Introduction to RAWE Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Agricultural science provides synthetic understanding of agriculture phenomena to make the production of food grain practicable. Agricultural graduate require knowledge of fundamental principles of various substance in agriculture as well as other related subjects. The curriculum of agriculture graduate degree program has practical component which include lab experiment, exercise, field practical, visit to fields etc. The Randhawa review committee of agriculture has rightly pointed out inadequacy in providing required practical in acquisition of skill by undergraduate students. To overcome these inadequacies, there is a need for providing work experience for students. According to Randhawa committee, work experience include training, observations, practical and personal involvement lead to any activity. This has more relevance to the extension workers who is included in rural development after completion of 4 yrs. Degree program. In agriculture, student will be able to take up job on farm in development department. In this context job is not just enough for them to be averaged with recent advances of agriculture but also require to equip themselves with techniques of dissemination of farm methods; that can be understood and followed by farmers. This is possible only when they stay and interact and work with farmers to satisfy the situation of final year B.Sc. (Ag.) students or provide opportunity to take up this job on an
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Introduction to RAWE
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Agricultural science provides
synthetic understanding of agriculture phenomena to make the production of food
grain practicable. Agricultural graduate require knowledge of fundamental principles
of various substance in agriculture as well as other related subjects. The curriculum
of agriculture graduate degree program has practical component which include lab
experiment, exercise, field practical, visit to fields etc.
The Randhawa review committee of agriculture has rightly pointed out
inadequacy in providing required practical in acquisition of skill by undergraduate
students. To overcome these inadequacies, there is a need for providing work
experience for students.
According to Randhawa committee, work experience include training, observations,
practical and personal involvement lead to any activity. This has more relevance to
the extension workers who is included in rural development after completion of 4 yrs.
Degree program. In agriculture, student will be able to take up job on farm in
development department. In this context job is not just enough for them to be
averaged with recent advances of agriculture but also require to equip themselves
with techniques of dissemination of farm methods; that can be understood and
followed by farmers. This is possible only when they stay and interact and work with
farmers to satisfy the situation of final year B.Sc. (Ag.) students or provide
opportunity to take up this job on an experimental basis when they are on the verge
of completing their degree program through the course of RAWE in field situation
and to practice the use of various extension teaching method to disseminate the
technology to farmer.
Some important objectives of RAWE
1. Develop an understanding of rural life with special reference to agriculture.
2. To study the socio-economic condition of the farmers.
3. To understand various agencies and institution, its involvement in rural
management.
4. To provide an opportunity to students for practical training through work
experience.
5. To identify production and marketing constraints in agricultural enterprises.
6. To develop communication skill in transfer of agricultural production
technologies.
7. To develop confidence and competition for facing problematic situation related
to agriculture and to include the habit for providing solution to various
problems.
8. To get the feedback of agricultural production problem for the farming
community.
9. Working with farmer and conducting method and result demonstrations and
include agricultural practices.
Principal of RAWE:
Go to the people and live with them.
Learn with them and serve with them.
Work and plane with them.
Start with what they known.
Expected outcome of rawe programme
1. Personality development.
2. Art of listing and art of negotiation.
3. Confidence building.
4. Develop art of creative thinking.
5. Develop skill of join efforts.
6. Efficient decision making.
7. Learn real experiences.
8. Time and relation management.
9. Working of local institution of organisation.
10.Observe problem and possible solution.
AGRICULTURE PROFILE OF VARANASI DISTRICT
1
.
1
1.0 Agro-Climatic/Ecological
zone
Agro Ecological Sub Region
(ICAR)
Northern Plain (And Central Highlands)
Including Aravallis, Hot Semi-Arid Eco-Region
(4.3)
Agro-Climatic Zone
(Planning Commission) Middle Gangetic Plain Region (IV)
Agro Climatic Zone (NARP)
Vidhyan Zone
(UP-10)
List all the districts falling
under the NARP
Allahabad, Ballia ,
Chandauli,
Ghazipur, Jaunpur ,
Mirzapur , Sant Ravidas
Nagar , Sonbhadra ,
Varanasi
Zone* (*>50% area falling in
the zone)
Geographic coordinates of
district
Latitude Longitude A
l
t
i
t
u
d
e
headquarters
25°18’N
83°03’E
75.7m
Name and address of the
concerned ZRS/
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi.
