-
This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg)Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
New communications technologies : applicationsfor development
Simatupang, Iwan
1994
Simatupang, I. (1994). New communications technologies : applications for development.In AMIC Conference on Communication, Convergence and Development: Bangkok, Jun23‑25, 1994. Singapore: Asian Media Information and Communication Centre.
https://hdl.handle.net/10356/92508
Downloaded on 17 Jun 2021 17:34:37 SGT
-
New Communications Technologies: Applications For
Development
By
Iwan Simatupang
Paper No.6
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
NEW COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES :
APPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
IWAN D. SIMATUPANG
PT INDOSAT - INDONESIA
Presen ted a t
"COMMUNICATIONS, CONVERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT
AMIC ANNUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM
Bangkok, J u n e 23-25, 1994
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
C O I V I M U N I C A T I O N S , C O N V E R G E N C E A N D D
E V E L O P M E N T A M I C A N N U A L C O N F E R E N C E P R O G
R A M
New Communica t ion Technologies : Appl icat ions for
Development
PT INDOSAT
1. INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the AMIC session describing Communications,
Convergence and Development. I am delighted to be nere today to
share my ideas on the very important topic "New Communications
Technologies : Applications for Development" with you.
The telecommunications marketplace is complex, dynamic and
enormous. Worldwide annual spending on telecommunications product
and services will reach a trillion dollars by year 2001 (Figure 1).
The market potentially encompases every person an every computer on
earth.
Communications technology development has brought forward the
introduction of various new and convenient services, including
mixed services using a single terms mission lines. Technological
advancements have opened new horizons and new opportunities which
never been predicted before.
The global communications network enables us to access, collect,
process and deliver information from an office or a terminal to
almost any place in the world. Indeed we are now part of the global
connectivity, global mobility and global information society.
Within this envi ronment , a nation or a region with different
stages of communication infrastructure can no longer progress or
have a competitive advantage without the support of high-quality
communications networks. Several systems which have played a very
significant role in the improvement of communications services
include satellite, optical fiber and switching systems. The
improvement has also been supported by the advances in
standardization and software development.
The following paragraphs will discuss a number of important
developments and trends in telecommunications. These include
communications networks optical fiber, satellite technologv, ISDN,
personal communication system (PCS), ATM and Broadband services,
and factors influencing services development, services development
challenges, and applications for development.
l
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
Figure 1a : The World Market for Telecommunications Figure 1b :
Basic Service Will Continue To Dominate
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
Communica t ions Networks
Currently, public telecommunications networks are going through
a period of unprecedented change as they evolve from voice services
networks to become integrated, mult imedia information services
network with a wide range of services. The expanded needs of the
communications users will be fulfilled by the future networks
through advances in key technologies such as inte-grated
electronics, fiber optic communications, artificiafintelligence and
distributed processing.
Advance of technology has also made it possible to introduce
numerous enhancement of services on the embedded public telephone
networks. The In tegra ted Services Digital Network (ISTJN) takes
advantage of the digitizations of the voice network to provide
integrated voice and data services. Newer technologies such as
cellular mobile for both voice and data , V-sat, fiber optics and
personal mobile satel l i te services have become widely available.
These technologies have led to cheaper, smarter ne tworks / t e
rmina l s and more cost effective services. A range of choices and
solutions can be found or tailor made to meet precisely defined
communications needs or to solve communications problem.
Optical Fiber Technology
Technical development of optical fiber and associated digital
transmission systems has been occuring rapidly over the last
several years. Not only has the capacity of fiber been increased
(Giga bit system, see Figure 2), but also the average distance
between repeaters has" lengthened. Consequently, optical fiber can
now be employed throughout the network.
Instal lat ions of optical fiber in the international and the
national cable ne twork will bring great advantages to operators
and business customers, particularly in providing huge capacity
transmission medium, increasing the availability of network lines
and in providing the building blocks for private networks.
Several countries have already completed a fiber optic backbone
network and have links to international fiber optic cables. Within
the next five years or so, fiber will become the medium of choice
for most internat ional traffic and an increasing percentage of
inter-city national traffic. For the Asia Pacific Region 5 Giga
bits system will be ready for operation by 1995 - 1996.
