Βανδαλισμοί και γκραφίτι στην αρχαιότητα, Ιστορικά θέμαατ, τχ 119, 2012, σ.86-99.

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1U.au1KI} rrepinrwuq damnat/o memorlae l}rav eKeiV'I rou rtra, a~tAcpou KOI UUVOUTO/(paropa TOU KapaKaAAa y10 iJIKpO XPOVIKO ~lfjCTT'IiJO (211-212 iJ.X.). o KapaK6AAac; ~oAocpov,ue rov a~tAcpo rou evwmov r qc; iJ'ITipac; roue; JouAioc; llopvac; KOI ~liTO~t TIJV OTTOAtiiJIIJ TOU OVOiJOTOc; KOI T'l<; iJOpcpl}c; TOU OTTO KO&t ~IJiJ00/0 iJV'IiJt iO. E~W OTTt/KOVi~tTOI '1 OUTOKpOTOplKI} 0/Koyi Vt /O: ~tTTTiiJIO<; Ie61}poc;, 11 au~uyoc; TOU louAia llOiJVO KOI 01 Mo YIOI roue;, KapaKaAAac; KOI ftrac; Ut TTOI~IKI} 'IAIKiO. To npOOWTTO TOU ftra iXtl KOTOC1Tp0cptf CTTO nAaia10 T'l<; npOKTIKI}c; T'lc; KOTO~iK'Ic; TIJ<; iJVI}iJIJc;.

Kwvoravrivoc; Mavrac;

T a graffiti, 6nota Kl av e:lvat TJ ato8TJTlKf) f) TJ nATJpoq>optaKf) -roue; a~la, ano-re:l\ouv oe: K68e: ne:plmwOTJ 1110 npa~TJ 8avoal\to j.lou,

aq>otJ ave:~6pTTJTO an6 n c; npo8eoe:tc; -rou OTJ j.ltoupyou Touc; , TJ e:mq>ave:ta e:n6vw OTTJV onola xap6~e:Tat TO graffito (aKtooyp6q>TJ j.lO) uq>!OTaTat q>8o­p6. ~e: oplOj.lEve:c; ne:ptm woe: tc; , TJ q>&op6 e:lvat T]8E:AT]j.IEVTJ yta noAmKouc; f) toe:ol\oytKouc; Myouc;. nTuxfJ auTf)c; TTJc; TJ8e:ATJ j.lEVTJc; q>&op6c; anoTe:­l\e:[ TJ damnatio memoriae, TJ npaKnKf) TTJc; «KaTao[KTJC: TTJc; llVTillTJ<;", OTJ· AOOT'j TJ npoona&e:ta anal\e:lljJTJ<; an6 TTJV lOTOp[a TOU OVOj.lQTO<; KQl TOU epyou TJYE: j.IOVWV Ol 6nOlOl ene:oav oe: OUOj.lEVE:lO j.IE:TO TOV 86vm6 Touc;. Av Kat o 6poc; e:lvm l\anvtK6c;, Ka8Wc; TJ OtaOtKao[a &e:oj.lo&e:-rf)8T]Ke: vo­lllKO an6 TOuc; oxol\aOTtKouc; Pwj.la[ouc;, TJ damnatio memoriae ~ npaKn­KT'j e:[vat nol\(J OPXOlOTE:PTJ KQl OUVOVTOTQl TOOO OTouc; Xe:na[ouc; 000 KOl o-rouc; Atyumtouc;.

H nEPinTniH THI BAIIAIIIAI XAJIEniOYT (15oc; a1. n.X.)

H OUVQj.llKT'j 8ao[AlOOQ TT]c; Atyumou Xmoe:noouT, av KQl oe:v f)TOV TJ npwTTJ yuva!Ka nou 8ao[l\e:uoe: OTTJV Aiyumo, e:iTe: we; avn8aoil\tooa e:i­Te: we; toiw OlKOlWj.lOTl TJYE:j.l6vac;. f)-rav TJ npWTTJ TJ onoia a~iwoe: va ano­Kal\e:!Tat q>apaw Kat va ane:tKovi~e:TOt we; 6vopac; o-ra OTJll6ata llVTJj.le:ia. On~. Oj.l~ . 0Uj.l8a(ve:t ouxva oe: ne:ptmwoe:tc; QVOATJljJTJc; TTJC: e:~ouoiac;

C1npwro1 XPICTTIOVOI niureuav 6n ro ayaA#)OTO TWV nayaVICTTIKWV &earl}rwv l}rav t~ptc; ~OiiJOVIKWV un6p~ewv, Yl' OUTO KOI emxe1pouaav va nc; e~opKiuouv xop6aaovrac; ro auiJ6oAo rou uraupou ura np6uwna TWV ayOAiJOTWV. rr, cpwroypacpia OTTtiKOVi~tTOI Kt cp6AI ay6AiJOTO<; T'lc; Acppo~ir'lc; iJt uraup6 xopay#)t vo uro iJ&rwrro.

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AITtiKOVICJIJ TIJC)

Xoratrraorir we; rpapaw ~t av6ptKtj ITtpt6oAtj.

ano yuvaiKec;, ll Xamenoo(n ouvtoeoe TTJV 6vo06 Tile; mov 9p6vo Kat mil OlOKU8i:pVIl0TJ Tile; xwpac; 11e TOV epam~ Tile; , TOV LeVellOUVT, i:vav q>lAOOO· ~0 OVOpa TOnetv~c; KOTaywy~c;.

AuT6c; o avepx611evoc; not..mK6c; enwq>et..~91lKe ano Til oxi:OTJ TOuc; npo· KetJ.Ii:Vou va nt..ouTioet Kat va anoK~oet a~t<i>llaTa , wooTou ll 8aoif..tooa 9o· pu8~91lKe KQl, q>080UileVIl OTt 9a TllV eK9pOVl~e, TOV e~aq>OVlOe ano Til Oil· J.IOota ~w~. Ot avTinat..oi Tile; oev txaoav TllV euKatpia va Til J.letwoouv nof..t· TtKa, XPilOlJ.IOnot<i>vTac; TO q>ut..o Tile; evavTiov Tile;. Xapa~av mov TOLXO J.ltac; J.llKp~c; GnllAlOc; enavw ano TOV 9aUJ.IOmo TOq>lKO Tile; VOO OOeJ.IVO OXi:OtQ, T~ ono[a anetKOVl~QV TOV LeVeJ.IOUVT VQ OUVOUOlO~eTat J.IO~[ TTJc; 11e KUplOPXlKO Tpono, 9et..ovTOc; bot va anooei~ouv on J.llO epwnK<i>c; evepy~ yuvaiKa oev ~Tav ouvaT6 va auToVOJ.IIl9ei ano TTJV avoptK~ e~ouoia. MeTa Tov 96vaTo

Tile; XOToenoouT, o avnjJtoc; Kat otaooxoc; Tile; Tou9J.1wotc; r ·. o onoioc; ei· xe napaJ.Ieptmei nof..lTIKO an6 Til q>lAOOO~Il 9eia TOU , TTJV eKOlK~-

91lKe, OlQTOOOOVTOc; TllV anaf..elljJil TOU OVOJ.IOT6c; Tile; ano Touc; 800lAlKOUc; KOTaf..oyouc; KQl TTJV KQTampoq>~ TWV Oil·

J.IOOlWV J.IVIlJ.IelWV ma ono[a ellq>OVl~OTOV J.le OVOplK~ J.IOpq>~ . we; q>apaw, oxt o1.1wc; Kat eKdvwv onou anetKO· vt~6Tav we; 8aoiAtooa.

