Created by: Created by: Beven Livingston, Becky Huot, & Wendy Beven Livingston, Becky Huot, & Wendy Hasenkamp Hasenkamp Graduate Students Graduate Students Emory University Graduate Program in Emory University Graduate Program in Neuroscience Neuroscience Edited by: Edited by: Jordan Rose Jordan Rose Outreach Coordinator Outreach Coordinator Center for Behavioral Neuroscience Center for Behavioral Neuroscience http://www.cbn-atl.org/education/outreach.html http://www.cbn-atl.org/education/outreach.html Please send questions or comments to [email protected]
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Created by:Created by:
Beven Livingston, Becky Huot, & Wendy HasenkampBeven Livingston, Becky Huot, & Wendy HasenkampGraduate StudentsGraduate StudentsEmory University Graduate Program in NeuroscienceEmory University Graduate Program in Neuroscience
Edited by:Edited by:
Jordan RoseJordan RoseOutreach CoordinatorOutreach CoordinatorCenter for Behavioral NeuroscienceCenter for Behavioral Neurosciencehttp://www.cbn-atl.org/education/outreach.htmlhttp://www.cbn-atl.org/education/outreach.html
Common Potpourri What’s that When it goes Bonds for? wrong
$200
$400 $400 $400 $400
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$600 $600 $600 $600
$800 $800 $800 $800
COMMON BONDS - 200COMMON BONDS - 200
Vincent van GoghVincent van Gogh Kurt CobainKurt Cobain Ted TurnerTed Turner Jim CarreyJim Carrey Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill Harrison FordHarrison Ford
Charles DickensCharles Dickens Robin WilliamsRobin Williams Monica SelesMonica Seles Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson StingSting RoseanneRoseanne
A disease affecting the following people:A disease affecting the following people:
What is Depression?What is Depression?
UNIPOLARUNIPOLAR– major depressionmajor depression– Affects 17.6 million Affects 17.6 million
BIPOLARBIPOLAR– manic depressionmanic depression– Affects 2-3 million Affects 2-3 million
Americans/yearAmericans/year– men and women men and women
equally affectedequally affected– treated with Lithiumtreated with Lithium
There are two major types of depression:There are two major types of depression:
Symptoms of DepressionSymptoms of Depression
Unipolar (major)Unipolar (major)– persistent sadnesspersistent sadness– loss of interestloss of interest– loss of energyloss of energy– changes in appetitechanges in appetite– low self-esteemlow self-esteem– changes in sleepchanges in sleep– poor concentrationpoor concentration– school/work absencesschool/work absences
Bipolar (manic)Bipolar (manic)– Recurrent episodes of Recurrent episodes of
mania and depressionmania and depression– euphoric moodeuphoric mood– irritabilityirritability– racing thoughtsracing thoughts– excessive spendingexcessive spending– decreased sleepdecreased sleep
Causes of DepressionCauses of Depression
GENETICGENETIC– most important most important
predisposing factorpredisposing factor vulnerability to vulnerability to
depressiondepression vulnerability to vulnerability to
Click on the movie window to pause/play.Click on the movie window to pause/play.Click outside the movie when you are ready to see the answer. Click outside the movie when you are ready to see the answer.
The brain disorder depicted by the woman in this video:The brain disorder depicted by the woman in this video:
What is Parkinson’s Disease?What is Parkinson’s Disease?
movement disordermovement disorder slowly progressiveslowly progressive tremor at resttremor at rest Akinesia: inability to Akinesia: inability to
affects over 1 million affects over 1 million Americans, including: Americans, including: Michael J. Fox, Michael J. Fox, Muhammad Ali, Pope Muhammad Ali, Pope John Paul, Janet RenoJohn Paul, Janet Reno
Avg. age of onset: 58Avg. age of onset: 58 40% of PD patients are 40% of PD patients are
Loss of neuronsLoss of neurons Change in neuronal morphologyChange in neuronal morphology Accumulation of ß-amyloid protein Accumulation of ß-amyloid protein
Questions about Drug AbuseQuestions about Drug Abuse
Why certain drugs?Why certain drugs?– Reinforcing Reinforcing
propertiesproperties– Reward pathway in Reward pathway in
the brainthe brain
Why certain people?Why certain people?– GeneticsGenetics– PersonalityPersonality– Environment (stress)Environment (stress)– ComorbidityComorbidity
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POTPOURRI - 200POTPOURRI - 200
The major cell type of the nervous systemThe major cell type of the nervous system
What is the Neuron?What is the Neuron?
a neuron consists of a cell body (C), an axon (B), dendrites (D) a neuron consists of a cell body (C), an axon (B), dendrites (D) and a myelin sheath (A)and a myelin sheath (A)
message transmission between neurons occurs through message transmission between neurons occurs through neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)
learning occurs as connections between neurons are strengthened learning occurs as connections between neurons are strengthened
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The part of the body injured by The part of the body injured by actor Christopher Reeves.actor Christopher Reeves.
