New Concepts of Small Satellites for Remote Sensingseminar.utmspace.edu.my/eoss2007/Material/Session1/InvitedSpeak… · International Workshop on EOSS forRemoteSensing, 20-23 Nov

International Workshop on EOSS for Remote Sensing, 20-23 Nov. 2007, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia > Dr. R. Sandau > 1

New Concepts of Small Satellites for

Remote Sensing

Rainer Sandau

International W

orkshop on EOSS forRemoteSensing, 20-23 Nov 2007, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia > Dr. R. Sandau > 2

OUTLINE

1.Whatisa smallsatellite?

2.Small satmissions: Facts & Trends

3.Costreductionmethods

4.Applicationareaswithexample

5.Aboutthefutureof smallsatellitesforremotesensing

International W


Definition-Confusion

ESA:

•Small

350kg –700kg

•Mini

80kg –350kg

•Micro

50kg –80kg

EADS Astrium

•miniXL

1000kg –1300kg

•Mini

400kg –700kg

•Micro

100kg -200kg

CNES

•Mini

500kg + P/L(Proteus)

•Micro

120kg + P/L (Myriade)

International W


1 M$

10 M$

100 M$

cost

1 yr

2 yrs

5 yrs

response

time

examples

CubeSat:

1 kg, ca. 2 yrs, 0.2 M$

ENVISAT:

8 t, 15+ yrs, 3 ×

109$

mass

1 kg

10 kg

100 kg

10 000 kg

Pico

Nano

Micro

Mini

Small Satellites

Large Satellites

1000 kg

International W


WhySmall Satellites

Classification parameters

Mass/Volume

Costs

Preparation time

have large influence on

Launch costs

number of opportunities

adoption of new applications

temporal resolution (through constellations)

reliability/continuity (replacement)

International W


The advantages of small satellite m

issions are:

more frequent mission opportunities and therefore faster return of

science and for application data

larger variety of missions and therefore also greater diversification of

potential users

more rapid expansion of the technical and/or scientific knowledge base

greater involvement of local and small industry.

International W


Small satellite m

issions are supported by

several contemporary trends:

Advances in electronic miniaturization and associated performance

capability;

The recent appearance on the market of new small launchers (e.g.

through the use of modified military missiles to launch small satellites);

The possibility of ‘independence’in space (small satellites can provide

an affordable way for many countries to achieve Earth Observation

and/or defense capability, without relying on inputs from the major

space-faring nations);

International W


SpaceMission

GroundSegment

Launch

Segment

SpaceSegment

S/C monitoring& control

P/L datareception& archives

P/L dataproducts& distribution

Small & microlaunchers

Piggyback

New privat & seedcapital

Spacetourism

S/C bus

P/L

Open systems

Automation

“Internet”Technology

Increasing on-board autonomy

Multi-session operations

Ground station networks

International W


CostReductionMethods

Method

Mechanism

Comments

Programmatic

Schedule Compression

Reduces overhead of standing arm

y;

forcing program to m

ove rapidly does

drive down cost

Often results in a poor design due to lack

of up-front mission engineering; must

reduce work required to be consistent

with schedule

Reduce Cost of Failure

Allows both ambitious goals and

calculated risk in order to m

ake major

progress

Fear of failure feeds cost-growth spiral;

major breakthroughs require accepting

the possibility of failure—

particularly in

test

Continuous, Stable Funding

Maintains program continuity; maintains

team

together

Program delay will be funding break

+ 2–4 m

onths

Minim

ize Documentation

Reduces programmatic overhead for

creating, reviewing, and m

aintaining

Critical to document reasons for key

decisions and as-built design

International W


CostReductionMethods(cont.)

Personnel

Improved Interpersonal

Communications

Dramatically reduces errors and

omissions; conveys understanding as

well as data

Large programs use form

al, structured

communications through specified

channels

Small Team

Clear, nearly instantaneous

communications; high morale; strong

sense of personal responsibility

Problem if a key person drops out — but

in practice it rarely happens.

Co-located Team

Improves communications

Best communications are face-to-face,

but AMSAT and others don’t seem to

need it

Empowered Project Team

Rapid decision making; strong sense of

personal responsibility; can make

“sensible” decisions

Eliminates a major function of the

managem

ent structure

International W



System

s Eng.

