nc2r.pdf

Computer Hardware Servicing NC2 Reviewer

Occupational Health and Safety

While Working Along With Pcs Computer equipment can be dangerous, and you or others can

be injured or even killed if you dont follow proper safety guidelines when working along PCs. The

following are some precautionary measures to take before working with any computer equipment:

1. Wear shoes with non-conductive rubber soles to help reduce the chance of being shocked or seriously

injured in an electrical accident.

2. Do not work on components that are plugged into their power source.

3. Do not remove expansion cards from a computer when it is turned on.

4. Remove all jewelry when working inside any computer related equipment.

5. Be sure not to mix electronic components and water.

6. Be careful with the tools that may cause short circuit.

7. Always pull the cable connector on the handle and not on the cable itself.

8. Use only rubber shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor

9. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when connecting a cable connector.

10. Always power off and unplug the computer before working on it.

11. Take away any liquid such as mineral water or drinks near your working area or near computers.

12. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies are recognized.

13. Personal protective equipment is correctly used in accordance with organization OHS procedures

and practice.

14. Hazard/risks in the workplace and their corresponding indicators are identified to minimize or

eliminate risk to coworkers, workplace and environment.

15. Take necessary precautions to protect the component of the computer from damaged cause by

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD).

16. Hold the components by edges and do not touch the ICs.

17. Read and follow instruction on the manual carefully.

18. Do not use excessive force if things dont quite slip into place.

19. When possible, try to avoid working in carpeted areas. Carpeting greatly increases static buildup

within your body.

20. Always use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except when working on

monitors

21. Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered peripherals while you are

working on it.

22. Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before you touch anything

inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static wristband.

23. Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic) edge. Don't touch the pins

or other connectors.

24. Never plug an ATX power supply into AC power unless it is connected either to a computer's

motherboard or to a dummy test load.

25. Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power Supply that incorporates

surge and spike protection.

26. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.

Parts of the Mother Board

BIOS or Basic Input Output System

A main function of the BIOS is to give instructions for the power-on self test (POST).This self

test ensures that the computer has all of the necessary parts and functionality needed to

successfully start itself, such as use of memory, a keyboard and other parts. If errors are

detected during the test, the BIOS instruct the computer to give a code that reveals the problem.

Computer Error codes are typically a series of beeps heard shortly after startup.

Carbon MetalOxideSemiconductor (CMOS) - is a technology for making integrated circuits.

CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital

logic circuits.

CMOS Battery - Is a button cell battery that gives power to CMOS so that the Bios setting is

retain when the PC is turn off.

Chipset - Refers to a specific pair of chips on the motherboard: the NORTHBRIDGE and the

SOUTHBRIDGE.Thenorthbridge links the CPU to very high-speed devices, especially main

memory and graphics controllers.

The Southbridge connects to lower-speed peripheral buses (such as PCI or ISA). In many

modern chipsets, the Southbridge actually contains some on-chip integrated peripherals, such

as Ethernet, USB, and audio devices. A chipset is usually designed to work with a specific

family of microprocessors. Because it controls communications between the processor and

external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance. Types of Processor Sockets or Slots

PGA Processor Slot

A CPU socket or CPU slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board

(PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). CPU socket structure is

largely dependent on the packaging of the CPU it is designed to house.

SLOT TYPE CPU slot - are single-edged connectors similar to expansion slots, into which a

PCB holding a processor is inserted. Slotted CPU packages offered two advantages: L2 cache

memory size could be packaged with the CPU rather than the motherboard and processor

insertion and removal was often easier.

Land grid array (LGA) - packages have started to supplant PGA with most modern CPU designs using

this scheme. The term LGA "socket" is actually a bit of a misnomer. With LGA sockets, the socket

contains pins that make contact with pads or lands on the bottom of the processor package.

Types of Memory Socket or Slot

Memory Socket or Slot - is commonly refers to the slot in a motherboard were the extended memory

modules are installed.

SIMM (Single-inline-memory module) slot, 72 pins

DIMM (Dual-inline-memory modules) slot. SDR (Single Data Rate) DIMM slot. 168 edge contacts.