2
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
Figure 2a : Progress of Longhaul Experiments on Optical
Amplifier Submarine Systems
In order to exploit the full potential of fiber and to justify
costwise the installation of fiber rather than copper in the local
loop, the network operators will need to develop a new range of
sophisticated-based services. The three key technologies of fiber
optics, data compression and ATM switching promise a future in
which bandwidth capacity is the underlying force. Not only
dis-tance sensitive tariffing^ but also volume-based tariffing will
be redundant. For almost the first time, the network operators will
no longer need to use tariff s t r u c t u r e s as a way of
rationing network access, but ins tead will need to concentrate
their resources on developing demand for new services with the
availability of enormous capacity in fiber optic network,
sophisticated services like ISDN, and ATM switch will require h
igher a bandwi th could be implemented.
Sate l l i te Communications
Whether capacity is concentrated in a few large spacecraft or
spread among smaller platforms, the market for satellite
communications continues to grow. Satellite payloads will become
more efficient, using spot beams to illuminate centers of
high-density traffic. The beams will be steerable, allowing them to
be switchecT to any new high-traffic area to emerge during the fife
of the satellite.
The future development could be an extrapolation of the presen t
spacecraft configurations that would lead to multiple payload of
satellites, offering a wide diversity of serives, with mass in the
range of 3000 to 5000 kg, launched by either the NASA Shuttle,
ARIANE, Hughes or Delta. The present state of the art of 10 years'
design lifetime would probably be extended to twelve years, or
fifteen years.
The above scenario is appealing as, eventhough the cost per
spacecraft in-creases with size, the specific cost (cost per kg, or
be t te r per channel-year) decreases with growing mass. Market
studies indicate that beyond 1995 the demand for such satellite
should be in order of about 20 to 40 per year.
Previous generation of satellite use GSO technology, and
currently there is a growing number of blueprints of global
low-earth orbiting satell i te system. Hundreds of satellites will
come in with the advent of application of Global Mobile Satellite
System. Not only with mobile communications be a matter for t e r e
s t r i a l sys tems but also for satel l i te sys tem. Along wi th
mobile communications"^ global paging will also implement. The
following is a list of mobile satellite project that are planned to
be in operation (Table 1.)
Figure 2b : Advances in Microelectronics
Integrated Circuits
3
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
Table 1 : Selected Mobile Name
Teledesic Iridium
Project 21
Globalstar
Odyssey
Ellipsat
Aries
Starsys
Orbocomm
M a j o r I n v e s t o r s
Craig McCaw. Bill Gates ;
Motorola. BCE. DDI. Great: Wall Industry. Rytheon. Sprint, STET.
United Comm. Industries
Inmarsat (carrier consortium)
Airtouch, Alcatel, Alenia Spazio, Dacom, Deutsche ! Deutche
Aerospace, Hyundai, Loral Qualcomm, Vodafone.
TRW
Fairchild Space, Harris, Esrali Aircraft Industries. Mobile
Communications Holdings. Westinghouse
Constellation Comm., Defense Systems
Starnet
Orbital Sciences. Teleglobe Canada
j
Satellite Projects P r o j e c t e d
L a u n c h
2001
1998
1998-2000
1998
1998
1997
1997
1995
1995
M a i n S e r v i c e s
' ATM-based svcs.
Voice, cata, messaging,pacing, positioning
Voice, cata. messaging.paging.
