NEW HORIZONS NEW HORIZONS NEW HORIZONS NEW HORIZONS NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ s Pluto s Pluto s Pluto s Pluto s Pluto s Pluto s Pluto s Pluto - - - - - - Kuiper Belt Mission: Kuiper Belt Mission: Kuiper Belt Mission: Kuiper Belt Mission: Kuiper Belt Mission: Kuiper Belt Mission: Kuiper Belt Mission: Kuiper Belt Mission: “ “ “ “ “ “ The First Mission To the Ninth Planet The First Mission To the Ninth Planet The First Mission To the Ninth Planet The First Mission To the Ninth Planet The First Mission To the Ninth Planet The First Mission To the Ninth Planet The First Mission To the Ninth Planet The First Mission To the Ninth Planet And the Solar System And the Solar System And the Solar System And the Solar System And the Solar System And the Solar System And the Solar System And the Solar System ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ s Third Zone s Third Zone s Third Zone s Third Zone s Third Zone s Third Zone s Third Zone s Third Zone ” ” ” ” ” ”
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NEW HORIZONS - University of Sydney · NEW HORIZONS 10291029Days Since Launch Days Since Launch 0625 Days Since Jupiter 2433 Days Still To Pluto. NEW HORIZONS. A MISSION OF FIRSTS.
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NEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONS
NASANASANASANASANASANASANASANASA’’’’’’’’s Plutos Plutos Plutos Plutos Plutos Plutos Plutos Pluto--------Kuiper Belt Mission:Kuiper Belt Mission:Kuiper Belt Mission:Kuiper Belt Mission:Kuiper Belt Mission:Kuiper Belt Mission:Kuiper Belt Mission:Kuiper Belt Mission:
““““““““The First Mission To the Ninth PlanetThe First Mission To the Ninth PlanetThe First Mission To the Ninth PlanetThe First Mission To the Ninth PlanetThe First Mission To the Ninth PlanetThe First Mission To the Ninth PlanetThe First Mission To the Ninth PlanetThe First Mission To the Ninth Planet
And the Solar SystemAnd the Solar SystemAnd the Solar SystemAnd the Solar SystemAnd the Solar SystemAnd the Solar SystemAnd the Solar SystemAnd the Solar System’’’’’’’’s Third Zones Third Zones Third Zones Third Zones Third Zones Third Zones Third Zones Third Zone””””””””
NEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONS� 1029102910291029 Days Since LaunchDays Since LaunchDays Since LaunchDays Since Launch
� 0625 Days Since Jupiter0625 Days Since Jupiter0625 Days Since Jupiter0625 Days Since Jupiter
� 2433 Days Still To Pluto2433 Days Still To Pluto2433 Days Still To Pluto2433 Days Still To Pluto
NEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONSNEW HORIZONS
A MISSION OF FIRSTSA MISSION OF FIRSTSA MISSION OF FIRSTSA MISSION OF FIRSTS
Pluto was discovered in January-February 1930, by Clyde Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory, Arizona.
� First detected in 1985 and 1988 by a clear refractive signature, seen in stellar occultations; the surface pressure is ~10 µbar.
� N2, CO, & CH4, plus trace photo- chemical species.
� Evidence for haze and/or temperature T(z) structure.
� Strong seasonal effects are expected.
� The atmosphere is likely hydrodynamically escaping,several km of ices lost in 4 Gyr.
� Both the 2002 and 2006 occultations revealed distinct structural & pressure changes.
ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHEREATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
Quasi-Bound
AND A CHANGED AND A CHANGED AND A CHANGED AND A CHANGED ATMOSPHERE NOWATMOSPHERE NOWATMOSPHERE NOWATMOSPHERE NOW
2006 June 12/AAT Occultation LightcurveDick French and Kevin Shoemaker
SwRI/Lowell/Wellesley Team
� Charon was discovered, by accident, in July 1978 by Jim Christyof the U.S. Naval Observatory.� Charon is in synchronous orbit ~19,400 km from Plut o, and spin-spin-orbit locked with a 6.4 day period.� Charon’s surface is covered in H 2O-ice; there is no detectable atmosphere.
0.9 arc-sec
PLUTOPLUTOPLUTOPLUTO’’’’S LARGE MOON: S LARGE MOON: S LARGE MOON: S LARGE MOON: CHARONCHARONCHARONCHARON
BUT THIS DOUBLE SYSTEM BUT THIS DOUBLE SYSTEM BUT THIS DOUBLE SYSTEM BUT THIS DOUBLE SYSTEM IS A QUADRUPLEIS A QUADRUPLEIS A QUADRUPLEIS A QUADRUPLE
Nix
Hydra
Weaver, Stern, Mutchler, Steffl, et al. (2005)
A giant impact origin for Pluto-Charon was first suggested in the 1980s (McKinnon 1984, 1989).