ZARS/ RARS/ RRS/ RRTTS
Mention the KVK located in
the district with Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kallipur, Varanasi
address
Name and address of the
nearest Agromet Institute of Agriculture Research farm
Field Unit (AMFU, IMD) for
agro-advisories
in the Zone
2.Rainfall
Normal
RF(mm)
Normal
Rainy days
Normal
Onset Normal Cessation
(number)
SW monsoon (June-
Sep): 944.5 39
3rd week
of June 1st week of October
NE Monsoon(Oct-
Dec): 60.9 3
Winter (Jan- March) 56.5 4
Summer (Apr-May) 19.8 2
Annual 1081 48
3.Land
use
Geogra
phical
Cultiv
able
For
est
Land
unde
r
Perm
anent
Cultiv
able Land
Barren
and
Curr
ent
Oth
er
pattern of
the area area
are
a non-
pastur
es
waste
land
unde
r
uncultiv
able
fallo
ws
fallo
ws
district
agricultur
al use
Misc
. land
tree
crop
s
and
grov
es
Area (‘000
ha)
152
.67
9
95.7
48 0
2.9
32 0.024 2.56
2.96
4 2.151 - -
4. Major Soils
(common names like
red sandy
Area (‘000
ha)
Percent
(%) of
total
loam deep soils
(etc.,)*
Sandy
loam
70.56
0 46.25
Loam
25.00
0 16.37
Clay loam
37.80
0 24.75
Sandy
19.32
0 12.63
5.Agricu
ltural
land use
Area
(‘000 ha)
Cropping
intensity
%
Net sown
area
9
5.
7
4
8
17
6
%
Area sown more
than once
6
2.
1
8
0
Gross
cropped
area
134.
073
6.Irrigatio
n
Area (‘000
ha)
Net
irrigated
area
82.2
06
Gross
irrigated
area
134.
073
Rainfed
area
13.5
42
1
.
1
1.0 Agro-Climatic/Ecological
zone
Agro Ecological Sub Region
(ICAR)
Northern Plain (And Central Highlands)
Including Aravallis, Hot Semi-Arid Eco-Region
(4.3)
Agro-Climatic Zone
(Planning Commission) Middle Gangetic Plain Region (IV)
Agro Climatic Zone (NARP)
Vidhyan Zone
(UP-10)
List all the districts falling
under the NARP
Allahabad, Ballia ,
Chandauli,
Ghazipur, Jaunpur ,
Mirzapur , Sant Ravidas
Nagar , Sonbhadra ,
Varanasi
Zone* (*>50% area falling in
the zone)
Geographic coordinates of
district Latitude Longitude
A
l
t
i
t
u
d
e
headquarters
25°18’N
83°03’E
75.7m
Name and address of the
concerned ZRS/
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi.
ZARS/ RARS/ RRS/ RRTTS
Mention the KVK located in
the district with Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kallipur, Varanasi
address
Name and address of the
nearest Agromet Institute of Agriculture Research farm
Field Unit (AMFU, IMD) for
agro-advisories
in the Zone
2.Rainfall
Normal
RF(mm)
Normal
Rainy days
Normal
Onset Normal Cessation
(number)
SW monsoon (June-
Sep): 944.5 39
3rd week
of June 1st week of October
NE Monsoon(Oct-
Dec): 60.9 3
Winter (Jan- March) 56.5 4
Summer (Apr-May) 19.8 2
Annual 1081 48
3.Land
use
Geogra
phical
Cultiv
able
For
est
Land
unde
r
Perm
anent
Cultiv
able Land
Barren
and
Curr
ent
Oth
er
pattern of
the area area
are
a non-
pastur
es
waste
land
unde
r
uncultiv
able
fallo
ws
fallo
ws
district
agricultur
al use
Misc
. land
tree
crop
s
and
grov
es
Area (‘000
ha)
152
.67
9
95.7
48 0
2.9
32 0.024 2.56
2.96
4 2.151 - -
4. Major Soils
(common names like
red sandy
Area (‘000
ha)
Percent
(%) of
total
loam deep soils
(etc.,)*
Sandy
loam
70.56
0 46.25
Loam
25.00
0 16.37
Clay loam
37.80
0 24.75
Sandy
19.32
0 12.63
5.Agricu
ltural
land use
Area
(‘000 ha)
Cropping
intensity
%
Net sown
area
9
5.
7
4
8
17
6
%
Area sown more
than once
6
2.
1
8
0
Gross
cropped
area
134.
073
6.Irrigatio
n
Area (‘000
ha)
Net
irrigated
area
82.2
06
Gross
irrigated
area
134.