Voice, data, messagmg.paging, positioning
Voice, data, messaging,paging, positioning
... ... Voice, messaging. paging positionig
Voice, messaging, paging, positionig
Messaging, paging, positioning
Two-way messaging, positioning
| A l t i t u d e i ( m i l e s )
400
420 i
'
750
j
10.000 ;
•
Elliptical orbit
1,000
1,300
470
Nbr. of S a t e l l i t e s
840
56
*
46
12
15
43
24
26
S y s t e m T y p e
Big LEO
Big LEO
MEO or GEO
MEO
Big LEO
MEO
Big LEO
Little LEO
Little LEO
U n d e c i d e d Source : CWI 25 Apr i l 1994
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) & B-ISDN
ATM is a high-speed form a packet switch in which information is
carried in short fixed-length cells. ATM is being standardized by
CCITT for use in Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). It provieds a uniform
method, of transporting and switching; any kind of information
(voice, data, text, inage and video) in an integratecl network. It
is well suited to the bursty and variable-bit-rate signals
anticipated in multimedia applications. ATM cells are transported
between network elements using SONET/SDH (Sysnchronous optical
Network/Digital Hierarchy) fiber-optic facilities. ATM allows the
operat ing companies an economical way to upgrade the switching
infrastructure for the future.
Early ATM broadband systems is planned to be implemented to
support users requiring higher bandwidth and bandwidth allocation
on demand for inter-active image-intensive applications and
advanced mult imedia services. Connection-oriented and connections
services at rates above 50 Mbps will be offered to satisfy user
demand which will further stimulate applications development.
Cellular & Personal Commmunications Services (PCS)
Mobile cellular telephone, first marketed in the early 1980s,
has proven to be the impetus for an ever-expanding class of
wireless mobile, transportable, and personal communications
products and services. The idea behind celllular services which
makes it and the other wireless devices practicable, is that the
same frequency channels can be systematically reused. Cellular uses
low-powered transmitters covering gegraphic cells, usually less
than 8 - 1 0 miles in radius.
The Personal Communications Services is the vision for the
future and many developments are going on using various
technologies, CDMA, TDMA etc. the future vision is one personel
number, anytime, anywhere.
In this decade, the emergence of new mobile and personal
communications technologies is expected to accelerate, fueled by
consumer demand and industry innovation (Table 2).
4
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
Table 2 : Internatio Region
Frequency range (MHz)
Acce33 method Modulation
Speech Codec
Carrier separation (kHz) Number of Frequencies Output pwr. (W)
Data svc. (kbps)
North America
624-349 869-694
TDMA'FOO pi/4 DQJPSK
VSELP. 7.25 kbos 3 0
332
ia\, Digital Standards in Technical Comparison us, Korea
824-849 869-894
CDMA QPSK/ DCPSK ADPCM, 8.55 kbps 1230
I Europe/ ! Europe Japan Asia
I ! 890-915 935-960
TDMA/FDD GMSK
RPE-LTP, 13 kbps
1710-1785 i 810-826 1805-1655 | 940-956
i 1429-1513 TDMA/FDD ! TDMA/FDD GMSK | pi/4 DQPSK
RPE-LTP, 13 kbps
VSELP. 5,7 kbps
200 | 200 ' 25 1 1
10 ! 124 ; 374 j 1600
I !
UK. CND France, HK, S'pore, China 864-868
TDMA Two —level GFSK
Europe Japan
1830-19C: 1900
TDD/TDMA TDD/TDMA GMSK pi/4 DQPSK
DQPSK ADPCM. i ADPCM, ADPCM. 32 kbos 1 32 kbps 32 kbps 100 I
1728 300
i ! 40 ; 10 40
0.6,12.3.6 j 0 - 2 - 6 . 3 j 2 .5.8.20 j 0.25, 1 j 0.3,0.8.2 j 0
.01-0 .10! 0.25 0.10 8 | 9.6 ' 9,6 ! 9.6-14.4 ' 25 ... 1 ICO
Source : Dataquest, Focus Hep. 7/93
Many industry experts believe that wireless communications for
voice, data and other services is emerging as the most significant
telecommunications development since fiber optics. The level of
industry activity in research and development and the number of
different technology and s tandards being pursued are so great.
Initial experiments have begun in PCS technologies using various
frequency bands and with numerous related techniques. Research
indicated tha t factors driving the PCS market include the demand
for immediate access to people and in lormat ion: ubiquitous,
low-cost, user-friendly communicat ions; a personal communications
ID that can track a caller's location and the location of the
called party; a higher degree of security that what has not been
avail-able in older systems; and release from constraints of wired
networks.