GRAFFITI FrO rYMNAIIO THl: 8HPAI KAI l:THN APXAIA ArOPA THl: A8HNAI

Ta neptoooTepa graffiti, toiwc; eKeiva nou 8pi:91l· KQV t..a~eUJ.Ii:Va oe xwpouc; nou XPilOlJ.IOnOlOUVTO

anoKf..etmlKO ~ KQTe~OX~V ano OVOpec;, exouv oe~OU· af..tKo neptexoJ.Ievo. LKonoc; 10uc;, oe, eivat va npo86t..-

t..ou'v Tov avoptOJ.IO Kanotwv etc; 86poc; Kanotwv 6Mwv. ETot, moue; 8paxouc; t..iyo t~w ano TO ru1.1v6mo TTJc; 8~­pac;, OlQOW9T]KOV ano TOV 7o KQl TOV 60 Ol n.X. XUOaiec; , KaMtTeXVlKO Kat f..eKTlKO, emypaq>ec;-graffiti, mtc; onoiec; 5t6q>opot veapoi Tile; enox~c; KauxwvTal on txouv ou­vouotamei 1.1e illouc; ouvaoKOUJ.Ievouc; TOuc;. napo· J.IOla oxtota anavT<i>vTat Kat ~J.Iepa , av Kat oe 6Mou eioouc; OllllOOlOUc; xwpouc; ... Be8ata, elVQl napaKlV· ouveu11tvo va npoona8~oou11e va epllllveuoou11e aUTO TO 6oe11V0 Kat OnAO.iKO mlXOKlQ we; OelYilOTQ anef..eu9epWili:VOU OllO(j>UAOq>lAlKOU i:pWTO, 6nwc;

emxetpouv otaq>opot epeuvllTtc; oe 8t6f..ia ~ tmooe· t..ioec;. To q>mvo11evo eivat ouvll9ec; mllv eq>TJ8eia Kat OlOXPOVlKO, evw q>aiveTOl OTl OKOnoc; TOU ~TQV ne· plOOOTepo ll OVU4JWOTJ TOU OVOplKOU yoijTpou eKeL· VWV nou TO AO~euav Kat ll OVTimOlXIl llelWOTJ eKel· VWV TWV onoiWV TO OVOilOTQ QVOq>i:pOVTQl mil 9f;OTJ

TWV na91lTlKWV oe~OUOAlKO. LTilV Apxaia Ayop6 Tile; A9~vac;, OUil(j>WVO 11e

TllV AllePlKavioa apxatoMyo Mtlllnet.. /\avyK (Mabel Lang), q>aiveTat OTt xa· pax91lKav xtf..taoec; graffiti oe 6mpaKa, ayyeia Kat illec; emq>avetec;, Ta onoia xpovot..oyoUVTQl ano TQ J.I&Oa TOU Sou Ql. n.X. twc; TOV 6o Ql. ll.X. Onwc; unOmllpi~el ll/\avyK, TOV 50 Ql. n.X. mo OUVIl9lOiltVa ~TQV TO oe~OUOAlKOU

neptexo11tvou graffiti, TO onoia q>aiveTat on eixav OKono va 6M4Jouv TllV KO· t..~ q>~llll opto11tvwv npoownwv. r ta napaoetylla, mo xeit..oc; ev6c; ayyeiou txet xapax&ei ll emypaq>~: .. o TiTac;, o ot..u11moviKTJc;, eivat KaTanuywv" , OTJ· t..ao~ anootxeTat Tov na91lTtKo oe~ouaf..tK6 pot..o. <l>umKa, oev npoKetTat yta KOnOlOV npawaTtK6 OAUilntOVLKil . Onotoc; xapa~e TTJV emypaq>~ OKon6 eixe va napwo~oet TTJV TOKTtK~ Tile; owpeac; a11q>optwv ye116Twv 11e Mot moue; vt· KllTtc; Twv nava91lvaiwv. LTil ouyKeKptlli:VIl nepimwOTJ, oe, unovoeiTat on ot a9f..llTtKtc; emo6oe tc; Tou TiTa ~Tav oe~ouaf..tKou neptexo11tvou (1 ). t:;.ev t..ei­nouv, q>uotKa, ouTe ot npoo6oMc; evavTiov yuvatK<i>v, evw noTe-noTe eK· q>pa~eTOl ll epWTlK~ OOTJilOVLQ TOU OVOpa antVOVTl mllV eTO[pa: «EUileA[Oa, tt..a ooo mo yp~yopa 11nopeic;». AvTi9eTa 11e Tov 5o atwva, TOV 4o at. n.X. KU· ptapxouv Ta graffiti nou avaq>tpovTat oe ayopanwf..T]oiec;.

Ooo yta TTJ 9eOTilTO TJ onoia txet TTJV TlllllTlK~ Tile; mov ouyKeKPllli:VO xw· po, oev eivat ouoKot..o va TTJ q>avTamou11e. 0 Ep11~c;. o 9eoc;-npom6Tilc; Twv e11n6pwv, Twv otePilllvtwv Kat Twv 4JeuT<i>v oev 11nopouoe napa va Tlll6Tat mov xwpo TT]c; ayopac;. Ooot KtpOl~QV an6 nc; ayopanWAilOiec; Touc; ouv~9l·

~av va ~ooeuouv tva lltKpo 11epioto ano TO Ktpoll TOuc; yta va aq>tepwoouv tva 111· KpO Owpo mov Ep11~ . XOPOOOOVTOc; KQl TllV QVOAOYil emypaq>~.

01 Enl rPACI>E.I THl: nOMnHIAI

H n6f..ll moue; nponooec; Tou Be~ou8t· OU , ll Onoia KOTampOq>llKe an6 TllV tKpll· ~ll TOU ll(j>Otmeiou TO 79 11.X., O(j>llOe lllO Mll9<i>pa emypaq>wv-graffiti we; anpoo11e· Vll KAilPOVOillO moue; epeUVIlTtc; TOU tmoptKou napet..96vToc; TTJc;. LUilq>wva 11e TO nopiOilOTQ TWV ntO npooq>OTWV epeu­VWV, 11.000 t..anvtK6 Kei11eva txouv KaTa· XWPil9ei ma emypaq>tK6 corpora Tile; no­llnlliac; Kat TOU yetTOVlKOU Tile; HpOKAel· ou, Ta onoia xapax91lKav oe Toixouc;, ay­yeia, lleTaMtKO QVTlKellleva KOl ntVOKiOec; TWV onoiwv ll emq>aveta ~Tav Ktptvll . ne­pinou 1.738 KellleVa OUVOOeUOVTQl ano napamaoetc;.

