Neosuit

By Jillian Fialko

Table of Contents:

Acknowledgements....................4Overview.......................................6Executive Summary.....................8About Pressure Suits.................10-11History of the suit......................12-29

Wiley Post.........................16Mercury............................18Gemini..............................20Apollo...............................26

Current suits...............................30-41Soft Suits........................... 32Hardshell Suits.................... 34Hybrid Suits........................36Second Skin Suit...................38Accessories.........................40

Opportunities.............................43

Figure: 1.1

Comfort........................................46-49Accessibility........................46Fit......................................47Comfort vs. Protection..........48-49

Materials........................................50-53Minimizing Materials..............50Life Spans...........................51Technology Integration.......... 52Other Uses........................ 53

The Scenerio................................54NeoSuit.........................................56

Materials............................58Design Details.....................60Life Support....................... 62Other Considerations........... 64

Contents.........................................66

4

The U.S. Space Program has been scaling back expens-es in the last year. In response, the textile industry has put time, effort, and cost into materials used for the space suits and this report shows the importance of the textiles that are created and used in space suits.

-Jillian Fialko

5Figure: 1.2

As a society, our brains are wired to problem solve, which includes looking for the next big step. Even with preparation, it does not stop bad things from happening. Humans have known for years that our world has become over polluted, over populated and over exploited world’s resources. When the world is not longer inhabitable we will

look for colonization other places.

So the question is

What if we live in Space?

Figure: 1.36

Figure: 1.3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report is about the textiles used in pressure suits, specifically those used in the extreme conditions of outer space. The goal is to represent what could be a future suit for the modern astronaut. The study will take into account every day activities that a person would experience in a space

environment while wearing a suit.

The intent of this study is to explore this topic of living in space through pressured suits and textiles. Pressured suits are the main protection for an astronaut in the vastness of space. By looking at the past, present, and future of these garments, this report aims to pinpoint the white space remaining in the process of designing and producing these suits. Afterwords present what could be a possible use for the missing gap of the pressured suit and to

improve it for a modern astronaut.

After the extensive analysis, I created a new way of designing Extravehicular Mobility Unit spacesuit for the modern astronaut it will solve all the missing

opportunities.

Figure: 1.4 9

“Environmental influences have fashioned man in such a manner that he can only survive with-in certain limits of pressure and temperature.“1

10

Before going into the more detailed oriented research here is some basic facts of the Pressure Suit:

A pressure suit is a full body suit that keeps a human’s body the same limits as if they were on earth at sea level.

There are two zones for these suits: up and down. They are required for go-ing up into the atmosphere and outer space or down into the depths of the oceans.

The first full pressurized suits were based off of deep sea diving research.

Suits have to maintain 14.7 psi which is normal pressure at sea level. In space it is 4.3 psi.

After going up to 34,000 ft. 100% oxygen is needed. This zone is called the physiological-deficient zone.

The term spacesuit was coined in the 1962, after scientists recognize the possibility to live and work in space.1,2

Figure: 1.5 11

Wiley Post1934

Mercury Suit1962

G3C Gemini1965

G5C Gemini1965

A&-L Apollo1967-1972

G4C Gemini1965-1966

A history of the U.S. Suit

The Pros, the Cons and the Results

12

Wiley Post1934

Mercury Suit1962

G3C Gemini1965

G5C Gemini1965

A&-L Apollo1967-1972

G4C Gemini1965-1966

13

After hot air balloons were created, humans understood high altitudes caused problems for breathing and functionality. When technology got better and planes could go higher the need for protection was already known, and began the research and creation for the pressurized suit. 4

Figure: 2.1 early image of the hot air ballon

14

The first atmospheric pressure suit was made by the Gorman & Company and designed by Professor John Haldane and Dr. Robert Davis of Seibe. Made in the 1930s, it was based off a deep sea diver suit and tested at extreme altitudes with dry ice.4

Materials: Wool and cotton, with an aluminum foil lining

Pros: “The thermal properties of wool coupled with those of the quilted cot-ton layer, would have added a known level of protection, and the interior foil layer would have prived reflection to help magnify these qualities. “3

Cons: The suit was only good for short term flights, from having no pressure bladder and not a very good life support system.