What is the Spinal Cord?What is the Spinal Cord?
When the spinal cord is damaged, When the spinal cord is damaged, information travelling along descending information travelling along descending motor tracts and ascending sensory tracts is motor tracts and ascending sensory tracts is blocked.blocked.
Motor and sensory deficits can be predicted Motor and sensory deficits can be predicted from the level and location of the lesion in from the level and location of the lesion in the spinal cord.the spinal cord.
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI):Spinal Cord Injury (SCI):The Big PictureThe Big Picture
Estimated 250,000 SCI people in the U.S.Estimated 250,000 SCI people in the U.S. 11,000 new injuries reported annually11,000 new injuries reported annually Paraplegia (paralysis of legs) affects 55% of Paraplegia (paralysis of legs) affects 55% of
the SCI populationthe SCI population Quadriplegia (paralysis of all extremities) Quadriplegia (paralysis of all extremities)
affects 44% of the SCI populationaffects 44% of the SCI population
Causes of SCI in the U.S.Causes of SCI in the U.S.
Age Distribution of SCI PopulationAge Distribution of SCI Population
Approximately 60% of SCI population were Approximately 60% of SCI population were injured between 15-30 years of ageinjured between 15-30 years of age
Most frequently occurring age is 19 years.Most frequently occurring age is 19 years. Male 70%Male 70% Female 30%Female 30% Ninety percent of SCI population lives normal Ninety percent of SCI population lives normal
lifespanlifespan
Costs Associated with SCICosts Associated with SCI
In 1992, approximately 10,000 SCI’s were In 1992, approximately 10,000 SCI’s were reported.reported.
Estimated lifetime costs associated with these Estimated lifetime costs associated with these SCI’s are $10 Billion.SCI’s are $10 Billion.
Individual suffering and loss to society are Individual suffering and loss to society are impossible to calculate.impossible to calculate.
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An immediate muscular response An immediate muscular response to a specific stimulus. Like when to a specific stimulus. Like when the doctor hits your kneecap with a the doctor hits your kneecap with a hammer.hammer.
What is aWhat is aReflex?Reflex?
Tapping a tendon to elicit a contraction of the muscle can determine the status of the nerve that supplies that muscle.
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The part of the retina that has no The part of the retina that has no photoreceptors. (optic _______ )photoreceptors. (optic _______ )
What is the Optic Disc?What is the Optic Disc?
Blind SpotBlind Spot
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WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 200WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 200
The largest structure of the brain, it The largest structure of the brain, it is divided into two hemispheres is divided into two hemispheres and each containing four lobes.and each containing four lobes.
What is the Cerebral Cortex?What is the Cerebral Cortex?
The part of the brain that is The part of the brain that is composed of the midbrain, the composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.pons, and the medulla.
What is the Brain Stem?What is the Brain Stem?
Controls heart beat and respiration (breathing). Controls heart beat and respiration (breathing). Contains the major ascending and descending Contains the major ascending and descending
pathways.pathways. It is a link between the cerebral cortex, the It is a link between the cerebral cortex, the
cerebellum, and the spinal cord.cerebellum, and the spinal cord. Contain the cranial nerve nucleiContain the cranial nerve nuclei 12 12
C.N.C.N.
MedullaMedulla
PonsPons
MidbrainMidbrain
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A tennis ball-sized A tennis ball-sized structure at the base structure at the base of the brain that is of the brain that is important for important for coordination of coordination of movement and movement and balance.balance.
What is the Cerebellum?What is the Cerebellum?
2 main functions:2 main functions:– Coordinates skilled voluntary movements Coordinates skilled voluntary movements
by influencing muscle activityby influencing muscle activity
– Helps to control equilibrium and muscle Helps to control equilibrium and muscle tone through connections with the tone through connections with the vestibular systemvestibular system
CerebellumCerebellum
When the cerebellum is damaged (commonly When the cerebellum is damaged (commonly from tumors, trauma or alcohol), patients from tumors, trauma or alcohol), patients exhibit:exhibit:– Hypotonia (diminished muscle tone)Hypotonia (diminished muscle tone)– Ataxia (loss of coordinated, smooth movements)Ataxia (loss of coordinated, smooth movements)– balancebalance– Intention tremor (a tremor that arises when Intention tremor (a tremor that arises when
voluntary movements are attempted)voluntary movements are attempted)
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The part of the brain that controls The part of the brain that controls HOMEOSTASIS:HOMEOSTASIS:
What is the Hypothalamus?What is the Hypothalamus?
Fight or Flight Fight or Flight ResponseResponse
Blood pressure controlBlood pressure control Endocrine ControlEndocrine Control
– ReproductionReproduction– StressStress
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The mental disorder portrayed by Dustin The mental disorder portrayed by Dustin Hoffman as Raymond in Rain ManHoffman as Raymond in Rain Man
What is Autism?What is Autism?