Opto11tvec; q>opt c;, To ioto npoowno ouvoteTOl lle graffiti TOOO OTJilOOlOU 000 KOllOlWTlKOU XOPOKT~pa. rta nap60ety11a, Kanotoc; M. Poumoc; Pouq>oc; (M. Rupius

EpWTIKtj rotxoyparpia orr6 TIJV no~ITIJtO. Ttro10u £i6ouc; tpWTIKtC) OITtiKOViCJttc;, aAAa KOI aAAtc; CJTO Opta TIJC) CJKAIJptjc; rropvoyparpiac;, tjrav OUVIJ&ta~tvo rpatv6~tvo oxt ~6vo CJTO

ECJWTtpiKO rropvtiwv, aAAa Kat CJTO tCTWTEptKO XWPO 0/KIWV (CJITOV/0 KOI CJt E~WTtptKOU«; roixouc;).

Io1optKa (-Jtprna 89

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gra ffi to TfJ C: noprrfJiac;.

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L£ KanOLec; on6vtec; neptmwoetc;, oe Toixouc; LOLWTLKWV KQL 0111..l00lWV xwpwv f:~<pav[~OVTQL ~aKpOOKf:A~ OTLXOUPY~I..lOTO ,

onwc; EVQ O~Of:pWTLKO OTO ono[O ~LQ yuva[KQ f:K<ppa~f:l TOV ~OVOnAWpO epw­TO TllC: yta ~ta 6AA11, ~e nol-.u l-.em~ aio811011 Kat l-.uptKO u<poc; nou unoi511AW­vet emppoec; ano TllV epwnK~ noi11011 TllC: neptoi5ou (Opanoc;).

EKTOC: TWV nOALTLKWV KQL TWV epWTLKWV graffiti, 0LOOW811KOV KQL nOAAO TO onoia ava<pepovTat oe l..lovo~axouc; . liStaiTepo eviSta<pepov napouma~et eva graffito-f:LKOVQ TO onoio <pa[Vf:TQL VO OX£Tl~£TOL ~E ~La TOnLK~ e~eyep011 nou f:}..a6e XWPO OTO Ol..l<pL8eaTpO T'lC: nOATlC: TO 59 ~.X. L£ QUTO an£LKOV[~£TQL evac; ~OVO~OXOC: ~£ Kpavoc; OTO KE<pOAl, 0 onoioc; KpOTO OTO eva TOU XEPL eva KAaiSi <poivtKa. llin.A.a oe au~ TTl ~op<p~ npo6aMet illo eva unep~eye8ec;,

OUT~ TTl <popa, KAOO[ <pOlVLKQ KOL 11 emypa<p~ : « Ka~nOVLOl, oac; KQTOOTpe4Ja­~f: KQL wac;, VLKWVTOC: TOUC: NouKeptouc;». 0 lOTOplKOC: T6KLTOC: ava<pepet on KaT6 TTl iStapKeta evoc; aywva l..lOvo~axwv OTo a~<pt8eaTpo T'lC: nol..ln11iac; O~UV811KOV TO nVf:U~QTQ QVOI..l£00 OTOUC: VTOnLOUC: 8EOTEC: KQL OTOUC: Ka~na­VLOUC: , l..lE OnOTEAEO~Q 11 KQTQOTOOll VQ 0011Y118£[ OTTlV Ql~OTOXUOlQ. <Pa[V£TQL on To ouyKeKpt~evo graWto K6vet unatvtKTLK~ ava<pop6 OTa i5uo6peOTa au­To yeyovoTa.

TA EYPHMATA THI OITIAI

LTOV LOTOTono Ostia antica ava<pepeTat on w<; To Te.A.o<; Tou Anpt.A.iou TOU 2007 ano TOV OPXOLOAOYLKO xwpo TTl<; OOTLOC: eixav neptypa<pd KQL avanapa­xsei TlAf:KTpOVLKO nep[ TO 387 graffiti. Ano TO 201 graffiti, TO ono[a ~TQV OL0-8em~a ewe; TOV IOVOUOplO TOU 2004, TO 55% ~TQV Kf:ll..lf:VLKQ KQL TO 45% OX£­OLQOTLKO. Ano Ta K£t~evtK6, To 90% dvat ypa~~evo 0111 .A.anvtK~ y.A.wooa KOL ~OALC: TO 10% OTTlV f:AA'lVLK~. H~epO~TlVlf:C: unapxouv ~OVO OTO 13% TOU OU­VOAOU. Ta oxeiStaOTtKa graffiti oe noooOTo 23% anetKovi~ouv M~6ouc; , yeyo­vo<; eul-.oyo a<pou 11 OOTLQ ~TQV TO eniveto TTl<; PW~'lC: · Av8pwmve<; ~op<pe<; E~<pav[~OVTQL OTO 11 % TOU OUVOAOU, f:VW ano CUTE<; TO 6,6% anf:LKOV[~f: l ~0-

VO~OXOU<;. AvanapaOTOOf:lC: ~WWV anOVTWVTOl OTO 4,5% TWV OX£0LOOTLKWV graffiti, QVQ~EOQ TOU<; KQL f:Ae(j>OVT£<;, ll f:~WTLK~ f:~(j>QVL011 TWV ono[WV (j>OlV£­TQl on npoKa.A.ouoe ti5LOiT£P11 evTunw011. Be6ma, Ta 6Tuxa auTo ~wa npenet va dxav ~eTa<pep8d OTilV OOTta ano KOnOLo At~6vt TTl<; Bopeta<; A<pptK~C: npoKet~evou va oiS11Y118ouv 0111 o<pay~ TOUC: OTO Ko.A.oooaio.

Opto~eva ano TO oxeotaOTtK6 graffiti TTl<; OOTtac; evTunwma~ouv Ka8w<;

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anf:LKOVl~OUV ~£ OpK£~ ntOTOTllTO YVWOTQ Oll~OOlO KT[pta, onw<; TOV TOmKO <papo ~Til LT~All Tou 8pt6~6ou Tou auToKp6Topa Tpafavou OTTl Pw~11 .

OTAN H $80PA METATPEnETAI IE EniiHMH nP.A:H - H nEPinTQIH THI IOYJ\IAI BAJ\BIMAI (2oc; a1. JJ.X.)

