NBD Authority

7/29/2019 NBD Authority

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ENGLISH

N a t io n a l B io d iv e r s i t y Au t h o r i t y

h Floor, Ticel Bio Park, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai 600 113

Biodiversity.. . . .Biodiversity.. . . .

Tel: 044 2254 1075 / 2777 | Fax: 2254 1200 | Web: www.nbaindia.o

Futu re Se cu re dFutur e Se cu re d

HINDI


2/23

National Biodiversity Authority

h Floor, Ticel Bio Park, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai 600 113

Biodiversity.....Biodiversity.....

Tel: 044 2254 1075 / 2777 | Fax: 2254 1200 | Web: www.nbaindia.o

Future SecuredFuture Secured


3/23National Biodiversity Authority

Snapshot

h Floor, Ticel Bio Park, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai 600 113 Tel: 044 2254 1075 / 2777 Fax: 2254 1200 | Web: www.nbaindia.org

Number of State Biodiversity Boards established 26

Number of Biodiversity Management Committees formed 32,796

Number of States that have notified state-wise Rules 14

Number of States that have notified lists of plants & animals which are on theverge of extinction.

14

Number of Peoples Biodiversity Registers documented 1121

Number of Biodiversity Heritage Sites notified 4

Number of Guidelines / Notifications issued 4

Current list of Normally Traded Commodities 190

Number of Benefit Sharing Agreements signed 93

Number of Publications by NBA 27

Biological Diversity Act (enacted in 2002)

Biological Diversity Rules (Notified in 2004)

Biological Diversity Act (enacted in 2002)

Biological Diversity Rules (Notified in 2004)

Status of ImplementationDecember 2011



Biodiversit


iodiversity encompasses the variety of all life on earth including terrestrial, marine

aquatic ecosystems. It comprises diversity at three levels: genetic diversity (w

Bspecies), species diversity (between species) and ecosystem diversity.

India is one of the 17 mega-biodiversity countries with 2.4 per cent of the global land area an

per cent of water. It accounts for 7 to 8 per cent of the recorded species of the world. So

45,968 species of plants and 91,364 species of animals have been documented. Over 5

microbial species have been described. India is one of the eight primary centers of origi

cultivated plants with about 375 closely related wild species including rice, pulses, mil

vegetables, fruits and fiber plants. There are nearly 255 breeds of animals such as cattle, sh

goat, camel, horse and poultry found in India. India is also rich in cultural diversity and

traditional knowledge available with tribal communities.

Economic potential of Biodiversity

(Source: ABLE, 2008)

Segment 2009 - 10 2010-11

Exports Rs Crore(US $ Million)

PercentageShare (%) in

Biotech industry

Exports Rs Crore(US $ Million)

PercentageShare (%) i

Biotech Indus

Bio Pharma 4767.7(1081.7) 54 5535.4(1255.6) 52

Bio Services 2507(569)

95 2986.3(677.4)

92

Bio Agri 58.1(13.2)

3 74.4 3

Bio Industrial 124.1(28.2)

22 150.2(34.1)

24

Bio Informatics 73.9(16.8)

32 106.02(24)

42

Total 170.9(38.8)

53 8852.3(2008)

51.3



he Government of India enacted the Biological Diversity Act in 2002 and notified th

Biological Diversity Rules in 2004. The Biological Act has 12 Chapters and 65 SectioTand was published on 5 February, 2003. The Biodiversity Rules were notified on April, 2004.

The Act is implemented at national, State and local levels, through a decentralized three ti

system. At the National level, the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established

Government of India under Section 8 of the Act. The NBA is an autonomous and statuto

body performing enabling / facilitative, regulatory and advisory role to relevant agencies an

Ministries of Government of India on issues of conservation of biodiversity, its sustainable us

and ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of such use. The NBA operate

through consultative process involving expert committees and stakeholders.

At State level, State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) are established by the State Governments per Section 22 of the Act, while at local level the Biodiversity Management Committee

(BMCs) are constituted by the Local Bodies as per Section 41 of the Act.