DDR (Dual/Double Data Rate) DIMM slot. 184 edge contacts (DDR 1)

DDR (Dual/Double Data Rate) DIMM slot. 240 edge contacts (DDR 2 / 3)

SODIMM (SO-DIMM is short for Small Outline DIMM ) Slot A 72-pin and 144-pin configuration.

SO-DIMMs are commonly utilized in laptop computers.

Computer System Expansion Slots

PCI - Slot

PCI SLOT - Peripheral Component Interconnect is a specification that defines a 32-bit data bus interface.

PCI is a standard widely used by expansion card manufacturers.

AGP - Slot

AGP SLOT - Accelerated Graphics Port, also called Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP it

is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard,

primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. AGP controller is only capable of

controlling a single device.

AMR SLOT - Audio Modem Riser, Is a riser card that supports sound or modem function.

ACR SLOT - Advance Communication Riser, this type of slot is for communication and audio subsystem.

The slot supports modem, audio, LAN, and Home Phone line Networking Alliance (HPNA) or Home

Networking cards.

CNR SLOT - Communications network riser, this connector supports specially designed network, audio,

or modem riser cards, main processing is done through software and controlled by the motherboards

system chipset.

PCI - Express

PCI E - is a computer expansion card interface format introduced by Intel in 2004. It was designed to

replace the general purpose PCI expansion bus.

PCIe 1.1 (the most common version as of 2007) each lane carries 250 MB/s.

PCIe 2.0 doubles the bus standard's bandwidth from 2.5 Gbit/s to 5 Gbit/s, meaning a x32

connector can transfer data at up to 16 GB/s in each direction.

PCI Express 3.0 will carry a bit rate of 8 giga transfers per second.

IDE CONTROLLER - Integrated Drive

Electronics, Parallel ATA (PATA) is an

interface standard for the connection of storage

devices such as hard disks, solid-state drives,

and CD-ROM drives in computers. It uses the

underlying AT Attachment and AT Attachment

Packet Interface (ATA/ATAPI) standards

IDE - Controller

FDD - Controller

FDD CONTROLLER - Floppy Disk Drive, an onboard floppy drive controller which make your Floppy

Disk Drive operational.

SATA CONTROLLER - Serial Advanced Technology

Attachment is a computer bus primarily designed for

transfer of data between a computer and storage devices

(like hard disk drives or optical drives).

Types of Power Supply Terminal

ATX - Power Connector

These connectors are for power supply, the power supply plugs are designed to fit these connectors in

only one orientation.

AT / ATX

Auxiliary power

SATA - Controller

FRONT PANEL CONNECTOR / SYSTEM PANEL CONNECTOR - This connector attaches the

switches and indicators.

Labeled and PatternFront Panel Connectors

Power switch (PWRSW) power-on the system unit

Reset switch (RESET) Resets the system unit

Power / System LED The system power LED lights up when system is powered up / Power indicator

Hard disk drive LED (HDDLED) The HDD LED lights up(Blinks) during harddisk activity.

INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) PORTS

I/O Ports are type of interface which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with the system unit so the

peripheral can send data to or receive information from the computer.

Keyboard / mouse

Monitors, projector

Printers, flatbed scanner

External storage devices, external modems

Headsets, microphones, game pads

I/O Ports

PS2 PORT - Personal system 2, are based on IBM Micro Channel Architecture, it is a 6-pin

connector.This type of architecture transfers data through a 16-bit or 32-bit bus.

Keyboard

Mouse

LPT PORT or PARALLEL PORT - Line Printer Port, This is a 25-pin port that connects a parallel

printer, a flatbed scanner and used as a communication link for null modem cables.

SERIAL PORT or COM PORT - is a logical device name used by to designate the computer serial ports.

A 9-pin connector used by pointing devices, modems, and infrared modules can be connected to COM

ports.

USB PORT - Universal Serial Bus, a 4-pin serial cable bus that allows up to 127 plug-n-play computer

peripherals. This allows attaching or detaching of peripherals while the host is in operation. Supports

synchronous and asynchronous transfer types over the same set of wires up to 12Mbit/sec. USB 2.0

provides 40 times the transfer rate compared to USB 1.0 and competes with the 1394 standard.As of

today we now have USB 3.0.

GAME/MIDI PORT - This connector supports a Joystick or a Game Pad for playing games, and MIDI

Devices for playing or editing audio files.

