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Neurotic DisordersMRCPsych II, GA Module
Dr. Naresh K. ButtanM.B.B.S., D.P.H., D.P.M., D.N.B. (Psy), C.C.S.T., Sec12 (2) Approved
Consultant Psychiatrist- HTT & Glenbourne; PCH-CICHon’ Fellow- PCMD, Plymouth Locality Psychiatry Lead & AT-PMSTPD- CT, Health Education-South West
• Concept- Evolution of neurosis/ anxiety• Epidemiology, C/F, Diag. Criteria, D/D• Aetiology & Management Principles• 3 case studies- 4 groups, 3 minutes on each case,
correct answer- 10 points, wrong – 0• 2 scorers, 4 major mental disorders• MCQs- Shout 1st & 10 for right & - 5 for wrong
Neurosis/Anxiety- Concept
Neurosis/ Anxiety ?• Worry (N, Webster/ Oxford Dictionary)• Stress• Normal vs. abnormal• State vs. trait• Episodic vs. Pervasive• Situational vs. Generalized• Internal (Active) vs. Reactive
Anxiety (Neurotic) Disorders: Relevance• Prevalence: General Population
• ‘Symptoms- common in gen. population• High Comorbidities• May present with physical symptoms• Proper recognition for appropriate treatment• Management- combined approach
Disorder Prev. 6/12 Rates % Lifetime Rates %
Schizophrenia 0.9 1.5
Affective Dis. 5.8 8.3
D & A dis 6.0 16.4
Anxiety Dis 8.9 14.6
Anxiety (Neurosis)- History• Greek: 3 Humors• Dark age: spirits/ divine punishments• ‘Hysteria’ – Hippocrates (15th-16th Cent.)• ‘Neurosis’- William Cullen (1777)• ‘Studies in Hysteria’- S. Freud (1895)• Psychoanalytical - repression, topological mind,
fixations, defense mechanisms• WW I → ‘Emotional’ vs. ‘Physical’, ‘Conversion
‘reinforcers’ & ‘desensitization’• Canon Bard Theory (HPA axis)• Tranquilizers- Benzos, Antidepressants• Imaging: Frontal cortex & B/L Caudate in OCD,
Temporal lobes- Panic →TLEs
Anxiety (Neuroses)- Present• Early Adverse
Life Experiences.
• Genetic Predisposition
Bio. Vulnerabilty Personality/ Temperament
Traumas/ SLEs
D & A
Physical Illnesses
Bio. Changes in Brain Fn.
Anxiety symptoms
Natural/ Environmental
Blood/ Injury/ Injection
Animal
Other
Anxiety Disorders
GAD Panic Phobic PTSD OCD
Simple/ Sp. Compd./Gen.
Agoraphobia Social Phobia
Case 1• 35 YO single female, working as receptionist,
presents with 12/12 h/o of vague body aches, headaches, wt loss, initial insomnia, worried about anything & everything, lethargy, no sadness, cold sweats, numbness, using alcohol as coping.
• No past/family history of mental illness• Personal History: Uneventful birth, early
development, schooling.• Lost 3 sibs in RTA during her college days
Case 1….
• Parents elderly in care home• Previous relationship ended 18/12 ago due to her
own worries & frequent arguments • Job cuts in work place, thinks she may lose her job
despite frequent reassurances from boss• No D&A issues, GPE- NAD, ↑sed HR• MSE: Tense, edgy, tremors, sweaty, ‘fear of dying’, no
Psychological: less effective than in other anxiety disorders, CBT useful- education, cognitive remediation. BT- exposure, relaxation, control of hyperventilation.
contamination & need to check everything, no delusions/hallucinations, fleeting suicidality, no plans, MMSE- couldn’t complete as had to check frequently
Case 2
• Gp 2: Diagnoses/ diffrertials
• Gp 3: Aetiology
• Gp 4: Treatments
• Gp 1: Risks/prognosis
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders• Essence: a common chronic condition with obsessions &/or
compulsions causing severe distress .• Clinical features:
Obsessions Compulsions
a) Recurrent, persistent, intrusive, irrational thoughts/ impulses/ images causing severe anxiety
b) Person attempts to ignore/ suppress/ neutralize with some other thoughts or actions. Ownership maintained- not alienation
a) Repetitive behaviours/ mental acts in response to obsession or according to strict rules
b) Behaviours/ mental acts aim at preventing/ reducing distress or dreaded outcomes
B. Good: good premorbid social & occupational level, a precipitating event, episodic symptoms.
Case 3
• 22 YO single PG student presents with 3/12 h/o nightmares, flashbacks, panic attacks, fearfulness, insomnia, poor appetite, loss of conc. & enjoyment.
• Was mugged & date raped 4/12 ago, police arrested the culprits & she gave witness.
• N. Birth/early dev/schooling/peers/ good grades
• CSA: by elderly neighbour 7-8 yrs age
Case 3…
• No past/ family history• O/E: GPE- NAD, tremors & ↑sed HR• MSE: Anxious, guarded, slow to warm up,
describes flashbacks of incidents, low self esteem, no depressive/psychotic symptoms/signs, willing to engage in treatment.
Case 3…
• Gp 3: Diagnoses/ differentials
• Gp 4: Aetiology
• Gp 1: Treatment
• Gp 2: Risks/prognosis
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Essence: Severe psychological disturbance following a trauma, involuntary re-experiencing with symptoms of hyperarousal, avoidance & emotional numbing.
• Symptoms/Signs: Onset within 6/12 (ICD10) of trauma, at least 1/12 with clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas; 2 or more ‘persistent symptoms of ↑sed psychological sensitivity & arousal:
50% recover in 1 yr, 30% chronic courseOutcome dependent on initial symptom
severityRecovery helped by: good social support,
absence of maladaptive coping, no further traumas, no D&A/Forensic
Q1. The ‘the sense of impending doom always’ is the main feature of which of the following:A.ManiaB.Alcohol withdrawalC.Generalized Anxiety DisorderD.Depression
MCQ 1
Q 2: Obsession is:
A. False, firm unshakable belief out of social/ cultural context
B. Own, Irrational, Repetitive, Intrusive egodystonic belief/ impulse/ image
C. Irrational fear of a specific situation/object causing avoidance
D. Perception without an external stimulus
MCQ 2.
Q 3: The main feature of PTSD is:A. Own, Irrational, Repetitive, Intrusive ego
dystonic belief/ impulse/ imageB. Reliving traumas with resultant arousal,
numbing and avoidance associated with trauma
C. Perception without an external stimulusD. Repetitive acts/thoughts to neutralize
anxiety caused by obsessions
MCQ 3.
Answers
• Q1. C
• Q 2. B
• Q 3. B
Thank You & Best Wishes !
Further reading• Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th Ed, Gelder M,
Harrison & Cowen P., Oxford University Press 2006• ICD 10- Clinical Description & Diagnostic Guidelines,
WHO 1994• DSM IV-TR- A Clinical Guide to Differential Diagnosis,
APA 1994, Revised 2004• The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, 10th Ed, Taylor