New Deal Chapter 15

New DealChapter 15

Section 1 – The New Deal Fights the DepressionSection 2 – The 2nd New Deal Takes HoldSection 3 – The New Deal Affects Many GroupsSection 4 – Culture in the 1930’sSection 5 – The Impact of the New Deal

http://712educators.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=712educators&cdn=education&tm=7&f=20&su=p897.4.336.ip_&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&st=16&zu=http%3A//nieonline.com/aaec/cftc.cfm

http://newdeal.feri.org/library/ad40.htm

http://newdeal.feri.org/library/w76.htm

http://n

ewdeal.feri.o

rg/library/

c10.htm

http://newdeal.feri.org/library/ab22.htm

http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail362.html

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/work_pays_america.html

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/work_pays_america.html

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/work_pays_america.html

21st Amendment

• Repeal of the 18th Amendment

• Does not affect state prohibition laws

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Ring Around the Roosevelt

• Roosevelt does take some of his critics ideas and implements them in the 2nd New Deal.

• Roosevelt got a lot of advise from the – “Brain Trust” – a

collection of experts from various academic fields.

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1569.html

Eleanor Roosevelt

• Advisor to her husband• Social Reformer• Humanitarian• Traveled the country and

observed the social conditions and suffering of the people.

• Influenced her husband to help women, children and minorities

• Influenced her husband to appoint women to cabinet positions and other government jobs http://newdeal.feri.org/library/ad40.htm

The Use of Deficit Spending

• Influenced by Economist John Maynard Keynes (See page 492)

• Deficit Spending – spending more money than the government receives in revenue

• Keynes believed the depression had happened because there was a lack of spending in the economy. If the private sector didn’t spend than the government should keep the balance and spend.

• FDR – a necessary evil• “Pump Priming” – pouring a little money into the

economy to stimulate economic growth.

Now and ThenFrom Daniel Kurtzman, About.com

http://politicalhumor.about.com/od/politicalcartoons/ig/Political-Cartoons/1929-vs--Today.htm

Helping Farmers• Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

• 2nd AAA

• Resettlement Administration

• Farm Securities Administration

• Rural Electrification Administration

http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd1.htm

http://www.english.illinois.edu/MAPS/depression/photoessay.htm

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

• Replaced the AAA / Passed in 1936• Help for the Dust Bowl• Allowed government to restrict agricultural

output and further conservation at the same time– Landowners agree not to plant soil-depleting

crops and agree to use conservation methods on land not in use.

– Landowners receive payment

Farm fields plowed for erosion prevention, Mount Vernon, Ohio, 1951.

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1432

2nd AAA

• Passed in 1938• Similar to the 1st AAA• Established Marketing Quotas (limits on export

commodities)• Crop production limited (Acreage Allotments Established)• Ever – Normal Granary – government stored surplus crops

and loaned money to farmers• Provide payments to farmers that would take acres out of

production• Set up surplus marketing administration to distribute food

surplus to needy families and school lunch programs

Resettlement Administration

• Passed 1935 by executive order

• Resettle impoverished families on better land

• Make loans for small farmers to buy land and equipment

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/work_pays_america.html

Farm Security Administration

• Replaced Resettlement Adm. In 1937• Provide low-interest loans to tenant farmers and

sharecroppers to buy farms• Regulate the supply of migrant workers• Regulate wages and hours of migrant workers• Provide sanitary camps with medical services for

migrant workers• Hired photographers to make a pictorial history

of life in rural America in the 1930’s– Dorothea Lange, Ben Shahn, Walker Evans, Arthur

Rothstein, and Carl Mydans

Rural Electrification Administration• Passed 1935 by executive order• Needed because about only 12.6% of American farms had

electricity• Provided electricity to rural areas not served by private utilities• Provided low interest loans for construction of power lines and

electric coops• By 1945 48% of rural homes had electricity and by 1949 90% had

electricity

ElectrificationBy David Stone Martin, Treasury Section of Fine Arts, 1940, Tempera on cardboard

Fine Arts Collection, General Services Administration(FA4703)

Rural Electrification Administration

http://www.moma.org/images/collection/FullSizes/00043049.jpghttp://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_RL.2001.1.3.jpg

http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/30558F52-9571-46D0-877D-1377C1250561/0/lect3_9.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BeallREA.jpg

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

• 1935

• Provided $5 Billion for public works projects

• Created the Works Progress Administration and National Youth Administration

• FDR didn’t want the American people to be on the dole. What is that?

