New Ideas and The Cultural Revolution. Bellwork Since we are beginning a new quarter we decided to change our grading policy. 1.What do you like about.

New Ideas and The New Ideas and The Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution

BellworkBellworkSince we are beginning a Since we are beginning a

new quarter we decided new quarter we decided to change our grading to change our grading

policy.policy.

1.1. What do you like about What do you like about this policy?this policy?

2.2. What do you dislike?What do you dislike?

3.3. How would this affect How would this affect your behavior as a your behavior as a student?student?

4.4. What problems might What problems might arise in using this arise in using this method?method?

“Students, this six weeks you will receive the class average on your report

card.”

Any comments about what happened Any comments about what happened during the quiz review. during the quiz review.

Do you think people should be rewarded for Do you think people should be rewarded for every right answer?every right answer?

Did it remind you of anything we have read? Did it remind you of anything we have read? Why?Why?

To keep everyone focused and to To keep everyone focused and to encourage participation, we are going to do encourage participation, we are going to do something similar today. something similar today.

Please wait to eat the candy till after class- Please wait to eat the candy till after class- there were too many wrappers!there were too many wrappers!

Students who are quiet and Students who are quiet and listening will be given candy for listening will be given candy for good behavior.good behavior.

Students will also receive pieces Students will also receive pieces of candy for answering of candy for answering questionsquestions..

What is Economics?

Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources (land, labor and capital) to produce valuable goods and distribute them among different people

Never available in sufficient quantities to produce goods and services to satisfy human want

What questions must every economy answer? What should be produced? How many should be produced? How should the goods be distributed?

What were the different economic philosophies?

Capitalism Communism Socialism

What were the three types of economic philosophies from the reading?

How did economic policies change during the Industrial Revolution?

Most nations began to follow the policy of Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Who introduced Laissez-Faire Capitalism?

Adam Smith

Who was Adam Smith? Who was Adam Smith? What was the title of What was the title of

his book?his book? ““Wealth of Nations”Wealth of Nations” Attacked the policy of Attacked the policy of

mercantilismmercantilism

What were Smith’s What were Smith’s Ideas?Ideas? Laissez-faireLaissez-faire Free MarketsFree Markets Free EnterpriseFree Enterprise Individualism-Most Profit Individualism-Most Profit

with least cost(Self-Interest)with least cost(Self-Interest)

What is Laissez Faire?

Does anyone know what Laissez Faire means?

No government intervention in the economy – “Hands-Off”

No taxes, No laws that would impact business

What are free markets?

•Supply and demand determine Supply and demand determine what and how much to producewhat and how much to produce

•Too much supply, not enough Too much supply, not enough demand-wastedemand-waste

•Too much demand, not enough Too much demand, not enough supply-missed opportunities and supply-missed opportunities and salessales

•Competition regulates the price Competition regulates the price of goods-only 1 shoe companyof goods-only 1 shoe company

With what industry did we see the demand exceed the supply?•Textiles

What is free enterprise?

The freedom of private businessThe freedom of private business

to operate completely for to operate completely for profitprofit

with no intervention by the with no intervention by the

governmentgovernment

How will society benefit? IndividualismIndividualism

When each person does what is When each person does what is best for him or her everyone best for him or her everyone benefits-How?benefits-How?

Self-interest add up to common Self-interest add up to common goodgood

What is Laissez-Faire Capitalism?

Economic system characterized by the following: Free Enterprise - Private ownership of property

(businesses) Laissez Faire - No government intervention Individuals and businesses compete for their own

economic gain (profits) Supply and demand determine the prices of goods

and services Profit and competition Also known as a Market Economy

What do you think some results that would occur because of Laissez-Faire Capitalism?

What were the results of Laissez-faire economics?

Economic Growth Large gap between the rich and poor Extreme Poverty Child labor City Slums Educational Neglect Unsafe and unsanitary working

conditions

Write down the amount of candy your Write down the amount of candy your have.have.

If you received 10 or more pieces, put 5 If you received 10 or more pieces, put 5 aside to be collected for taxes. aside to be collected for taxes.

We are going to redistribute the candy We are going to redistribute the candy only to the students with very few pieces.only to the students with very few pieces.

How many pieces do you have now?How many pieces do you have now? Do you have more or less than when we Do you have more or less than when we

started?started? Do you think this is fair? Why or Why Do you think this is fair? Why or Why

not?not?

Does this remind you of any thing we Does this remind you of any thing we have read? What system do you think have read? What system do you think this is? Why?this is? Why?

What kind of economic system is this?What kind of economic system is this? SocialismSocialism

Who was a strong proponent of Laissez-Who was a strong proponent of Laissez-Faire Capitalism?Faire Capitalism?

What does Laissez-Faire mean?What does Laissez-Faire mean?

What problems occurred from Laissez What problems occurred from Laissez Faire capitalism?Faire capitalism?

BellworkBellwork

Which of the following best represents the ideas of Adam Smith?