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Graffito arro TfJV n oprrfJia rrou £/KOVi~£1 povopaxia (OX£0/0CJTIK/j avarrapacrraa, rou Stephen Wisdom, OTJO TO 818Aio TOU

1oiou, MoVO#JOXOI, £KO. n£p iOKOTJIO, A&ljva 2009).

lotOptK{r (·h'jtmu 91

H avarroT&A&aiJO· TIKOT'ITO T'l<; damnatio memorise OTTOli&IKVU&TOI OTTO TO y&yov6<; 6rt tjTav rrpaKTIKO aliuvaTov va KOTaarpaq>ouv 6At<; 01 &IKOV&<; TWV OTOIJWV TTOU t ixav urroarti KOTOliiK'I T'l<; IJVIjiJ'I<;. I t auTo TO SOUIJOOIO KOIJt O OTT&IKOVi~trOI 6).'1 '1 OIKOYCV&/0 TOU I t rrTiiJIOU It61jpou, OIJW<; TO

i pyo auTo litv rrttpaxS'IK& &TT&tlilj rrpoq>avw<; avtjK& a& tliiWT'I.

H A:IA TON GRAFFITI CU: nH mN nA THN KOINONIKH IITOPIA TH:E APXAIOTHTA:E

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aaxot.ouvTat llf: Til IJtKpO"lOTopia, 51lA05~ 11e Til IJf:AeTil ;wv q>mvo~evtKO O~IJOVTWV yeyOVOTWV Til<; K081l1Jf:ptv~<; ~W~<;, KOt f:nl~llTOUV VO OVOOUpOU.V an6 Til ATiSil Til q>WV~ TWV neptSwptOKWV Til<; tOTop[a<; (TWV 50UAWV, TWV ~e­VWV, TWV yuvatKWV), Ot emypaq>e<; KOt TO axe5ta graffiti IJnOpOUV, OV IJf:Af:Til·

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OtKtOK~ 5oUAil. . Lf: llta axpovoMyllTil emypaq>~·graffito an6 TllV Apxaia Ayopa Tile; AS11·

vac;, IJIO ASilvaia aOT~ eKq>pa~et TO napanova Trt<: yta TllV avapiJOOTTl ep~n­K~ axeOT] TOU OU~UyOU Til<; IJf: IJIO Sepanmv[5a. M6.AtOTO, 0 OU~uyo<; ~enep?· ae TO entTpema KotvwvtKa 6pta, KaSW<;, enwq>eAOUIJevo<; an6 TllV anouma

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Til<; YUVOlKO<; TOU, eneTpe4Je OTT]V epWIJeVIl TOU VO OIKf:tOnOtllSet TOV pOUXI·

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nap6Tt IJIO AST]VOlQ ou~uyoc; ~TOV unoxpew1JeVIl va avexSei noMa, u~pxav Kanota 6pta OTil ou1Jneptq>opa ev6c; amOTou ou~uyou. H KotvwvtK~ un6Ail4Jil KOI ll npOtKO IJtO<; eVTIIJil<; YUVOlKO<; exatpav npoOTaoia<;. H VOIJO· Swia e5tve lltO onavta WKOtpia OTil ou~uyo va uno6aAet OlTilOT] 5ta~uyiou, apKei va napouma~6Tav auTonpoownwc; OTov uneuSuvo apxoVTa. 00T6oo, IJtO yuvaiKO OUVT]SIOIJeVIl OTilV OnOIJOVWOT] TOU YUVOlKWVlTil 5ev KOTaq>epve f:UKOAO va Kavet XP~Oll OUTOU TOU 5tKOIWIJOTO<; XWpi<; Til 6o~Seta appevwv ouyyevwv. AUTO yiveTQl KOTOVOT]TO av OVOAOYIOTOUIJf: TO naST]IJO Til<: lnna­ptTTJ<;, TTJ<; ou~uyou Tou AAKt6tMil. TJ onoia 6Tav emxdpTJoe va napouota· OTei OTov apxovTo npoKet1Jevou va ~llT~oet5ta~uyto an6 Tov AAKt6tMTJ , nou TTJV e~euTeAt~e ouvexW<; ouvamovTa<; 5w1JOU<; 11e eTaipec;, tneoe 80~-ta Til<: 6ia<; Kat TOU Spaoou<; TOU Tf:AWTOlOU, 0 onoio<; Til q>6pTWOe OTOV WIJO TOU Kat Til yuptoe niOW, npoq>avti><; yta VO IJTJV xaoet TllV npotKO TTJ<;. naVTW<;, an6 TTJV nollnTJiO 5ev f.einet KOt tva XtOUIJOptOTtK6 graffito 11taw Tou onoiou 1110 OVWVUIJTJ yuvaiKO 5tOAOAel 6n 5ev nwAei TOV ou~uy6 TTJ<; YIO OAO TO xpuoa­q>t TOU KOOIJOU.

Av TJ npoavaq>epSetOO emypaq>~ q>WT[~et TllV KOIVWVIK~ KOTaOTQOT] Til<; yuvaiKa<; OTrtV apxat6TilTO, Kanote<; af.f.ec;, an6 TllV nollnTJia, napouma~ouv IJIO nof.u f.ty6Tepo yvwOT~ mux~ TTJ<: ~w~c; Twv yuvatKti>v Tou eAATJVOPWIJO"l· KOU KOOIJOU: TOU ev5taq>epOVTO<; yta TO KOtVa. noMe<; IJf:AeTe<; exouv f:KnO· VTjSd nc; Mo Tf:Af:UTOie<; 5eKOeTiec; axeTtKa IJe TTJ OUIJIJeTOX~ TWV YUVOIKWV TTJ<; eMTJVOPWIJa"lK~<; eAiT OTTJV TomK~ noAmK~ ~w~. np6KetTat, OIJW<;, yta yuvaiKe<; nou f:KAeyOVTOV oe Kanota eAOXtOTO TOntKa O~IWIJOTO TIIJTJTIKOU XO­paKT~pa. AvnSbwc;, 6nwc; entOT]IJOtvet 11 ct>tvf.av5~ apxatof.6yoc; Ai~o L0-6ouvev (Liisa Savunen), 01 yuvaiKe<; Til<: nollnTjtO<;, Ot onoiec; EITJIJIOUPYTJOOV nOAITIKe<; «Oq>[Oe<; TOlXOU» yta VQ UnOOTTJpl~OUV KanotOV uno4J~q>IO yta TO­mKo nOAITIKO O~lWIJO, 5ev q>OtVeTat VO OV~KQV OTO OVWTepa KOIVWVtKa OTpW­IJOTO. LUIJq>wva 11e To 11txpt ~IJepa yvwOTa OTotXeia, 54 yuvaiKe<; dxav EITJ­IltOupy~oet npoypaiJIJOTa unoOT~pt~TJ<: uno4Jilq>iwv OTrtV noiJnTJia. napa TTJV npoonaSeta Kanotwv epWVTJTWv va neioouv 6Tt ot yuvaiKe<; dxov 5tKOiWIJO 4J~q>OU OTt<; TOntKe<; f:KAOye<; TTJ<; n6ATJ<;, IJIO Te­TOIQ epiJTJVetO npenet VO anOKAf:IOTel, Oq>OU TO pw1JO"lK6 EliKato anay6peue TTJV onota5~noTe ova­IJet~ll Twv yuvatKti>v OTTJV noAITIK~. Ot yuvoiKe<; ei­xov TTJ 5uvaT6TilTO va napeupioKOVTat OTt<; npo­KOTOpKnKe<; EITjiJOOte<; OUVOSpoioet<;, OKOIJTJ KOt va AOIJ6avouv Tov Myo oe onavte<; neptmwoet<;, oMa anayopeu6TOV TJ OUIJIJf:TOX~ TOU<; OTt<; 4JTJ­q>oq>opie<;. ETat, euf.oya EITJiltOupyeiTOt TO epWTTJ­IlO YlO notOV A6yo e1JnOtVOV OTOV KOnO KOt OTO e~o5a Til<: EllllltOupyia<; nOAITIKWV npoypOIJIJa­TWV. H anaVTTJOT] 6pioKeTOt OTO OTt ouvtltovmv

