NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF PHONETIC PERCEPTION IN ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS OF SPANISH by Jaden Hellewell A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department Communication Disorders Brigham Young University April 2007
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NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF PHONETIC
PERCEPTION IN ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE
SPEAKERS OF SPANISH
by
Jaden Hellewell
A thesis submitted to the faculty of
Brigham Young University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
Department Communication Disorders
Brigham Young University
April 2007
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL
of a thesis submitted by
Jaden Hellewell
This thesis has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. Date David L. McPherson, Chair Date Shawn Nissen Date Christopher Dromey
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY
As chair of the candidate’s graduate committee, I have read the thesis of Jaden Hellewell in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university and department style requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library. Date David L. McPherson Chair, Graduate Committee Accepted for the Department Ron W. Channell Graduate Coordinator Accepted for the College K. Richard Young Dean, David O. McKay School of Education
ABSTRACT
NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF PHONETIC
PERCEPTION IN ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE
SPEAKERS OF SPANISH
Jaden Hellewell
Department of Communication Disorders
Master of Science
Infants 6-8 months old are able to identify nearly every speech sound contrast on
which they have been tested, regardless of whether that contrast represents an across-
category (two different phonemes) phonetic change in their native language or not. A
child’s ability to identify non-native consonant contrasts greatly diminishes by 11-12
months of age. The present study examined speech sound discrimination in three groups
of listeners. Adult second language (L2) listeners of Spanish were compared with native
English listeners with no knowledge of Spanish and native Mexican listeners to
determine if they would show the ability to discriminate phonetic distinctions that are
present in Spanish and not English. Behavioral and Electrophysiological measures were
obtained in response to a continuum of bilabial consonant-vowel (CV) stimuli that
differed in voice onset time (VOT) from -50 to 30 ms VOT (/ba/ to /pa/). The -50 ms
VOT stimulus was paired with each of the others to form stimulus pairs with varying
degrees of acoustic difference. Behavioral data showed that L2 listeners of Spanish
perceived a transition from /ba/ to /pa/ later than native Spanish listeners but earlier than
English only listeners. Electrophysiological data using the mismatch negativity revealed
that the both L2 Spanish and native Spanish listeners perceived a distinction between
stimuli in the stimulus pairs 20 ms earlier than English only listeners. These results
support the theory that underlying neural-sensory representations of speech may be
altered by linguistic experiences, and that the loss of non-native speech sound
discrimination abilities in infancy and the regaining of these abilities in adulthood is not
due merely to attentional bias.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many hours of work went into this project and not all of them were mine. I want
to thank my thesis committee chair Dr. David McPherson for his dedicated help and
teaching. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee Dr. Shawn
Nissen and Dr. Christopher Dromey. Thank you to my many participants many others
who gave me advice and help throughout the process. I am especially grateful to my
loving wife, Kira, for her constant encouragement and unwavering support.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x
List of Appendixes ............................................................................................................ xii
Literature Review................................................................................................................ 1
1. Descriptive Statistics for Average Peak Latencies (Plat) of the MMN ........................ 19
2. Descriptive Statistics for Average Peak Amplitudes (Pamp) of the MMN .................. 20
3. Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the MMN at the CPZ Electrode .......... 22
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Waveforms representing the eight stimuli used in the experiment ............................. 13
2. Mean identification functions for the /bɑ/-/pɑ/ continuum for each group are
represented in Figures 2A-2C. Figure D shows all three groups................................17
3. Graphs representing presence or absence of MMN in each group at each stimulus . 18
4. Scalp distribution map for group 1 -40 ms VOT......................................................... 23
5. Scalp distribution map for group 1 -30 ms VOT .........................................................24 6. Scalp distribution map for group 1 -20 ms VOT......................................................... 25
7. Scalp distribution map for group 1 -10 ms VOT .........................................................27 8. Scalp distribution map for group 1 0 ms VOT …........................................................ 28 9. Scalp distribution map for group 1 10 ms VOT .......................................................... 29 10. Scalp distribution map for group 1 20 ms VOT ......................................................... 30
11. Scalp distribution map for group 1 30 ms VOT .......................................................... 31 12. Scalp distribution map for group 2 -40 ms VOT .........................................................33 13. Scalp distribution map for group 2 -30 ms VOT .........................................................34 14. Scalp distribution map for group 2 -20 ms VOT ........................................................ 35
15. Scalp distribution map for group 2 -10 ms VOT .........................................................36 16. Scalp distribution map for group 2 0 ms VOT …........................................................ 38 17. Scalp distribution map for group 2 10 ms VOT .......................................................... 39 18. Scalp distribution map for group 2 20 ms VOT .......................................................... 40 19. Scalp distribution map for group 2 30 ms VOT .......................................................... 38
20. Scalp distribution map for group 3 -40 ms VOT .........................................................42
xi
21. Scalp distribution map for group 3 -30 ms VOT .........................................................43 22. Scalp distribution map for group 3 -20 ms VOT .........................................................45 23. Scalp distribution map for group 3 -10 ms VOT .........................................................46 24. Scalp distribution map for group 3 0 ms VOT ............................................................ 47 25. Scalp distribution map for group 3 10 ms VOT .......................................................... 48 26. Scalp distribution map for group 3 20 ms VOT .......................................................... 50 27. Scalp distribution map for group 3 30 ms VOT .......................................................... 51
xii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix Page
A. Informed Consent Document ...................................................................................... 64
B. Words Used for Stimulus Recordings ......................................................................... 66
C. List of Sentences Read by Speaker ............................................................................. 67
D. Tables of RMS Amplitudes......................................................................................... 69
1
Literature Review
Little is known about the neurological processes involved in speech sound
perception and second language (L2) learning. A few recent studies have begun to
explore this topic directly, and have dealt mainly with the perception of non-native
Winkler, I., Paavilainen, P., Alho, K., Reinikainen, K., Sams, M., & Naatanen, R. (1990).
The effect of small variation of the frequent auditory stimulus on the event-related
brain potential to the infrequent stimulus. Psychophysiology, 27, 228-235.