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1. The working class should revolt against the industrialists

2. Competition for jobs will keep wages high and therefore people will become rich

3. If everyone acts in their own interests, all of society will benefit

4. The government should regulate business so everyone has a fair chance.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Which of the following is not a characteristic of capitalism?

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77%1. Laissez-faire2. Private ownership3. Government controls

the means of production

4. Supply and demand determine price and quantity

5. Large gaps between the rich and the poor

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

What other theories grew What other theories grew out of the Industrial out of the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

What was Thomas Malthus theory?

Poverty and famine unavoidable

Population growing faster than food supply

Agricultural Revolution helped to disprove his theories

What was David Ricardo’s theory?

Iron Law of Wages Rapid population

growth would lead to fierce competition for jobs

Did not happen bc of lower birthrates in western countries

What is utilitarianism? Jeremy Bentham Laws should be judged by

their usefulness Laws should advance

human happiness and reduce human misery

Promoted laws to limit working hours for women and children

Set up commissions investigating factories and mines

Results of BenthamResults of Bentham

Parliament passed the first laws Parliament passed the first laws regulating child employment in factoriesregulating child employment in factories

Also, prohibited woman and children from Also, prohibited woman and children from working in minesworking in mines

18 and under and women could only 18 and under and women could only work 10 hours a day in the textile work 10 hours a day in the textile factoriesfactories

What were the ideas of Robert Owen?

Cooperation should replace competition Established a “model” town Improved working and living conditions

Results of OwenResults of Owen

Established a model town in New LanarkEstablished a model town in New Lanark It was a Scottish MillIt was a Scottish Mill Improved living and working conditionsImproved living and working conditions Tried to do in New Harmony, Indiana, but Tried to do in New Harmony, Indiana, but

feuding between the owners and feuding between the owners and residents broke outresidents broke out

What were the ideas of John Stuart Mill?

Redistribution of wealth by taxing income

Voting Rights for all citizens

Equal Rights for Women

Who was William Wilberforce? Evangelical – joined

ideas of Christian faith with making a better society

Member of Parliament

Helped to get a bill passed to end Slavery

Slave Act of 1807

What is Socialism? An economic system

characterized by Government controlling

the major means of production (land, raw materials, factories)

Some centralized planning of the economy –health care education

Some private ownership of business

Everybody has something According to Marx, a stage

on the way to communism

Uh OhA socialist!

How did our activity on How did our activity on Thursday exemplify Socialism?Thursday exemplify Socialism?

Received a piece of candy for answering Received a piece of candy for answering the question correctly.the question correctly.

More than five, had to give backMore than five, had to give back If you received 0, you got 2 from the extra If you received 0, you got 2 from the extra

I collectedI collected A more equal distribution of candyA more equal distribution of candy Nobody really had a ton, but everybody Nobody really had a ton, but everybody

had something.had something.

Today, every student is going to start with Today, every student is going to start with the same amount of candy (2 pieces).the same amount of candy (2 pieces).

Each student will still get an extra piece of Each student will still get an extra piece of candy for answering a question and good candy for answering a question and good behavior.behavior.

Who challenged the ideas of Adam Smith?

Karl Marx

•Communist Manifesto, 1848

According to Marx, what caused society to change?

1. Economics is the major force of change in society Conflict between the “haves and

have-nots” – Social Classes

Who were the “Haves and Have-nots during the IR?

Haves: Capitalists – factory and business owners

(bourgeoisie) Power – control the govt. Money - keep the profits

Have-nots Workers (Proletariat)

Low wages, working conditions

What should the Working Class do?

2. REVOLUTION - Workers should unite and overthrow the capitalist middle class (bourgeoisie)

“Working men Working men of all countries, of all countries, unite!”unite!”

Who will own the factories and businesses?

3. NO PRIVATE OWNERSHIP - All means of production (factories and businesses) will be owned and controlled by society

Who will receive the profits?

4. EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH - Profits will be equally distributed among the people according to need

“From each From each according to his according to his ability to each ability to each according to his according to his need”need”

Who will have the power?

5. NO GOVERNMENT - Workers will temporarily control the government (“Dictatorship of the Proletariat”) until all classes cease to exist and

then the government will no longer be needed. It will cease to exist

Karl Marx - SummaryKarl Marx - Summary

Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto Blamed Capitalism for poor conditions in Blamed Capitalism for poor conditions in

cities/factoriescities/factories History is a class struggle (haves and have nots)History is a class struggle (haves and have nots) Proletariat (working class) must violently overthrow the Proletariat (working class) must violently overthrow the

bourgeoisie (middle class) and set up a dictatorship bourgeoisie (middle class) and set up a dictatorship until society can be set up on socialist principlesuntil society can be set up on socialist principles

How will Society Benefit?

Collectivism Society benefits when everyone

works together for the common good

What is Communism? An economic philosophy characterized by the

following No Free of Enterprise/private ownership of

business – society owns factories, businesses, natural resources

Wealth is redistributed among the people in society equally

Classless society Collectivism Government will cease to exist No profit, no competition Also known as a command economy

Write down how many pieces of candy Write down how many pieces of candy you have.you have.

