Neandertals: Late archaic Homo sapiens
Dec 22, 2015
Distribution defined by Neandertal sitesSouthern Europe and Middle EastNote: not in Africa
DNA samples
Neandertals:• Lived from c. 130,000 – c. 30,000 yBP• Shared Europe with modern H. sapiens for c. 15,000
yrs.• Height: 4.9 - 5.6 ft.• Weight: 110 - 143 lb.• Reduced tooth size• Decreased skeletal robusticity• Increase in brain size (to a mean of 1,445 cc)• Amud, Israel site: individual with brain of 1,740 cc• 55,000 – 40,000 yBP • Differ from modern humans in skull and extremities
The Neandertal Genome
• Reported in journal: Science, May 2010• Three bone fragments provided DNA samples• Vindija Cave site, Croatia (close to Shanidar Cave)• Each from a different female.• Dates: 38,000 ybp and 44,000 ybp• > 4 billion nucleotides sequenced• Compared to the genome of five contemporary
humans• South Africa (San), West Africa (Yoruba) , China
(Han), New Guinea (Papuan), and France (European).
Relationship of Neandertals to present-day humans
• Neandertals were genetically closer to non-Africans than to Africans.
• Of the five individuals compared, non-Africans had 1-4% Neandertal DNA
• None of the two Africans had Neandertal DNA.
• This is not exactly compatible with a rigid interpretation of the Out-of-Africa model
• An enigma! Neandertal DNA was in the individuals from China and Papua, New Guinea as well as Europe.
• Therefore, Chinese and Papuans are as closely related to Neandertals as Europeans.
• Yet, Neandertal fossils have never been found in either eastern Asia or New Guinea.
• Therefore, interbreeding must have taken place in the Middle-East region before modern humans expanded their range into these other areas.
• None of the three Neandertals had genetic markers of modern humans.
• Gene flow was unidirectional: from Neandertals into modern humans.
• The general pattern of colonization between closely related populations:
• Gene flow is almost always takes place from the resident population into the colonizing population, not the reverse.
• Resident population: Neandertals• Colonizing population: anatomically modern humans