073
Rainfed
area
13.5
42
7. Major
field
Area
(‘000
ha)
crops
cultivate
d
KHARI
F RABI
Irrigat
ed
Rainf
ed
Tot
al
Irrigat
ed
Rai
nfe
d
Tot
al Summer
Grand
total
Rice 50.514 - 50.514 - 50.514
Pearl
millet - 4.297 4.297 - 4.297
Pigeonpe
a - 4.233 4.233 - 4.233
Maize - 2.915 2.915 0.011 -
0.01
1 0.025 2.951
Wheat - - - 69.063 -
69.0
63 69.063
Pea
2.434 0.305 2.739 2.739
Sugarcane 4.095 4.095
8.What is the major contingency the district
is prone to? (Tick mark)
Regul
ar
Occasiona
l None
Drought √
Flood √
Cyclone √
Hail storm √
Heat wave √
Cold wave √
Frost √
Sea water
intrusion √
Nursery raising and transplanting of plant under SRI method of
planting
Demonstrating group no. 1
12102 :Ranjeet Kumar
12103 :Ravi Prakash Yadav
12104 :Ravi Shankar Singh
12105 :Reeta Jaiswal
12107 :Rizzwan Siddiqui
12109 :Rohit Tripathi
Content
Type of farmer:-small
Situation of farming:-rainfeed
Objective
Nursery raising and transplanting of plant under SRI method of planting
Introduction of SRI
SRI is a combination of several practices those include changes in nursery
management, time of transplanting, water and weed management. Its different way
of cultivating rice crop though the fundamental practices remain more or less same
like in the conventional method; it just emphasizes altering of certain agronomic
practices of the conventional way of rice cultivation. All these new practices are
together known as System of Rice Intensification (SRI). SRI is not a fixed package of
technical specifications, but a system of production with four main components, viz.,
soil fertility management, planting method, weed control and water (irrigation)
management. Several field practices have been developed around these
components
Pre-requisite conditions
Every member of family must be involved in agricultural
Labour is easily available
Resources are less
Well drained soil
Bed should be dry
Bed should be at highest area of the field
Height of bed should be 15 cm from ground
Nursery bed should be near the main field.
FIG.1 SRI Nursery
Preparation of Nursery bed
SRI requires careful leveling and raking, with drainage facilitated by 30 cm wide
channels at two-meter intervals across the field.
Vermin compost is added in the bed in enough quantity and mixed in soil.
Seed is spread on bed and covered with 5 mm thick layer of soil.
Now do the mulching and sprinkle water over it. Sprinkling of water is kept
doing according to requirement.
Mulch is removed on 5th day.
On 7th day 2-5 cm height of water is maintained.
Nursery will be ready to transplant in main field in 8-12 days.
120 m2 area of nursery is prepared for 1 ha. This require 5-6 kg of seeds.
Nursery must be near to main field.
Before rooting up, nursery must be light irrigated.
Plants must be uprooted with soil.
FIG.2 Transplanting
Transplanting in main field
The seedlings must be transplanted singly with their roots intact, while the seed sac
is still attached. They must not be plunged too deep into the soil, but placed at 1-2
cm on the ground at the appropriate point on the planting grid.
During transplanting field must have moisture and soil must be soft.
Before transplanting excess water is drained out from field.
Distance must be maintained at 25 cm X 25 cm, for this use rope or ‘SRI
marker’.
Transplant one plant at one place in slightly tilted position, maintaining square
shape at 1-2 cm deep.
Field is kept moist, for this irrigation is done as and when required.
Transplanting is done in between 15-30 min after uprooting plant from
nursery.
Economics
PARTICULARS SRI CONVENTIONAL
SEED @ 40/KG 200 1800
FERTILIZERS 3685 7370
BIO FERTILIZER 1000 0
IRRIGATION 5000 12000
LABOUR 7500 6000
TILLAGE 5000 5000
TOTAL 17885 32170
Direct seeding of rice (DSR)
Demonstration group no.2
12110- Roshan Singh
12111-Ruby Patel
12112- Rupesh Karn
12113-Sagar Jaiswal
12115- Sangeeta Kumari
12117- Santosh Yadav
Content
Type of farmer: small
Situation of farmer:irrigated
Objective
Direct seeding of rice using drum seeders.