SERVICES APPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
Three major factors inf luencing n e w services deve
lopments
T h e best achievement in promoting telecom services in a
country different s tages of development, basicly depends on t h r
e e major ta (Figure 3) :
with actors
a. -Technology; b. Market needs; c. Regulations.
Figure 3 : The Three Major Factors Influencing The Global
Telecom. Industry
Regulatory relorm should introduces earning flexibilities in
return for improved networks h services
The best achic'-'onient in promoting telecom, industry in a
country
Technology deployment is designed to introduce new business
and/or new services
Market needs are addressed by
competing service prociders
5
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
Technology curently progressing tremendeously, it open up man} r
new busi-ness opportunit ies and new services applications. The
continuous develop-ment of technology as mentioned above provide
many choice to fullfill the market needs.
Corelat ion of services, technology and market is shown in char
t Figure 4. Service/technologies by market maturity. The purpose of
the chart is to show association of services and enabling
technologies which require similar levels of technological
sophistication of customersand which require in similar "critical
mass" level of market maturity for demand to develop.
Take for example GSM cellular, which falls under the gener ic
"Digital Cellular" name on the chart. This service requires in
greater matur i ty level than analog, because its biggest advantage
is better frequency reuse; and this irrelevant until analog
subscribers fill available frequencies with their traffic. Digital
handsets are significantly more expensive than analog at present,
so it only makes sense to sell digital service in areas which have
reached sufficient market maturity.
Regulatory provides a base for earning flexibility in re turn
for improve net-work and services.
Combination of those three factors will determine the
appropriate business and services need to be implemented in a
particular country.
Figure 4 : Major Services / Technology By Market Maturity
Level
Mith
Tcctinicat
Sophistication
Required
Dif iu l Ccltuiaf?
talUCO
MicroCelV D E C O C T 3 7 ,
5-iithct3 lnunutioful El
InO Crcdll CutJ IftlCf » .T ln iS
A n . * * C£l!ulM
IntcUat i l i c d Service! Indonriia 19937
i l a r i a Mattiriry Level l'-irji
Serv ice Development Challenges
a. Priorities
The goals of development of telecommunicat ion services in each
country are different. The variance of goals are many influenced by
each countries individual characteristics, such as in developed
countries, it ranges from variety of services, high quality,
realible networks, and low cost are some of the goals wich take
precedence.
For developing country, the development of te lecommunicat ions
systems still are concentrated to the provision of
telecommunications inf ras t ructure and basic services such plain
old te lephone services (POTS). Driven by the country's economic
growth , developing countries require a strong telecommunications
infrastructure such that a "bottleneck' is not created.
6
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
b. The Role of Regulations
The role of regulations in establishing a condusive environment
of telecommunications services is dominant. Each services must be
regulated in such a way so that they do not overlap with each
other, thus creating overly complex and inefficient national
network filled with many proprietary individual networks.
In business environment filled with dynamic changes, the role of
regulations is also dominant in the creation of a new regulations.
These new regulations must be created in a transparant environment
where each new services must be analyzed against many factors.
Since each country has its own individual environment ana state
of telecommunications development, thus each country will face
different problems and different regulation conditions. Each
countries regulations although is the same for basic services but
for each new service each country's regulatory board will look at
the problem differently from their own prespective. Some boards
will favor a quick implementation of new technology, while others
will be cautious and wait until the technology matures . There is
no one right or wrong answer.
The government which authorizes its regulatory body, has the
objective to promote the market efficiently, fulfill the demands of
the market, and increase the quality of service. The objective of
the government can be analyzed and derived from recent global t r
ends which are happening in every country which is changing their
state of a highly regulated monopoly system and entering a of a
more competitive environment. These regulator}7 framework changes
in Indonesia can seen in the following Table 3.