National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)

The functions of NBA include:

Creating an enabling environment, as appropriate, to promote conservation and sustainab

use of biodiversity.

Advising the Government of India on matters relating to conservation of biodiversit

sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of benefits arising out

utilization of biological resources.

Regulating activities and issue guidelines for access to biological resources and for fa

and equitable benefit sharing in accordance with the Sections 3, 4 and 6 of the Biologic

Diversity Act, 2002.Certain individuals / nationals / organizations require prior approval

NBA for obtaining biological resources and/or associated knowledge for use.

Taking necessary measures to oppose the grant of intellectual property rights in a

country outside India on any biological resource obtained from India or knowledg

associated with such biological resource derived from India illegally.

Advising the State Governments in the selection of areas of biodiversity importance to

notified as heritage sites and suggest measures for their management.

The Act




The Rule

Biological Diversity Rules, 2004

o implement the Biological Diversity Act 2002, Rules have been notified in 2004. Tsalient features of the BD Rules 2004 are:

T Procedures for appointment of Chairperson and Members of the Authority, conduct

authority meetings, and general functions of the authority are described in the Rules 3-8,

and 12 respectively.

The process to regulate activities for access to biological resources and associated traditio

knowledge in accordance with the Sections 3 (Access to Biological Resources), 4 (Transfer

Research Results) and 6 (Seeking 'No objection Certificate' for obtaining patent) under Biological Diversity Act, 2002, are given in Rule 14, 17 and 18 respectively.

The Procedure to revoke written agreements, action in prohibiting access and recovery

damages (Rule 15)

Restricting access of endangered, endemic and rare species, restricting access incase

adverse environmental impact, genetic erosion, ecosystem function and purposes contrary

national interest as well as international agreements (Rule 16)

Imposing terms and conditions for ensuring equitable sharing of benefits on access, trans

of results of research, application for patent / IPR claims (Rule 20)

Constitution of Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) and Preparation, maintenance a

validation of People's Biodiversity Register (PBR) in consultation with the local people sho

be done as per Rules 22(2) and 22(6) respectively .

Appeal for settlement of disputes between NBA and SBB or between SBBs are dealt un

Rules 23.

The Rules also have prescribed formats viz, Form-I (Access to Biological resources a

associated traditional knowledge), Form-II (Transfer of Research results), Form-III (Seeking

objection Certificate for obtaining patent) and Form-IV (Seeking approval for Third Party Transf




The SBBs

he SBBs are established by the State Governments by official gazette notification

accordance with Section 22 of the Act. For the seven Union Territories, NBA or iTauthorized body exercises the powers and functions of SBB.The SBBs are established by the State Governments with a Chairperson, five ex offic

members representing the concerned departments and five members appointed from experts

matters relating to conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of biological resource

and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of biological resources.

The functions of SBBs include:

FAdvising the State Governments, subject to guidelines issued by the Central Governmen

on matters relating to conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components anequitable sharing of benefits arising out of utilization of biological resources.

F Regulating by granting approvals or otherwise requests for commercial utilization or bio

survey and bio-utilization of any biological resource by Indians.

F Performing such other functions as necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act or a

prescribed by the State Government.

So far, 26 States have established the Biodiversity Boards and 14 States have notified th

Rules as of December 2011.

State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs)




The BMC

ccording to Section 41 of the Act, every local body shall constitute the BMC within its

for the purpose of promoting conservation, sustainable use and documentation of bioloAdiversity including preservation of habitats, conservation of landraces, folk varieties cultivars, domesticated stocks and breeds of animals and microorganisms and chronicling

knowledge relating to biological diversity.

The functions of BMCs include:

F Preparing, maintaining and validating People's Biodiversity Register (PBR) in consultation

the local people.

F Maintaining a Register giving information about the details of access to biological resou

and traditional knowledge granted, details of the collection fee imposed and details of

benefits derived and the mode of their sharing.