Results: Research stopped due to funding. It did not get as much attention as the next suit presented in this time line.

15

Figure: 2.216

The Wiley Post Suit

Made by B.F. Goodrich Company and designed by Wiley Post with Russel Colley. Made in 1934 for going in an airplane, it based off of a deep sea diving suit. There were three prototypes of a suit that Wiley Post created and he was con-sidered the most dependable mechanic.3

Materials: Quilted cotton exterior, Rubber bladder with leather boots and gloves

Pros: The suit kept the passenger warm and maintained pressure. It had a func-tioning pressure bladder and restraint.

Cons: Only two layer construction of the suit would only protect through the earths high altitudes not outerspace.

Results: “The first full-pressure suit to successfully protect a pilot’s life at ex-treme altitudes.” This progression allowed for more funding to develop more at higher altitudes. After all his research he had to retire from his work because of old age and his physical ability. 4

17

“NASA’s first spacesuits were made for the Mercury program. Mercury was the first time NASA astronauts flew into space. The Mercury suits were only worn inside the space-

craft.”5

The Mercury Suit

Figure: 2.318

First reasons for a suit: -To orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth -To investigate man’s ability to function in space -To recover both man and spacecraft safely 6

Made by the B.F. Goodrich Company for NASA. It was made in April 1962 for the Mercury Program. The suits were essentially silver versions of the Mark IV high-altitude, full-pressure suits, and were meant to only be worn within the space craft.3

Materials: Aluminized nylon, rubber, leather, aluminum

Pros: These were the first suits made specifically for space. B.F. Goodrich added an aesthetic look to the suits, and provided the safety if anything was going to go wrong while in orbit.

Cons: Aluminized coating wears away, it was only meant to protect them from space until they reach the water.

Results: It provided promotion as doing what “no man has done before” that lead into the Gemini Suit.

19

The Gemini Program

The Gemini Program consisted of 12 flights with two men. Goals for the program:

To subject man and equipment to space flight up to two weeks in du-ration.To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles and to maneuver the docked combination by using the target vehicle’s propulsion system;To perfect methods of entering the atmosphere and landing at a pre-selected point on land. Its goals were also met, with the exception of a land landing, which was cancelled in 1964.7

Some Basic info about the suits,They did not have their own life support.The astronaut breathed oxygen from the space craft.There were three variations of the suits that were used in missions G3C (intra-vehicle use), G4C (EVA and intra-vehicle use) and a spe-cial G5C suit worn by the Gemini 7 crew. These suits were made by the David Clark Company in 1965. It was a competition between B.F. Goodrich Company and the David Clark Company for the first “spacewalk”. After vigorous testing David Clark Company was com-missioned to create these suits.4

Figure: 2.4 21

Worn on Gemini III the first manned flight on this mission. 3

Materials: Nomex®, rubber, aluminum, Link net

Pros: Flexibility and comfort were taken into consideration with the use of heat resistant and flame-retardant. The suits became softer when the fabric was pres-surized.

Cons: They could still only be worn inside the space ship itself. It was ex-tremely heavy.

Results: Gemini III was the only one to use this because it did not allow for Ex-tra-Vechicle Activity (EVA). That means they could not go outside the ship.

The G3C

G3CGemini III

G4CGemini IV, V, VI-A

G4CGemini VIII

Variant

G4CGemini X

Variant

G4CGemini IX-A

Variant

G4CGemini XII

Variant

G4CGemini XI

Variant

G5CGemini VII

Figure: 2.5

22

Worn on Gemini IV, V, V1-A, this suit was the first suit to go outside the ship. Vari-ants were worn on Gemini VIII, IX, X, XI, XII.3

Materials: HT-Nylon, Felt, Mylar, Link Net, Neoprene-coated nylon, Nylon Oxford

Pros: First suit to have the ability to do spacewalks, which was exiting the ship to perform any maintenance.