• He felt it was bad for moral character.

Works Progress AdministrationWPA

• Director – Harry Hopkins• Workers improve or build schools, airports,

hospitals, playgrounds, roads, highways, public buildings, etc.

• Support Actors, Artists, and Writers to act, paint, and write

• Hired professionals to write city guides, collect historical slave narratives, etc.

• Critics say it is make-work and a waste of money• Advocates say it produced public works of

lasting value and gave working people hope and a sense of purpose

WPA – Federal Art Project Posters

http://www.oconee.k12.sc.us/whs2/MJENSEN/www.jensen/wpa_poster_free_trade.htmhttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/highlight2.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/highlight3.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/highlight1.html

WPA Art Program

See other examples @ http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/index.html

Working Girls Going HomeBy Raphael Soyer, New York City Federal Art Project, WPA,

1937, Lithograph

In the DugoutBy Paul Clemens, Wisconsin Federal Art Project, WPA, 1938Oil on masonite

Waiting for the MailBy Grant Wright Christian, Treasury Relief Art Project, 1937 38

Oil on canvas

Great Depression Art Projects

• The mural in the Lakeview Branch, Chicago, Illinois post office was painted by Henry Sternberg in 1938. It is oil on canvas and measures 24'2" x 7'7". The title is "Chicago - Epoch of a Great City". It was funded under the Treasury Department Section of Painting and Sculpture. The Section's main function was to select art of high quality to decorate public buildings if the funding was available. By providing decoration in public buildings, the art was made accessible to all people.

http://www.wpamurals.com/lakeview.html

Where is this Painting Located?

Jessie S. Wilbur

"In the Days of the Cattlemen's Picnic" 1942 tempera

National Youth Administration

• Created in 1935 specifically to provide education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for young people 16 - 25.

• Similar to work study programs in colleges today.

http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/nya.htmNYA workers, Illinois

http://newdeal.feri.org/wsl/wsl01.htm

Filling trench Silo, Panhandle A&M College Resident NYA Project. Work being done by NYA youth. Sorghum raised on college farm by NYA youth.

National Youth Administration

• The National Youth Administration (NYA) provided jobs for young adults, especially college students, many of whom found themselves without work, direction, or hope. In 1936, Alden Krider, an NYA artist, painted the story of the NYA for an exhibit at the Kansas State Fair. The painting's shadowy background represents some of the problems and temptations faced by young people during the Depression: crime, poverty, gambling, and homelessness. In the foreground, Krider shows the various types of beneficial employment provided by the NYA. President Roosevelt's words establishing the NYA in 1935 are also prominently displayed.

Painting depicting the activities of the National Youth AdministrationBy Alden Krider, Kansas National Youth Administration, 1936, Oil on canvas

Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, National Archives and Records Administration(44-107-1)

National Labor Relations Act

• A.k.a. Wagner Act• Passed 1935• Gave workers engaged in interstate

commerce the right to organize and bargain collectively

• Sets up the National Labor Relations Board– Certify organized labor unions– Supervise elections of bargaining agents– Power to act against unfair business practices

by business

Fair Labor Standards Act

• A.k.a. Wages and Hours Act• Passed 1938• Established minimum wage $.25 an hour raised

gradually to $.40 an hour• Maximum hours 44 per week to gradually reduced

to 40 hours• Established overtime as time and a half• Ban labor for children under 16 and hazardous

labor for those under 18• Applies to workers involved in interstate commerce

Social Security

• Francis Perkins – Sec. of Labor and 1st woman cabinet member / Head of the Social Security Committee

• Old-Age Insurance• Unemployment

Compensation System• Aid for families with

dependent children and disabled

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perkins

http://www.ssa.gov/

Public Utilities Holding Company Act

• Outlawed the ownership of utilities by multiple holding companies – a practice known as the pyramiding of holding companies.

• Hard to enforce