Networking+ Chapter 3

8/19/2019 Networking+ Chapter 3

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CompTIA Network+ N10-006Authorized Cert Guide

Chapter 3Network Components


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Foundation Topics

edia

Network In!rastructure "e#ices

$pecia%ized Network "e#ices

&irtua% Network "e#ices

&oice o#er I' 'rotoco%s and Components


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Identi!(in) Network Components

What are the characteristics of various media types?

What is the role of a given network infrastructure component?

What features are provided by specialized network devices?

How are virtualization technologies impacting traditional corporatedata center designs?

What are some of the primary protocols and hardware componentsfound in a Voice over IP (VoIP network?


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edia

!etwork media breaks down into three categories"

#opper $iber optic

Wireless

%ach of these categories is divided into subcategories&each with different specifications and uses'


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Copper

#opper cabling has been used for communication since themid)*++s& when the telegraph became widely used'

,here are three categories of copper cabling"

#oa-ial .nshielded twistedpair /hielded twistedpair

%ach also has subcategories with different specificationsand uses'


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Coa*ia% Ca%e t(pes

,he three of the most common types of coa-ial cables areas follows"

,G-6" #ommonly used by local cable companies to

connect individual homes'

,G-." ,his type of coa-ial cable was popular with early)+01/%2 %thernet networks'

,G-/" ,ypically used to carry composite video betweentwo nearby devices (for e-ample& cable bo- to ,V


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nshie%ded Twisted-'air

#ategory 5 cable

$our pairs of insulatedcopper wires

/ome resistance to %4I


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Twisted-'air Cate)ories

Cate)or( a*imumThrou)hput

a*imum"istance

#at 7 )+ 4bps )++ meters

#at 8 )++ 4bps )++ meters

#at 8e ) 9bps )++ meters

#at 5 ) 9bps )++ meters

#at 5a )+ 9bps )++ meters

#at 6 )+ 9bps )++ meters


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Twisted-'air Connectors ,2-11

:pin connector

.sed on most hometelephone networks


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Twisted-'air Connectors "4-/

1lso known as ;/272


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Fier-5ptic Ca%in)

.ses light from an 3%= or laser to transmit informationthrough a glass fiber'

,wo categories of fiberoptic cabling are as follows"

4ultimode fiber /inglemode fiber


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u%timode Fier F7

3ight propagation over multimode fiberoptic cable


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$in)%e-ode Fier $F7

3ight propagation over over singlemode fiberoptic cable


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Fier-5ptic Connectors

3# 3ucent connector

/# > /ubscriber #onnector /, > /traight ,ip #onnector

4,; > Mechanical Transfer-Registered Jack


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Fier-5ptic Compared to Copper

Ad#anta)es 5!Fier-5ptic Ca%in)

Higher bandwidth 3onger distances

Immune to %4I 0etter security

Ad#anta)es o!Copper Ca%in)

3ess e-pensive %asy to install

Ine-pensive tools


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Ca%e "istriution

55block patch panel ))+block patch panel


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Ca%e "istriution

1 typical .,P cabling installation


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9us

Hubs operated at 3ayer ) of the A/I model and were usedto connect multiple network devices'

,hey are sometimes called multiport repeaters'

,hree basic types of %thernet hubs are as follows" Passive hub 1ctive hub /mart hub

Hubs are essentially obsolete today' ,hey have beenreplaced by switches in modern 31!s'


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9us

5ne co%%ision domain5ne roadcast domain


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4rid)es

oin two or more 31! segments'

%ach 31! segment becomes a separate collision domain'

0ridges analyze source 41# addresses in frames enteringthe bridge and populate an internal 41# address tablebased on those addresses'

0ridges make intelligent forwarding decisions based on the

destination 41# address in the frame'

4 id


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4rid)es

Two co%%ision domains

5ne roadcast domain

$ it h


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$witches

/witches are essentially a multiport bridge' ,hey areusually considered a 3ayer 2 device'

,hey learn 41# addresses and make forwarding decisionsbased on that information'

/witches analyze source 41# addresses in framesentering the switch and populate an internal 41#address table based on those addresses'

%ach port represents a collision domain' 1ll ports belong tothe same broadcast domain'

$ it h


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$witches

Four co%%ision domains

5ne roadcast domain

, t


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,outers

;outers are 3ayer 7 devices' ,hey make forwardingdecisions based on logical network address information&usually IP addresses'

%ach port on a router is a separate collision domain and aseparate broadcast domain'

;outers are typically more feature rich and support abroader range of interface types'