Cons: They did not have their own life support and had to be connected to the ship at all times.

Results: Since it was able to do the EVA, it lead way into the Apollo program. It created the need to determine how peo-ple could survive longer in space with better protective gear.

The G4C

Figure: 2.6 23

Figure: 2.724

The G5C

Worn on Gemini VII modified version of the G3C Suit.“Primary object was to conduct 14-day mission and evaluate effects on crew. Secondary objectives included: Provide target for Gemini VI-A. Station keep with Gemini VI-A and with second stage of GLV. Conduct 20 experiments. Evaluate lightweight pressure suit. Evaluate spacecraft reentry capability. Con-duct systems tests. Spacecraft weight: 3663kg.”8

Materials: HT-Nylon, polycarbonate, polyester, aluminum

Pros: Allowed for complete removal of the suit while on the ship. Comfort was of importance which is why there was a large built in helmet to remove some of the discomfort in the neck and shoulders.

Cons: The suits were not comfortable to wear for extended periods. This is also a very hevy suit due to it being mostly aluminum.

Results: For the actual launch the suit was made with built in helmet to make it more comfortable. During this time they already were researching for the next project.

Figure: 2.7 25

The Apollo Program

“That’s one small step for man. One giant leap for mankind.”- Neil Arm-strongThe Apollo Program consisted of 11 crewed flights. Since the other missions were successful, this program was meant to push the limits even further of humans in space. Goals for the program:

To establish the technology to meet other national interests in space.To achieve preeminence in space for the United States.To carry out a program of scientific exploration of the Moon.To develop man’s capability to work in the lunar environment.9

There was only one suit throughout these missions called the A7-L. The suit could perform EVA tasks. Each astronaut had 3 suits: one for flight, one for training, and one for flight back-up. ILC won the contest for the suit this time around, because they took into con-sideration their mistakes when trying to land the Apollo competi-tion. They focused on fit as well as the functionality of the suit.4

Figure: 2.8 27

The A7-LILC industries was the main contractors for this suit and Hamilton was in charge of the life support. The suit has 26 layers and its own life support that lasts up to 6 hours.3,4

Materials:• Underwear: Cotton knit, Trilok• Middle: Nylon, Polyester, aluminum, plastic• Cooling: Nylon, Polyester, PVC tubing• Gloves: Chrome R®, Beta cloth, silicone, aluminum• Boots: Chrome R®, Beta cloth, silicone

Pros: Very high level of protection, better movability, can be taken off and stowed away, UV protection with a gold visor helmet, and maintained the astronauts body temperature.

Cons: The materials used on the space suits are very fragile, and now stored in specialized cases to preserve them. The suit is very heavy for the astronaut to wear, on land it weighed 200lb.

Results: This became a core suit for EVA in the next 20 years, there was a major slow down in production but there is still progress on these suits.

28

Figure: 2.9, 2.10 29

Today space suits are broken down into 4 categories:

What is happening since then with suits?

Soft suit

Hard Shell suit

Hybrid Suit

Second Skin suit

Figure: 3.130

Figure: 3.1

The Soft Suit

Soft suits are any pressured suits made from soft textiles, it includes woven, knit, and non-wovens. The textiles individually are usually flexible, but most suits are layered, and making them more difficult to move. Overall these multi-layered thus makning them protected from the extreme conditions of space.