Introduction
Increasing cost of inputs (especially irrigation water and labour) and unavailability of
labour for critical farm operations have made rice cultivation extremely difficult for
farmers in several areas of Andhra Pradesh which is a major rice growing state in
India. To address these issues and to provide an alternative option to traditional
system and 'SRI' method of rice cultivation, the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chittoor
introduced direct seeding method in rice using a fibre bodied 8 row drum‐seeder for
the first time in 2006. This led to considerable reduction in cultivation costs and the
area under direct seeding using drum‐seeder increased from 0.2 ha in 2006 to more
than 4600 ha in 2012. P. Bala Hussain Reddy, S Sreenivasulu and C Manohar from
KVK Chittoor share their experiences with promotion of this technology in this Good
Practice Note.
Material required
Levelled land.
Moist field (drain out excess water).
30-40 kg seed/ha soaked in water for 24 hrs. (10-15 min before sowing dry it
in shade).
Drum seeders for sowing.
Drum Seeder
It is a hand driven equipment, having 2-8 drums shafted on an axis interconnected
with two cycles. Drums have hole at 20 cm apart and made up of plastic. Thus it is
light weighted and easy to use.
FIG.3 Drum Seeder
Operation procedure
FIG.4 FILLING SEED IN DRUM SEEDER
After assembling, fill the drums with pre-germinated seeds. Remember only
two-third of the drum are to be filled at a time.
Close the mouth with the knob provided.
Pull the seeder manually at a normal walking speed (1 Km/h) in the backward
position as in the photo.
The wheel impression in the first pass will server as a maker.
In the second pass the wheel should pass on the same wheel impression of
the previous pass to maintain the row-to-row spacing of 20 cm.
Occasionally watch the dropping of the seeds through the holes of the seeder
Refill the drum when it reaches one fourth capacity.
Continue the seeding operation
Particulars Traditional method SRI method Drum seeder method‐
Seed rate 75 kg 5 kg 37.5 kgDays to transplant 30 40 days nursery‐ 8 12 days nursery‐ 0 daysCost of nursery (Rs) 3000 500 0Labour required for 50 30 3transplanting /seedingoperation
Spacing Zigzag method 25 cm x 25 cm 20 cm between rows x 5 8‐cm hill to hill in a row
Water management 5 cm or more standing
No standing water after No standing water after
water from the day of transplantation stage; seeding. The field is kepttransplantation to 10 alternate wetting and wet until panicle initiation
days before harvesting drying only. The field isstage and from then on 2‐3
kept wet until paniclecm standing water until 10
initiation stage, and days before harvesting.from then on, 2 3 cm‐standing water till 10days before harvesting.
Weed Manual weeding twice Incorporation of weeds Weedicide is a must once
management
(or) some apply ofinto the soil using cono‐ or twice. Pre emergence‐
weedicides 1st time and weeder in both weedicide just 1 2 days‐manual weeding 2nd directions (N S and E‐ ‐ after seeding, and if
time. W) One manualnecessary post emergence
30 40 manual labour‐ weeding with 3 4‐ weedicide at 18 25 days‐
are required labourers is sufficient.after seeding. Cono‐weeder
15 20 manual labour is‐is run in one direction only,
required. either E W or N S, i.e., in‐ ‐the direction in which thedrum seeder was pulled.‐
Yield recovered (Kg/ha) 5784 kg 7125 kg 6469 kg
Total cost of cultivation Rs. 34838/‐ Rs.32500/‐ Rs. 27962/‐(Rs/ha)Gross returns @ Rs. 78744/‐ Rs. 85500/‐ Rs. 77628/‐Rs.900/bag of 75 kgNet returns per ha Rs. 43906/‐ Rs. 54000/‐ Rs. 49666/‐(INR)Benefit cost ratio‐ 2.26 2.63 2.77
Source Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Silent feature
Labour cost is reduced drastically.
Uniformity in seed sowing and plant population.
Continuous drilling of seeds is eliminated.
Reduction in seed rate and thinning cost.
Crop matures 7-10 days earlier than transplanted paddy.
Light in weight and easy to handle.
An area of 1 hectare can be sown in a day.
Limitations
Undulated land
More than 1 cm water in field during sowing
Untrained labour and unawareness of technique
Rainfall just after sowing
Seed loss due to birds
Do not irrigate the field till 2-3 days after sowing
ECONAMICS
conventional Using drum seeder
yield 5784 kg 6469 kg
Input cost Rs. 34838 Rs. 27962
gross income Rs. 81554 Rs. 91212
Net income Rs. 46716 Rs. 63250
Weed management in direct seeded rice (DSR)
Demonstration group no.3
12119: Satyaprakash
12121: Seema Ranjan
12124: Shashi Kumar
12125: Shashi Ranjan
12128: Shweta Jain
12129: Sikha Sneha
Content
Type of farmer:-small and marginal.