ArrttK6vta'1 OIKtliJOTO<; a& graffito a rr6 T'IV Oarta.

lolOptKa (-h"pm ,, 9 3

Graffito a no TIJV nopnl)ia nou On£/ICOVi~£1 povopaxo (Stephen Wisdom, Movopaxo1, t Ko. ntplaKomo, A&rjva 2009).

llE: ot6<popouc; Tponouc; l-IE: opto11tvouc; unoljJT)<piouc;: K6nota i}Tav ytayt6 Tou unoljJI'}<ptou Tov onoiov uno­OTI'}pt~E: . 6/J-cc; i}Tav yctTovtom:c;, O!lOSpT)OKE:<;, na­Tpwvtooe:c; Ti ncMnoocc; 6/J-wv, OT)Aaol'} nc; ouvtocav llf: E:Kf:iVOU<; OUVatOSTlllOTlKOl, OlKOVO!llKO[ KOl KOlVW­VlKOl OE:OilOL

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o auSOPilllTlO!loc;. Ynopxct, aK6!1T), llta nAT]Swpa cmypa<pwv graffiti

OKOTOAoytKou ncptE:XOilevou. Ano auTo a~[~E:t va ava­<pcpSE:i tva ano TT)V nollnT)lQ, O[nAa oe: tvav nupyo uopo06TT]OT)c;. TO onoio ava<pepnat OTt<; notvtc; nou cm66Movtav oc E:KE:ivouc; ot onoiot punmvav Touc;

xwpouc; UOpE:UOT)c;: «OnotOc; SeAE:l va KOVE:l TT) OWilOTlKI'} TOU av6yKT) Of: au­TOV TOV xwpo KOAO dvat va anOilOKpuvSE:i. Av e:ve:pyl'}oE:l OVTtSE:TO, Sa npt­ne:t va nAT)pwoe:t npoOTtllO. Ta natot6 Sa nAT)pwoouv oe: OOT)Iltvta VOillO!lOTa, ot oouf..ot Sa ~uAoKonT)Souv OTa onioSt6 Touc;».

L£ OplOilEVE:<; nE:ptmwoe:tc;, TEAO<; , E:n6vw OTouc; A[Souc; xap6000VTOV oMKAT)pa KE:i11e:va, onwc; Ta <ptAooo<ptK6 anoon6o11aTa Tou L':.toyevT) OTa Ot­voavoa TT)<; MtKpac; Aoiac; (2oc; Ol. ll.X.). OOTOOO OUTO TO KE:illE:VO oe:v anoTE:­AOUV graffiti Kat cno11tvwc; ocv ncptAO!l66vovtat OTo nAaimo TT)<; napouoac; npo6AT)IlOTlKI'}c;.

DAMNATIO MEMORIAE: 0 BAN~AAIIMOI THI E::OYIIAI

Ano TT)V apxatOTT)TQ ewe; TT) OUYXPOVT) cnoxl'} KOSe: <poptac; E:~ouo[ac; npoonaSe:i, oxe:oov ancyvwolltva, va e:~aAe:iljJe:t TT) llVTillll e:KE:ivwv nou avt­Tpe:ljJe:. LTT) <papawvtKI'} Aiyumo SUI-IOTa auTI'}c; TT)c; otaOtKaoiac; tnwav o 110-voSe:'lOTI'}c; <papaw AKE:VOTWV (1379-1362 n.X.) Kat 11 npoava<pcpSE:ioa 6aoi­Atooa XatoE:nOOUT. A/J-6 KQl OTT) Me:oonoTOillO, 6nou 0 avoptOVTac; TOU 6a­OlAlO i}TOV UITOKQTOOTOTO TOU OVOp6c;, 0£V f:ivat TUXOlO TO ye:yov6c; OTt T) 110p<pl'} TOU 600lAlO QVTlllf:TWnt~OTOV ano TOU<; UITT)KOOU<; we; ~WOO: TT)<; npo­OE<pE:pav cvou11aoia Kat Tpo<pl'}, e:vw 6Tav o 6aotAt6c; Ktvouve:uc, TonoScTou­oav OUTO TO UITOKQTOOTOTO OTOV Spovo E:VW 0 iotoc; KpU60TQV.

Me: TT)V iota f..oytKI'} , ot avanapaOT6octc; Twv llY£1-lovwv u<piOTavTo Kat nc; notvec; oav va i}Tav ~wocc; . rta napaoe:tylla, 1110 KE:<paf..l'} nou avanaptot6 tvav AKKOOa T)Y£1-lOVO, mSavwc; TOV 6aotAt6 LOpywv (ne:p[ TO 2300-2200 n.X.), <ptpe:t 0111160ta cniScOT)c;: To aptotcpo 116Tt txe:t a<pmpe:Se:i. Ta a<pn6 txouv anoKone:i Kat un6pXE:llllO 6aSt6 TOilTi OTT)IlUTT), 11 onoia txct tooncowSE:i OTT)

pi~a TT)c;. To ye:yovoc; OTt auTou Tou e:ioouc; 11 TlllWPia e:m6aMoTav OTouc; T)T­TT)Ilevouc; e:xSpouc; OTT) Me:oonoTO!lia e:m6e:6atwve:Tat ano llta e:mypa<pl'} Tou 6ao!At6 L':.ape:iou A' (522-486 n.X.), 11 onoia 6ptST]K£ OTO Mne:xtOT6v Tou OT)­Il£Ptvou lp6v: «Tou EKOljJO TT)IlUTT), TO O<pTlO TOU, TT) yAWOOQ TOU KOl TOV TU­<pAWOO OTO tva TOU !lOTI».