Trading on Requirem

ents

Eliminates non-critical requirem

ents;

permits use of low-cost technology

Makes traditional competition difficult

Concurrent Engineering

Allows schedule compression; reduces

mistakes; increases design feedback

High non-recurring cost relative to

lowest cost programs

Design-to-Cost

Adjusts requirem

ents and approach until

cost goal has been achieved;

Spacecraft have rarely used it

Large Margins

Reduces testing; better flexibility;

reduces cost of eng, manufac., and ops

Margins traditionally kept sm

all for best

perform

ance —

drives up develop. cost

International W



Technology

Use COTS Software

Immediate availability; dramatically

lower cost; tested through use

May need m

odification and thorough

testing; typically not optimal

Use COTS H/W

Sam

e as software

Sam

e as software

Use Existing Spares

Reduced cost; rapid availability; m

eant

for space

Only works so long as spares exist — not

applicable for operational programs

Use of Non-Space

Equipment

Takes advantage of existing designs and

potential for mass production

Typically not optimal; m

ust be space

qualified

Autonomy

Reduces operations costs

Can increase non-recurring cost

Standardized Components

and Interfaces

Reduces cost and risk by reusing

hardware; standardization is a major req.

for other types of manufacturing

Has been rem

arkably unsuccessful in

space; sub-optimal in terms of weight

and power

Extensive Use of

Microprocessors

Minim

izes weight; provides high

capability in a small package; allows on-

orbit reprogramming

Problem of single-event upsets; high

cost of flight software; very difficult to

manage software development

Common S/W

for Test and

Ops

Reduces both cost and schedule; avoids

reinventing the wheel

May be less efficient, user-friendly than

ops group would prefer

International W


Earth Observation Request(1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

100m

10m

1m

0,1m

0,01m

geometrischeAuflösung

1

2

4

5

3

8

7

6

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

100m

10m

1m

0,1m

0,01m

Auflösung

1

2

4

5

3

8

7

6

9

GSD

SpectralResolution

PanchromaticMultispectralHyperspectral

-Hydrology

-Agriculture

-Ressource Monitoring

-EnvironmentalMonitoring

-Forestry

-IntelligenceServices

-Urban Development

-Topography

-Traffic

International W


Earth Observation Request(2)

1

101

102

103

104

105

1

1 year

10 years

110

100

1.000

10.000

RevisitTime [h]

geometrische Auflösung[m

]

1 5

-Kartographie

-Geologie

2 6

-Forstwirtschaft

-Ozeanographie

3 7

-Landwirtschaft

-Hydrologie

4 8

-Naturkatastrophen

-Meteorologie

1

2

3

5 6

48

7

1

101

102

103

104

105

1 day

1 m

onth

1

10

110

100

1.000

10.000

ösung[m

]

1

101

102

103

104

105

1

1

10

110

100

1.000

10.000

[m]

1 5

-Mapping

-Geology

2 6

-Forestry

-Oceanography

3 7

-Agriculture

-Hydrology

4 8

-DisasterMonitoring

-Meteorology

1

2

3

5 6

48

7

GSD [m]

International W


Possibilities

The installed Earth observation satellites show

high spectral resolution

poor temporal resolution

very high costs

Advantages of small satellites

very low costs for satellite and launch (e. g. Dnepr: 3 or 4 s/cfor 7–8 M$)

good medium spectral resolution

constellations become affordable (even for developing nations & commercial

enterprises)

good temporal resolution

International W


Possibilities (cont.)

Revisit time with constellations in local time range with good sun elevation angles

(9:00 ... 15:00)

3 sats

∆T: 3 hours

7 sats

∆T: 1 hour

Ground coverage depends on

swath width

agility of s/c or platform

International W


Possibilities (cont.)

Constellation of inexpensive satellites enable new applications

Examples:

DMC-1

DMC-2

RapidEye

International W


ApplicationAreas

Disaster warning and support

Agriculture

Forestry

Ocean and Coastal Zone

Atmosphere

Weather and Climate

Ice and Snow

Mapping and Geographic Information System Applications

Land Use/Cover Change

International W


The m

ain application fields of small satellites related

to disaster warning are:

Cyclones and storms,

El Nino,

floods,

fires,

volcanic activities,

earthquakes,

landslides,

oil slicks,

environmental pollution,

industrial and power plant disaster.

International W


Rationale

Every year burn

Ca. 109ha savannah area

Ca 107ha tropical rain forest

Ca. 106ha Mediterranean vegetation

Ca. 108ha boreal forests

The impacts on

atmosphere (green house effect, ozone,

aerosol, relation CO/CO2),

climate

global carbon cycle

are poorly investigated

Up to now -there exists no system in orbit

dedicatedto fire observation

International W


Signatures of Vegetation Fire and Background

Spectra contain information on land surface, atmospheric gases and

aerosols

The second atmospheric window (MIR) is the optimum for the „hot spot“

detection

International W


BIRD Payload Segment

Mass of s/c: 94 kg

Mass of p/l: 30.2 kg

WAOSS-B

MWIR

TIR

Wavelength

600-670nm

840-900nm 3.4-4.2µm 8.5-9.3µm

Focal length

21.65mm 46.39mm 46.39 mm

Detector

CCD

CdHgTe

CdHgTe

Ground pixel size

185m

370m

370m

Ground sampling

distance

185m

185m

185m

Swath width

533km

190km

190km

1 at 572km Orbit altitude

International W


BIRD Launch: 22. October 2001

Launcher:

