Net Hardware

8/20/2019 Net Hardware

1/28

Networking concepts and

hardware


2/28

Basic Communications Model

Standards are needed at all Layers

User Layer

Application Layer

Computer (Transport) Layer

Transmission Layer


3/28

Subnet Layer

1

2

3

Station A Station B

Transmission of Messages

1. it!in a Single Su"net# or

2. in $oint%to%$oint Lin&s Bet'een Su"nets

1 2


4/28

Internet Layer

Station A Station B

outing of Messages

Across multiple su"nets in an internet

1

2

3


5/28

Internetting

Station A Station B

internet* collection of su"nets suc! t!at any station

on any su"net can communicate 'it! any ot!er

station on any ot!er su"net simply "y gi+ing t!e

internet a,,ress of t!e ot!er station.

1

2

3


6/28

Layering in Major Architectures

Basic Mo,el

Application

Computer

(Transport)

-nternet

TC$-$

-nternet

-$/S$/

-nternet

Su"net

(0S-)

0S-

Application ()

$resentation ()

Session ()

Transport ()

4et'or& (3)*

-nternet 5Su"net

6ata Lin& (2)

Application Application

Transport*

TC$# etc.

Comple7*

S$/# etc.

$!ysical (1)

Su"net

(0S-)

Su"net

(0S-)


7/28

LANs, MANs, !ANs

LAN

– Local area network

– Single office, building, campus

– 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps to the desktop common

– 1 Gbps coming

ill carr! most traffic, because most traffic islocal


8/28

"C Networking on a small LAN

4et'or& -nterface

Car, (4-C)

-n eac! $C

8ac! client an, ser+er nee,s a 4-C

rat!er t!an a mo,em


9/28


10/28

Microso#t Layered etwork

Architecture

4et'or& -nterface Car,

4et'or& A,apter Car, 6ri+ers

46-S -nterface Streams

Streams

Transport $rotocols

Transport 6ri+er -nterface

4etB-0S

,ri+er e,irectors Ser+ers inSoc& ,ri+er

1. Physical

2. Data Link

3. Network

MAC

LLC

4. Transport

5. Session

6. Presentation

7. Application

9ernel Mo,e

User Mo,e


11/28

Some basic concepts

N+"S "nterface Network +ri(er Specification "nterface, wrapsN"- dri(ers and allow communication with multiple protocols,

binds a N"- to a protocol.

Streams multiple channels allowing broader bandwidth for datatransfer, en(elop the protocols. /ransport +ri(er "nterface allows software dri(ers %ser(er,

redirector, etc' to communicate with protocols.

edirectors software in S that redirect network dri(es,printers reuests to network "23 reuests.

Ser(ers software that allows a de(ice to accept reuests fromother de(ices.


12/28

Standard protocols

Net4)5" * Net4"3S )&tended 5ser "nterface, 6nati(e7indows protocol, not routable.

/-82"8 * implemented through inSock, routable, supportsSNM8, +9-8, "NS.

NLink %"8:2S8:' * used to connect to No(ell Netare, ;ust a protocol, not access.

+L- * +ata Link -ontrol, used to connect to "4Mmainframes and 98 printers directl! connected to a network

%ser(er'.


13/28

$ata Link Layer

Logical Link Control Layer Logical Link Control Layer

Media Access Control (MAC) Layer Media Access Control (MAC) Layer

802.3

10Base-T

802.3

10Base-T802.3

10Base-5

802.3

10Base-5

802.3

t!er

"!ysical

Layer

802.3

t!er

"!ysical

Layer

802.5

"!ysical

Layer

# M$%s

802.5

"!ysical

Layer

# M$%s

802.5

"!ysical

Layer

1& M$%s

802.5

"!ysical

Layer

1& M$%s

t!er

"!ysical

Layer

t!er

"!ysical

Layer

'

ata Link

Layer

(Layer 2)

'

"!ysical

Layer

(Layer 1)

' ata Link Layer is s*$di+ided into t,o layers

Media access control

Logical link control

' ata Link Layer is s*$di+ided into t,o layers

Media access control

Logical link control


14/28

LAN %sing &thernet '(Base)*

-#5 /acks10Base-T *$ (M*lti%ort e%eater)

ns!ielded T,isted "air (T") iring

(#-"air B*ndle)

"C

-#5

ackC

et,ork

nter4ace

Card

10Base-T

T" iring

B*ndles# "airs

6A

Category

37 #7 or 5


15/28

NICs

Network "nterface -ards

– "mplement 8h!sical La!er

– 8lug and )lectrical Signaling

– "mplements the +ata Link La!er %data packaging,access control, etc.'

