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FOR ENDING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN Following are the crimes that are

increasing day by day among women: CHILD MARRIAGE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DOWRY SEXUAL HARASSMENT RAPE TRAFFICKING FEMALE INFANTICIDE & SEX-SELECTIVE

ABORTION

CHILD MARRIAGECHILD MARRIAGE

Child marriage has been has been traditionally prevalent in India traditionally prevalent in India and continues to this day. and continues to this day. Historically, child brides would Historically, child brides would live with their parents until they live with their parents until they reached puberty. Although child reached puberty. Although child marriage was outlawed in 1860, marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is still a common practice.it is still a common practice.According to UNICEF’s “State of According to UNICEF’s “State of the World’s Children-2009” the World’s Children-2009” report, 47% of India's women report, 47% of India's women aged 20–24 were married aged 20–24 were married before the legal age of 18, before the legal age of 18, rising to 56% in rural areas. The rising to 56% in rural areas. The report also showed that 40% of report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages the world's child marriages occur in India.occur in India.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCEDOMESTIC VIOLENCE The number of The number of

incidents of incidents of domestic violence is is higher among the lower higher among the lower Socio-Economic Classes Socio-Economic Classes (SECs). (SECs).

The Protection of The Protection of Women from Domestic Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 Violence Act, 2005 came into force on 26 came into force on 26 October 2006. October 2006.

DOWRYDOWRYIn 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act, making dowry demands in wedding Prohibition Act, making dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal. However, many cases of arrangements illegal. However, many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s, murders have been reported. In the 1980s, numerous such cases were reported.numerous such cases were reported.In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and bridegroom) Rules were of presents to the bride and bridegroom) Rules were framed. According to these rules, a signed list framed. According to these rules, a signed list should be maintained of presents given at the time should be maintained of presents given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom. The of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom. The list should contain a brief description of each list should contain a brief description of each present, its approximate value, the name of who has present, its approximate value, the name of who has given the present, and relationship to the recipient. given the present, and relationship to the recipient. However, such rules are rarely enforced.However, such rules are rarely enforced.A 1997 report claimed that each year at least 5,000 A 1997 report claimed that each year at least 5,000 women in India die dowry-related deaths, and at women in India die dowry-related deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires' thought least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires' thought to be intentional. The term for this is "to be intentional. The term for this is "bride burning" " and is criticized within India itself. Amongst the and is criticized within India itself. Amongst the urban educated, such dowry abuse has reduced urban educated, such dowry abuse has reduced considerably.considerably.

SEXUAL HARASSMENTSEXUAL HARASSMENTEve teasing is a euphemism used for is a euphemism used for sexual harassment or molestation of sexual harassment or molestation of women by men. Many activists blame the women by men. Many activists blame the rising incidents of sexual harassment rising incidents of sexual harassment against women on the influence of against women on the influence of "Western culture". In 1987, The Indecent "Western culture". In 1987, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act was passed to prohibit indecent Act was passed to prohibit indecent representation of women through representation of women through advertisements or in publications, advertisements or in publications, writings, paintings or in any other manner.writings, paintings or in any other manner.Of the total number of crimes against Of the total number of crimes against women reported in 1990, half related to women reported in 1990, half related to molestation and harassment in the molestation and harassment in the workplace. In 1997, in a landmark workplace. In 1997, in a landmark judgement [judgement [ambiguousambiguous], the Supreme ], the Supreme Court of India took a strong stand against Court of India took a strong stand against sexual harassment of women in the sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The Court also laid down workplace. The Court also laid down detailed guidelines for prevention and detailed guidelines for prevention and redressal of grievances. The National redressal of grievances. The National Commission for Women subsequently Commission for Women subsequently elaborated these guidelines into a Code elaborated these guidelines into a Code of Conduct for employers.of Conduct for employers.

RAPERAPE

• Rape in India has been described by Radha Kumar as Rape in India has been described by Radha Kumar as one of India's most common crimes against women and one of India's most common crimes against women and by the UN’s human-rights chief as a “national problem”. by the UN’s human-rights chief as a “national problem”. In the 1980s, women's rights groups lobbied for marital In the 1980s, women's rights groups lobbied for marital rape to be declared unlawful, as until 1983, the criminal rape to be declared unlawful, as until 1983, the criminal law (amendment) act stated that "sexual intercourse by law (amendment) act stated that "sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age is not rape". Marital rape is now fifteen years of age is not rape". Marital rape is now illegal in India but is still widespread. While per-capita illegal in India but is still widespread. While per-capita reported incidents are quite low compared to other reported incidents are quite low compared to other countries, even developed countries, a new case is countries, even developed countries, a new case is reported every 20 minutes. New Delhi has the highest reported every 20 minutes. New Delhi has the highest rate of rape-reports among Indian cities. Sources show rate of rape-reports among Indian cities. Sources show that rape cases in India have doubled between 1990 and that rape cases in India have doubled between 1990 and 2008. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, 2008. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, 24,206 rape cases were registered in India in 2011, 24,206 rape cases were registered in India in 2011, although experts agree that the number of unreported although experts agree that the number of unreported cases is much higher. cases is much higher.

TRAFFICKINGTRAFFICKING

The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act was passed in 1956. was passed in 1956.

However many cases of trafficking of However many cases of trafficking of young girls and women have been young girls and women have been reported. These women are either reported. These women are either forced into prostitution, domestic forced into prostitution, domestic work or child labour. work or child labour.

FEMALE INFANTICIDE & SEX- FEMALE INFANTICIDE & SEX- SELECTIVE ABORTIONSELECTIVE ABORTION

In India, the male-female sex ratio is In India, the male-female sex ratio is skewed dramatically in favour of males, skewed dramatically in favour of males, the chief reason being the high number the chief reason being the high number of females who die before reaching of females who die before reaching adulthood. In 1994 the Indian adulthood. In 1994 the Indian government passed a law forbidding government passed a law forbidding women or their families from asking women or their families from asking about the sex of the baby after an about the sex of the baby after an ultrasound scan (or any other test which ultrasound scan (or any other test which would yield that information) and also would yield that information) and also expressly forbade doctors or any other expressly forbade doctors or any other persons from providing that information. persons from providing that information. However, in practice this law (like the law However, in practice this law (like the law forbidding dowries) is widely ignored, forbidding dowries) is widely ignored, and levels of abortion on female foetuses and levels of abortion on female foetuses remain high and the sex ratio at birth remain high and the sex ratio at birth keeps getting more skewed. keeps getting more skewed. Female infanticide (killing of girl infants) Female infanticide (killing of girl infants) is still prevalent in some rural areas. is still prevalent in some rural areas. Sometimes this is infanticide by neglect, Sometimes this is infanticide by neglect, for example families may not spend for example families may not spend money on critical medicines or withhold money on critical medicines or withhold care from a sick girl. care from a sick girl.

LAWS ENACTED FOR LAWS ENACTED FOR PROTECTION OF WOMENPROTECTION OF WOMEN

Child Marriage Restraint Act,1929Child Marriage Restraint Act,1929 Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 Dowry Prohibition Act,1961Dowry Prohibition Act,1961 Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act,1956Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act,1956 Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation

and Prevention of Misuse)and Prevention of Misuse) Pre-conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Pre-conception and Prenatal Diagnostic

Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 19941994

Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976