Situation of farmer:-rainfeed
Objective
Weed management in direct seeded rice using steel seed bed technique.
Introduction
Stale seed bed is a relatively simple weed management tactic that generally
involves four steps:
1) a seedbed is prepared,
2) weed seeds in the shallow soil zone germinate naturally or via pre-irrigation and
then emerge,
3) emerged weeds are then killed with minimum soil disturbance as necessary, and
4) the crop is promptly seeded or transplanted into mostly weed free soil.
Material required
Disc plough or cultivator or harrow.
Chemicals – glyphosate (41 SL) - 2.5 lit./ha in 500 litre of water.
- paraquat (24 SL) – 2 lit./ha in 400 litre of water.
Knapsack sprayer.
Method
Stale seedbed technique is most appropriate to reduce the weed seed bank in the
soil. In this technique, weeds are allowed to emerge for at least 2 weeks before
being killed.
To do this:
1. Perform tillage operations. Plow, harrow, and level the field.
2. Stimulate weed emergence by light irrigation or after rainfall.
Give one irrigation at least 2 weeks before sowing. Maintain enough soil
moisture to allow weeds to germinate.
3. Kill the emerged seedlings using non-selective herbicides (e.g., glyphosate) or
light cultivation.
4. If the soil condition is suitable for sowing, plant the crop without further tillage
operations. Tillage could bring more weed seeds near the soil surface, thus
promoting weed germination.
Principle of stale seedbed technique
It has been stated that the stale seedbed technique is based on three principles:
1) cultivation promotes weed seed germination,
2) a small percentage of weed seeds in the soil is non-dormant and able to
germinate at any given time and those that can, mostly germinate quickly, and
3) the vast majority of weeds only emerge from seeds in the shallow layer of the soil
(i.e., top 2.5 inches), and most typically emerge only in significant numbers from the
top one inch of the soil. Stale seedbed works by targeting weed seeds in the shallow
layer (i.e., germination zone) of the soil. These nondormant seeds are allowed to
germinate and then killed just prior to planting the cash crop.
FIG.NO.5 killing germinating weeds by spraying herbicide
Precautions
Knapsack sprayer should be used by trained person when weed is properly
grown.
Choose herbicide according to use.
During spraying use pure water to avoid blockage of sprayer.
Benefits
4-6 quintal increase in yield.
Low cost.
Can be used in vegetable.
Applicable for organic as well as conventional farming.
Less use of herbicide.
Continuous use reduces no. Of weed seed.
Disadvantages of the stale seedbed technique
Though the stale seedbed technique can be effective, like any weed management
tactic there are some drawbacks. Weeds with lengthy emergence periods may not
be managed as well with this technique. Soil conditions such as moisture and
temperature affect weed emergence and these factors cannot be controlled. For
example, in the absent of adequate rainfall, fields may require pre-irrigation events to
initiate weed flushes. Finally, under certain conditions, especially when dealing with
“wimpy” or less competitive (e.g., small and slow growing) crops, multiple weed
flushes over time may be required before planting the crop to effectively prevent
weeds from competing with the crop after planting.
Limitation
Not applicable for weed whose seed is dormant.
Not applicable after onset of monsoon.
In case of high weed density repeated used is required.
Ploughing lead to weed seed come over surface.
Economic benefits
In comparison to conventional technique it saves Rs.2000/acre.
Growing sugarcane nursery and its transplanting
Demonstration group no.4
12130: Sonam Singh
12132:Sri Laxmi
12133: Sreenath
12134: Sripati Abhiram Sahoo
12135:Stuti Krishna
Content
Type of farmer:-small and marginal
Situation of farmer:-rainfeed
Objective
Growing sugarcane nursery and its transplanting with bud chip technique
Introduction
Sugarcane is vegetatively propagated for commercial cultivation. Different kinds of
planting materials viz., cane setts; settlings and bud chips are used for raising
sugarcane crop. Little portion of stem with one bud is known as bud chip. Bud chips
are used to raise settlings in nursery. They were found to produce a good crop when
transplanted in main field. The principal advantage of bud chips is substantial saving
in seed material. Seed requirement is reduced to less than one ton per ha.
Bud chip is a modern technique in which we use buds instead of sets of 25 cm. But it
cut from nodes and nursery prepared by it. It is ready for transplanting in 25-30 days.