– LL- %


16/28

!iring

5nshielded /wisted 8air %5/8'

– /wisted se(eral times per foot to reduce interference, / in 104ase*and 5nshielded

– No protection e&cept for plastic coating

– +istance limitation 100 meters %attenuation, distortion, noise and interference, crosstalk'

** propagation

-ategories of 5/8 iring

– -ategor! ? /he best. Good for 100 Mbps– -ategor! > and @ lower. Ma! be 3 for 100 Mbps

iring 8lugs B*@? Standard

– Similar to home %B*11' ;acks, but wider


17/28

CSMA+C$ Media Access Control

-+ -ollision +etection

– "f two stations transmit at once C.

– /heir signals collide, scrambling one another– 4ecause each sender listens %senses the carrier',

both know that there has been a collision

– 4oth stop and wait a random amount of time.

Collision

101010 001110


18/28

&thernet '(Base)* LAN with Multiple

ubs

*$ 1

*$ 2 *$ 3

*$ #

'tation

A

'tation

B

'tation

C

'tation

T"

ire

T"

ire T"

ire

T"

ire

T" ire

aisy c!ain7

no Loo%s

allo,ed9

aisy c!ain7

no Loo%sallo,ed9

Maximum distance

between farthest Stations is

4 Hubs/5 100 meter segments


19/28

Switches

',itc!

'tation A

'tationB

'tation

C

'tation

Connection 1 A-C

Connection 1

A-C

Connection 2B-

Connection 2

B-

it! a s,itc!7 :*lti%le

stations :ay trans:itsi:*ltaneo*sly no

congestion as tra44ic

gro,s.


20/28

!ireless LAN

Broadcast

'ignal

Transcei+er

Trans:itting

Transcei+er

ecei+ing

Cl*ster

Transcei+er ecei+ing

Antenna

*$ Controller

ireless LA


21/28

!ireless LAN with Access "oints

ireless

ote$ook

C

Access "oint

nd*stry

'tandard

Co44ee

C*%

To 6t!ernet

',itc!

Antenna

(;an) "C Card

Connector


22/28

-(./'' !ireless LAN Speeds


23/28

Addresses

ddresses

Ethernet address (MAC address ) 48-bit unique addresses hard wired in NICs (280 trillion)

12 hex nubers! e"#" 00-A0-C$-$%-00-0&

'irst three identi' o*an! Intel in the exa*le

how to see+ I,on'i#! or ste In'oration

I, address (nuber) .2-bit /alue! not hard oded (4 billion)! assi#ned anuall or b

C,

'our dotted quads! eah quad a deial 'ro 0-2!orres*ondin# to ei#ht bits! e"#" 3MAI5 I, address is

1$8"202"0"2

to on/ert o*en Calulator selet 6iew! ienti'i! deial and

t*e dotted quad deial /alue! then selet binar"


24/28

Interneting

nterneting

tation A wants to send essa#e to station ! but I, nuber is not in the

sae subnet -- no an do7

ends the essa#e to the de'ault I, router -- de'ault #atewa

All stations belon#in# to the sae subnet share the 'irst three dotted

quads"

204"2"128"& and 204"2"128"14& are in the sae subnet! while

1$8"202"0"2 is not"


25/28

A,B and C)Class etworks

,B and C)Class etworks

A-lass networ9s 'irst 8 bits 'ixed! 'ro 0-12 (onl 12&)

/er lar#e o*anies li9e IM! N! EC!,

an assi#n . dotted quads - u* to 1 illion hosts

-lass networ9s 'irst 1 bits 'ixed! 'irst quad 128-1$1 and seond 0-2 (1!.84)

Mediu-si:ed o*anies li9e Miroso't! Exxon

an assi#n 2 dotted quads - u* to !. hosts

C-lass networ9s 'irst 24 bits 'ixed! 'irst quad 1$2-22.! seond and third 0-2 (2!0$&!12)

an assi#n 1 dotted quad - u* to 2. hosts! 0 is the subnet address"! 1

de'ault router address! 2 broadast address"


26/28

Sockets and !inSock

ockets and !inSock

o9ets are the basi ;C, requireento9et address

I, address o' the reei/er

,ort nuber o' the reei/in# *ro#ra (80!21!2.) ;*e o' *ort ;C, or 3,


27/28

Internet ost ames

nternet ost ames

ost naes in naes (use with


28/28

Setting static I" addresses

etting static I" addresses

=*en Control ,anel and selet Networ9 Connetions

3nder 5AN or i#h-*eed Internet selet loal area

onnetion!

ri#ht-li9 and selet *ro*erties selet Internet ,rotool (;C,?I,) and li9 on *ro*erties

'ill in I, nuber! ubnet Mas9! e'ault atewa and N

ser/er

li9 =B! lose"

3se *in# to test our setu*"

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