Networking

SUPERVISED BY:SIR IMRAN SHABBAR

PREPARED BY:NAQASH ZAHEER

Internship Presentation

OSS

Operational Support SystemResource sideGroup of computer programs used by

communications service providers for monitoring, controlling, analyzing and managing telephone network system

Supporting processes such as maintaining network inventory, provisioning services, configuring network components, and managing faults

The four key OSS elements are processes, data, applications, technologies.

BSS

Business Support SystemCustomer sideDealing with customers, supporting

processes such as taking orders, processing bills, and collecting payments

Collective term for the telecoms software solutions used to support customers

The term encompasses software that supports billing & charging; customer management; product design & management; sales & marketing; order & order activation

ESS

Enterprise Support SystemThey deal with a range of issues that form the

core of enterprise support systems, such as availability of finance, socio-cultural environment, personality dimensions, education systems, enterprise clusters and technology transfer

They are software applicationsThey allow for collaboration and

communication across the organization through collection of data

Resources in Network

There are two types of resources:Logical Resources: Logical Resource

represents all the characteristics of a device that you can’t physically touch as well as any actions on these logical characteristics.

Physical Resources: Physical Resource is anything you can touch which includes the cards, the slots and the ports.

AAA

Authentication, Authorization, AccountingRefers to security architecture for distributed

systems for controlling which users are allowed access to which services, and tracking which resources they have used

AAA server is a server program that handles user requests for access to computer resources

Two network protocols providing this functionality are particularly popular: the RADIUS protocol and its newer Diameter counterpart

Authentication(AAA)

who the user isAuthentication refers to the process where an

entity's identity is authenticatedBy providing evidence that it holds a specific

digital identityExamples of types of credentials are

passwords, one-time tokens, digital certificates, digital signatures and phone numbers

Authorization(AAA)

what the user can doThe authorization function determines

whether a particular entity is authorized to perform a given activity

For example, granting read access to a specific file for a specific authenticated user.

Accounting(AAA)

what the user didAccounting refers to the tracking of network

resource consumption by users for the purpose of capacity and trend analysis, cost allocation, billing

It may record events such as authentication and authorization failures

It tracks traffic that passes through the security appliance

RADIUS

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Serviceclient/server protocolEnables remote access servers to

communicate with a central server to authenticate dial-in users and authorize their access to the requested system or service.

RADIUS is a client/server protocol that runs in the application layer, using UDP as transport

RADIUS(Diagram)

Diameter

Diameter is an authentication, authorization, and accounting protocol for computer networks

Replaces the much less capable RADIUSProvides an upgrade path for RADIUSDiameter is reliable transport protocols (TCP

or SCTP, not UDP)

TACACS+

Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus

An access control network protocol for routers, network access servers and other networked computing devices

TACACS+

Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus

An access control network protocol for routers, network access servers and other networked computing devices

MDF

Main Distribution FrameA Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is the interface

between the subscriber cables coming from the local network (line side) and the switching equipment in the exchange (system side)

In telephony, a main distribution frame (MDF or main frame) is a signal distribution frame for connecting equipment (inside plant) to cables and subscriber carrier equipment (outside plant).

All cable copper pairs supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated at the MDF and distributed through the MDF to equipment within the local exchange e.g. repeaters and DSLAM

MDF(Picture)

Horizontal Blocks(MDF)

The horizontal blocks terminate the cables between the switch and the MDF

Each connection corresponds to a telephone number on the switch

The switch engineer shall determine the number of horizontal blocks on the frame.

All horizontal blocks shall be stenciled to show the termination IDs.

