political evil in any country.”

(27 Dec 1856)

“I can but see the doom of Slavery. The North does not want, nor will they want, to interfere with

the institution.

(19 Apr 1861) "I can anticipate no greater

calamity for the country than a dissolution of the Union . . . Secession is

nothing but revolution.“

(29 Jan 1861)

“Secession was illogical as well as impractical;

it was revolution.”

(Grant’ Memoirs; 1885)

“All the Congresses on earth can't make the negro anything

else than what he is; he must be subject to the white man.”

(10 Jul 1860)

“The right of secession is but the beginning of the end, it is utterly wrong.”

(5 Jan 1861)

He married into a slave

owning Missouri family in

1848

He Supervised

the Louisiana State

Seminary (1859-1860)

He didn’t free his wife’s

inherited slaves until

1862

Comparing Civil War Commanders

Gen. Robert E. Lee M.G. Ulysses S. Grant

Shiloh Campaign in Tennessee (29 Mar – 8 Apr 1862)

• Remained Steadfast Against Poor or Overwhelming Odds

• Willing to accept Great Losses during Counterattacks

• Stubborn Tenacity allowed him to Turn Defeat into Victory

• Successfully Forced the Enemy to Disengage and Withdraw

• Cemented his Reputation with the President as a Relentless Fighter

Commander of the Army of Tennessee

(14 Feb 1862)

Commander of the Army of N. Virginia

(1 Jun 1862)

Seven Days Battles in Virginia (26 Jun – 1 Jul 1862)

• Always Aggressive Against an Enemy with Greater Numbers

• Confidence in and Support of his Troops ensured Willingness to Fight

• Willing to take Great Risks Against Superior Forces to Obtain Victory

• Successfully Stopped the Union Threat Against Confederate Capitol

• Seen as the Authentic Hero of the Confederacy by the People

Comparing Civil War Commanders

Gen. Robert E. Lee M.G. Ulysses S. Grant

Vicksburg Campaign in Mississippi (Oct 1862 – Jul 1863)

• Gained Experience in Coordinating Theater Level Operations

• Developed an Understanding of Living off of Enemy Resources

• Cemented Strong Loyalties with key Subordinate Officers

Commander of the Army of Tennessee

(14 Feb 1862)

Commander of the Army of N. Virginia

(1 Jun 1862)

Antietam Campaign in Maryland (13 – 17 April 1862)

• Developed the Necessary Teamwork to fight as a Cohesive Army

• Used Bold and Brilliant Maneuvers to Neutralize Enemy Effectiveness

• Cemented Strong Loyalties with key Subordinate Officers

Promoted General-in-Chief of the United States Army

(12 March 1864)

Promoted General-in-Chief of the Confederate Army

(31 January 1865)

Comparing Civil War Commanders

Gen. Robert E. Lee M.G. Ulysses S. Grant

Relationship with the U.S. President

• Shared and Developed Lincoln’s Vision of the War

Relationship with the C.S. President

• Discussed but Disagreed with Davis’ Vision of the War

General-in-Chief of the United States

Army (12 March 1864)

General-in-Chief of the Confederate

Army (31 January 1865)

Political Attrition of the Enemy

Destruction of Enemy Resources

Annihilation of all Enemy Forces

Davis pursued a Defensive Strategy to Outlasting the Enemy

Lee believed in Striking the Enemy Hard and Fast to Demoralize them

• Grant developed a Coherent and Decisive Strategy of Attacking

the Enemy on All Fronts to Destroy the South’s Ability and Willingness to Continue the War

• Lee focused on the Eastern Theater and the Proximity of Armies to their own Capitols,

while Neglecting the Importance of Operations in the West

Comparing Civil War Commanders

Gen. Robert E. Lee Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Implementation of Grant’s Plan

Effective Use of the Concepts of Total War Against the Enemy

Implementation of Lee’s Plan

Effective Invasion of the North to Force the Union to Seek Peace

General-in-Chief of the United States

Army (12 March 1864)

General-in-Chief of the Confederate

Army (31 January 1865)

• Living off of Enemy Resources

• Destruction of Contraband

• Annihilation of all Enemy Forces

• Avoidance of Territorial Occupation

• Use of a Scorched Earth Policy

• Neutralize the Effectiveness of the Union Army of the Potomac

• Invade the North and Threaten the Union Capitol in Washington

• Cause Union forces in the West to come to the North’s Defense

The Atlanta Campaign (7 May – 2 Sep 1864)

The Gettysburg Campaign (3 Jun – 24 July 1863)

Comparing Civil War Leaders

Lieutenant General James Longstreet

First Corps Commander

General Robert E. Lee

Army of N. Virginia

Relationship Between Commanders

• Longstreet served under Lee’s Command for the first time during the Seven Days Campaign (Jun-Jul 1862), successfully pushing the Union forces down the Peninsula and defending Richmond.

• The South’s stunning victory at the 2nd Battle of Manassas was a result of Lee’s audacity in combat and Longstreet’s hammer-like counter-attacks.

• Lee later described Longstreet “My Old Warhorse,” while Longstreet said the Lee possessed the “Most Clever and Brilliant Tactical Ability.”

• Lee was indebted to Longstreet’s valuable counsel and support.

• Longstreet described their meetings as “Severe Thought and Study” of War.

• Lee expressed concern when Longstreet advocated fighting more Defensive Battles.

• Longstreet opposed Lee’s desire to invade the North over his own recommended “Western Strategy.”

Comparing Civil War Leaders

Lieutenant General James Longstreet

First Corps Commander

Gettysburg Campaign: 3 Jun – 24 July 1863

General Robert E. Lee

Army of N. Virginia

• Lee opposed Longstreet’s proposal to make a broad turning movement south of the Union army, forcing the enemy to face the Army of Northern Virginia on “Good Ground” for them to defend.

• Longstreet believed that Lee was committing a grave mistake by attacking the strong Union positions at Gettysburg.

• Longstreet was a stubborn Leader whose opposition to Lee’s Plan affected his conduct during the Battle.

• The culmination of three days of disagreement between Lee and Longstreet resulted in the failed assault of “Picket’s Charge” that ended the battle.

Comparing Civil War Leaders

Major General William T. Sherman

Army of Tennessee

• Grant and Sherman were linked together for the first time during the Shiloh Campaign (Mar-Apr 1862), resulting in their first Union Victory.

• The Union’s Significant Victory during the Vicksburg Campaign (Jul 1863) resulted from the effective teamwork of General’s Grant and Sherman.

• Both men developed and improved their generalship as they forged a solid command relationship.

• Sherman knew how to be honest with Grant and trust his judgment.

Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant

General of the Army

Relationship Between Commanders

• Grant knew how to confide in Sherman and rely on his support.

• Grant’s Genius lay in his unusual military insight, effective planning, and flexibility under pressure.

• Sherman’s Genius laid more in his maneuverability, logistical support, and strategy of total war.

Comparing Civil War Leaders

Major General William T. Sherman

Army of Tennessee

• Grant and Sherman shared the concepts of Total War and the Scorched Earth Policy needed to ensure the Strategic, Economic, and Psychological end of the Confederacy.

• Grant urged Sherman no to go after territory, but to pursue the Confederate Forces and Destroy them.

• Sherman conducted brilliant maneuvers around the Confederate Forces a he approached Atlanta, while protecting his own lines of supply & communication.

• The Fall of Atlanta not only helped President Lincoln win re-election, but made Sherman a Union Hero.

Atlanta Campaign: 7 May – 2 Sep 1864

Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant

General of the Army