Top Banner
Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007
103

Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Dec 16, 2015

Download

Documents

Adrian Blake
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Neonatal and Infant Nutrition

Dr Russell Peek

Paediatric HST Core Training Day

Gloucester, 4th October 2007

Page 2: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Introduction

• What does ‘nutrition’ mean to you?

Page 3: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

The OED definition

Nutrition (noun)

1. the process of taking in and assimilating nutrients.

2. the branch of science concerned with this process.

DERIVATIVES nutritional adj. nutritionist noun.

ORIGIN Latin, from nutrire ‘nourish’.

Page 4: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Textbook answer

• Nelson’s Textbook of Paediatrics – achievement of satisfactory growth and

avoidance of deficiency states.

Page 5: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Aims

• To explore the knowledge base behind key competencies in nutrition for paediatricians

• Reference: A Framework of Competences for Core Higher Specialist Training in Paediatrics (RCPCH, 2005.)

Page 6: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Objectives

• By the end of this morning, you will – understand the effects of fetal growth

restriction on short- and long-term health – understand the principles and importance of

nutrition in the neonatal period including assessment of nutritional status

– be able to make appropriate recommendations to address feeding problems and faltering growth

Page 7: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

‘Normal’ Nutrition

Page 8: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Fetal nutrition

• Parenteral (mostly!)

• Stores are laid late in gestation

• At 28 weeks, a fetus has:– 20% of term calcium and phosphorus

stores– 20% of term fat stores– About a quarter of term glycogen stores

Page 9: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Adaptation to nutrition after birth

• Gut adaptation is regulated by– Endocrine factors– Intraluminal factors– Breast milk hormones and growth factors– Bacteria

Page 10: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Breast is best

Page 11: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Feeding the term infant

• Breast feeding achieves– Nutrition– Immunological and antimicrobial protection– Passage of breast milk hormones and

growth factors– Provision of digestive enzymes– Facilitation of mother-infant bonding

Page 12: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Supplementing breast milk

• Should be unnecessary, but– Vitamin K levels are low– Vitamin D levels are low in areas of little

sunlight– Iron levels are low (but very well absorbed)

Page 13: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Artificial Feeds

• Term formulas are broadly similar– May be whey or

casein based– International agreed

standards for constituents

Page 14: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Artificial feeding

• Practical considerations for making up feeds– Water softeners increase sodium content– Repeated or prolonged boiling can

increase sodium content of water– Bottled water can contain high levels of

carbon dioxide, sodium, nitrate and fluoride.

Page 15: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Monitoring feeding

• Maternal sensation of engorgement and emptying

• Frequency of feeding• Wet nappies • Stools• Jaundice• Weight

Page 16: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Normal output

Daily stool and urine output guidanceDay 0 1 wet nappy and meconium at least once a day

Day 1 2 wet nappies and meconium at least once a day

Day 2 & 3 3 or 4 wet nappies and changing stools at least once a day

Day 4+ 5 or 6 heavy wet nappies and yellow stools at least once daily

A baby who is passing meconium at 3 or 4 days old may not be getting enough milk.

A baby who does not have yellow stools by day 5 may not be getting enough milk.

A baby who is not doing as many wet nappies each day as expected may not be getting enough milk.

Page 17: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Support for breast feeding mothers

• Midwife

• Infant feeding specialist

• Breast feeding support groups

• National Childbirth Trust

Page 18: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Nutrition for the preterm or sick baby

Page 19: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

From little acorns…

• The obstetric team ask you to talk to a mother who is being induced at 31 weeks gestation as she is ‘small for dates’.

• What further information would you like?

Page 20: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Mrs Oak

• 28 year old primigravida

• 5’2, 80kg

• Smokes 5 cigarettes daily

• Concerns about growth from 20 weeks

• Latest ‘dopplers’ show absent EDF

• Proteinuria and hypertension

Page 21: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

In groups, plan your chat

• How will you counsel the family?

• Consider particularly:– Risks of preterm delivery vs risk of

continuing pregnancy– Short term risks– Approach to feeding– Long term outcome

Page 22: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Short term risks of IUGR

• Obstetric– Intrauterine death– Intrapartum asphyxia

Page 23: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Short term risks of IUGR

• Paediatric– Hypoglycaemia – Necrotising enterocolitis– Increased risk of problems of prematurity– (hypothermia)– (polycythaemia)

Page 24: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

NEC and IUGR

• Case-control study (n=74) – at 30-36 weeks GA, birth weight <10th centile is a

significant risk factor– OR 6 (1.3-26)1

• Observational study (n= 69) – At 30-36 weeks 71% of cases were <10th centile2

• 1 Beeby and Jeffrey. 1991, ADC:67:432-5• 2 McDonnell and Wilkinson. Sem Neonatol 1997

Page 25: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

NEC and IUGR: Why?