Vertical Blocks(MDF)

The vertical connectors are mounted on the vertical side of the MDF

Each connector protects 100 or 200 pairs of the OSP cables

The connector is equipped with tip cables.The tip cables are routed from the MDF through

the floor to the cable vault or over the MDF to the wall, where they are spliced to the OSP cable

The connectors for the tip cables shall be provided as either stub-up or stub-down

OCS

Online charging systemSystem allowing a communications service

provider to charge their customers, in real time, based on service usage

OSP

Outside PlantRefers to all of the physical cabling and

supporting infrastructure (such as conduit, cabinets, tower or poles)

located between a demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in another switching center or customer premises

acts as the communications equipment located between a main distributions frames (MDF) and a user end instrument

ONU

Optical Network UnitAn Optical Network Unit (ONU) converts optical

signals transmitted via fiber to electrical signals To provide telecommunications services over an

optical fiber networkThese electrical signals are then sent to

individual subscribersONU provides the subscribers with broadband

Internet accessAn ONU is used in combination with an optical

line terminal (OLT).An optical network unit (ONU) but is located near the customer.

OLT

Optical Line TerminalLocated in a central office and controls the

bidirectional flow of information across the network

Device which serves as the service provider endpoint of a passive optical network

There are 32 ONU’s in one OLT. OLT carries out 10-40 mbps.

ONU and OLU

PON

Passive Optical NetworkSystem that brings optical fiber cabling and

signals all or most of the way to the end userA PON reduces the amount of fiber and

central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architectures.

A passive optical network is a form of fiber-optic access network.

It carries out 2.5 Gbps.It consist of OLT’s

SONET

Synchronous Optical NetworkingSONET used in the United StatesProtocol that is used to transmit a large

volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium

Multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams

SDH

Synchronous Digital HierarchyStandard technology for synchronous data

transmission on optical mediaProvides faster and less expensive network

interconnection than traditional PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

Synchronous means the bits from one call are carried within one transmission frame

ISDN

Integrated Services for Digital NetworkSet of communication standards for

simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network

ISDN supports data transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000 bits per second).

There are two types of ISDN: 1.BRI 2. PRI

BRI

Basic Rate InterfaceConsists of two 64-Kbps B-channels and one

D-channel for transmitting control information

Two channels are used for actual voice or data traffic with each one operating at a rate of 64 KBPS

There is a third channel that is used for call supervision (connecting, disconnecting, etc.). This channel operates at a rate of 16 KBPS

PRI

Primary Rate Interfacestandardized telecommunications service level

within the ISDN specification for carrying multiple voice and data transmissions between a network and a user

PRI is the standard for providing telecommunication services to offices

The Primary Rate Interface consists of 23 B-channels and one 64 Kbps D-channel using a T-1 line or 30 B-channels and 1 D-channel using an E1 line

T1

Most commonly used digital transmission service in the United States, Canada, and Japan

It has a data rate of about 1.544 megabits / secondIt contains twenty four digital channels The scalability of the T1 is up to 200 and above

usersBroadband telecommunication connection used this

especially to connect ISP’s to internets infrastructure

Full duplex exchange of data over traditional wire

E1

E1 is similar to the T1E1 is the European term for the transmission The data rate of E1 is about 2 mega bits per

second It has 32 channels at the speed of 64 Kbps2 channels among the 32 are already

reserved One channel is used for signaling while the

other channel is used for controlling

DSLAM

Digital Subscriber Line Access MultiplexerNetwork device Often located in telephone exchanges Connects multiple customer digital

subscriber line (DSL) interfaces to a high-speed digital communications channel using multiplexing techniques

SMPP

Short Message Peer to PeerUsed in Mobile phonesSending and receiving medium of SMS

messagesSMPP is a standard protocol designed to

provide flexible data communication interface for the transfer of short messages between external short messaging and message centre's

Used as a third party

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolInternet standard for the electronic mail

transmission

FTP

File Transfer ProtocolNetwork protocol for transfer files from one

host to another host over TCP based network

FTAM

File Transfer Access Method(Management)An ISO standard that specifies methods of

transferring files between networked computers

Similar to FTP and NFS

Network Elements

Logical entities uniting one or more physical devices

An equipment used in provisioning of a telecommunication services

Telephone, routers computer clusters

MML

Man Machine LanguageSpecific languageDefine to standardize the interfaces for

managing a telecommunications from a console

SOAP

Simple Object Access ProtocolXML based protocol for accessing web

servicesProtocol specification for exchanging

structure information in the implementation of web services in computer networks

NGN

Next Generation NetworkPacket based networkOne network transport all information and

services by encapsulating these in to packetsAlso known as “all-IP”It is active network (electricity required)