Figure: 3.232

Current suits

Launch Entry Suit (LES) made in 1987 to expand shuttle crew protection. It was for astronauts going to the shuttle but not doing space walks or working on the exterior of the shuttle. 10

Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) is another suit to advance shuttle crew protection, which is fully pressurized. Made in 1990 it was to make the LES more comfortable, less bulky, and improved overall proformance. 11

Redbull Stratos pressured suit was worn by Felix Baumgartner in 2012 while skydiving from the Stratosphere. This was funded by Red Bull and developed by the David Clark company (This com-pany did all the Gemini Project Suits). He fell from 120,000 feet to the ground, in a fully pressurized suit. The unique thing about this suit is that it was made of only four layers: “an innermost comfort liner; a bladder, or gas container, fitted to his body; netting to keep the bladder in place; and an insulating exterior.” This made the suit more flexible and still able to keep Felix safe until he landed on the ground. 12

Redbull Stratos Figure: 3.3

ACES Suit Figure: 3.433

The Hardshell Suit

Hard suits are pressured suits made from hard materials, such as plastics, metals, and fiberglass.Usually the suits contain a few softer textiles in the inner layers because of the concern for comfort of the astronauts. The outer layer is for extreme protection of space as well as the ability to keep all monitoring and life support connected to the shell.

34 Figure: 3.5

Current suits

Ames AX5 was developed at NASA Ames Research Center in the 1980s. “Although this (the shoulders and multi-joint) minimized the torque required to bend the joints, it made the suits heavy and potentially uncomfortable to wear.” 13 This suit was ultimately made to use when dealing with toxic waste in outerspace. 14

35Figure: 3.6

The Hybrid Suit

The hybrid suits are a mix between hardshell and soft suits. It’s purpose is to solve the ability to keep the ex-treme protection and allow flexibility of the suit while keeping in mind the comfort of the Astronauts.

36 Figure: 3.7

Current suits

I-suit was first created in 1997 by ILC Dover and then continued in 2001. The idea of this suit is to be mostly a soft suit that only has harder bearings when necessary. The shape of the I-suit was intend-ed to increase user vision and make it easier to hold the life support.15

Mk III is a hybrid suit with a hard upper torso. It was created in the 1990’s by ILC Dover, and is planned for the use in 2020 flight to go back onto the moon. It has lighter weight structural materials as well as easier adjusting on the sides. It has only been tested on Earth so far. 16

37

MK III Figure: 3.8

I-suit Figure: 3.9

The Second Skin Suit

Skin tight suits are just what they sound they look like the wearers skin, similar to a body suits look. These are not gas pressurized and have fewer layers overall.

38 Figure: 3.10

Space Activity Suit, though this is an older suit, it is mainly to show where the idea of the Bio Suit came from. This suit was created by Paul Webb in 1971. “The goal was to improve the range of activity and decrease the energy cost of work associated with wearing conventional gas filled pressure suits.” There were two problems with this suit: the first was swell-ing in certain areas and the second was each suit had to form fit to each subject individually.17

Bio Suit ™ is one of the more remarkable current suits created by MIT’s Dava Newman. The suit, cre-ated in 2007, looked at the space suit as it’s own space craft. This suit is the attempt to allow the most movement of a person in space. Instead of using gas to regulate the body’s pressure, it uses structure and elasticity of the fabric do the work. This suit is still in the works but is meant to be a prototype for furture adventures into space such as to Mars.18

Current suits

39

Bio Suit Figure: 3.11

Space Activity Suit Figure: 3.12

Advancing in Accessories

This glove was created by Peter Homer in 2007 and made from rip-stop Dacron. It was the frst com-mercial glove for Flagsuit LLC under Nasa’s joint development. “The gloves will be used for integrated suit testing and evaluation, and fea-ture a patent-pending joint design that makes the fingers more flexible under pressure, increasing dexterity while reducing hand fatigue.”19

Ellipical helmets such as the ones for Final Frontier by Ted Southern and Nikolay Moiseev, and The I-suit by ILC Dover. Both of these helmets from the shape al-low more visual ability from the wearer. 20, 21