Table 3 : Current Structure of Telecommunications Industry in
Indonesia
SECTOR SEGMENT
s E R V i c
LU
s
B A S 1 C
N O N
B A
i s j 1 '• c
EQUIP-MENT
PUBLIC NETWORK
|LOCAL DOM LONG
1 CIST. INT'L
MOBILE SPECIAL
NETWORK CELLULAR
FIXED CELL. VSAT
VAS ! EH. S/F FAX. ETC
PRIVATE NETWORKS
CUSTOMER PREMISE EQUIPMENT
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
MONOPOLY MONOPOLY
COMPETITION COMPETITION
COMPETITION COMPETITION
COMPETITION
ALLOWED
COMPETITION
KEY OPERATORS - > 1980' 1986 I 1990 1. TELKOM • 1. TELKOM
:
1. INDOSAT! 1. RHP
1 1.TELEKO -
MINDO I
1.CSM
1. PERTAM.NA 4. PJKA 2. PN GAS 5. OIL COMPA." 3. BANKS 6. TAXI
COMP/=
MULTIPLE PLAYERS :
1. TELKOM 1. ELEKTRINDO N. 2. DIAN GRAHA E. 3. DAENG BROS 4.
HAR1FF DTE
1991 1992 1993 I
1. ELEKTRI-NDO N.
1. SALIM GROUP
1 3 AT AM-INDO
1.LTS ARTA 2. GARUDA
1. INDOFAX
1. SATELINDO 1. CPS 2. SATELINDO 1. RATELINDO
..ES
.VES
S. BERCA 9. CITACOM 6. CENTRONIX 10. WASANA C 7. BAKRIE E. 11.
STIMECE. S. MAHAGUNAM. 12. NASIO SDN
ETC
1994
1. SKSP
1 SISTE-LINDO
7
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
c. Lack of Funding
Telecommunications is considered to be one of the capital
intensive business in the world. Telecommunications company around
the world use a wide var ie ty of funding sources to pay for the
deve lopment of their services, depending on their financial
situation, constraints placed on them by their country in which
they operate. The top level split among direct funding methods is
debt vs." equity, of course.
Most large operators in mature markets use both ways to acheive
their objectives. I t t he US and Japan, where t h e te lecommunica
t ions markets is open to comptetion are publicly owned principally
through the stoch exchange and have issued bonds and commercial
papers, as well as bank borrowing in some instances, to fuel the i
r g rowth . In addition to these direct methods, there are indirect
methods which are widely used in developing countries, such as : jo
int ven tu re s , Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) schemes and
Management Contracts.
d. Human Resources
Communication technology is highly technical intensive, and to
run telecommunications services require support of knowledgeable,
skilled and profes iona ls person. People is t h e key succes e l e
m e n t in communication business and by having those kind of
people good quality of services could be delivered to customer in
order to ensure company success and continuously grows.
For sophisticated services more highly skill person are needed
and some t imes not available in the labour market . Therefore
company has to make plan to traine its employs to be able provide
good services.
Appl icat ion For Deve lopment
T h e development of communication has created the global
communication networks with a fast increase in the flow of
informations, and a rapid devel-opment of product and services and
technologies have changed people in doing business and conduct
daily lives.
Various application of communication technology for development
is :
a. P r o m o t e and enchance business product iv i ty
T h e availabili ty and ease of access of informat ion t h a t
offer by communications networks provide links to informations
sources or data base. By having good and acurate in format ions
more business t ransac t ion could be carried out and open t h e
possibili ty of a nation more competitive.
b. Faci l i tat ing Trade Activities
Certainty of product delivery is a key sucess for business.
Hundreds of containers arrive every day at the airport and seaport
. They need a good and reliable information system reliable to
clear all goods out of the customs. Data Communication Network
(EDI) is the right choise to be implemented.
c. E n c h a n c e Educat ion System
TV and Radio Broadcast have been used for distance leaving in
several countr ies , help the expantion of leaving oppor tun i ty .
Snar ing the experiences and discussion by using teleconference
amongs universites provides useful and up-to-date information.