TeTotou doouc; npaKnKec; OTT) PWilO'lKI'} Kat OTT) 6u~avTtvl'} e:noxTi ouvl'}­Swc; OKOAOUSOUVTO ano TT) <pUOtKI'} E:~OVTWOT) TOU E:KnE:OOVTO<; T)ybT). M6At­OTO, Ot YVWOTO[ Yta TT)V f: llllOVI'} TOU<; OTOV OXOAOOTtKlO!lO PWilOlOt «T£AE:l0-no[T)OOV» auTI'} TT) OtaOtKaoia. 8ti!laTa TT)<; KOTaOiKT)c; TT)c; llVTillll<; tne:oav oxt llOVO KOnOtOl OUTOKp6Tope:c;, OAAO KOl yuvatKe:[a llEAT] TOU OUTOKpOTOptKOU o[Kou Kat e:m<pavdc; a~tWilOTOUXOL Ta ovo11aTa TWv KaTaotKOOiltvwv otayp6-<povTav ano K6Se: OT)IlOOlO llVllllE:iO Kat ot 110p<ptc; Touc; o6l'}vovTav 11e: llOV[a ano VOillOilOTO Kat tpya TEXVT)<; napa noAM OVOilOTO ne:ptAO!l60VOVTOl Of: auTov Tov OTlllWTlKO KOT6Aoyo. Kanota e: ivat naoiyvwOTa, onwc; e:KE:ivo Tou OUTOKp6Topa Nepwva KOt TT)<; llT)Ttpac; TOU Aypmn[vac; TT)<; N£WT£pT)c;, QAAQ AtyoTe:po, onwc; E:KE:iva Tou e:~wnKou HAtoy66af..ou (218-222 1-l.X.) Kat Tou c~a­MA<pou Kat otaMxou Tou AAc~avopou LE:6l'}pou (222-235 11.X.) Kat Twv llllTt ­pwv TOU<;, KOl KOITOtO OAAO £lVQl OXE:OOV OYVWOTO E:KTO<; TOU KUKAOU TWV e:na'lovTwv TT)c; PWilO'lKI'}c; tOTopiac;.

H npaKnKI'} auTI'} ouve:xiOTT)Ke: twc; Tov XPtOTtavtK6 4o atwva. E tKa~cTat OTt KOt 0 Mtyac; KWVOTOVT[voc; Oe:V nE:ptopiOTT)KE: llOVO OTT)V E:KTEAE:OT) TOU yt­OU Tou Kpionou Kat TT)c; oe:uTE:pT)c; ou~uyou Tou <l>atiOTac;, aMa Kat on ott­TO~£ TT)V KaTaOiKT] TT)<; llVTillll<; Touc;, av Kat K6notot XPtOTtavo[ tOToptKo[ Oll­<pto6T)Totiv OTt o auToKp6Topac; nou lle:TETpe:ljJc TT) Pw11a'lKI'} AuToKpaTop[a oe: XPtOTtav tKI'} cne6aAe: TT)V damnatio memoriae OTT) oti~uyo Kat OTov yto Tou.

DOTOOO, Myw TT)<; KOKI'}c; KOTQOTOOT)<; Kanotwv llVT)Ildwv ouxva d vat ou­OKOAT)T) munol'} Touc;. rta napOOE:lYilO, 11 apxmoMyoc; 0Aya naf..ayy t6, ava­<pe:pOilE:VT) 0£ OKpWTT)plOO!lEVO 66Spa E:voc; OUilnAEYilOTO<; ayOA!lOTWV TO Onoia OVQKOAU<pST)KOV 0£ AOKWVlKI'} OVOOKO<pl'} TOU 1968, OITOOEXE:TOl, OV KOl

11£ E:nt<pUAO~E:l<; , TT)V E:PilllVe:ia TWV OPXOlOAOywv TT)<; naAatac; OVOOKO<pl'}~ , OU!l<pWVO 11£ TT)V ono[a TO ayOA!lOTO anE: tKOVl~OV, 11toa OTO nAO[OlO TT)<; OU­TOKpOTOptKI'}<; AOTpe:[ac; , TOV HAtoy660AO, lllO ano Tt<; OU~tiyouc; TOU , TT) 1111· Tepa Tou louf..ia LOE:Iltaoa. Tov e:~60E:A<po Kat otaooxo Tou AAt~avopo L£61'}­po, TT) llllTtpa Tou Te:Ae:umiou louf..ia Ma11aia Kat Til ytayta Twv Olio vcapwv auToKpatopwv louf..ia Maioa 1'}. cvaMaKnK6, Tov auToKp6Topa L£nTilltO LE:-6l'}po (192-211 11.X), TT) oti~uyo Tou louf..ia L':.OilVO, Touc; ytouc; Touc; KapaKaA­Aa Kat rtTa Kat TT) <l>ouA6[a nf..auTiMa, ou-~uyo TOU KapaKOAAO.

To ouyK£KPlllEVO OUilnA£YilO ayaAilO­TWV EXE:l ouvoe:Se:i 11£ tva UITE:PilEY£SE:c; xaf..K tvo 6yaA11a nou 6peST]KE: OTT)v aKpo­noAT) TT)<; LITOpTT)<; Kat To onoio anE:tKovi­~e:t lllO OUTOKpOTE:lpO TT)<; OUVOOTf:iac; TWV L£6i}pwv. To npoowno Tou ay6AilOToc; llOt­a~ct VO txe:t O<pUpOKOnT)Se:[, yt' OUTO Ol ap­XOlOAOYOl nou TO E:ixav OVOKQAUljJE:l TO E:i­xav Se:wpl'}oe:t we; odylla KOTOO[KT)<; TT)<;

An£1KOVIC11J O.i;tpavra a£ graffito a no TIJV Oarra. npotpavwc;, 01 tAi;tpavrtc; we; £~WTIKO ~Wa npoKaAtaav TIJV ntpli;py£10 TWV KOTOiKWV TIJc; Ira Mac;.

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AvarrapaCJTaolj OIKtliJOTO~ 0 £

graffito arr6 TljV OCJTIO. Erriolj~, tpljiJIOIJeVa KTipiO orre/Kovit;ovrav OUXVO CJTO graffiti.

llVTHlllC:· Em:t5~ 11 TauTtOT] Tou ay6A-11moc; 5Ev eivm 6e6otT] -npoK£lTOl eiT£ yta TT] <l>OUA6ia nA.auTiAAO, ou~uyo TOU Kapa­KOAAO, eiTe yta TT]V louA.ia Ma11aia, llllTEpa Tou AAE~6v5pou fe6~pou ~ yta TT]V louA[a AKOUT]A[a, ou~uyo TOU HAlOy66a­AOU-, 11 tpeuva 5e:v EXEl KOTOA~~El av TO ayaAilO tnEOE «Su­llO» TT]<:; damnatio memoriae ~ KanOtac; nupKaytac; nou ~tanaae OTO tepo onou eixe Tono&nT]&ei. Av, wmooo, o av5pt6vTOc; anElKOVL~El TT] ou~uyo TOU HAtoy660AOU, 11 onoio 5ev ELX£ uno­OTei TT]V notV~ TT]<:; KOT05LKT]<:; TT]<:; llV~IlT]<:; , TOTE 11nopei VO UnO­TE3ei on T] napOilOP<JlWOT] TOU npoownou O<jleiA£TOl 08 nupKa­yta nou OAAOLWO£ TO llETOAhO KOTOOKE:U~<:; .