40

Figure: 3.13

Figure: 3.14 Figure: 3.15

Figure: 3.18

Oxygen Masks may seem like something that is com-mon now on your airplane ride but because of early helmets and oxygen tanks these were created for air-plains for emergency use. 22

Apollo shirt, is a wrinkle free dress shirt cre-ated by MIT student Gihan Amarasiriwardena. “Central to the new shirt is a new knit syn-thetic blend which makes use of the same kind of phase change material technology that NASA uses for the regulation of body temperature in its space suits.” This shirt keeps the wearer dry and stink free while in wear. 23

DuPont is the master of multi-using their materi-als. Such as Teflon. Teflon is used as the outer layer of most suits because it is flame resistant as well as protective against all the space debris. They also use this same technology in cookware, eyewear, automo-tive, and home and garden. By using this research for other markets it helps their own company grow. 24

41

Figure: 3.15

Figure: 3.16

Figure: 3.17

What are the opportunities?

Based upon the extensive research analysis, I will be making design recommendations to improve the utility of wearing space suits daily. While most updates to space suits focus on the functioning parts such as the cooling layer, the monitoring devices, and the life support, I am going to focus more on the textiles used and the wearability. Returing back to the first question, “What if we live in space?” humans would need a suit that they can easily put on themselves and that would provide comfort for longer

hours of working outside the space vehicle.

43Figure: 4.1

I am dividing this portion into two sections to achieve my design recommendation. These are Comfort and Materials.

Comfort:AccessibilityFit for men and womenComfort versus protection interaction

Materials:Life spansMinimizing materialsIntegrating technologyOther uses

44 Figure: 4.2

Figure: 4.2

What you see here is a woman putting on an EVA suit,. It is evident she can do it herself, but it is time consuming. The time and energy should not be spent putting on the suit but in making sure everything is properly on. The model has to squat all the way to the ground to get into the EVA. It would be better if the person could stand while connect-

ing everything.

Comfort: Accessibility

Figure: 4.3

46

Currently the sizes are Unisex Small, Medium, and Large but NASA usually uses medium for everyone. There will need to be different sizes made when people were living in space. Though children will eventually travel to space, the current need is for space suits in men’s and

women’s sizes.

Fit

Figure: 4.4

47

Comfort versus protection interaction

Comfort versus protection is always an important element in designing with technical textiles.

Protection:Astronauts need protection from space debris.The lack of a protective Ozone layer means an astronaut can be burned badly even before he/she begins to feel pressure of the outside forces.

Comfort:Currently the astronaut can wear a spacesuit up to 6 hours a day, but it gets uncomfortable after 3 hours. 5

EXAMPLES OF OTHER SUITS THAT DEAL WITH COMFORT VERSUS

PROTECTION

Figure: 4.5

48

Neck side to sideShoulders rotate

Elbows bend forward

Hips rotate

Knees bend forward

Figure: 4.6 49

Materials: Minimizing Materials

Pressure suits range from 4 to 26 layers. The NASA’s current suit is 11 layers. The goal for this research to verify that the materials chosen are are needed. By using multifunctional materials, the astronaut can wear fewer layers, improving his/her ability to move.5

Figure: 4.7 Figure: 4.8

50

As noted, because of the debris and the pressure, the life span of a lot of the materials are shorter in space than on Earth. By re-evaluating how the materials used, I will discover, which materials

have the longest lifespans even in space.

Life Spans

Figure: 4.9

51

Technology IntegrationThe Spacesuits have many parts that the Extravechicular Mobility Unit has to carry. Many extra devices are needed to keep the as-tronauts more comfortable and safe during the 3 to 6 hour work days outside the space shuttle. These devices are used in the cur-rent space suits and were used for the Apollo mission. The goal is to fit all of these in the suit comfortably.