LAN PORT - Used for Networking

AUDIO/SOUND port - Used for sound output, Line inputs and Microphone inputs

Identifying Memory Module

Memory Module - A device that are used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.

Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information.

Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered.

Types of Memory Module

30 Pin and 72 Pin SIMM Module

DIMM - SDRAM Single Data Rate

DDR - Double Data Rate

DDR2 and DDR3

SO-DIMM (Small outline dual in-line memory module)SO-DIMMs are a smaller alternative to a DIMM, being roughly half the size of regular DIMMs. used in systems which have space restrictions such as notebooks. 72 Pin SODIMM

100 Pin Firmware SODIMM (32 bit data transfer rate)

144 Pin EDO SODIMM (64 bit data transfer rate)

DDR333 200-Pin SODIMM Memory (64 bit data transfer rate)

PC3200 DDR400 200-pin SODIMM (64 bit data transfer rate)

Identifying Expansion Module Cards

Expansion Card - Is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a motherboard

to add additional functionality to a computer system. One edge of the expansion card holds the contacts

(the edge connector) that fit exactly into the slot.

AGP Supported Video Card PCI-Express Supported Video Card

Video cards or VGA Cards - The video card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send

graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor or projector.

Sound Card

Sound card - Is a computer expansion card that

facilitates the input and output of audio signals

to and from a computer under control of

computer programs. Many computers have

sound capabilities built in, while others require

additional expansion cards to provide for audio

capability.

NIC Card

NIC (Network interface card) - A network

interface card, more commonly referred to as a

NIC, is a device that allows computers to be

joined together in a LAN, or local area network.

Networked computers communicate with each

other using a given protocol or agreed-upon

language for transmitting data packets between

the different machines, known as nodes.

Learning about central processing unit is also part of the TESDA NC II Computer Servicing exam. So it is

advisable to learn about these things.

Processors

Central Processing Unit - Is a complete

computation engine that is fabricated on a single

chip. Interprets and carries out the basic

instructions that operate a computer. Processors

contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit

(ALU), this two components work together to

perform processing operations.

Dual-Processor

Dual-processor (DP) - systems are those that

contain two separate physical computer

processors in the same chassis. In dual-

processor systems, the two processors can

either be located on the same motherboard or

on separate boards.

Dual Core Configuration

Dual-core configuration - an integrated circuit

(IC) contains two complete computer

processors. Usually, the two identical

processors are manufactured so they reside

side-by-side on the same die, each with its own

path to the system front-side bus.

Dual core Processor features: Hyper-Threading Technology: Enables you to run multiple demanding applications at the same

time.

Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology: Provides flexibility for future applications that support

both 32-bit and 64-bit computing.

Dual-Core: Two physical cores in one processor support better system responsiveness and multi-

tasking capability than a comparable single core processor.

Acronyms

CPU Central Processing Unit

SATA Serial Advance Technology Attachment

CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

IDE Integrated Drive Electronics

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect

PS2 Personal System 2

USB Universal Serial BUS

CNR Communication and Networking Riser

AGP Accelerated Graphics Port

LAN Local Area Network

RAM Random Access Memory

ROM Read Only Memory

Learn About Storage Devices

Storage device - is a hardware device designed to write and read information. There are two types

of storage devices used in computers; a 'primary storage' device and a 'secondary storage' device.

Storage Media - It is where the storage device records (write) and retrieves (read) the data, instructions

and information for future use.

LED Light Emitting Diode

Examples of Storage and Media Devices

Harddisk Devices and USB Thumb Drive

Optical Device

3.5 Floppy Device

Examples of Input and Output Devices What is an Input Devices - An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and instruction into a computer.

Examples of Input Devices

Keyboard

Mouse

Image/Object scanner

Microphone

Joysticks, Game pads

PC video camera

Digital camera

Bar code scanner

Biometric scanner

Input Devices

What is an Output Devices - An output device is any hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.

Examples of Output Devices

Monitor

Printer

Speaker

ASEEMBLE SYSTEM UNIT

Proper assembling procedure:

-Prepare the computer case (Install power supply, I/O shield and spacers)

Install drives (DVD, Floppy and HDD)

Install the CPU, fan, heat sink and memory module on the motherboard

Install the motherboard into the casing and expansion cards

Install the cablings (Power connectors, FDD Connector, IDE/SATA Connector, USB headers and

system panel header).