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APPENDIXES
Appendix A
Informed Consent Document
CONSENT TO ACT AS A HUMAN RESEARCH SUBJECT Speech Sound Discrimination in L2 Spanish Listeners David L. McPherson, Ph.D. Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology Brigham Young University (801) 422-6458 Name of Participant: _____________________________ Date of Birth: _____________ Purpose of Study: This investigation is designed to study how the brain processes nonnative speech sounds in second language learners. Participation in this study will help scientists better understand how second languages are learned in adulthood. Procedures: I have been asked to participate in a research study being conducted by Dr. David L. McPherson and/or such assistants as may be selected by him. The study will be conducted in room 109 and 111 of the John Taylor Building on the Brigham Young University campus. I will be asked questions but do not have to answer any questions that I do not want to answer. Participation in this study, including orientation and testing, requires two sessions, equaling about 2 hours, total. These two sessions will be scheduled on separate days, but it is possible for the two sessions to be combined into one visit. The first session will be for a hearing screening and a question and answer session, which should last approximately 20 minutes. The second session will be for the actual data collection, which should last about 1 ½ hours. I have been advised that these times are an estimate, and it may take more or less time, depending on how easy it is to set up the equipment. I may ask for a break at any time during testing. I will be given a standard hearing test screening. My ears will be looked into with a scope, my eardrums will be tested to see how they move, and my hearing will be tested. Surface electrodes (metal discs about the size of a dime) will be used to record electrical activity of the brain. These discs will be applied to the surface of the skin with a gel and are easily removed with water. Blunt needles will be used as a part of this study to help apply the electrode gel, but they will never be used to puncture the skin. Electrical activity of my brain will be recorded, but no electrical impulses/shocks will be applied to the brain. This is similar to what is known as an “EEG” or brain wave test. These procedures show actual measurements of normal, continuous, electrical activity in the brain. Some sounds will be presented though earphones. I will be asked to push one button when the sounds are the same and another when they are different. These clinical procedures are routine, similar to those used to test hearing, although some techniques of
65
analysis are experimental. Risks: There may be some local skin irritation resulting from the electrode discs. This will be treated in the usual manner by removing the discs and exposing the area to air, which results in alleviation of the irritation. Another possible, but unlikely, discomfort would be if the scalp received an abrasion when the blunt needle is used to place the electrode gel. The electrodes would be removed immediately, and any gel on the injured site would be removed. If this were to occur I would be given the option to discontinue my participation in the study. There are no other known risks with this procedure. Benefits: Possible benefits from participating in this study will be the assessment of my hearing. I will be notified of any irregularities in my ears (structures) and/or hearing abilities found during the routine hearing tests. If irregularities are discovered, I may be advised to have a professional examine my ears/hearing, or I may be advised of possible treatments (if any). These procedures will benefit me by providing (possible) early treatment. I also understand there may be no direct benefit to me. However, the information obtained will help people further understand how the brain processes auditory information and about differences in these processes between native speakers of a language and second language learners. Confidentiality: Participation in this study is voluntary and I have a right to refuse to participate or withdraw at any time, without penalty. All information obtained from testing is strictly confidential and is protected under the laws governing privacy. No information specifically pertaining to me, other than reporting of test results without identifying information may be released without my signature. All identifying references will be removed and replaced by control numbers which will identify any disclosed or published data. Data collected in this study will be stored in a secured area accessible only to personnel associated with the study. Other Considerations: There are no charges incurred by me for participation in this study. There is no treatment or intervention involved in this study although I may be counseled to seek such treatment or intervention. I understand that for any reason I may withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. The procedures listed above have been explained to me by: __________________ in a satisfactory manner and my questions relating to such risks and procedures have been answered. If I have any questions about the research I may ask any of the investigators or contact Dr. David L. McPherson, Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, 129 TLRB, Provo, Utah 84602-8633; email: [email protected]; phone: 801-422-6458. If I have any questions as to my rights as a participant in this research project I may contact Renea Beckstrand, Chair of Institutional Review Board, email: [email protected]; phone: 801-422-3873. I consent to participate in the above explained study. __________________________________ ________________ Signature of Participant Date
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Appendix B Words Used for Stimulus Recordings
/pɑ/ words
Paca (bale, pack)
Pase (pass, come in)
Pala (shovel)
Paño (cloth)
Panda (Panda, group)
Pasta (paste)
/bɑ/ words
Baca (roof, rack)
Base (base)
Bala (bullet)
Baño (bathroom)
Banda (band, ribbon)
Basta (enough)
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Appendix C
List of Sentences Read by Speaker
Diga la palabra paca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra basta otra vez.
Diga la palabra banda otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra baño otra vez.
Diga la palabra bala otra vez.
Diga la palabra base otra vez.
Diga la palabra paño otra vez.
Diga la palabra panda otra vez.
Diga la palabra baca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pasta otra vez.
Diga la palabra paca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra basta otra vez.
Diga la palabra banda otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra baño otra vez.
Diga la palabra bala otra vez.
Diga la palabra base otra vez.
Diga la palabra paño otra vez.
Diga la palabra panda otra vez.
Diga la palabra baca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pasta otra vez.
Diga la palabra paca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra basta otra vez.
Diga la palabra banda otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra baño otra vez.
Diga la palabra bala otra vez.
Diga la palabra base otra vez.
Diga la palabra paño otra vez.
Diga la palabra panda otra vez.
Diga la palabra baca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pasta otra vez.
Diga la palabra paca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra basta otra vez.
Diga la palabra banda otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra baño otra vez.
68
Diga la palabra bala otra vez.
Diga la palabra base otra vez.
Diga la palabra paño otra vez.
Diga la palabra panda otra vez.
Diga la palabra baca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pasta otra vez.
Diga la palabra paca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra basta otra vez.
Diga la palabra banda otra vez.
Diga la palabra pala otra vez.
Diga la palabra baño otra vez.
Diga la palabra bala otra vez.
Diga la palabra base otra vez.
Diga la palabra paño otra vez.
Diga la palabra panda otra vez.
Diga la palabra baca otra vez.
Diga la palabra pasta otra vez.