• Pathogenesis of NEC requires – enteral feeding – gut ischaemia – bacterial infection

• Abnormal gut blood flow recognised in IUGR

• Ischaemic damage or reperfusion injury?

Page 26: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Normal doppler flow in umbilical artery

Page 27: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Absent end diastolic flow

Page 28: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Reversed end-diastolic flow

Page 29: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Abnormal dopplers and NEC

• In 9 of 14 studies, AREDF led to an increased risk of NEC

• OR 2.13 (95%CI 1.49 to 3.03)

• Dorling J, Kempley S, Leaf A. Feeding growth restricted preterm infants with abnormal antenatal Doppler results. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005; 90: F359-F363

Page 30: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

So how to feed?

• Delay start?

• Use non-nutritive feeds?

• Increase slowly?

• Use friendly bacteria?

Page 31: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Cochrane review: early vs late feeding

• 72 babies in 2 studies• Early feeders had

– Fewer days parenteral nutrition– Fewer investigations for sepsis

• No difference in– NEC– Weight gain

Page 32: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Cochrane review: rapid vs slow increase

• 369 babies in 3 studies • Rapid: 20 to 35 ml/kg/day• Slow: 10 to 20 ml/kg/day• Rapid group:

– reached full enteral feeds and regained birthweight faster

– No difference in NEC rate or length of stay

Page 33: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Cochrane review: minimal enteral nutrition

• 380 babies in 8 studies

• 12 to 24 ml/kg/day for 5 to 10 days

• MEN group– Faster to full enteral feeds– Shorter length of stay– No difference in NEC

Page 34: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Probiotics for preventing NEC

• Systematic review of 1393 VLBW infants treated with a variety of organisms

• Reduced risk of – NEC (RR 0·36, 95% CI 0·20–0·65) – Death (RR 0·47, 0·30–0·73)

• Achieved full feeds faster• No difference in rates of sepsis

– Deschpande et al, Lancet 2007

Page 35: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Preventing NEC: what works?

Strategy Absolute RR NNT

Enteral antibiotics 0.089 11

Judicious fluid administration 0.084 12

Human milk feeds 0.069 15

Enteral IgG and IgA 0.066 15

Enteral Probiotics 0.025 40

Antenatal corticosteroids 0.019 54

Delayed or slow feeding Not effective -

Enteral IgG only Not effective -

Page 36: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Feeding small or preterm infants: Choices

• Human milk– Mother’s own– Banked donor milk– Fortified

• Artificial– Term formula– Preterm formula

• Parenteral Nutrition

Page 37: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Parenteral Nutrition

Page 38: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Parenteral Nutrition

• If an infant can’t, won’t or shouldn’t be fed enterally

• What’s in the bag?– Fluid– Carbohydrate– Protein– Fat – Minerals and Trace Elements

Page 39: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Energy

• Requirements– Basal metabolic rate– Physical activity– Specific dynamic action of food– Thermoregulation– Growth

Page 40: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Energy

• Requirements kcal/kg/day– Basal metabolic rate 40– Physical activity 4+– Specific dynamic action of food (10%)– Thermoregulation

variable– Growth 70

(To match in-utero growth of 15g/kg/day)

Page 41: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Protein

• With glucose infusion alone, infants lose 1-2% of endogenous protein stores daily

• 1g/kg/day gives protein balance

• 2.5 to 3.5g/kg/day allows accretion– nb energy requirement

• Safe to start soon after birth

Page 42: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Fat

• Energy source

• Essential fatty acid source (intralipid)

• Cell uptake and utilisation of free fatty acids is deficient in preterm infants

• Start at max 1g/kg/day, increasing gradually to 3g/kg/day (less if septic)

Page 43: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Benefits of PN

• Earlier, faster weight gain

• Avoidance of problems associated with enteral feeds

Page 44: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Risks of PN

• Line associated sepsis• Line related complications (eg

thrombosis)• Hyperammonaemia• Hyperchloraemic acidosis• Cholestatic jaundice• Trace element deficiency

Page 45: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Milk Feeds

Page 46: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Human milk advantages

• Protection from NEC

• Improved host defences

• Protection from allergy and eczema

• Faster tolerance of full enteral feeds

• Better developmental and intellectual outcome

Page 47: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Human milk shortcomings if preterm

• Human milk may not provide enough– Protein– Energy– Sodium– Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium– Trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn)

– Vitamins (B2,B6,Folic acid, C,D,E,K)

Page 48: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Breast milk fortifiers