FAdvising on any matter referred to it by the State Biodiversity Board or Authority for gran

approval, to maintain data about the local vaids and practitioners using the biolo

resources.

So far 32,796 BMCs have been constituted across India. National guidelines for BMC are b

finalized to facilitate effective functioning of the BMCs. So far, only two states have notified BM

Guidelines and Rules.

Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)




The Fund

ational, State and Local level biodiversity funds are established under Sections 27,

and 43 of the Act respectively. The funds are intended for channeling benefits Nbonafide claimers and for conservation and promotion of biological resources and / or associated knowledge and socio-economic development of these areas.

National Biodiversity Fund (NBF)

As per the Section of 27(1) of the Act any grants and loans, all charges, royalties received the NBA may be called National Biodiversity Fund. The fund shall be applied for channel

benefits to the benefit claimers, conservation and promotion of biological resources a

development of areas from where such biological resources or knowledge associated thereto h

been accessed and for socio-economic development of areas in consultation with the lo

bodies.

State Biodiversity Fund (SBF)

The State Biodiversity Fund created as per Section 32(1) of the Act receives any grants a

loans made to the SBB / any grants or loans made by the NBA / all sums received by the S

from other sources may be decided upon by State Government as State Biodiversity Fund. T

SBF shall be used for the management and conservation of heritage sites, compensating

rehabilitating any section of the people economically affected by notification, conservation a

promotion of biological resources and socioeconomic development of areas from where su

biological resources or knowledge associated thereto has been accessed.

Local Biodiversity Fund (LBF)

The Local Biodiversity Fund is created at every area notified by the State Governments wh

any institution of self-Government is functioning and there shall be credited thereto, any grants

loan made by NBA, fees / levy charges by way of collection fees from any person for access

or collecting any biological resources for commercial purposes. The LBF shall be used

conservation and promotion of biodiversity in the areas falling within the jurisdiction of

concerned local body and for the benefit of the community.

Biodiversity Fund




The PBRs

he main function of the BMC is to prepare People's Biodiversity Register in consultatio

with local people. The Register shall contain comprehensive information on thTavailability and knowledge of local biological resources, their medicinal or any other usor any other traditional knowledge associated with them.

The PBRs focus on participatory documentation of local biodiversity, traditional knowledge an

practices. They are seen as key legal documents in ascertaining the rights of local peop

over the biological resources and associated traditional knowledge.

So far, 1121 PBRs are developed in India in 10 states with the participation of range o

stakeholders. National Biodiveristy Authority has issued guidelines on PBRs in 2009.

Step - wise PBR Preparation Process

Step 1 : Formation of Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC)

Step 2 : Sensitization of the public about the study, survey and possible

management

Step 3 : Training of members in identification and collection of data on biological

resources and traditional knowledge

Step 4 : Collection of data. Data collection includes review of literature on the

natural resources of the districts, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRAs) at

village level, household interviews, individual interviews with village

leaders and knowledgeable individuals, household heads, key actors of

the Panchayat raj institutions and NGOs and direct field observations

Step 5 : Analysis and validation of data in consultation with technical support grou

and BMC

Step 6 : Preparation of People's Biodiversity Register

Step 7 : Computerization of information and resources

People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs)




The Heritag

nder Section 37 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002 the State Government in consultat

with local bodies may notify in the official gazette, areas of biodiversity importance

UBiodiversity Heritage Sites. The National Biodiversity Authority issued guidelines for

selection and management of BHS in 2009.

Definition of BHS

Biodiversity Heritage Sites are well defined areas that are unique, ecologically frag

ecosystems - terrestrial, coastal and inland waters and, marine having rich biodiver

comprising of any one or more of the following components: richness of wild

well as domesticated species or intra-specific categories, high endemism, presence of rare a

threatened species, keystone species, species of evolutionary significance, wild ancestors

domestic/cultivated species or their varieties, past pre-eminence of biological compone

represented by fossil beds and having significant cultural, ethical or aesthetic values and

important for the maintenance of cultural diversity, with or without a long history of hum

association with them. Areas having any of the following characteristics may qualify for inclus

as BHS.