Attach the monitor, keyboard, mouse and plug into a power source.

Troubleshoot if necessary Assemble and install network connection

BIOS Boot

BIOS (Basic Input Output Subsystem) is a programmable chip that controls how information is

passed to various devices in the computer system. A typical method to access the BIOS

settings screen is to press ESC, F1, F2, F8 or F10 during the boot sequence.

BIOS settings allow you to run a boot sequence from a floppy drive, a hard drive, a CD-ROM

drive or an external device. You may configure the order that your computer searches these

physical devices for the boot sequence.

The first device in the order list has the first boot priority. For example, to boot from a CD-

ROM drive instead of a hard drive, place the CD-ROM drive ahead of the hard drive in priority.

Before you set boot priority for a USB device, plug the device into a USB port.

To specify the boot sequence:

1. Start the computer and press ESC, F1, F2, F8 or F10 during the initial startup screen.

Depending on the BIOS manufacturer, a menu may appear.

2. Choose to enter BIOS setup. The BIOS setup utility page appears.

3. Use the arrow keys to select the BOOT tab. System devices appear in order of priority.

4. To give a CD or DVD drive boot sequence priority over the hard drive, move it to the first

position in the list.

5. To give a USB device boot sequence priority over the hard drive, do the following:

o Move the hard drive device to the top of the boot sequence list.

o Expand the hard drive device to display all hard drives.

o Move the USB device to the top of the list of hard drives.

6. Save and exit the BIOS setup utility.

7. The computer will restart with the changed settings.

Boot Priority Options

Some computer manufacturers allow you to select the device that contains the boot sequence

from a special device selection menu. The example below uses a Dell system board.

To set boot priority using a device selection menu:

1. When the computer starts to boot up, after the manufacturer's ID screen, press F12 several

times. The device selection menu appears.

2. Use the up and down arrows to select CD-ROM or an USB Flash Drive.

3. To boot from the selected device, press ENTER.

Networking

(IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating

in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

Sharing a printer requires a few steps. First, on the computer that the printer is plugged in to, follow

these steps.

To turn on file and printer sharing

1. Open Advanced sharing settings by clicking the Start button , and then clicking Control Panel.

In the search box, typenetwork, click Network and Sharing Center, and then, in the left pane,

click Change advanced sharing settings.

2. Click the chevron to expand the current network profile.

3. If printer sharing is off, under File and printer sharing, select turn on file and printer sharing,

and then click save changes. If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation,

type the password or provide confirmation.

Now you need to share the printer itself.

To share your printer

1. Open Devices and Printers by clicking the Start button , and then, on the Start menu,

clicking Devices and Printers.

2. Right-click the printer you want to share, and then click Printer properties.

3. Click the Sharing tab, and select the Share this printer check box.

Other people on your network can now connect to this printer. All they need to do is add a network

printer (your printer) to their computers.

T568B Straight Through

On the left hand side are devices that use straight-through cable and on the right hand side are devices

that use crossover cables.

These are the devices that use a straight-through cable:

Switch Router

Switch PC

Switch Server

Hub PC

Hub Server

These are the devices that use a crossover cable:

Switch Switch

Switch Hub

Hub Hub

Router Router

Router PC

Router Server

PC PC

But nowadays the standard is becoming obsolete due to the fact that Auto-MDIX (automatic medium

dependent interface crossover) technology on devices grows with each device that supports it. This

means that ports do not need to know what type of cable is used when you connect two devices.

Parts of the Mother BoardBIOS or Basic Input Output SystemTypes of Processor Sockets or SlotsTypes of Memory Socket or SlotComputer System Expansion SlotsTypes of Power Supply TerminalINPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) PORTSIdentifying Memory ModuleTypes of Memory ModuleIdentifying Expansion Module CardsDual core Processor features:Learn About Storage DevicesExamples of Storage and Media DevicesExamples of Input and Output DevicesExamples of Input DevicesExamples of Output DevicesBIOS BootBoot Priority OptionsTo turn on file and printer sharingTo share your printer