Networking between Academia, Public Research Institutes and Industry ---Korean Experiences

Networking between Academia, Public Networking between Academia, Public Research Institutes and Industry Research Institutes and Industry

---Korean Experiences---Korean Experiences

Prof. Se-Jung OhPresident, Institute for Basic Science (Current)President, National Research Foundation of Korea (Previous)Professor of Physics, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

Asian Currency Crisis

[ GNI per capita (1953 ~ 2008), nominal US $ ]

Source : The Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr

GNI per capita of Korea

• Year 1953: $ 67/ yr was one of the poorest countries in the world

• Year 2006: $ 18,372 & Year 2010: $ 20,753

Miracle of Korean EconomyMiracle of Korean Economy

1969 1980 1990 2000 2010

R&D expenditure (B won) 9.8 211.7 3,210.5 13,848.5 43,854.8

- Public 7.2 (73%)

105.5 (50%)

510.8 (16%)

3,816.9 (28%)

12,270.2 (28%)

- Private 1.8 (18%)

102.4 (48%)

2,698.9 (84%)

10,023.4 (72%)

31,489.6 (72%)

- Foreign 0.8 (8%)

3.8 (2%)

0.8 (0%)

8.2 (0%)

95.0 (0%)

Number of researchers (FTE) 5,337 18,434 70,503 159,973 345,912

- Government Research Institutes (GRI’s)

2,413 (45%)

4,598 (25%)

10,434 (15%)

13,913 (9%)

26,235 (8%)

- University 2,142 (40%)

8,695 (47%)

21,332 (30%)

51,727 (32%)

93,509 (27%)

- Private Industry 782 (15%)

5,141 (28%)

38,737 (55%)

94,333 (59%)

226,168 (65%)

R&D Expenditure and Number of Researchers

Korean National Innovation System - InputKorean National Innovation System - Input

Stage 1960s ~ 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000 ~ 2010

Per Capita GNP • $82 ~ $1,676 • $1,645 ~ $ 5,418 • $6,417 ~ $9,438 • $10,804 ~ $20,753

Major Industry

• Agriculture and Labor-intensive industry (Textile, Shoes, etc)

• heavy industry (Steel, Auto, Chemicals ,etc)

• Electronic and IT products

(Electric Appliances, Semiconductor etc)

• IT products and others

(Semiconductor, LCD, Auto, etc)

R & D Focus• Imitation of mature foreign technologies

• Imitation of mature, advanced foreign technologies

• Expansion of public R&D

• Development of growth engine technologies

Domestic R & D Situation

• Inadequacy of university & industry research

• Reliance on GRI’s

• Expansion of industry & university research

• Foundation of industry-led system• Expansion of university research

Government Policy on R & D and Human

Resource Development

• Established KIST (1966) and other GRI’s

• Established KAIS (1973)

• Expansion of University System

• Rapid growth of Graduate Schools

• Emphasis on the Quality of Graduate Education and Research

• Globalization of University

• Foster Top-quality Research Univ.

HRD Policy at Doctorate Level

• Import from foreign countries

• Import as well as Domestic Training

• Post-doc Training of Domestic Ph.D’s in foreign countries

• Assimilation in the Global Market

Progress of Korean National Innovation SystemProgress of Korean National Innovation System

Three Major Innovation System Actors in Korea

  R&D Expenditure(B Won)

No. of Researchers(total FTE))

No. of Researchers (Ph.D level)

University 4,745 (11%) 93,509 (27%) 53,947 (66%)

Government Research Institutes

(GRI’s)

6,306 (14%) 26,235 (8%) 12,818 (16%)

Private Industry 32,803 (75%) 226,168 (65%) 14,677 (18%)

(as of 2010)

Tri-Lateral networks and Hybrid oranization

AcademiaAcademia

IndustryIndustryPublic Public Research Research InstituteInstitute

Triple Helix ModelTriple Helix Model

(1) Manpower Exchange /Flow(1) Manpower Exchange /Flow

Joint Appointments between University and GRI’s or Private Industry

Policies to Facilitate Networking between Policies to Facilitate Networking between Innovation System ActorsInnovation System Actors

- A special law was passed last year to allow good scientists/engineers to hold dual appointments in University, Government Research Institutes and Private Industry

Researchers in Government Research Institutes can spend an extended period of time at private industries when they carry out joint research projects.

- In some cases, GRI’s support staying expenses of their researchers in private companies when the company is small or medium size.

A professor can have an extended leave-of-absence when he/she starts a venture company- Usually professors in the university are allowed to have leave-of-absence for one year after 7 years of active service, but when he/she starts a venture company he/she can have the leave-of-absence for an extended period of time. (up to 5 years depending on the University)

(2) Encourage Joint Research Activities (2) Encourage Joint Research Activities between University between University and Private Industryand Private Industry

- The participating industry can share the government project budget during the joint research. However, when the company makes a profit later on by applying the results of this joint project, they are required to pay back their research expenditure.

Some government research projects, especially on applied topics, require participation of private industry even when the Principal Investigator belongs to University or Government Research Institutes.

Special tax incentive is given to the industry when they carry out the joint research project with university

- Up to 50% of research expenditure can be deducted from the tax of the company

(3) Trust Building between University, (3) Trust Building between University, Government Research Institutes and IndustryGovernment Research Institutes and Industry

A special council is established to discuss matters of mutual interest between university, government research institutes and private industry

- Representatives of university, public research institutes, and private industry meet regularly along with government officials to discuss matters of mutual interest.

TLO’s (Technology Licensing Offices) are established in universities to facilitate diffusion of university-invented technology to private industry

- Government supports the establishment and operating budget of university TLO’s