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Appendix D
Tables of RMS Amplitudes
Table D1
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 1 with Stimulus of -40 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 0.02 0.35 -0.31 0.60
O1 0.47 0.96 -0.36 2.13
OZ 0.04 0.35 -0.47 0.44
PZ -0.73 0.52 -1.36 0.04
P4 -0.57 0.69 -1.42 0.37
CP4 -0.73 0.88 -1.96 0.31
P8 -0.42 0.55 -1.06 0.22
C4 -1.03 1.02 -2.52 0.23
TP8 -0.43 0.56 -1.05 0.30
T8 -0.60 0.61 -1.62 -0.17
P7 0.15 0.35 -0.25 0.45
P3 -0.21 0.53 -0.99 0.49
CP3 -0.41 0.55 -0.98 0.51
CPZ -0.99 0.63 -1.55 -0.11
CZ -1.09 0.80 -1.74 0.26
FC4 -1.13 1.19 -3.05 0.21
FT8 -0.78 0.94 -2.44 -0.18
TP7 -0.06 0.47 -0.61 0.44
C3 -0.60 0.63 -1.05 0.45
FCZ -1.33 0.89 -2.27 0.14
FZ -1.41 1.19 -3.25 0.05
F4 -1.06 1.27 -3.24 0.09
F8 -0.86 1.07 -2.74 -0.18
T7 -0.37 0.56 -0.90 0.54
FT7 -0.44 0.74 -1.28 0.56
FC3 -1.13 0.70 -1.73 0.00
F3 -1.06 0.88 -2.26 0.12
70
FP2 -0.58 1.34 -2.88 0.48
F7 -0.66 0.79 -1.63 0.53
FP1 -0.67 1.07 -2.38 0.57
71
Table D2
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 1 with Stimulus of -30 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.10 0.65 -0.83 0.70
O1 -0.13 0.31 -0.34 0.32
OZ -0.31 0.53 -0.96 0.34
PZ -0.98 0.89 -1.85 0.25
P4 -0.93 0.48 -1.47 -0.33
CP4 -1.24 0.41 -1.85 -0.97
P8 -0.46 0.29 -0.85 -0.16
C4 -1.19 0.38 -1.62 -0.82
TP8 -0.67 0.21 -0.87 -0.39
T8 -0.84 0.19 -1.11 -0.67
P7 0.06 0.78 -0.54 1.21
P3 -0.25 1.04 -1.22 1.18
CP3 -0.63 1.11 -1.77 0.74
CPZ -1.10 0.45 -1.68 -0.67
CZ -1.07 0.37 -1.60 -0.79
FC4 -1.05 0.44 -1.64 -0.60
FT8 -0.73 0.38 -1.15 -0.23
TP7 -0.03 0.91 -0.94 1.22
C3 -0.63 1.18 -1.96 0.80
FCZ -0.80 0.24 -1.00 -0.46
FZ -0.55 0.23 -0.81 -0.31
F4 -0.99 0.63 -1.56 -0.13
F8 -0.82 0.48 -1.40 -0.23
T7 -0.04 0.94 -0.86 1.26
FT7 0.08 0.89 -0.84 1.29
FC3 -0.28 0.63 -0.86 0.50
F3 -0.03 0.34 -0.42 0.39
FP2 -0.73 0.79 -1.48 0.17
F7 0.06 0.89 -0.83 1.29
FP1 -0.31 0.09 -0.41 -0.23
72
Table D3
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 1 with Stimulus of -20 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.56 0.66 -1.48 0.21
O1 -0.22 0.55 -0.93 0.34
OZ 0.05 0.56 -0.59 0.70
PZ -0.57 1.08 -1.43 1.31
P4 -1.24 1.32 -3.48 -0.05
CP4 -0.93 0.52 -1.71 -0.29
P8 -0.46 0.68 -0.99 0.53
C4 -0.54 0.32 -0.92 -0.22
TP8 -0.35 0.58 -0.93 0.45
T8 -0.29 0.51 -0.92 0.16
P7 0.16 0.83 -0.68 1.44
P3 -0.27 0.68 -1.04 0.41
CP3 -0.21 0.53 -0.85 0.43
CPZ -0.62 0.38 -0.93 0.01
CZ -0.55 0.43 -1.11 -0.02
FC4 -0.23 0.54 -0.87 0.58
FT8 0.08 0.57 -0.80 0.79
TP7 0.25 0.75 -0.57 1.46
C3 -0.22 0.47 -0.83 0.49
FCZ -0.67 0.74 -1.31 0.45
FZ -0.30 0.81 -1.32 0.66
F4 -0.07 0.80 -1.12 1.02
F8 -0.01 0.74 -1.20 0.79
T7 0.02 0.43 -0.73 0.31
FT7 0.04 0.45 -0.75 0.38
FC3 -0.19 0.54 -0.78 0.69
F3 -0.05 0.63 -0.81 0.66
FP2 -0.14 0.79 -1.32 0.58
F7 -0.02 0.42 -0.75 0.31
FP1 -0.01 0.66 -0.88 0.58
73
Table D4
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 1 with Stimulus of -10 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.11 0.54 -0.96 0.37
O1 0.17 0.70 -1.12 0.99
OZ 0.06 0.72 -1.19 1.00
PZ -0.88 0.81 -1.99 0.37
P4 -0.58 0.78 -1.30 0.93
CP4 -0.70 0.96 -1.36 1.18
P8 -0.35 0.30 -0.66 0.11
C4 -0.53 1.17 -1.51 1.65
TP8 -0.40 0.21 -0.61 -0.12
T8 -0.33 0.58 -1.25 0.43
P7 0.02 1.02 -1.47 1.69
P3 -0.38 1.02 -1.99 0.98
CP3 -0.51 1.15 -1.89 1.44
CPZ -1.02 1.00 -2.09 0.69
CZ -0.87 0.99 -1.88 0.85
FC4 -0.14 1.21 -1.39 1.96
FT8 -0.24 0.83 -1.60 0.73
TP7 0.11 0.87 -0.99 1.66
C3 -0.55 0.81 -1.58 0.72
FCZ -0.61 1.04 -1.64 1.14
FZ -0.30 0.73 -1.31 0.64
F4 -0.13 0.81 -1.22 0.81