From the Densities of Pluto & Charon, From the Densities of Pluto & Charon, From the Densities of Pluto & Charon, From the Densities of Pluto & Charon,
One Can Derive Crude Interior ModelsOne Can Derive Crude Interior ModelsOne Can Derive Crude Interior ModelsOne Can Derive Crude Interior Models
DONDONDONDON’’’’T JUDGE THIS BOOKT JUDGE THIS BOOKT JUDGE THIS BOOKT JUDGE THIS BOOKBY ITS COVERBY ITS COVERBY ITS COVERBY ITS COVER
A Dwarf Planet and A True Binary WorldA Dwarf Planet and A True Binary WorldA Dwarf Planet and A True Binary WorldA Dwarf Planet and A True Binary World
PLUTO HERALDED A PLUTO HERALDED A PLUTO HERALDED A PLUTO HERALDED A NEW CLASS OF PLANETNEW CLASS OF PLANETNEW CLASS OF PLANETNEW CLASS OF PLANET
US DECADAL SURVEY:US DECADAL SURVEY:US DECADAL SURVEY:US DECADAL SURVEY:PLUTOPLUTOPLUTOPLUTO----KUIPER BELT MISSIONKUIPER BELT MISSIONKUIPER BELT MISSIONKUIPER BELT MISSION
A Reconnaissance Expedition To Pluto-Charon & the Kuiper Belt
The Highest Priority Medium-Scale Mission New Start
Of The Planetary Decadal Survey
NASANASANASANASA’’’’S PLUTO MISSION S PLUTO MISSION S PLUTO MISSION S PLUTO MISSION MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVESMEASUREMENT OBJECTIVESMEASUREMENT OBJECTIVESMEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES
Group 1 Objectives: Characterize the global geology and morphology of Pluto and Charon Map surface composition of Pluto and Charon Characterize the neutral atmosphere of Pluto and its escape rate
Group 2 Objectives: Characterize the time variability of Pluto's surface and atmosphere Image Pluto and Charon in stereo Map the terminators of Pluto and Charon with high resolution Map the composition of selected areas of Pluto & Charon at high resolution Characterize Pluto's ionosphere and solar wind interaction Search for neutral species including H, H2, HCN, and CxHy, and other
hydrocarbons and nitriles in Pluto's upper atmosphere Search for an atmosphere around Charon Determine bolometric Bond albedos for Pluto and Charon Map the surface temperatures of Pluto and Charon
Group 3 Objectives: Characterize the energetic particle environment of Pluto and Charon Refine bulk parameters (radii, masses, densities) and orbits of Pluto & Charon Search for magnetic fields of Pluto and Charon Search for additional satellites and rings
Required
Desired
Important
SO WE PROPOSED IT, SO WE PROPOSED IT, SO WE PROPOSED IT, SO WE PROPOSED IT, WON IT, AND BUILT ITWON IT, AND BUILT ITWON IT, AND BUILT ITWON IT, AND BUILT IT
2002200220022002----2005200520052005
AT THE CAPE: AT THE CAPE: AT THE CAPE: AT THE CAPE: NOV 2005NOV 2005NOV 2005NOV 2005
� First direct measurements of plume dynamics.First direct measurements of plume dynamics.First direct measurements of plume dynamics.First direct measurements of plume dynamics.
Flying down JupiterFlying down JupiterFlying down JupiterFlying down Jupiter’’’’s deep magnetotail to s deep magnetotail to s deep magnetotail to s deep magnetotail to perform the first traverse through a perform the first traverse through a perform the first traverse through a perform the first traverse through a giant giant giant giant
planetplanetplanetplanet’’’’s s s s magnetotail. magnetotail. magnetotail. magnetotail.
Approach phase 1 (AP1) P-6 months to P-101 days 2015 Jan 8-2015 Apr 4 (does not extend before conjuction)
Approach phase 2 (AP2) P-100 days to P-22 days 2015 Apr 5 - 2015 Jun 22
Approach phase 3 (AP3) P-21 day to P-24 hours 2015 Jun 23-2015 July 13 11: 59: 59
Near encounter phase (NEP) P-24 hours to P+24 hours 2015 July 13 12: 00-2015 July 15 12: 00
Departure phase 1 (DP1) P+24 hours to P+21 day 2015 July 15 12: 00: 01-2015 Aug 4
Departure phase 2 (DP2) P+22 day to P+100 day 2015 Aug 5 -2015 Oct 22
Departure phase 3 (DP3) P+101 day to P+6 month 2015 Oct 23 - 2016 Jan 5 (does not extend after conjuction)
PLUTO/CHARONBASELINE OPS PLAN
Constraints:1. Timeline not to scale. 2. Calibrations, etc. allowed outside of DSN contacts.3. P=C/A of Pluto center4. Time shift max 3sigma or ~450sec5. Loads are ~14d long ex. NEP is ~8d6. Doppler & Ranging on
PS-HibernationPS-NormalPS-TCM
AS-NormalAS-TCMAS-EAAS-SA
3A-Normal3A-Encounter3A-TCM
3x8h/wk 2x 8h/d Continuous 9h/d
P-200(Dec 26, 2014)
TCM 16P-60
Sci Obs2x/dayP-90 to 84
Sci Obs2x/dayP-60to 54
P-24 hrs to P+24 hrsNear Enc.