Cuff checklist for tasks• Bracelet with mirror to view controls on front of space suit• Display and controls on space suit• Safer emergency used for flying back to the station if unteth-• eredCommunication Carrier Assembly (radio)• In suit Drinking Bag• Primary life support subsystem• Hard upper torso made from fiberglass to help drain fluidfrom • the controls5

52

Other Uses

The industry puts time and energy into research development so making sure that each product is chosen with other end uses is important. Some of these other uses include, kite

and sails, boat insulation, diving gear and fishing gear.

Figure: 4.10

53

The ScenerioLiving in space means doing everyday tasks and life inside a pod or a space station. They do not have to be astronauts but must be trained. Training usually takes 3 years of testing and learning, but can take up to ten years to be selected to advance into training. At 34,000 ft. above sea level, 100% oxygen is needed. To be able to move you need 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch) and the higher you go the lower

the psi is. Space is 4.3 psi.

Figure: 4.11

54

Pod: People living in a pod means that you are either on the moon or a planet that has a different mass or doesn’t contain oxygen. They will live in grounded homes that are made to keep in oxygen, and pressure stability. When they go outside the pod a person will have to wear pressurized suits. They can drive a vehicle called a rover to explore.

Space station: Living in a space station means that you are in a vehicle or unit that stays in orbit or floats between planets. They will have mostly pressurized units and oxygen but will not have gravity. This means the people on the space craft must exercise to keep their muscles firm to keep bones from thinning.“Living in space is not the same as living on Earth. In space, astronauts’ bodies change. On Earth, our lower body and legs carry our weight. This helps keep our bones and muscles strong. In space, astronauts float. They do not use their legs much. Their

lower backs begin to lose strength.” 25

55

The NeoSuit

56

Upside DownPocket

Helmet: contains Earphones and Microphones

Mirror

GloveDisconnect

PressureGauge

PressureRelief Valve

Accordian Shoulder

Air tight, Fire-Proof center front Zipper

BellowedPockets

Raft

Sizing Rings

PressureRegulator

Oxygen SupplyHose

Oxygen Inlet

Communication Connector

57

Gortex is the first protective layer and on top is ei-ther teflon, Mylar or another shiny layer over to re-flect the sun.

Thermozite is an insulating layer to keep in the tem-parture regulation of the cooling layer, as well as pro-tecting against the debris.

Ribstop Nylon is to keep in the actual pressure of the garment as well as the oxygen.

Neoprene used for a comfort as well as another insu-lating layer.

Materials: Outer Layer

58

Inside Layer

Details

Mesh Bladder is more comfortable then rubber, and keeps body pressurized.

Cooling Layer is a fluid system for the suit, keeps astronaut cool from the rays and insulated layers.

HeatGear by Under Armor developed for great wicking ability.

Metalware keeps layers together, and helps keep in pressurized parts, as well as helps with the tubing and other hardwear.

Sealed Zipper is Flame Retardent and airtight it keeps in the pressure and makes an easier way to get in and out.

59

Design Details

The main advantages of the NeoSuit is the ease of doffing and donning. It is comfortable because of the pattern and the light weight materials. When designing the NeoSuit, my idea was to bring in elements of every day clothes and how people wear layers. The layers in the NeoSuit make it less flexible than standard clothing. Similar to designs using quilted fabrics or leather, I designed the NeoSuit to be looser

in the joints and slimmer in the thighs and forearm.

60

The shoulders and elbows are a round accordion shape. This allows the shoulder

to lift, rotate and roll.

There is an upside down pocket on the arm to make it easier for the astronaut to grab things. All the pockets are closed with Velcro so nothing floats in and out of them. There is a pull tab because the astronaut will be wearing gloves and it is important for them to access the

pockets.

The knees need a longer range than the elbows so I gave it a quilted look. I took out the extra fabric in the back. There are circular metal rings to help the hips rotate

and lift the legs up and down.