F8 -0.14 0.82 -1.60 0.67
T7 0.03 0.61 -0.79 1.09
FT7 0.06 0.50 -0.26 1.07
FC3 -0.45 0.47 -0.90 0.36
F3 -0.42 0.28 -0.88 -0.12
FP2 -0.09 1.02 -1.64 1.39
F7 0.02 0.52 -0.33 1.06
FP1 -0.58 0.51 -1.45 0.13
74
Table D5
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 1 with Stimulus of 0 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.84 0.61 -1.76 0.06
O1 -0.61 0.48 -1.48 0.29
OZ -0.78 0.57 -1.48 0.31
PZ -1.02 0.51 -1.62 -0.11
P4 -1.02 0.99 -2.62 0.61
CP4 -0.86 0.83 -1.61 0.91
P8 -0.53 0.85 -2.42 0.91
C4 -0.54 0.87 -1.62 1.39
TP8 -0.42 0.94 -2.23 1.41
T8 -0.37 0.87 -1.59 1.56
P7 -0.02 0.53 -0.93 1.00
P3 -0.58 0.50 -1.48 0.25
CP3 -0.47 0.56 -1.15 0.90
CPZ -0.90 0.49 -1.50 0.02
CZ -0.71 0.91 -1.89 1.15
FC4 -0.44 1.21 -1.90 1.72
FT8 -0.48 1.03 -2.74 1.17
TP7 0.09 0.51 -0.87 1.01
C3 -0.43 0.70 -1.35 1.38
FCZ -0.55 1.17 -1.97 1.51
FZ -0.38 1.17 -1.53 1.73
F4 -0.36 1.11 -1.77 1.51
F8 -0.43 1.16 -2.89 1.34
T7 0.16 0.48 -0.52 1.19
FT7 0.03 0.62 -0.73 1.22
FC3 -0.46 0.89 -1.63 1.73
F3 -0.23 0.88 -1.00 1.89
FP2 -0.37 1.05 -2.22 1.10
F7 0.07 0.77 -1.21 1.21
FP1 -0.14 0.97 -1.85 1.74
75
Table D6
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 1 with Stimulus of 10 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.58 0.75 -1.96 0.40
O1 -0.62 0.40 -1.30 -0.08
OZ -0.36 0.58 -1.59 0.34
PZ -1.28 0.71 -2.79 -0.69
P4 -1.06 0.62 -2.14 -0.22
CP4 -0.96 0.75 -2.46 -0.17
P8 -0.49 0.54 -1.56 -0.03
C4 -0.79 0.73 -2.06 -0.03
TP8 -0.19 0.30 -0.51 0.36
T8 0.05 0.50 -0.62 0.72
P7 -0.29 0.42 -1.31 -0.02
P3 -0.97 0.77 -1.96 0.01
CP3 -1.17 0.79 -2.58 -0.26
CPZ -1.49 1.09 -4.12 -0.78
CZ -1.46 1.24 -4.28 -0.37
FC4 -0.74 0.99 -2.56 0.59
FT8 0.15 0.60 -0.58 0.98
TP7 -0.31 0.30 -1.01 -0.03
C3 -1.13 0.83 -2.59 0.03
FCZ -1.33 1.31 -4.29 -0.27
FZ -0.91 1.29 -3.46 0.60
F4 -0.46 0.99 -2.01 1.02
F8 0.15 0.67 -0.72 1.09
T7 -0.29 0.32 -0.99 -0.01
FT7 -0.36 0.34 -0.98 0.01
FC3 -0.87 1.08 -2.90 0.76
F3 -0.77 0.87 -2.38 0.17
FP2 -0.17 0.78 -1.30 0.87
F7 -0.39 0.35 -1.01 0.01
FP1 -0.57 0.61 -1.56 0.32
76
Table D7
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 1 with Stimulus of 20 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.25 0.73 -1.36 1.01
O1 -0.03 0.98 -0.95 1.84
OZ -0.08 0.80 -1.00 1.35
PZ -0.88 0.60 -1.70 -0.03
P4 -0.47 0.79 -1.80 0.52
CP4 -0.56 1.21 -2.75 0.93
P8 -0.25 0.62 -1.10 0.48
C4 -0.79 1.25 -3.20 0.90
TP8 -0.18 0.78 -1.32 0.78
T8 -0.51 0.81 -1.89 0.38
P7 0.18 0.72 -0.98 1.29
P3 -0.33 0.62 -1.26 0.67
CP3 -0.57 0.66 -1.69 0.04
CPZ -0.98 0.82 -2.55 0.17
CZ -1.18 0.98 -3.32 -0.43
FC4 -1.06 1.16 -3.60 -0.23
FT8 -0.54 0.68 -1.55 0.46
TP7 0.08 0.77 -1.00 1.26
C3 -0.77 0.86 -2.52 -0.13
FCZ -1.36 1.10 -3.76 -0.68
FZ -1.31 1.23 -3.96 -0.48
F4 -1.21 1.07 -3.17 -0.18
F8 -0.52 0.97 -2.45 0.45
T7 -0.22 0.64 -1.17 0.55
FT7 -0.29 0.73 -1.56 0.57
FC3 -0.95 1.32 -3.75 0.18
F3 -0.95 1.18 -3.50 -0.15
FP2 -0.76 0.92 -2.03 0.16
F7 -0.41 0.76 -1.55 0.57
FP1 -0.55 0.66 -1.56 0.35
77
Table D8
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 1 with Stimulus of 30 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.09 0.53 -0.94 0.53
O1 -0.31 0.71 -1.17 0.92
OZ -0.21 0.54 -0.81 0.65
PZ -0.77 0.73 -1.63 0.66
P4 -0.61 0.80 -1.56 1.01
CP4 -0.63 0.82 -1.21 1.07
P8 -0.08 0.50 -0.84 0.54
C4 -0.61 0.88 -1.57 1.13
TP8 -0.03 0.53 -0.76 0.66
T8 0.11 0.45 -0.38 0.78
P7 -0.43 0.48 -1.21 0.24
P3 -0.77 0.78 -1.77 0.85
CP3 -0.92 0.79 -2.05 0.60
CPZ -0.94 0.72 -1.64 0.46
CZ -0.91 0.71 -1.86 0.22
FC4 -0.70 0.89 -1.61 0.80
FT8 0.00 0.57 -0.72 1.24
TP7 -0.51 0.37 -0.99 0.15