GPON

Gigabit Passive Optical NetworkHigh bandwidthPoint to multipoint access From one single fiber from provider central

office to serve multiple homes and small business

2.5 Gbps downstream1.2 Gbps upstream

DOCSIS

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification

International telecom standard that permits the addition of high speed data transfer to an existing cable system

Cable modem standardDownstream traffic transfer rate is between

27-36Mbps

Synchronous TransmissionSynchronous Transmission

Asynchronous TransmissionAsynchronous Transmission

Consistent and continuous transfer of data blocks

Faster No start no stop bit Communication

over telephone lines

Not consistentSlower Bit 1 for start and 0

for stopSONET and

Ethernet

Synchronous Vs Asynchronous

SMSC

Short Message Service CenterNetwork element in mobile phone networksPurpose is to store, forward, convert and

deliver SMS messagesNetwork element platform

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolStandard for electronic mail transmissionE-mail transmission

MMSC

Multimedia Messaging ServicesStandard way to send messages that include

multimedia content to and from mobile phones

Only up to 160 characters in lengthCamera equipped handset

MPLS

Multiprotocol Label SwitchingMechanism in high performance

telecommunication networks that directs data from one network node to next based on short path labels

Speeding up network traffic flowCombination of routing and switching techniques Protocol independence transportEncapsulate packets of various network

protocols

CPE

Customer Premises EquipmentCPE device is telecommunications hardware

located at the home or business of a customerGenerally refers to devices such as

telephones, routers, and switches

SS7

Signaling System No.7Set of telephony signally protocolUsed to set up most of the worlds PSTN

telephone callsSet up and tear down the telephone calls 56-64 Kbps channel dedicatedForm of circuit switchingBinds all telecom network together

NMS

Network Management SystemRemote monitoring and control of the networkIf one part affect the rest of network also

affectNMS consist of:1.Configuration management2.Fault management3.Performance management4.Security management5.Accounting management

SNMP

Simple Network Management ProtocolProtocol for exchanging information between

management solution and a number of agentsFormatting and storing management

information

Cable Modem

Type of network bridge and modern that provides bi-directional data communication via radio frequency channels on an optical fiber and coaxial cable

Modem used for connecting to the internet and is much faster than dial-up modem

Doesn't connect phone line

SSL

Secure Socket LayerCryptographic protocols or online security

protocolsProvide data encryption and authentication

between applications and servers Provide communication over the internetBy Port method is commonly referred to as

“SSL”SSL 3.1 is most common

TSL

Transport Layer SecurityTSL is new name of SSLTSL 1.0 is SSL 3.1By Protocol method is commonly referred as

“TLS”Also cryptographic protocol

HLR

Home Location RegisterDatabase from a mobile network in which

information from all mobile subscriber is stored

It stores subscriber identity, telephone number, location of subscriber, subscriber status, subscriber services

It stores permanent data

VLR

Visitor Location RegisterCurrent subset of HLRCurrent location is stored in VLR when callEntity is removed when subscriber leaves

that cellIt stores mobile status, temporary mobile

subscriber identity

Business Case

Capturing the reasoning for initiating a project or task

Well structured written documentHelp decision makers to ensure that:1.Proposed initiative will have value2.Performance indicators

SDP

Service Delivery PlatformSet of components that provide a services

delivery architecture for a type of servicesRoles are manage and sell servicesProvide middle ground for exchange of

services between users and service providersDo not create and deliver services but

provides structure for service delivery

RAS

Remote Access ServerAccess to a computer from remote distanceType of services that allow users to gain

access to files and print services on the LAN from a remote Location

MTOSI

Multi-Technology Operations System Interface

XML based operation systemStandard for implementing interfaces

between OSSCovers all communication technologiesPurpose is to ease system integration

OSS/J

OSS through JAVATM forum technical program whose primary

goal is to develop open interface standards for the integration of BSS and OSS

OSS/J API’s are multi technology based and include java, XML, and web services integration profiles