61

How to add in the life support

“[M]ost space suits provide a pure oxygen atmosphere for breathing. Space suits get the oxygen either from a spacecraft via an umbilical cord or from a backpack life support system that the astronaut wears. Both the shuttle and the International Space Station have normal air mixtures that mimic our atmosphere. Therefore, to go into a pure oxygen space suit, a spacewalking astronaut must ‘pre-breathe’ pure oxygen for some period of time before suiting up. This pre-breathing of pure oxygen eliminates the nitrogen from the astronaut’s blood and tissues, thereby minimizing the risk of the

bends.”26

62

Figure: 4.12

Figure 4.12 show how each essential part is connected to the space suit. My pack will be similar to the I-suit or the Z-suit. The back pack where most gas will come from the back of the suit and then and andrio mother board and devices will control the gauges. The wiring will be between the Thermozite

and Ribstop Nylon layers and reinforced with tape.

This is one format that the elliptical helmet has a plastic part to keep hoses attached to the suit

properly.

The z-suit’s pack is going to be at-tached to a sta-tion or rover so that pre-breath-ing is not an issue

for time.

63Figure: 4.14Figure: 4.15

64

Living in space is possible. The only two things holding us back are better life support system and the cost. It is not very far off to have vacation desination on the moon. It is just a matter of time in creating a better easier transportable oxygen. I believe that my suit will be a good choice to for future space walk because Commercial space travel is in progress. Commercial space travelers will most likely be in orbit for the first

few years.

Other Considerations:It is coming sooner rather than later

Figure: 4.15

65

Areas with opportunities to test and adjust the original design are

Underwater trialEnhancements in assembling life supportMore research on correct sizing for the space suits

Research

Figure: 4.16

Contents:

1) http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/AirSci/ER-2/pshis.html2) http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/facts/facts-index.html3) Extreme Textiles: Designing for High Performance by Matilda McQuaid, 20054) Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo by Nicholas de de Monchaux, 20115) NASA.gov6) http://web.mit.edu/16.00/www/aec/spacesuit.html7) http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/gemini/gemini-goals.htm8) http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-vii/gemini-vii.html9) http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/flight-summary.htm10) http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA21304711) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1154071712) http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/felix-baumgartners-incredible-high-tech-space-suit/263386/13) http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ax5.htm#14) http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970005012_1997004846.pdf15) http://history.nasa.gov/spacesuits.pdf16) http://www.astronautix.com/craft/nasrkiii.htm17) http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spaysuit.htm18) http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask/issues/45/45s_building_future_spacesuit.html19) http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/partnership_1.html20) spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu/design_lib/ICES03-2443.I-Suit_tests.pdf21) http://www.gizmag.com/final-frontier-design-space-suit/23018/22) http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-aviation-oxygen-mask.html23) http://www.gizmag.com/apollo-shirt-uses-nasa-space-suit-tech-to-regulate-body-temp/23217/24) http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/25) http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Living_in_Space.html26) http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-suit1.htm

Special thanks to:Hanna Hall• Phyllis Borcherding• Sharron Walker for the • wonderful presentationMy Family•

Contents:

1) http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/AirSci/ER-2/pshis.html2) http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/facts/facts-index.html3) Extreme Textiles: Designing for High Performance by Matilda McQuaid, 20054) Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo by Nicholas de de Monchaux, 20115) NASA.gov6) http://web.mit.edu/16.00/www/aec/spacesuit.html7) http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/gemini/gemini-goals.htm8) http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-vii/gemini-vii.html9) http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/flight-summary.htm10) http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA21304711) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1154071712) http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/felix-baumgartners-incredible-high-tech-space-suit/263386/13) http://www.astronautix.com/craft/ax5.htm#14) http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970005012_1997004846.pdf15) http://history.nasa.gov/spacesuits.pdf16) http://www.astronautix.com/craft/nasrkiii.htm17) http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spaysuit.htm18) http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask/issues/45/45s_building_future_spacesuit.html19) http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/partnership_1.html20) spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu/design_lib/ICES03-2443.I-Suit_tests.pdf21) http://www.gizmag.com/final-frontier-design-space-suit/23018/22) http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-aviation-oxygen-mask.html23) http://www.gizmag.com/apollo-shirt-uses-nasa-space-suit-tech-to-regulate-body-temp/23217/24) http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/25) http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Living_in_Space.html26) http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-suit1.htm