TUntKO nap05£lYilO KOT05LKT]<:; TT]<:; llV~IlllC: eiVOl 11 npoan63eta TOU Ka­paKOAAO VO o6~08l TO OVOilO Kat TT] llOP<Jl~ TOU a58A<jlOU TOU Kat, yta OUVT0-110 XPOVlKO 5tOOTT]Il0, OUVOUTOKpOTOpa TOU reTO TOOO ono TO VOilLOilOTO 000 KOl ano TO 5T]Il00l0 llVT]IleiO.

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navTwc;, napa nc; npoana&etec; Touc;, eKdvot ot onolot emxetpouoov TT]V damnatio memoriae anavta WlTUYXOVOV TOV OTOXO TOU<:; , K03W<:; 11 anaAEltiJT] lllO<:; ~511 unapxouoac; llOP<Jl~C: EKOVE: mo EVTOVT] TT]V napouoia TT]<:; llEOW TT]<:; anouoiac; TT]<:;. rta nap65etylla, TO 204 11.X., ot apyupa11ot6oi TOU Forum Boarium OTT] PWilll dxav aq>tEpWOEl lllO at!Jl5a OTT]V OlKoytve:ta TOU Kapa­KaMa. 0<:; TO 205 ll.X. £LX£ ano11dVEl OTT]V at!J[5a llOVO T] llOP<Jl~ TOU OUTO­KpOTOpa, Ka&wc; o nE&epoc; Tou, o aMoTe naviaxupoc; nA.aunav6c;, eKTe:A.t­OTllK£ TT] XPOVlO eKdVI"( KOl 11 llOP<Jl~ TOU O<jlOlpE3T]KE ano TO 5T]Il00l0 llVT]­!ldO, EVW 11 i5to TUXll Wl<jlUAOX3T]KE OTT]V KOpT] TOU KOl ou~uyo TOU Kopa­KOAAO, nA.auTihha. TT]V i5to TUXT] eixe KOl 11 llOP<Jl~ TOU 50AO<jl0VT]3EVTO<:; TO 212 11.X. reTO, 6nwc; <jlOLVE:TOl ano TO KE:VO OTO OT]!ldO onou OAAOTE eLX£ XO­pax&ei T] anetKOVlOT] TOU OAtyo~WOU OUVOUTOKpOTOpa.

H npaKnK~ TT]<:; damnatio memoriae ouxva eM116ave Kat TT] llOP<Jl~ TT]<:; OVTlKOTOOTOOT]<:; ~ TT]<:; llE:Ta6oMc; KOnOlWV OTOlXdWV TT]<:; avayAU<jlT]<:; KE:q>O­A~<:; . rta nap65EtYilO, OTT]V Ellnpoo&ta ot1J11 TT]<:; anoKaAoull£VT]<:; MtKp~c; At!Jl-5ac; TOU OUTOKpOTopa raA.epiou OTT] 8E:OOQAOVLKT] unapxouv Mo TO~O. LTO

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npoownonoiT]OT] TT]<:; TUXllC: TT]<:; noAT]<:; nptnet va npoyllmonot~ST]K£ IJE:TO TOV 30VOTO TOU roA.ep[ou TO 311 j.l.X., m&aVOTOTO TO 314, OTOV T] npWT]V OU­TOKpOTElpO KOl T]llT]TEpa TT]<:; E:KTE:AEOTT]KOV OTT] 8EOOOAOVLKT] KOTOntV E:VTO­A~<:; TOU OUVOUTOKpOTOpO TOU MEyOAOU KWVOTOVTLVOU, AlKLVlOU, 0 onoio<:; ~&eA.e , npoq>avwc;, VO E~OVTWOE: l TT] OUVOOTda TOU ~lOKAT]TlOVOU .

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0 ~av6c; ~~ypaq>o~ KOl <jllAOOO<jlO<:; AayKEp rlOpv (Asger Jorn, 1914-1973) KOT~yopton?tet nc; npa~E.t<:; 6av5aA.tollOU we; E~~c; : a) 6avoaA.ta11oc; 118 avo­llOAOYT]TO KlVT]Tpa, 0 OnOlO<:; llE TT] OE:tpa TOU UnOOlOlpE:[TOl OTOV OOOlOTlKO 6av50Al01l~, nou O~eLAETOl OT~ EVOTlKTO TT]<:; KOTOOTpoq>~c;, OTOV OnhllOTO 6av50AlOIJO, 5T]AO?T] TllV TU<jlAT] OnAT]OT[Q TWV nAlOTOlKOAOywv, OTOV ~T]AO­q>&?vo 6aviSOAl~llO, OT]A05~ TT]V E:~OAEltiJT] KO&e ixvouc; TWV npoT]yOUilE:VWV AOWV, OTOV OllE:LAlKTO 6av50AlOIJO, 011A05~ TOV &pT]OKE:UTlKO KOl enaVOOTQ­

TlKO <jlOVOTlOIJO K~l OTOV T]Ai&to 6av5aAl01lO, 5T]Aa5~ TT]V «YKPO<JllTO!lOVLO•• Kat. 6) 6av5aA.toj.loc; 11£ o~oAOYllllEVa KLVT]Tpa, 5T]A.oo~ &pT]oKeunKoc;, OE­IlVOTuq>oc;, OUVOl03T]!l0TlKO<:;, OlO&T]TlKO<:; KOl 60VOOAl0!lO<:; KOTQ TO np6Tuno TOU Mp5ou EAylV KOl TWV OUAhEKTWV.

0 rtop~ uto&en:i Kanotec; OIJ<JllAEYOil£VE<:; aA.M EV5taq>tpouoec; &taetc;. npoana&et vo axenKonot~oet TT] llOil<Jl~ nou EXEt anooo&ei moue; BavM­~ouc; 11£ O<JlOPil~ nc; KOTOOTpoq>ec; OTt<:; onoiec; unt6oA.ov TTl PWilT] oTav TT]V aA.waa.v To. 445 11.X. Tovi~El on K03E A.aoc; npo6aivet ae KOTOOTpoq>tc; Twv llVT]~etwv aMwv, n~AlTlOTtK6 5taq>opeTtKWv, A.owv, xwpic; va e~otpouvTOt ot ll£T£nEtTa ~OAlTlOilE:Vot Eupwnaiot. AKOilT], npoana&d va EPilllVEuoe:t TT]v KOTOOTpO<jlT], TWV V?PilOV5lKWV Ai3tVWV EKKAT]OlWV TOU Meooiwvo ano TOU<:; LKavotva6ouc; aypoTec;. H uAtK~ ouyKEVTpWOT] Tou nA.ouTOu mo aOTtKa KE­

VTpa o5~YllO£ T?uc; aypoTe:c; OTT]V tv5Eta. 0 nA.ouTOc; 11e: TllllOP<Jl~ tpywv TE­xv~c; OUYKE:VTpW~T]KE: OTl~ E:KKAllOie:c;, llE: anOTEAEOilO Ol oyp6Tec; va OTpa­<jlOU~ OTT]V q>&opa :wv TOlXWV OUTWV, XOpOOOOVTO<:; enOVW TOU<:; graffiti, llE: OUV~n~ta TT]V E:~O<jlOVlOT] TWV Ai3tVWV OlKOOO!llKWV KOTOOKE:UWV OTT] LKOV5t­va6ta e:wc; ,TOV 110 Ol. ll · ~· napouma~e:l OT]AOO~ we; OlKOVOillKO TO aina TT]<:; nOAlTlOTlKT]<:; KOTOOTpO<Jlll<:; , 11£ TO graffiti va AE:lTOupyouv we; llEOOV.