C3 -0.87 0.68 -1.82 0.31
FCZ -0.96 0.94 -2.19 0.33
FZ -1.01 0.93 -2.17 0.15
F4 -0.82 1.00 -2.27 0.54
F8 0.00 0.64 -0.87 1.27
T7 -0.47 0.48 -1.26 0.10
FT7 -0.56 0.68 -1.85 0.10
FC3 -1.07 0.82 -2.41 -0.10
F3 -0.92 0.98 -2.40 0.67
FP2 -0.44 0.68 -1.61 0.82
F7 -0.47 0.74 -1.81 0.58
FP1 -0.52 0.63 -1.51 0.64
78
Table D9
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 2 with Stimulus of -40 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.26 0.91 -1.47 0.74
O1 -0.61 0.65 -1.57 0.28
OZ -0.49 0.53 -1.29 0.07
PZ -0.74 0.94 -2.20 0.28
P4 -0.67 0.93 -1.86 0.16
CP4 -0.71 0.98 -2.01 0.27
P8 -0.41 0.90 -1.74 0.44
C4 -0.95 1.00 -2.52 -0.02
TP8 -0.42 0.65 -1.28 0.25
T8 -0.34 0.78 -1.49 0.71
P7 -0.50 0.44 -1.04 0.23
P3 -0.84 0.62 -1.61 -0.11
CP3 -1.18 0.53 -1.63 -0.37
CPZ -1.10 0.79 -2.01 -0.03
CZ -1.28 0.67 -2.13 -0.33
FC4 -0.82 0.82 -2.31 0.04
FT8 -0.22 0.85 -1.50 0.93
TP7 -0.49 0.48 -1.02 0.25
C3 -1.08 0.52 -1.60 -0.45
FCZ -1.22 0.76 -2.13 -0.03
FZ -1.16 0.65 -1.95 -0.01
F4 -0.67 0.92 -1.87 0.28
F8 -0.35 0.75 -1.52 0.58
T7 -0.55 0.53 -1.25 0.26
FT7 -0.39 0.42 -0.94 0.10
FC3 -1.12 0.53 -1.73 -0.34
F3 -0.83 0.60 -1.46 0.01
FP2 -0.37 0.99 -1.51 1.00
F7 -0.37 0.52 -1.11 0.24
FP1 -0.55 0.89 -1.71 0.57
79
Table D10
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 2 with Stimulus of -30 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.58 0.74 -1.62 0.40
O1 -0.06 0.56 -0.76 0.78
OZ -0.33 0.90 -1.57 0.81
PZ -0.66 0.65 -1.27 0.11
P4 -0.66 0.90 -1.50 0.48
CP4 -0.69 0.68 -1.19 0.43
P8 -0.43 0.48 -0.88 0.25
C4 -0.63 0.49 -1.00 0.08
TP8 -0.32 0.44 -0.88 0.14
T8 -0.29 0.58 -0.93 0.46
P7 -0.26 0.36 -0.61 0.20
P3 -0.94 0.45 -1.52 -0.45
CP3 -1.02 0.66 -2.12 -0.51
CPZ -1.00 0.34 -1.42 -0.59
CZ -0.73 0.38 -1.27 -0.30
FC4 -0.81 0.16 -1.02 -0.58
FT8 -0.29 0.68 -1.21 0.28
TP7 -0.27 0.51 -0.86 0.31
C3 -0.72 0.51 -1.46 -0.04
FCZ -0.52 0.48 -0.97 0.26
FZ -0.39 0.47 -0.74 0.37
F4 -0.41 0.53 -1.06 0.37
F8 -0.15 0.70 -1.17 0.62
T7 -0.17 0.64 -0.87 0.49
FT7 -0.15 0.85 -1.15 0.74
FC3 -0.47 0.65 -1.25 0.41
F3 -0.39 0.86 -1.50 0.60
FP2 -0.14 0.67 -1.15 0.47
F7 -0.01 0.82 -0.99 0.83
FP1 -0.24 0.79 -1.52 0.52
80
Table D11
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 2 with Stimulus of -20 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.65 0.52 -1.44 0.04
O1 -0.38 0.80 -1.22 0.57
OZ -0.59 0.71 -1.61 0.11
PZ -0.63 0.11 -0.74 -0.45
P4 -0.61 0.34 -1.13 -0.28
CP4 -0.79 0.59 -1.48 0.12
P8 -0.54 0.50 -1.11 0.22
C4 -0.67 0.83 -1.34 0.67
TP8 -0.69 0.60 -1.42 0.18
T8 -0.44 0.94 -1.23 0.77
P7 -0.32 0.67 -1.18 0.22
P3 -0.83 0.79 -2.12 0.00
CP3 -0.73 0.63 -1.83 -0.27
CPZ -0.94 0.44 -1.54 -0.33
CZ -0.56 0.77 -1.07 0.70
FC4 -0.58 1.03 -1.53 0.90
FT8 -0.41 1.01 -1.34 0.78
TP7 -0.23 0.76 -1.12 0.48
C3 -0.70 0.54 -1.63 -0.23
FCZ -0.07 1.25 -1.53 1.60
FZ -0.41 0.89 -1.16 0.98
F4 -0.48 1.10 -1.75 0.94
F8 -0.22 1.01 -1.37 0.82
T7 -0.32 0.64 -1.26 0.28
FT7 -0.20 0.80 -1.31 0.83
FC3 -0.51 0.66 -1.40 0.44
F3 -0.40 0.69 -1.22 0.65
FP2 -0.16 1.07 -1.40 1.06
F7 -0.03 0.56 -0.54 0.83
FP1 -0.01 0.65 -0.44 1.13
81
Table D12
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 2 with Stimulus of -10 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.42 0.60 -1.18 0.66
O1 -0.32 0.67 -0.95 1.03
OZ -0.26 0.72 -0.97 1.15
PZ -0.88 0.43 -1.48 -0.10
P4 -0.70 0.32 -1.25 -0.32
CP4 -1.14 0.76 -2.82 -0.27
P8 -0.65 0.42 -1.16 0.15
C4 -1.07 0.53 -2.14 -0.57
TP8 -0.64 0.80 -2.11 0.59
T8 -0.56 1.01 -2.14 0.98
P7 -0.52 0.55 -1.27 0.19
P3 -0.77 0.63 -1.56 0.21
CP3 -1.04 0.68 -2.10 0.04