3.1) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/3.2) Felix-Baumgartner-Redbull-Stratos-High-Jump.jpeg3.3) http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/felix-baumgartners-incredible-high-tech-space-suit/263386/3.4) http://www.decodedstuff.com/nasas-next-space-suit-a-look-back-at-us-space-suits/3.5) http://mfareview.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/hardshell_suit.jpeg3.6) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/AX-5-spacesuit.jpg/220px-AX-5-spacesuit.jpg3.7) http://www.visualphotos.com/3.8) http://strangeblue.iwarp.com/images/MKIII.jpg3.9) http://history.nasa.gov/spacesuits.pdf3.10) http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/science/biosuit-web.jpg3.11) http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/617050main_45s_building_future_spacesuit1_full.jpg3.12) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Space_activity_suit.jpg3.13) http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/partnership_1.html3.14)http://www.gizmag.com/final-frontier-design-space-suit/23018/3.15) http://history.nasa.gov/spacesuits.pdf3.16) http://www.blog.qtoffice.com/Portals/29427/images/mary%20kay%20oxygen%20mask.jpg3.17) http://www.gizmag.com/apollo-shirt-uses-nasa-space-suit-tech-to-regulate-body-temp/23217/3.18) http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/

Figures1.1) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/1.2) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/1.3) NASA Ames in the 1970s1.4) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/1.5) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/

2.1) http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Civil_War_balloons/LTA5G4_hi.jpg2.2) http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9wabhlruL1qf71bqo1_1280.jpg2.3) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/2.4) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/2.5) U.S. Space Gear: Outfitting the Astronaut2.6) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/2.7) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/2.8) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/2.9) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Buzz_Aldrin_Apollo_Spacesuit.jpg2.10) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/

4.1) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/4.2) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/4.3) ILC-spacesuits-RevA.pdf4.4) http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BTFrqnppyfw/UBSxNIYsnqI/AAAAAAAAEPA/RRIYJ8JACPA/s1600/FACMaleFemalAn-atomy.jpg4.5) http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00QCgaMJdEZwcR/Light-Duty-Chemical-Protective-Workwear-Uni-forms-20110602-.jpg, http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&safe=off&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1606&bih=815&tbm=isch&tbnid=Afuj6VKFpb1UKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.cfs.sa.gov.au/site/about_us/what_we_do/our_equipment/protective_clothing.jsp&docid=46WWVDCQcd01vM&imgurl=http://www.cfs.sa.gov.au/custom/files/media/uniforms_dual_rural_urban.gif&w=287&h=450&ei=mLInUZ3eBJPzrAGFzYHwDg&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,i:133&iact=rc&dur=258&sig=101166023789825840349&page=1&tbnh=177&tbnw=127&start=0&ndsp=30&tx=97&ty=103, http://i00.i.aliimg.com/img/pb/980/733/268/1285485888953_hz-fileserver1_5777664.jpg4.6) http://www.myweightlifting.com/images/muscle-anatomy-chart.jpg4.7) http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/275030main_layers_226x170.jpg4.8) http://www2.dupont.com/Media_Center/en_US/assets/images/vocus/NASA/pe_Spacesuit.jpg4.9) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/4.10) http://www2.dupont.com/4.11) http://news.yahoo.com/photos/3d-printers-could-build-futuristic-moon-colony-photo-135300230.html4.12) http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/PLSS-connect.jpg4.13)4.14) http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu/old_site/SSL/SSL_photos/trip_photos/2000/000919.AIAA_Space_2000/Devon_Is-land_suit/000919%2808%29DevonSuit.jpg4.15) http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/4.16) http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/729403main_Hubble%20Picture1.jpg