Let’s collect everyone’s candy and divvy Let’s collect everyone’s candy and divvy it out equally. it out equally.

Is there anything wrong with this system?Is there anything wrong with this system?

Students will still be able to receive Students will still be able to receive starbursts for good behavior. starbursts for good behavior.

47

Socialism: You have 2 cows. Give one to a neighbor.

Communism: you have 2 cows. Give both cows to government and they may give you some milk.

Capitalism: You have 2 cows. Sell 1 cow and buy a bull.

Governmental Philosophies

Which of the following is a characteristic of socialism?

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1. Government controls the major industries (steel, transportation etc.)

2. The elimination of government and social classes

3. Governments do not interfere in economic activity

4. Private individuals control all of the means of production

Which of the following describes communism?

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1. Allows for some private ownership

2. Elimination of government and social classes

3. Ideas from Adam Smith

4. Follows the laws of supply and demand

Which of the following economic systems arose from poor living and working conditions during the Industrial Revolution?

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1. Capitalism

2. Socialism

3. Communism

4. Both 1 and 2

5. Both 2 and 3

6. None of the above

Which of the following describes an idea of Karl Marx?

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1. Laissez-faire2. Bourgeoisie would

revolt against the Proletariat

3. Entrepreneurs would control government

4. Proletariat would revolt against the Bourgeoisie

5. All of the above

24.2 The New Science24.2 The New Science

Charles Darwin came Charles Darwin came up with theory of up with theory of Evolution Evolution

Wrote On the Wrote On the Origins of The Origins of The Species – plants Species – plants and animals adapt and animals adapt to their to their environment. environment.

MendelMendel Gregor Mendel was Gregor Mendel was

curious home plants curious home plants and animals passed and animals passed characteristics to one characteristics to one another.another.

Found that information Found that information is passed through is passed through genesgenes

Eventually becomes Eventually becomes study of geneticsstudy of genetics

Advances in MedicineAdvances in Medicine

Edward Jenner – created first vaccination Edward Jenner – created first vaccination (smallpox ) (smallpox )

Louis Pasteur – discovered bacteria and Louis Pasteur – discovered bacteria and germs, also discovered that bacteria germs, also discovered that bacteria reproduces like other living thingsreproduces like other living things

Surgery – creation of anesthetics and Surgery – creation of anesthetics and chloroform – now safe and painless chloroform – now safe and painless surgery surgery

Physics and Social Physics and Social SciencesSciences

Atomic Theory – all matter is made up of Atomic Theory – all matter is made up of tiny particlestiny particles

John Dalton – proved atomic theory John Dalton – proved atomic theory Creation of x-rays, physics, Creation of x-rays, physics,

electromagnetism electromagnetism Albert Einstein’s theoryAlbert Einstein’s theory Sociology and Psychology Sociology and Psychology

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

24.3 Growth of Industrialization 1900s Populations began to grow – Europe

almost doubled in 100 years Medical advances increased life

expectancy and decreased infant mortality

New methods for producing and preserving foods made better food available

Urbanization – growth of cities

8 in 10 English lived in cities by 1914

Came in search of new opportunities - larger farms needed fewer workers

Movement from Rural to Urban

Lifestyle Improvements

Life improved for many in Europe and North America in the 1800s Sewers, garbage collection, police

and fire protection More leisure time for cultural

activities – newspapers, fine arts, sports

The need for public schools was widely accepted by even the elite.

Improvements in working conditions

Child Labor Laws Passed Safety Regulations Formation of Unions 8 hour work day

Moving Around Rural to Urban Emigration – leaving one’s home country to

settle someplace else Push Factors – reasons to leave

Population growth – no jobs, crowded Government Persecution Famine Discrimination

Immigration – entering a new country or region to settle permanently

Pull Factors – reasons to come Better life Higher Pay Better Working Conditions

NeoclassicalNeoclassical

Lasted from 1750-1850Lasted from 1750-1850 Honored classical art from ancient Rome Honored classical art from ancient Rome

and Greeceand Greece The artwork tends to show traditional The artwork tends to show traditional

timestimes Encouraged order, reason, and disciplineEncouraged order, reason, and discipline

RomanticRomantic

Lasted from 1800s-1850Lasted from 1800s-1850 Believed in the importance of returning to Believed in the importance of returning to

nature.nature. Showed imagination and emotion rather Showed imagination and emotion rather

than intellect and reasonthan intellect and reason

RealistRealist

Lasted 1830s-1900Lasted 1830s-1900 Emphasized showing people as they areEmphasized showing people as they are Depict situations in daily lifeDepict situations in daily life

Joseph M.W. Turner’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage –Italy, 1832

ROMANTIC PERIOD

Jacques-Louis David The Death of Socrates 1787

NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD

Kathe Kollwitz The March of the Weavers ,1897

REALIST PERIOD

Jean-Auguste-Dominique The Apotheosis of Homer, 1827

NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD

Edgar Degas Women Ironing,1884

REALIST PERIOD

Eugene Delacroix Liberty Leading the People 1830

ROMANTIC PERIOD