Top Banner
Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens
16
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens

Page 2: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

How to classify?

?

Page 3: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Distribution defined by Neandertal sitesSouthern Europe and Middle EastNote: not in Africa

DNA samples

Page 4: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Neandertals:• Lived from c. 130,000 – c. 30,000 yBP• Shared Europe with modern H. sapiens for c. 15,000

yrs.• Height: 4.9 - 5.6 ft.• Weight: 110 - 143 lb.• Reduced tooth size• Decreased skeletal robusticity• Increase in brain size (to a mean of 1,445 cc)• Amud, Israel site: individual with brain of 1,740 cc• 55,000 – 40,000 yBP • Differ from modern humans in skull and extremities

Page 5: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Skull differences

*

*

*

*

Page 6: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Evidence of a large noseAdaptive?More surface area to warm andhumidify inhaled air?

Page 7: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Is this Neandertal reconstruction accurate?

1909

Milford Wolpoff

Boule’sreconstruction

Page 8: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Signature characteristic

Page 9: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Information from Shanidar, Iraq site

45,000 yBP

Page 10: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Neandertal stone implements

Page 11: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?
Page 12: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

The Neandertal Genome

• Reported in journal: Science, May 2010• Three bone fragments provided DNA samples• Vindija Cave site, Croatia (close to Shanidar Cave)• Each from a different female.• Dates: 38,000 ybp and 44,000 ybp• > 4 billion nucleotides sequenced• Compared to the genome of five contemporary

humans• South Africa (San), West Africa (Yoruba) , China

(Han), New Guinea (Papuan), and France (European).

Page 13: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Relationship of Neandertals to present-day humans

• Neandertals were genetically closer to non-Africans than to Africans.

• Of the five individuals compared, non-Africans had 1-4% Neandertal DNA

• None of the two Africans had Neandertal DNA.

• This is not exactly compatible with a rigid interpretation of the Out-of-Africa model

Page 14: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

• An enigma! Neandertal DNA was in the individuals from China and Papua, New Guinea as well as Europe.

• Therefore, Chinese and Papuans are as closely related to Neandertals as Europeans.

• Yet, Neandertal fossils have never been found in either eastern Asia or New Guinea.

• Therefore, interbreeding must have taken place in the Middle-East region before modern humans expanded their range into these other areas.

Page 15: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

• None of the three Neandertals had genetic markers of modern humans.

• Gene flow was unidirectional: from Neandertals into modern humans.

• The general pattern of colonization between closely related populations:

• Gene flow is almost always takes place from the resident population into the colonizing population, not the reverse.

• Resident population: Neandertals• Colonizing population: anatomically modern humans

Page 16: Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens. How to classify? ?

Artifacts of teeth and ivoryDated at 45,000 yBPFrom a site in FranceNeandertal?