Developmental DisorderDevelopmental Disorder– Impaired communication (verbal/nonverbal)Impaired communication (verbal/nonverbal)– Impaired social interactions Impaired social interactions – Behavior - stereotyped, self injuryBehavior - stereotyped, self injury– Hypersensitivity of senses (light, touch)Hypersensitivity of senses (light, touch)– Large variability in symptomsLarge variability in symptoms– Not a mental illnessNot a mental illness
AutismAutism
PREVALENCEPREVALENCE– 1/500 children1/500 children– 3-4 times more 3-4 times more
common in boyscommon in boys– >1/2 million people >1/2 million people
in US todayin US today– 3rd most common 3rd most common
developmental developmental disorderdisorder
CAUSECAUSE– Not knownNot known– Not psychologicalNot psychological– Genetic linkGenetic link– Major area of researchMajor area of research
Autistic SavantAutistic Savant 10% of autistics have spectacular abilities (like Rain Man’s 10% of autistics have spectacular abilities (like Rain Man’s
ability to count the number of toothpicks that fell on the ability to count the number of toothpicks that fell on the floor just by looking at the mess for a second). floor just by looking at the mess for a second).
Skills like math, music, memory, and art are extremely Skills like math, music, memory, and art are extremely advanced while social skills remain impaired.advanced while social skills remain impaired.
less than 1% of non-autistic population has these abilitiesless than 1% of non-autistic population has these abilities underlying changes in brain unknown; major area of underlying changes in brain unknown; major area of
researchresearch
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The neuromuscular disease named The neuromuscular disease named after an older baseball player for after an older baseball player for the New York Yankee’s. It is fatal the New York Yankee’s. It is fatal and has no known cause or cure.and has no known cause or cure.
What isWhat isAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(Lou Gehrig’s disease)?(Lou Gehrig’s disease)?
EPIDEMIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY – uncommonuncommon– 4 to 6/100,000 4 to 6/100,000 – men and women men and women
equallyequally – age 40-70age 40-70
SIGNS & SYMPTOMSSIGNS & SYMPTOMS– degeneration of motor degeneration of motor
neurons in the brain and neurons in the brain and spinal cordspinal cord
– muscle weakness and muscle weakness and atrophyatrophy
– doesn’t affect intellect, doesn’t affect intellect, or sensoryor sensory
Neurons in ALSNeurons in ALS
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The mental disorder depicted by the young man in this video:The mental disorder depicted by the young man in this video:
Click on the movie window to play or pause.Click on the movie window to play or pause.Click outside the movie when you are ready to see the answer. Click outside the movie when you are ready to see the answer.
What is SCHIZOPHRENIA?What is SCHIZOPHRENIA? A mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, A mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking,
emotional reactions, and social behavior, as well as delusions and emotional reactions, and social behavior, as well as delusions and hallucinations.hallucinations.
Commonly misunderstood as “multiple personality disorder”Commonly misunderstood as “multiple personality disorder” Devastating psychiatric disease that affects 1% of the populationDevastating psychiatric disease that affects 1% of the population
– 1/3 of homeless in America are afflicted1/3 of homeless in America are afflicted
‘‘Negative’ symptoms: flattened affect, apathy, social withdrawal, Negative’ symptoms: flattened affect, apathy, social withdrawal, poverty of speechpoverty of speech
SCHIZOPHRENIASCHIZOPHRENIA
Age of onset is generally from 16-25, but males Age of onset is generally from 16-25, but males tend to develop the disorder earlier than femalestend to develop the disorder earlier than females
Excessive dopamine neurotransmission within Excessive dopamine neurotransmission within the brain is hypothesized to be the cause of the brain is hypothesized to be the cause of schizophreniaschizophrenia
As you might expect, the most common drugs As you might expect, the most common drugs used to treat schizophrenia are dopamine used to treat schizophrenia are dopamine antagonists (block dopamine neurotransmission)antagonists (block dopamine neurotransmission)
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The disease characterized by irrational fear The disease characterized by irrational fear of open spaces. Sigourney Weaver’s of open spaces. Sigourney Weaver’s character had this condition in Copycat.character had this condition in Copycat.
What is Agoraphobia?What is Agoraphobia?
Often accompanies panic disorder, fear of Often accompanies panic disorder, fear of having an attack in an unsafe placehaving an attack in an unsafe place
PANIC DISORDER = sudden, unpredictable PANIC DISORDER = sudden, unpredictable onset of terror onset of terror – people believe they are having a heart attack or people believe they are having a heart attack or
dyingdying– average length of attack is 10 minutesaverage length of attack is 10 minutes
PhobiasPhobias
Specific Phobia (of particular object or situation) Specific Phobia (of particular object or situation) – affects 1 in 10 peopleaffects 1 in 10 people
Social Phobia (of becoming humiliated in social Social Phobia (of becoming humiliated in social situations) situations) – runs in families, begins in early adolescenceruns in families, begins in early adolescence– associated with depression or alcoholismassociated with depression or alcoholism