, t


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,outers

:i)ht co%%ision domains

Two roadcast domains

u%ti%a(er $witches


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u%ti%a(er $witches

4ultilayer switches combine features of 3ayer 2 switchesand 3ayer 7 routers'

,hey can make decisions based on both 41# addressesand IP addresses'

If configured with V31!s (which are discussed in #hapter:& each port on a multilayer switch can be a collisiondomain and a broadcast domain'


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In!rastructure "e#ices $ummar(


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In!rastructure "e#ices $ummar(

"e#ice T(pe Numer o!Co%%ision "omains'ossi%e

Numer o!4roadcast "omains'ossi%e

5$I ;a(er o!5peration

Hub ) ) )

0ridge ) per port ) 2

/witch ) per port ) 24ultilayerswitch

) per port ) per port 7B

;outer ) per port ) per port 7B



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,here is more to a network than Cust routers& switches&and P#s' Ather devices serve specific functions toimprove network usability& performance& and security'

,hese devices include the following" VP! concentrators $irewalls =!/ servers =H#P servers

Pro-y servers #ontent engines and switches

&'N Concentrators


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&'N Concentrators

#ompanies with locations across multiple sites reDuiresecure communications between those sites'

1 virtual private network (VP! creates a secure& virtualtunnel network over an untrusted network& like theInternet'

Ane of the devices that can terminate VP! tunnels is aVP! concentrator& although firewalls typically perform

this function now'

,here is more about VP!s in #hapter )2'

&'N Concentrators


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&'N Concentrators

VP!

#oncentrator

VP!

#oncentrator

VP!

#oncentrator

VP!

#oncentrator

9ead


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Firewa%%s

1 firewall is primarily a network security appliance' Itstands guard at the entrance to your network&protecting it from malicious Internet traffic'

$irewalls can be software or hardware'


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"N$ $er#ers


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"N$ $er#ers

#omputers and the internet use numbers not names& butpeople recall names better than numbers'

1 Domain Name System (=!/ server performs the taskof taking a domain name& like www'ciscopress'com& and

resolving that name into an IP address that isunderstood on the network'

,his is similar to the contact list on your phone' Eou rarely

dial your friendsF phone numbers' Instead& you Cust clicktheir name to call them'

"N$ $er#ers


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"N$ $er#ers

"N$ 9ierarch(


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"N$ 9ierarch(

"9C' $er#ers


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"9C' $er#ers

Initially& clients on networks needed IP addresses manuallyconfigured (or statically assigned to communicate' ,hiswas a hassle and also led to configuration errors'

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (=H#P

automates the process so the vast maCority of deviceson a network receive an IP address automatically'

,he key elements assigned through =H#P include theIP address& subnet mask& default gateway& and=!/ server'

"9C' $er#ers


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"9C' $er#ers

'ro*( $er#ers


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'ro*( $er#ers

1 proxy server is a device that makes a reDuest on behalfof a client'

#lients are configured to forward their packets& which areseemingly destined for the Internet& to a pro-y server'

,he pro-y server evaluates the reDuestG if it has a copy ofthe information the client is seeking& it replies with thecached copy'

If the reDuested page is not in the cache& the serverforwards the reDuest to the Internet'

'ro*( $er#ers


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'ro*( $er#ers

Content :n)ines and $witches


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)

/ome networks do not use pro-y servers' Instead& theyuse a dedicated appliance to perform this contentcaching'

,hese appliances are commonly referred to as caching

engines or content engines'

Content switches are also known as load balancers&distributing incoming reDuests across the various serversin the server farm'

Content :n)ines


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)

Content $witches


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&irtua% $er#ers


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Instead of having several separate physical servers&virtualization allows multiple virtual instances ofservers to e-ist on a single powerful server'

1 single server can have multiple 4icrosoft Windows

virtual servers running simultaneously with 3inu- virtualservers'

&irtua% $er#ers


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$ummar(


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5$I ,e!erence ode% /even layers 1ssists in understanding network processes

TC'=I' $tack

$our layers /imilar purpose as A/I model

'ort Numers and Assi)nments %ach application layer protocol has a different port

number' =ifferent ranges have different purposes'

$ummar(


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edia #opper $iber optic Wireless

Network In!rastructure "e#ices /witches ;outers

$ummar(


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$pecia%ized Network "e#ices VP! concentrators $irewalls =!/ servers =H#P servers

Pro-y servers #ontent engines and switches

&irtua% Network "e#ices Virtual servers

&oice o#er I' 'rotoco%s and Components

Networking+ Chapter 3

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