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Instructor(s) Name
New Directions in Technological Innovations for 5G and Beyond
Sudhir DIXIT, PhD, MBA, Life Fellow IEEE
Senior Fellow and Evangelist, Basic Internet Foundation, Oslo, Norway
International Liaison Manager & Evangelist, 6Genesis Framework Programme, Oulu, Finland
Board Member, Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF)
5G Introduction: Past decades of Evolution of Wireless Mobile Communication Systems
Expectations
– The What, Why, When, Where and Who (5Ws) of the 5G
Realities – How?
- Hard Facts of Life and Solutions for issues at hand
– Back to Basics of 5G: – Exploiting the Spatial Dimension: Advanced MIMO and Massive MIMO – Exploiting the untapped radio spectrum: mmWave Access Networks– HetNets and Future Proof (Cloud) Networking for 5G
– Convergence with IT
Disruptions
Selected Global Initiatives: 6Genesis, WWRF, Basic Internet in 5G
What is 5G? – ISupport Large Variety of Application Scenarios (Use cases)
5G Requirements Quantitatively Defined– Data Rates
▪ Aggregate data rate: 1000x from 4G to 5G▪ (Cell) Edge data rate: 100x from 4G to 5G▪ Peak rate: Upto 10s of Gbits/sec
– End to End Latency: < 1ms (compared to 15 ms of 4G)– Energy Efficiency and Cost
▪ Joules per bit and cost per bit < 1% compared to 4G 9
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3.2.1 Use Cases
In addition to supporting the evolution of the established prominent mobile broadband use cases, 5G will support countless emerging use cases with a high variety of applications and variability of their performance attributes: From delay-sensitive video applications to ultra-low latency, from high speed entertainment applications in a vehicle to mobility on demand for connected objects, and from best effort applications to reliable and ultra-reliable ones such as health and safety. Furthermore, use cases will be delivered across a wide range of devices (e.g., smartphone, wearable, MTC) and across a fully heterogeneous environment. NGMN has developed twenty five use cases for 5G, as representative examples, that are grouped into eight use case families. The use cases and use case families serve as an input for stipulating requirements and defining the building blocks of the 5G architecture. The use cases are not meant to be exhaustive, but rather as a tool to ensure that the level of flexibility required in 5G is well captured. The following diagram shows the eight use case families with one example use case given for each family, and the description of these families and the use case examples are given below.
Figure 1: 5G use case families and related examples
Broadband Access in Dense Areas
This family highlights the broad range of growing and new use cases of the fully connected society. The focus is service availability in densely-populated areas (e.g., multi-storey buildings, dense urban city centres or events), where thousands of people per square kilometre (km2) live and/or work. Communications are expected to be pervasive and part of everyday life. Augmented reality, multi-user interaction, three-dimensional (3D) services will be among the services which play an increasingly significant role in the 2020+ timeframe. Context recognition will be an essential aspect, at the network edge (i.e. close to the user), ensuring delivery of consistent and personalised services to the customers.
Who of 5GWho would be Responsible for Success or Failure
➢ Regulator➢ Timely and Cost Effective Spectrum
Allocation ➢ Example of 2G to 3G then and 4G to 5G now
➢ Introduction of “Effective” Privacy, Security and Information Protection Policies essential for ethical introduction of Business Models otherwise possible with available technologies➢ Ref Data Analytics in IoT etc
➢ “Fair Trade” Practices and Industry Convergence
➢ Telecom Operators, OTT Application Providers, Content Providers
➢ Cost effective allocation of telecom network resources for Vertical Market Business
❖ Large spectrum widths available (eventually) at higher frequencies❖ Higher the frequency shorter the coverage range ❖ Ex: Factor 8 to 9 between 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz in site count (coverage)
BS = 4 ant ; UE = 2 antBS = 4 ant ; UE = 1 antBS = 4 ant ; UE = 1 ant
LTE Advanced 8 x 4 (DL)4 x N (UL)MU MIMO
5G below 6 GHz Max 8 BSMax 4 UE
Probable duplexing schemeTDD
5G mm Wave Expected > 64 in BS array
N ( ?) in UE
Probable duplexing schemeTDD
❖ 3G and 4G deployments benefit from multiple antenna technologies❖ Enhanced system gain (cell range, indoor coverage)❖ Increased capacity (peak, average and cell edge)❖ More compact frequency re-use and improved spectral efficiency
❖ Beam forming, S-T Coding, MU MIMO are
❖ Widely implemented in < 6 GHz systems both in Cellular and WiFi networks.