CPZ -1.18 0.51 -2.01 -0.36
CZ -1.26 0.76 -2.66 -0.33
FC4 -1.09 0.55 -1.93 -0.39
FT8 -0.76 1.18 -2.88 0.58
TP7 -0.53 0.56 -1.42 0.24
C3 -1.18 0.84 -2.82 0.01
FCZ -1.37 0.55 -2.25 -0.59
FZ -1.24 0.71 -2.24 -0.31
F4 -1.08 0.76 -2.66 -0.20
F8 -0.65 1.14 -3.14 0.42
T7 -0.61 0.55 -1.36 0.48
FT7 -0.69 0.44 -1.33 0.07
FC3 -1.13 0.66 -1.75 0.09
F3 -0.95 0.65 -2.25 -0.25
FP2 -0.89 1.26 -3.69 0.46
F7 -0.73 0.54 -1.37 0.06
FP1 -0.84 0.99 -3.05 0.23
82
Table D13
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 2 with Stimulus of 0 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.11 0.50 -1.01 0.19
O1 -0.08 1.08 -0.83 1.81
OZ -0.09 0.84 -0.67 1.37
PZ -0.55 1.00 -1.40 0.97
P4 -0.41 0.47 -0.82 0.31
CP4 -0.77 0.60 -1.35 -0.02
P8 -0.15 0.71 -0.81 1.03
C4 -0.87 0.87 -1.65 0.53
TP8 -0.26 0.46 -0.75 0.42
T8 -0.35 0.56 -1.00 0.44
P7 -0.20 0.76 -0.74 1.11
P3 -0.55 0.88 -1.35 0.86
CP3 -0.75 0.81 -1.36 0.64
CPZ -0.97 0.88 -1.87 0.42
CZ -1.21 0.85 -1.89 0.26
FC4 -1.14 0.75 -1.90 0.08
FT8 -0.70 0.24 -0.93 -0.35
TP7 -0.42 0.81 -0.98 0.98
C3 -1.01 0.62 -1.45 0.01
FCZ -1.24 0.88 -1.97 0.23
FZ -0.91 0.75 -1.53 0.33
F4 -1.02 0.52 -1.47 -0.17
F8 -0.77 0.25 -1.15 -0.51
T7 -0.39 0.49 -1.00 0.30
FT7 -0.17 0.63 -0.72 0.71
FC3 -0.93 0.94 -1.63 0.60
F3 -0.74 0.70 -1.33 0.46
FP2 -0.65 0.50 -1.24 0.09
F7 0.05 0.91 -0.71 1.52
FP1 -0.13 1.00 -0.90 1.45
83
Table D14
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 2 with Stimulus of 10 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.35 0.42 -1.03 0.05
O1 -0.56 0.39 -1.01 -0.16
OZ -0.77 0.75 -2.00 -0.20
PZ -0.54 0.39 -0.92 -0.03
P4 -0.59 0.76 -1.45 0.31
CP4 -0.57 0.86 -1.38 0.36
P8 -0.32 0.70 -0.99 0.45
C4 -0.43 0.97 -1.49 0.74
TP8 -0.24 0.78 -0.91 0.67
T8 -0.25 0.87 -1.15 0.79
P7 0.01 0.53 -0.40 0.90
P3 -0.26 0.29 -0.60 -0.01
CP3 -0.10 0.44 -0.60 0.36
CPZ -0.46 0.59 -0.99 0.53
CZ -0.35 0.73 -0.82 0.86
FC4 -0.56 1.04 -1.56 0.94
FT8 -0.24 0.87 -0.87 1.10
TP7 0.14 0.43 -0.32 0.75
C3 -0.04 0.58 -0.56 0.88
FCZ -0.23 0.85 -0.84 1.17
FZ -0.22 0.84 -1.30 1.03
F4 -0.42 1.07 -1.54 1.22
F8 -0.29 0.93 -1.22 1.10
T7 0.21 0.60 -0.39 1.19
FT7 0.20 0.48 -0.37 0.77
FC3 -0.19 0.61 -0.49 0.91
F3 -0.16 0.56 -0.79 0.74
FP2 -0.20 1.03 -1.49 1.36
F7 0.26 0.26 -0.01 0.60
FP1 0.07 0.72 -0.96 1.01
84
Table D15
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 2 with Stimulus of 20 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.52 0.24 -0.84 -0.27
O1 -0.73 0.43 -1.16 -0.35
OZ -0.92 0.47 -1.44 -0.38
PZ -1.41 0.35 -1.75 -1.05
P4 -0.65 0.80 -1.11 0.54
CP4 -0.83 0.75 -1.43 0.24
P8 -0.14 1.08 -1.07 1.41
C4 -0.74 0.83 -1.62 0.34
TP8 0.11 0.89 -0.58 1.41
T8 -0.05 0.87 -0.87 1.18
P7 -0.55 0.42 -1.08 -0.14
P3 -1.34 0.37 -1.70 -0.93
CP3 -1.19 0.37 -1.64 -0.87
CPZ -1.50 0.36 -1.98 -1.17
CZ -1.51 0.82 -2.18 -0.45
FC4 -1.20 1.06 -1.75 0.38
FT8 0.11 0.85 -0.72 1.21
TP7 -0.33 0.66 -0.85 0.62
C3 -1.08 0.33 -1.47 -0.77
FCZ -1.50 0.79 -2.13 -0.43
FZ -1.26 1.11 -2.24 0.29
F4 -0.90 1.15 -1.64 0.82
F8 -0.04 0.84 -0.70 1.20
T7 -0.24 0.59 -0.66 0.62
FT7 -0.30 0.73 -0.96 0.73
FC3 -1.11 0.67 -1.60 -0.19
F3 -0.83 0.75 -1.65 0.07
FP2 -0.77 0.80 -1.53 0.33
F7 -0.39 0.49 -0.94 0.09
FP1 -0.39 0.61 -1.03 0.41
85
Table D16
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 2 with Stimulus of 30 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.47 0.82 -1.93 0.69
O1 -0.79 0.91 -2.23 0.70
OZ -0.78 0.96 -2.73 0.68
PZ -1.09 0.54 -2.02 -0.38
P4 -1.14 0.91 -2.38 0.18
CP4 -1.17 0.63 -1.98 -0.40
P8 -0.65 0.75 -1.54 0.43
C4 -1.03 0.55 -1.94 -0.45