TCM 16 b/uP-40Pluto Rehearsal #3 (Final)
P-186 to 179(per YG study)
Data Retrieval:First Look &Browse
Pluto C/AP=0 (11:50 July 14, 2015)
P+13
Sci Obs.2x/dayP-120 to 114
TCM 17P-20
TCM 17b/u P-10
Sci Obs2x/dayP-42 to 36
Sci Obs2x/dayP-30 to 24
Sci Obs2x/dayP-21 to +14
P-2 Knowledge Update: Ephemeris, CB3 Time shift, C&DH Time Shift & RalphTable Updates
OpNavs: P-170to P-130
Start Load P-7 to +2
P-14Final SSR P/BEphem data cut offOps Encounter Preparation
New Horizons TrajectoryPluto C/A11:50:0013,695 km13.78 km/s
Charon C/A12:04:0029,432 km13.87 km/s
Pluto-Sun Occultation12:51:28
Charon-Sun Occultation14:17:50
Charon-Earth Occultation14:20:09
Pluto-Earth Occultation12:52:30
15:00
11:00
• S/C trajectory time ticks: 10 min• Occultation: center time• Position and lighting at Pluto C/A• Distance relative to body center
Orbit Period aCharon 6.4 d 19,571 kmNix 24.9 d 48,675 kmHydra 38.2 d 64,780 km
12:00
13:00
14:00
NEAR ENCOUNTER NEAR ENCOUNTER NEAR ENCOUNTER NEAR ENCOUNTER FINAL HOURSFINAL HOURSFINAL HOURSFINAL HOURS
NEAR ENCOUNTER NEAR ENCOUNTER NEAR ENCOUNTER NEAR ENCOUNTER POST C/APOST C/APOST C/APOST C/A
GATHERING GATHERING GATHERING GATHERING REVOLUTIONARY DATAREVOLUTIONARY DATAREVOLUTIONARY DATAREVOLUTIONARY DATA
� Six months of encounter science.Six months of encounter science.Six months of encounter science.Six months of encounter science.
� Exceed Hubble resolution for months.Exceed Hubble resolution for months.Exceed Hubble resolution for months.Exceed Hubble resolution for months.
� Map Pluto and all three satellites.Map Pluto and all three satellites.Map Pluto and all three satellites.Map Pluto and all three satellites.
� Make composition maps of Pluto & Charon.Make composition maps of Pluto & Charon.Make composition maps of Pluto & Charon.Make composition maps of Pluto & Charon.
� Map surface temperature fields.Map surface temperature fields.Map surface temperature fields.Map surface temperature fields.
� Directly measure PlutoDirectly measure PlutoDirectly measure PlutoDirectly measure Pluto’’’’s escape rate. s escape rate. s escape rate. s escape rate.
� Assay PlutoAssay PlutoAssay PlutoAssay Pluto’’’’s atmospheric structure and s atmospheric structure and s atmospheric structure and s atmospheric structure and composition.composition.composition.composition.
� Determine if either Pluto or Charon differentiated.Determine if either Pluto or Charon differentiated.Determine if either Pluto or Charon differentiated.Determine if either Pluto or Charon differentiated.The most exciting discoveriesThe most exciting discoveriesThe most exciting discoveriesThe most exciting discoverieswill likely be the ones wewill likely be the ones wewill likely be the ones wewill likely be the ones we
AND THEN ON TO KBOs: AND THEN ON TO KBOs: AND THEN ON TO KBOs: AND THEN ON TO KBOs: 2017201720172017----2021202120212021
BUT THE UNITED STATES BUT THE UNITED STATES BUT THE UNITED STATES BUT THE UNITED STATES CANCANCANCAN’’’’T DO THIS ALONET DO THIS ALONET DO THIS ALONET DO THIS ALONE
WE CANWE CANWE CANWE CAN’’’’T DO THIS T DO THIS T DO THIS T DO THIS WITHOUT AUSTRALIAWITHOUT AUSTRALIAWITHOUT AUSTRALIAWITHOUT AUSTRALIA
WE CANWE CANWE CANWE CAN’’’’T DO THIS T DO THIS T DO THIS T DO THIS WITHOUT AUSTRALIAWITHOUT AUSTRALIAWITHOUT AUSTRALIAWITHOUT AUSTRALIA