• Improved– short term growth– nutrient retention– bone mineralisation

• Concerns– trend towards increased NEC

Page 49: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Term vs preterm formulas

• Term formulas do not provide for preterm protein, calcium, sodium and phosphate requirements, even at high volumes

• Term formula (vs preterm formula) fed infants– Grow more slowly– Have lower developmental score and IQ at follow

up

Page 50: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Feeding preterm infants: aim

“To provide nutrient intakes that permit the rate of postnatal growth and the composition of weight gain to approximate that of a normal fetus of the same gestational age, without producing metabolic stress”

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition

Page 51: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Evidence Based Nutrition

• RA Ehrenkranz, Seminars in Perinatology 2007 (31): 48-55

Page 52: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Post-Discharge Nutrition

Page 53: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Post discharge nutrition

• Preterm infants tend to be small at discharge, and remain small into adolescence

• Limited evidence for what rate of growth is optimal

Page 54: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

The evidence

• Comparison of ‘post-discharge’ formula with standard term formula– No consistent difference in growth

parameters or body composition– Z-score reduces in both groups– Term formula needs supplementing with

vitamins and iron to achieve targets

Page 55: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

The evidence

• Comparison of breast milk with term formula– Calcium and phosphate deficiency in

breast milk fed infants in first year resolves by age two

– Little difference in growth (although small numbers)

Page 56: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Outcomes

Page 57: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Catch-up Growth

• Enhanced nutritional intake sufficient to allow ‘catch-up’ growth improves long term neurodevelopmental outcome

Page 58: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Body composition differences

• Compared to term infants, ex-preterm infants fed at 120 kcal/kg/day– Have more body fat– Have a different fat distribution

Page 59: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

The long range forecast with IUGR

• Does the in-utero environment or early feeding permanently change organ structure, function and metabolism?

Page 60: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Developmental Origins theory

• Humans demonstrate ‘developmental plasticity’ in response to their environment

• Part of cardiovascular risk may be explained by in-utero and postnatal growth

Page 61: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Developmental Origins theory

• Geographically, coronary heart disease correlates with past neonatal mortality

• In epidemiological studies, adult cardiovascular disease is associated with:– low birthweight– rapid early postnatal growth

Page 62: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Is rapid catch-up growth bad?

• Postnatal weight gain is associated with BMI and waist circumference at 19 years

• IUGR infants are at increased risk of the metabolic syndrome

• Preterm infants fed breast milk rather than preterm formula– had lower BP at 13-16yrs– were less insulin resistant– had a better LDL:HDL ratio

Page 63: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Nutrition Assessment

Page 64: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

How best to assess growth and nutrition?

• Weight– Reflects mass of lean tissue, fat, intra- and extra-

cellular fluid compartments

• Length – More accurately reflects lean tissue mass

• Head circumference– Correlates well with overall growth and

developmental achievement

Page 65: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Laboratory assessment

• TPN requires regular monitoring of acid base status, liver function, bone profile and electrolytes

• In enterally fed infants, monitoring albumin, transferrin, total protein, urea, alkaline phosphatase and phosphate may be useful

Page 66: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Infant Feeding

Page 67: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Task

• Read the GP referral letter

• In pairs:– Pick out the important aspects of the referral– Decide what further questions you’d like to

ask the family– What sort of investigations (if any) might you

consider?

Page 68: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Faltering Growth

Page 69: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

‘Failure to Thrive’

• Term first used to describe delayed growth and development, – also called maternal deprivation syndrome.

• “A failure of expected growth and well being”

• Only growth can be objectively measured

Page 70: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Crossing centiles?

• 5% of normal infants cross 2 intercentile spaces from birth to 6 weeks.

• 5% of normal infants cross 2 intercentile spaces from 6 weeks to 1 year.

• Infants regress to the mean

• Hence development of ‘thrive lines’

Page 71: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Causes and correlates

• Organic disease

• Abuse and Neglect

• Deprivation

• Undernutrition

Page 72: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Causes and correlates

• Organic disease– <5%, usually suggestive symptoms and signs

• Abuse and Neglect– increased risk, but a small proportion

• Deprivation– may influence referral

• Undernutrition

Page 73: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

The Energy Balance Equation

Page 74: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Undernutrition

• Most are underweight for height

• Fastest decline in weight gain when energy needs are highest

• Poor appetite

• Delayed progression to solid foods

• Limited range of foods

Page 75: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Faltering Growth over time

Page 76: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Consequences

• Lasting deficit in growth

• Lasting effects on appetite and feeding

• Low maternal self esteem

• Developmental delay at 1 year– 7-10 DQ points

• Small (not statistically significant) IQ difference at 8-9 years

Page 77: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Management

• Few trials of intervention

• One RCT found health visitor led intervention useful

• One non randomised trial found dietary advice useful

• Management is therefore based on ‘accepted best practice’

Page 78: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Screening or Case Finding?