TP8 -0.54 0.46 -1.11 0.22
T8 -0.50 0.55 -1.26 0.37
P7 -0.47 0.45 -1.12 0.14
P3 -1.20 1.21 -3.99 -0.25
CP3 -0.89 0.45 -1.66 -0.37
CPZ -1.28 0.63 -2.67 -0.74
CZ -1.15 0.50 -2.27 -0.67
FC4 -0.95 0.62 -1.72 0.06
FT8 -0.61 0.81 -1.84 0.38
TP7 -0.40 0.42 -1.36 -0.03
C3 -0.72 0.42 -1.43 0.03
FCZ -0.94 0.55 -1.83 -0.33
FZ -0.65 0.52 -1.30 0.05
F4 -0.59 0.89 -1.58 0.78
F8 -0.64 1.05 -2.46 0.40
T7 -0.32 0.57 -1.33 0.27
FT7 -0.18 0.51 -1.14 0.35
FC3 -0.53 0.42 -1.12 0.14
F3 -0.29 0.42 -1.06 0.37
FP2 -0.41 0.65 -1.54 0.12
F7 -0.11 0.51 -0.82 0.58
FP1 -0.14 0.56 -1.03 0.93
86
Table D17
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 3 with Stimulus of -40 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 0.12 0.77 -0.99 1.14
O1 0.05 0.23 -0.30 0.37
OZ -0.04 0.35 -0.39 0.59
PZ -0.56 0.28 -0.85 -0.20
P4 -0.45 0.65 -1.59 0.42
CP4 -0.48 0.67 -1.27 0.60
P8 -0.30 0.65 -1.44 0.46
C4 -0.89 0.68 -1.63 -0.08
TP8 -0.38 0.56 -1.42 0.05
T8 -0.34 0.74 -1.51 0.51
P7 -0.15 0.47 -0.81 0.42
P3 -0.16 0.38 -0.58 0.50
CP3 -0.53 0.37 -1.12 -0.07
CPZ -0.87 0.53 -1.49 0.04
CZ -0.87 0.80 -2.17 -0.06
FC4 -0.81 1.48 -3.71 0.16
FT8 -0.41 0.64 -1.50 0.12
TP7 -0.14 0.45 -0.80 0.42
C3 -0.60 0.51 -1.51 0.00
FCZ -1.17 1.37 -3.84 0.11
FZ -0.93 1.99 -4.89 0.35
F4 -0.84 1.92 -4.69 0.32
F8 -0.27 0.75 -1.52 0.35
T7 -0.21 0.62 -1.19 0.68
FT7 -0.39 0.91 -1.72 0.72
FC3 -0.91 1.42 -3.65 0.34
F3 -0.71 1.48 -3.59 0.34
FP2 -0.62 1.58 -3.74 0.40
F7 -0.30 0.81 -1.27 0.69
FP1 -0.27 1.44 -3.15 0.72
87
Table D18
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 3 with Stimulus of -30 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.08 0.77 -1.08 0.76
O1 -0.27 0.85 -1.10 0.78
OZ 0.06 0.81 -0.85 1.09
PZ 0.15 0.87 -0.66 1.33
P4 0.31 0.73 -0.58 1.21
CP4 0.02 0.70 -0.63 0.67
P8 0.01 0.71 -1.02 0.49
C4 -0.03 0.65 -0.82 0.76
TP8 -0.01 0.62 -0.92 0.45
T8 -0.30 0.61 -1.06 0.21
P7 -0.40 0.48 -1.09 -0.08
P3 -0.33 1.13 -1.97 0.47
CP3 -0.21 0.87 -1.48 0.46
CPZ 0.13 0.98 -1.17 0.99
CZ -0.28 1.03 -1.77 0.58
FC4 -0.42 0.99 -1.61 0.58
FT8 -0.32 0.40 -0.78 0.07
TP7 -0.25 0.63 -1.09 0.31
C3 -0.35 1.10 -1.81 0.67
FCZ -0.57 1.18 -1.66 0.49
FZ -0.43 1.22 -1.67 0.72
F4 -0.27 0.51 -0.84 0.20
F8 -0.44 0.41 -0.88 0.10
T7 -0.72 1.08 -1.64 0.47
FT7 -0.59 1.15 -1.66 0.46
FC3 -0.46 1.42 -1.96 0.92
F3 -0.48 1.00 -1.57 0.38
FP2 -0.04 0.25 -0.42 0.11
F7 -0.70 1.10 -1.68 0.57
FP1 -0.39 0.55 -1.02 0.33
88
Table D19
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 3 with Stimulus of -20 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.31 0.66 -1.12 0.75
O1 -0.23 0.68 -1.16 0.67
OZ -0.54 0.66 -1.13 0.67
PZ -1.41 1.10 -3.44 -0.35
P4 -1.11 1.38 -3.15 0.87
CP4 -1.21 1.63 -4.32 0.49
P8 -0.92 0.79 -2.22 -0.09
C4 -1.12 1.75 -4.59 0.06
TP8 -0.68 0.90 -2.22 0.42
T8 -0.36 0.78 -1.65 0.46
P7 -0.39 0.52 -0.98 0.24
P3 -0.98 0.73 -2.22 -0.06
CP3 -0.98 1.06 -2.90 -0.14
CPZ -1.61 1.54 -4.48 -0.38
CZ -1.30 1.75 -4.61 0.04
FC4 -0.97 1.51 -3.97 0.12
FT8 -0.36 0.70 -1.67 0.31
TP7 -0.31 0.54 -1.00 0.22
C3 -0.90 1.14 -2.92 -0.04
FCZ -1.08 1.80 -4.49 0.86
FZ -0.70 1.12 -2.90 0.26
F4 -0.62 1.06 -2.35 0.49
F8 -0.51 0.68 -1.66 0.28
T7 -0.30 0.59 -1.37 0.34
FT7 -0.18 0.74 -1.62 0.35
FC3 -0.76 1.01 -2.47 0.31
F3 -0.23 0.49 -1.14 0.23
FP2 0.14 0.55 -0.52 1.08
F7 -0.13 0.89 -1.75 0.68
FP1 0.32 0.34 -0.10 0.72
89
Table D20
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 3 with Stimulus of -10 ms
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.20 0.73 -0.89 1.09
O1 -0.54 0.60 -1.34 0.25
OZ -0.63 0.80 -2.08 0.00