PSLV-C3 (India)

Launcher payloads: TES (ISRO), PROBA (ESA), BIRD

(DLR)

Orbit:

568km circ., i = 97.8 (sun-

synchronous)

International W


First Im

age: 05/11/2001, 9:42 UTC

Investigation of Pixel Co-

Registration

Mid-wave Infra-Red channel (3.4-

4.2µm)

(semi-transparency overlay)

WAOSS-nadir channel(840-900nm)

International W


First Fire Evaluation From Space -

BIRD gives temperature and area extent of Australian bush

fires

4.Jan.2002

10:08 local time

BIRD-

image,

MIR-channel

Fire colour

coded

5.Jan.2002

10:08 local time

BIRD-image,

MIR-channel

Fire colour

coded

International W


3. M

IR-

channel

Detail from the BIRD-image at

04.Jan.2002

1. NIR-channel

2. TIR-channel

4. Fire fronts and temperature distribution

5.

Fire fronts and temperature

distributionfromtheimage at

05.Jan.2002

6. Fire fronts and temperature distribution

fromtheimage at 09.Jan.2002

International W


Typical characteristics of fire fronts (BIRD, Australia, January

5,

2002)

No

Eq. fire

temp., K

Eq. fire

area, H

aFront

length,

km

Energy

release,

MW

Front

strength,

kW/m

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

815

715

893

>670

852

957

>690

796

0.48 2.3

0.59

<0.78

0.92 1.0

<0.51

0.39

4 7.5 3 5 10 9 4 3

130

310

210

79 300

530

62 96

30 40 70 15 30 60 15 30

International W


Fire detection by M

ODIS and BIRD (Australia, January 5,

2002)

MODIS: Fire m

ap

BIRD: Fire m

ap

International W


1

2

34

5

BIRD Detects Hot Spots in and around M

unich

(29.Jan.2002)

InfraredImage of region

Munich at 29.Jan.2002, local

time: 10:10

Hot spot Nr. 1:

at this time at this place wooden

waste has burned for several hours

(4m diameter, hot temperature) by

Farmer J. Kranz

(written in his working diary)

International W


Future of Small Sats

forRemote

Sensing

New capabilities

the convergence of data acquisition and data visualization

technologies

the ready availability of new small launchers and the rise of “space

tourism”

the development of smaller, lighter, lower power satellites thatcan

act as a constellation or independently

Challenges

International W


Convergence of data acquisition and data

visualization technologies

Example:

NASA’s “A Train”(Aqua, CloudSat, CALIPSO, PARASOL, Aura, and

OCO)

+

NDVI small sat for crop yield forecasting in a particular region,

Aerosol and cloud correction using data from the A Train.

International W


Small launchers

& „SpaceTourism“

Gettingintospaceisstill a challengeand costly

Duringthelast 10 yearsmoresmalllaunchersat pricesreasonable

comparedto thecostof a smallsat(e.g.NASA/DLRGRACE constellationwith

EUROCKOT, SS-19 ICBM)

New impetusof „spacetourism“(Oct.4th, 2004, Burt Rutan& Paul Allan winthe

AnsarXPRIZE)

Lookingback: At theturn of thelast century, airtravelwas relativelyriskyand quiteexpensive.

Nowweflye.g. appleshalf way aroundtheworldat pricesthatarecompetitivewithlocaltransport

& production.

International W


Biggestchallenge: developinga robust commercial

market

Small Satshaveappealedto somenationsas an instrumentof national

prideand as a meansto focusand enhancetheindustrialbaseas well

as providinga meansof attractingstudentsto a high techindustry. This

isan importantstepintothefuture. But, thisisof coursea finite market.

To developa robust market, smallsatmanufacturersmustremain

relevant and cost-effective!

SSTL, Rapid Eye and SatrecIare3 examplesof commercialventures

thathaveachievedsomestability.

International W


Conclusions

the development of smaller, lighter, lower power satellites thatcan act as

a constellation or independently

the ready availability of new small launchers and the rise of “space

tourism”

Ground station networks integrating the different necessary components

and processes help to get the costs down

Increasing the on-board autonomy allows to reduce ground station

complexity

the convergence of data acquisition and data visualization technologies

International W


DevelopingSmall SatellitesforRem

oteSensingiswithin

the

meansof manynations

They

provideenorm

ousopportunities:

•To do m

ore

withless

•Address

localand global needs

•Focus thedevelopmentof thetechnicalinfrastructure

of a country

•Reduce

risk

in theuse

of space

Spacetechnology has a greatfuture.

Itisnottoolateto join

thespacecommunity.

New Concepts of Small Satellites for Remote Sensingseminar.utmspace.edu.my/eoss2007/Material/Session1/InvitedSpeak… · International Workshop on EOSS forRemoteSensing, 20-23 Nov

Documents