Ot m~ E:KT£TO~EVOl 6avoaAl01lOi. WOTOOO, EAa6av xwpa KOTO TT] OlOPKE:lO em6po11wv. Ot noAEt<:; TT]<:; T]nEtpwnK~c; EM65ac; untm11aav KOTampoq>tc; KOl 6aVOOAlOilOU<:; npoc; TO TEAll TOU 3ou KOl KOTO TT] OlOpKElO TOU 4ou at. ll.X., ~PXtKa ~no To~c; EpouA.ouc;, ot onoiottoontowoav Tll~lla TT]<:; noA.T]c; Twv A&T]vwv .. H no~11 yA.tTw~e: ano oA.oaxep~ KOTOOTpoq>~ xapT] OTT]V avTiOTaCJll T~v onota op~avwoe ~ apxovTac; KOtlle:Tene:tTa tOToptKoc; ~t~mnoc;, npoc; n­ll~V TOU onot~U ave:yep&T]Ke: e:ve:niypaq>oc; avoptOVTO<:;, onou OllWC: e:K&eta­~OTOV nEptoooT~po yta T~ nVEUilOTlKa TOU e:mTe:uyllOTa Kat noM A.ty6Te:po YlO TOV T]pWlOilO TOU KOTQ TllV anoKpOUOT] TT]<:; em5pOil~<:; TWV EpOUAWV TO 267 11.X. l~taiTepo e:~otaq>tpov napouma~et tva e:niypa1111a TO onoio xap6-X311K£ e:navw OTo Tetxoc; nou av~yetpE o Tom­Ko<:; apxovTac; KA.ouotoc; IA.A.upt6c; yupw ano TT]v A&~vo TO 270 ll.X., we; npOOTOTE:UTlKO llETpo lle:Ta TT]V Emopoll~ Twv EpouA.wv, oullq>wvo 11£ TO onoio o Allq>iwv £Knoe TO TeLXll TT]<:; 8~6oc; 11£ TT] llOUOlK~ TOU, aMa OTT]V A&~va TO OV~­ye:tpe o 1Mupt6c;.

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Emypocpfj roixou CJTijv noiJrrljio rrou ovocptpeTOI oe rrpoypowo urroorfjpll;lj~ urroC/Jijcpiou ae TOrriKfj £KAOyiKfj OVOIJeTpfjCJij {10~ 01. IJ.X.). Iuyyevei~, yeiTove~ KOI euep yeTOUIJ£VOI xapoooov auxva TETOIO rrpo YPOIJIJOTO urroCJTI)P•li'l~ urrOC/Jfjcpiwv y1a TOmKO ol;IWIJOTO, AeiToup youae OljAoofj w~ TO

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To nopTpaiTa Tou raAtpiou Kar TIJ<; TciXIJ<; TIJ<; 0taaaAoviKIJ<; an6 TIJV Afl/i6a TOU raAtpiou C1TIJ 0taaa}.oviKIJ. ApxrKO I} SI}AUKrj poptprj antrKOVI~t TIJ aci~uyo TOU OUTOKpOTopa fa}.f;pra Ba}.tpia (0. ITttpavi6ou-Tr6tpiou, To prKp6 TO~O TOU raAtpiou C1TO ApxaroAoyrK6 Mouatio TIJ<; 0taaaAoviKIJ<;, ASrjva 1996).

98 loloplK<'x (·hpmu

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To graffiti, ~-te T11 ~-tio ri T11V OAA11 1-!0P<Pri. OlOTpexouv l11V ov&pwmv11 totopio on6 nc; onopxec; T11<; ewe; ori~-tepo. T6-oo we; Kd~-tevo 6oo Kat we; et­K6vec; , 11 &e~-tOTOAOy[o TOU<; dvm otoxpovtKrj: epwtac;. oe~. nOAlllKrj, KOlVWVlKrj Ol0-1-!0PTUpio, XlOUilOP. npoona­&eto 6A6611c; t11<; un6.\11tiJ11<; Ka&e .\oyrjc; ovnna.\ou. Oc;

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BIBAIO rPACI»IA

{1) A. ftopv: AfPIOTHTA, BAPBAPOTHTA KAI nOAITIIMOI, ASrjva 2003. (2) R. Hawley- B. Levick (tmp.): WOMEN IN ANTIQUITY: NEW ASSESSMENTS, Aov6ivo 1995. (3) KwCJTa<; KapaCJTaSIJ<;: ME fAr KONITANTINOI, KATHfOPIEI KAI AAH0EIEI, ASrjva 2010. (4) P. Keegan: " WRITING AND DRAWING ON THE WALLS OF POMPEII: HOW THE STUDY OF GRAFFITI RELATES TO THE HSC ANCIENT HISTOIRY CORE SYLLABUS FOR 2006», Ancient History: Resources for Teachers, 35:1 (2006), a.37-64. (5) B. Kiilerich: " DEFACEMENT AND REPLACEMENT AS POUT/CAL STRATEGIES IN ANCIENT RULER IMAGERY», nordik.uib.no/nordik2006/paperslpdf. (6) M. Lang: GRAFFITI IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA, npivCJTov 1988. (7) K. Mantas: « WOMEN AND ATHLETICS IN THE ROMAN EAST», Nikephoros 8, 1995, a. 125-144. (B) KWVCJTOVTivo<; MaVTa<;: H 0EIH THI rYNAIKAI ITON IAIOT/1(0 KAI AHMOI/0 BIO ITHN YITEPH APXAIOTHTA, P66o<; 2009. (9) 0 . Palagia: «SCULPTURE FROM PELOPONNESE IN THE ROMAN IMPERIAL PERIOD», CJTO A.D. Rizakis- Cl. E. Lepenioti {tmp.): ROMAN PELOPONNESEE Ill, SOCIETY, ECONOMY AND CULTURE UNDER THE ROMAN EMPIRE: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE, ASrjva 2010, a. 431-445. (10) J. Tyldesley: HATSHEPSUT, THE FEMALE PHARAOH, Aov6ivo 1998. (11) S. Wisdom: MONOMAXOI: 100n.X.- 200p.X., ASrjva 2009.

lo1opu<Ct (·hpmu 99