❖ Massive MIMO and LSAS ❖ Advantages
• Scalability• Reduced processing complexity• Good spectral efficiency and energy
efficiency trade-off❖ Challenges
• Channel properties and efficient channel learning techniques
• Imperfections such as Antenna coupling effects, pilot contamination
Usable mmWave spectrum > 250 GHz This is “N” times the spectrum bandwidth used by present day cellular and WiFi broadband data networks (including 4G)Important Remark– High absorption losses has been usually advocated to be the main
impeding factor for the utilization of mmWaves.– Absorption loss for < 200m (typical cell size in future high density
A VM (Virtual Machine) is a “tightly isolated software container that runs its
own OS and apps as if it were a physical computer” - VMware
VM solves the problem of exponential costs in server proliferation (Capex),
underutilization of servers, huge energy consumption and real estate costs
Believe the hype!!
– VMs deliver reduced costs, less space, higher availability and flexibility,
faster applications spin-ups, faster provisioning, easier access for
development through server consolidation
Hypervisor is a piece of software and acts as a shim layer between the native OSs
and the servers specialized hardware resources through drivers managing CPU,
memory, disk, NIC, etc =>> An operating system for operating systems!
✓ In short, VM concept has revolutionized data centers and the
IT industry as a whole!! =>> Cloud (computing)
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Some Basics – Primer on Virtualization
Application #1
OS A
VM1
Application #3
OS C
VM3
Application #2
OS B
VM2
Server
Hypervisor
Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver
CPU Memory Disk NIC Display/Keyboard
Hardware Resources
Application
OS
Hardware
Traditional approach:
A single physical server
running one application
over one OS New approach: A single physical server running
multiple applications over multiple OSs (VMs)
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NFV / SDN: Perhaps the Largest Disrupter in Telecom!
– Born in October 2012 when AT&T, BT, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT, KDDI, Telefonica, Telstra, Verizon, etc, introduced the NFV Call to Action document, which was followed up by ETSI giving it a momentum
▪ Key organizations: ETSI, 3GPP, ONF
– NFV: a network architecture concept that uses the technologies of cloud computing IT virtualization to virtualize network functions
– SDN a closely related concept to build data networking equipment, such that control plane is centralized and data plane is distributed
▪ Key organizations: ONF, Open Daylight project, OpenStack
– OpenFlow provides standard communications interface between the control and forwarding layers of an SDN architecture and is standardized by ONF
– Drivers: Rapid service innovation and faster time to market, Cost Reductions from operations, Reduced power consumption, Vendor interoperability, Improved capex efficiencies, Lowered risks with new service launches
– NFV/SDN being used for complete network transformation, managed services and several use cases, e.g., vEPC, vCPE, vIMS, v-VoLTE, vPolicy, vCDN
=> Transformation towards software defined mobile networks (SDMN)!!
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SDN Basic Concept
Separate Control plane and Data plane– Control plane: Network intelligence and current state are centralized
– Data plane: The underlying network infrastructure is abstracted from the applications for better scale and flexibility
– Standardized interface between the control plane (controller) and the data plane (packet forwarding)
Control plane software runs on general purpose hardware– Decouple from specific networking appliances
– Use commercial off-the-shelf hardware (COTS)
Data plane is programmable– Program, Control, and maintain data plane state from a central entity
A concept that enables control of a complete distributed network than just a networking device.
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What is OpenFlow?
Allow separation of control and data planes
A communication interface between the control and data plane of an SDN architecture.
▪ Gives direct access to and manipulation of the forwarding plane of a network
switch or router (both physical and virtual) over the network.
▪ Enables network controllers to determine the path of network packets across a
network of switches and routers
SDN is not OpenFlow
– SDN is a concept of the physical separation of the network control plane from the
forwarding plane, whereas
– OpenFlow defines a communication interface between the control and data plane
of an SDN architecture.
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NFV vs SDN
NFV and SDN are independent, but complementary and synergistic
NFV transforms and redefines network equipment architecture
through IT
NFV driven by Service Provider (SP) needs to lower CAPEX via
COTS and virtualizing multiple network functions on the same
hardware
SDN: redefines network architecture by separating control and data
planes through well-defined standardized interfaces
Together NFV and SDN support
– Competition through innovative solutions by all
– Network abstraction for interoperability and faster innovation
– Reduce capex, opex, and increase scale and flexibility
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What is the cloud? Where is the cloud? Are we in the cloud already?
Cloud computing removes ties between hardware and software components
Virtual machine and hypervisor concepts running many complete operating system instances form the backbone of cloud computing
Storing, accessing data and programs, and executing over the Internet. Just a metaphor for Internet!
Google Drive, Apple iDrive, Dropbox, Amazon Cloud, Microsoft Azure are some examples
Many varieties of clouds: Private Cloud, Public Cloud, Hybrid Cloud
Many incarnations of cloud services, e.g., IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, BPaaS
We are already in the cloud, both consumers and the enterprises
Key standards organizations: IEEE, ITU, ISO, NIST, and several industry fora, e.g., Red Hat Open Source Cloud Computing, Cloud industry Forum, The Open Group
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Cloud Computing and Services
SaaS (applications)CRM, web email, Google docs, virtual desktop,
communication, games,…
PaaS (platform): System Softwareexecution runtime, Apache, database, web