• Up to 50% of children with FTT are never identified

• Recommendations for frequency of weighing suggest paying more attention to fewer weights.

Page 79: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Growth Monitoring

Page 80: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Primary or Secondary care?

• Common problem, often resolves with simple interventions

• Ill children or those losing weight need referral

• Home visitor assessment– Dietary history– Simple explanation and advice

• Second port of call should be dietician

Page 81: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Strategies

Page 82: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

The Role of the Paediatrician

• Investigations (if necessary) should be completed promptly

• FBC, ferritin, U+Es, TFTs, TT glutaminase, MSU

• Chromosome analysis in girls

• CXR and sweat test in young infants or history of respiratory infections.

Page 83: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Pathway of care

Page 84: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

If not improving?

• Nursery nurse involvement or nursery placement

• Help with other behavioural problems

• Treat illness in mother

• Social work input

• Almost never need food supplements or hospital admission

Page 85: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Task

• One volunteer to play the part of Neil’s parent

• A second volunteer to be the registrar in clinic

• Others to observe and be prepared to give feedback at the end

Page 86: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Question

• What are the agendas of the health professionals and the parent?

• How will you address the different priorities?

• Where will you take things from here?

Page 87: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Feeding difficulties in ex-prems

• Feeding issues are common, especially in those born before 28 weeks

• Risk of– Disordered oral-motor functioning– Significant gastro-oesophageal reflux– Oral hypersensitivity– Neurological impairment affecting feeding

Page 88: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Colic

Page 89: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

What is Colic?

• “excessive bursts of crying in an otherwise healthy infant not relieved by routine comfort”

• ‘Colic’ crying is said to be of higher amplitude, greater intensity, more frequent, and of longer duration

Page 90: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Problems in Evaluation

• Poor case definition

• Few controlled studies

• Little evidence base for management or investigation

Page 91: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

The Classic Definition

• “crying lasting 3 or more hours per day, on more than 3 days a week, for at least 3 weeks and resolving around 3 months”.

– Wassell, Pediatrics 1954

Page 92: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Study Results

• Quantifying colic– scoring scales – acoustic cry assessments

• No effect of sex, birth order, social class, ethnic origin.

• Vagal tone and cortisol levels are the same as in non-colicky babies

Page 93: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

The impact on parents

• Resistance to soothing causes anxiety• Learned helplessness, causing anxiety

and depression• Stress can cause parental coping crises• 10% of mothers experience a depressive

disorder postnatally

Page 94: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Temperament

• Some reports link excessive crying to later difficult behaviours– few studies only– based on maternal recall– possible that quality of care in later childhood

is influenced by early patterns of behaviour

Page 95: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Colic and difficulties with feeding

• 19 with colic v 24 without

• Assessment:– colic symptom checklist – neonatal oral assessment score– clinical feeding evaluation

Page 96: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Outcomes

• Colic group showed:– more disorganised feeding behaviours, – less rhythmic nutritive and non-nutritive

sucking, – more discomfort during feeds, – lower responsiveness during feeding

interactions.• Miller-Loncar, Arch Dis Child 2004; 89 908-12

Page 97: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Organic causes of a ‘colicky’ baby

• congenital heart disease

• CNS abnormalities• NAI • fever eg UTIs• maternal drug

ingestion

• gastro-oesophageal reflux

• cows milk protein intolerance

• malabsorption • gut dysmotility

Page 98: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Gut hormones

• Motilin initiates migrating motor complexes• Vagus stimulation increases number and force

of contractions• Raised motilin in 2 small studies of infantile colic • Smokers have higher motilin levels

Page 99: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Systematic review of treatment

• Lucassen et al, BMJ, 1998• 50 complete studies, 27 controlled

reviewed.

Page 100: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Treatments for colic

• Results as effect size– Behavioural: (reducing stimulation) 0.48– Dicycloverine: 0.46, but serious side

effects– Hydrolysate milks: 0.22– Herbal tea: 0.32 (single small study)– Low lactose and soya milks: no effect– Simethicone: no effect

Page 101: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Treatments for colic

Page 102: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Any Questions?

Page 103: Neonatal and Infant Nutrition Dr Russell Peek Paediatric HST Core Training Day Gloucester, 4 th October 2007.

Summary

• Optimal growth for neonates and infants requires careful thought about nutrition

• Interventions (or lack of them) may have long term consequences

• There is a limited evidence base to guide current practice

• Colic is common• Feeding difficulties post SCBU are common