8
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
d. Produce Geography MAP
By using Satel l i te Imagery and remote sensing technology
produce accurate and up-to-date geography map of a particular area
on the earth surface. Study and analyse topography is useful make
city planning, road construction, dam, and irigation etc.
e. To locate natural resources
Satellite technology makes possible to get information on the
location of natural resources (mineral, oil etc.). "So exploration
of those natural resources is easier to carriage out.
f. El iminate Isolation of Rural Areas
Satel l i te communicat ion provide a fast and economical
solution to growing need to serve rural and remote communication
with long distance link to the center of national activities. The
communication advantages of distance insensitivitv and the ability
to bridge geographic barriers proves to be ideal for developing
nations.
Indonesia Exper ience : Service Aplication in Cellular
The cellular service was first implemented in 1986 as a
complementary service to the fixed line POTS. Provision of demand
by fixed line was slow due to long lead development t ime and high
association with each line, thus this is turn created a suppressed
demand crying out for telecommunications services.
This condition forced the MTPT grand licenses for cellular
aplication to pri-vate participation based on a revenue sharing
scheme. The cellular licenses as can be seen in Table 4, both for
national andregional licenses are designed lor to alliviate the
bottlenecked demand.
As th is seemed like the logical solution, the resul t s were
far from ideal. Cellular operators in Indonesia are
characteristicted by two factors: a. high cost of handset
terminals; b. Inadequate quality of service.
Table 4a The capac i t y mob i le serv ic
a n d number e in Indones
of subscribers of ia (As per April 1993)
Investor
RHP RHP EN EN EN CPS CPS Telekomindo Telekomindo Telekomindo
Telkom Telkom Telkom Telkom TOTAL
System
j N M T - 4 5 0 JNMT-450 IAMPS-800 jAMPS-800 JAMPS-800 iAMPS-800
IAMPS-800 JAMPS-800 iAMPS-800 |AMPS-800 :TACS-450 iTACS-450
:TACS-450 ITACS-450
Loca t ion
Jkt - Bdg Jkt - Bdg Jkt - Bdg Medan U. Pandang Surabaya Semarang
Palembang Denpasar Balikpapan Jakarta Surabaya Jakarta Batam
Capac i ty
15,000 15,000 25,000
7,000 2.500 6.000 3,000 2,300 2,500 3,000 2,150
500 3,000
500 S7.450
Subscr.
15,000 859
16,351 239
60 3,573
421 48
175 36
1.541 126
2,988 78
41.495
Table 4b:
Year
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993*
Number of Subscrib Telephone
STKB Inti
2.504
3,303 I
6,096
6,069 j
6,069
5.199
STKB C
4.199
6.504
9,620
12,000
14,650
14.735
15.900
ers of ce l lu lar
STKB N
—
- -
—
—
3,782
14,742
21.187
TOTAL
4,199
9.008
12.923
18,096
24,501
35,546
42.286 Note : * up to August
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
-
a. High Cost of Handset Terminals
In the early years of service, cost of terminal was extramelv
high in comparison with other countries (USS 8,500 vs US$ 1,500).
This was still acceptable due to the novelty of the service. As
years gone by cost of terminals internationally went steadyly down,
while in Indonesia it was stand. In 1993, the government issue a
decree to regulate terminal cost to between US$ 2,000 to US$
6,000.
b. Inadequate quality of service
Service was marred by severalproblems, mostly typical call
blockage and low Succsesfull Call Ratio. This service problem was
mostly due to :
1) system design parameters was underestimated;
2) traffic differential due to area shifting was
unpredicted;
These system problem inherents led to many hea ted customer
complaints, which were further compounded by slow response time of
operators to fixe the solution.
Policy goals of government curently is to expand system capacity
and other system service level currently, the government has issues
licenses for digital cellular (GSM) systems designed for frequency
reuse thus avoiding previous system blockage problems due to
limited frequency availability.
This system along with a tight reign on terminal cost is viewed
as the solution of the future.
CONCLUSION
Communications technologies are progressing very rapidly
creating networks and facilities that are available for development
activities in many countries. Communicat ions system have
contributed significantly to national development. The
globalization of telecommunications and the rapid development of
new communication products and services have the potential to
ennance the quality of life, protect environment, and to create a
knowledge-based society.
10
ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of
this document. Nanyang Technological University Library