PZ -0.70 1.20 -1.93 1.43
P4 -0.40 0.97 -1.52 1.25
CP4 -0.54 0.48 -1.15 -0.04
P8 0.13 0.30 -0.25 0.47
C4 -0.19 0.64 -1.17 0.72
TP8 0.28 0.60 -0.47 1.12
T8 0.23 0.59 -0.48 1.01
P7 -0.48 0.36 -1.02 -0.07
P3 -0.75 0.78 -1.64 0.72
CP3 -0.74 0.56 -1.32 0.22
CPZ -0.73 1.01 -1.99 0.91
CZ -1.03 1.20 -2.99 0.31
FC4 -0.39 0.61 -1.04 0.37
FT8 0.45 0.69 -0.48 1.36
TP7 -0.41 0.42 -1.03 0.16
C3 -0.81 0.44 -1.30 -0.19
FCZ -0.72 0.73 -1.48 0.25
FZ -0.49 0.99 -1.46 1.07
F4 -0.09 0.57 -0.62 0.75
F8 0.45 0.61 -0.50 1.37
T7 -0.38 0.59 -1.15 0.41
FT7 -0.35 0.45 -1.01 0.04
FC3 -0.82 0.57 -1.38 0.15
F3 -0.35 0.90 -1.17 0.87
FP2 -0.12 0.41 -0.55 0.42
F7 -0.33 0.72 -1.04 0.72
FP1 -0.22 0.85 -0.93 1.38
90
Table D21
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 3 with Stimulus of 0 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.34 0.51 -1.35 0.09
O1 -0.27 0.42 -0.83 0.16
OZ -0.34 0.48 -1.23 0.23
PZ -1.21 1.54 -4.52 0.31
P4 -0.67 0.85 -2.52 0.08
CP4 -0.89 1.14 -3.50 0.08
P8 -0.40 0.67 -1.88 0.22
C4 -0.87 1.35 -4.00 0.13
TP8 -0.15 0.78 -1.87 0.76
T8 -0.26 0.71 -1.81 0.36
P7 -0.10 0.43 -0.72 0.42
P3 -0.69 0.67 -2.06 -0.04
CP3 -0.65 0.67 -1.67 0.25
CPZ -1.33 1.52 -4.68 0.29
CZ -1.08 1.48 -4.33 0.27
FC4 -0.84 1.32 -3.79 0.31
FT8 -0.13 0.76 -1.81 0.46
TP7 -0.13 0.44 -0.73 0.42
C3 -0.54 0.66 -1.68 0.26
FCZ -0.88 1.68 -4.58 0.46
FZ -0.52 1.23 -3.18 0.87
F4 -0.48 1.00 -2.58 0.91
F8 -0.18 0.78 -1.76 0.80
T7 -0.18 0.28 -0.57 0.18
FT7 -0.09 0.36 -0.63 0.34
FC3 -0.55 0.95 -1.95 0.45
F3 -0.23 0.73 -1.41 0.92
FP2 0.04 0.92 -0.88 1.67
F7 -0.06 0.35 -0.63 0.39
FP1 -0.13 0.76 -1.17 1.08
91
Table D22
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 3 with Stimulus of 10 ms
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.22 0.38 -0.64 0.33
O1 -0.13 0.64 -0.76 0.87
OZ -0.35 0.63 -1.09 0.54
PZ -1.12 0.92 -2.28 0.38
P4 -0.79 0.54 -1.85 -0.20
CP4 -0.91 0.61 -1.87 0.20
P8 -0.24 0.51 -0.62 0.66
C4 -1.15 0.42 -1.79 -0.55
TP8 -0.42 0.20 -0.67 -0.06
T8 -0.39 0.30 -0.80 -0.07
P7 -0.28 0.48 -0.89 0.55
P3 -0.64 0.93 -1.86 0.69
CP3 -1.02 0.60 -2.10 -0.24
CPZ -1.47 0.92 -3.02 -0.52
CZ -1.43 0.82 -2.60 -0.34
FC4 -1.16 0.66 -2.02 -0.18
FT8 -0.53 0.54 -1.35 0.09
TP7 -0.27 0.48 -0.87 0.55
C3 -1.09 0.64 -1.94 -0.35
FCZ -1.27 0.92 -2.29 0.23
FZ -1.26 0.99 -2.57 0.42
F4 -1.33 1.27 -3.81 0.05
F8 -0.40 0.37 -0.83 0.11
T7 -0.54 0.09 -0.63 -0.41
FT7 -0.47 0.81 -1.69 0.92
FC3 -1.07 0.99 -2.36 0.82
F3 -1.05 1.23 -2.31 0.81
FP2 -0.34 0.82 -1.65 0.84
F7 -0.77 0.63 -2.10 -0.17
FP1 -0.90 1.13 -2.50 0.55
92
Table D23
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 3 with Stimulus of 20 ms VOT
Location Mean SD Min Max
O2 -0.52 1.09 -2.93 0.46
O1 -0.50 0.81 -1.86 0.36
OZ -0.52 1.06 -2.67 0.63
PZ -1.07 0.97 -2.71 0.08
P4 -0.92 0.98 -2.99 0.01
CP4 -0.84 1.08 -2.37 0.63
P8 -0.56 0.65 -1.59 0.45
C4 -0.51 1.08 -2.29 0.90
TP8 -0.53 0.55 -1.34 0.19
T8 -0.25 0.84 -1.35 0.60
P7 -0.44 0.36 -1.08 0.03
P3 -0.70 0.77 -2.11 0.41
CP3 -0.53 0.66 -1.63 0.25
CPZ -0.93 1.16 -2.73 0.51
CZ -0.45 1.00 -1.62 0.80
FC4 -0.17 1.01 -1.80 0.93
FT8 -0.14 0.69 -1.38 0.88
TP7 -0.36 0.46 -1.05 0.35
C3 -0.28 0.75 -1.38 0.56
FCZ -0.13 0.95 -1.30 1.06
FZ 0.06 0.92 -1.03 1.46
F4 -0.02 0.94 -1.50 1.52
F8 -0.10 0.76 -1.37 1.18
T7 0.09 0.71 -0.45 1.73
FT7 0.19 0.56 -0.37 1.44
FC3 -0.10 0.88 -1.55 0.85
F3 0.30 0.80 -0.71 1.60
FP2 -0.06 0.99 -1.33 1.80
F7 0.26 0.63 -0.36 1.68
FP1 0.29 1.07 -0.61 2.30
93
Table D24
Descriptive Statistics for RMS Amplitudes of the Mismatch Negativity for Group 3 with Stimulus of 30 ms VOT