Criteria for BHS

Areas that contain a mosaic of natural, semi-natural, and manmade habitats, which together contai

significant diversity of life forms.

Areas that contain significant domesticated biodiversity component and /or representative a

ecosystems with ongoing agricultural practices that sustain this diversity.

Areas that are significant from a biodiversity point of view as also are important cultural spaces such

sacred groves/trees and sites, or other large community conserved areas.

Areas including very small ones that offer refuge or corridors for threatened and endemic fauna a

flora, such as community conserved areas or urban greens and wetlands.

All kinds of legal land uses whether government, community or private land could be considered un

the above categories.

As far as possible those sites may be considered which are not covered under Protected Area netw

under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 as amended.

Areas that provide habitats, aquatic or terrestrial, for seasonal migrant species for feeding a

breeding.

Areas that are maintained as preservation plots by the research wing of Forest department.

Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas.

Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)




The Role

The important roles of the Central and State Governments

s per Section 36 of the Act the important duties of the Central and StateGovernments are:

ADeveloping national strategies, plans, programmes for the conservation, promotio

and sustainable use of biological diversity.

Issuing directives to the concerned State Governments to take immediate

ameliorative measures for protection of biodiversity rich habitats, threatened by overuse,

abuse or neglect.

Integrating of the conservation, promotion and sustainable use of biological divers

into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies. Endeavour to

respect and protect the knowledge of local people relating to biological diversity, as

recommended by the NBA.

Assessing the impact of projects on environment and biodiversity, and regulate,

manage or control the risks or adverse impact of use and release of living modified

organisms on conservation; and sustainable use of biological diversity and human health

The Central Government may, in consultation with NBA:

(a) notify threatened species and prohibit or regulate their collection, rehabilitation

and conservation;

(b) designate institutions as repositories for different categories of biological

resources; and

(c) exempt certain biological resources as normally traded as commodities.

State Governments, in consultation with the local bodies, may notify biodiversity heritage sit

and frame Rules for management and conservation of all the heritage sites (in consultation w

Central Government) and launch schemes for compensation / rehabilitation of affected people.


13/23

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15/23

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(Source: ABLE, 2008)

[kaM 2009 - 10 2010-11

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izfr'kr 'ks;jizfr'kr tSoizkS|ksfxdh

tSo HkS"kftdh 4767.7(1081.7)

54 5535.4(1255.6)

52

tSo lsok,a 2507(569)

95 2986.3(677.4)

92

tSo f"k 58.1(13.2)

3 74.4 3

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22 150.2(34.1)

24

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dqy 170.9(38.8)

53 8852.3(2008)

51.3

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16/23

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17/23

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18/23

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,lchch ds dk;ksZa esa 'kkfey gSa %

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19/23

ch,elh

tSofofo/krk izca/ku lfefr ch,elh

vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41 ds vuqlkj izR;sd LFkkuh; fudk; }kjk laj{k.k] LFkk;h mi;ksx tSfod fofo/krk ds izys[ku dks cnsus ds iz;kstu ls blds {ks= ds rgr ch,elh dk xBu fd;k tk,xkA ftlesa vf/koklksa dk laj{k.k] Hkwfe uLyksa dk layksd fdLeksa vkSj Qlyksa dk laj{k.k] ?kjsywHkaMkj vkSj i'kqvksa rFkk lw{e thoksa dh uLysa] tSfod fofo/krk ls laacaf/kr Kk

izlkj fd;k tkuk gSA

ch,elh ds dk;ksZa esa 'kkfey gSa %

LFkkuh; yksxksa ds ijke'kZ ls tu tSo fofo/krk jftLVj ihchvkj dks rS;kj djuk] j[kj[kko vkSj lR;kiuA

tSfod laLFkkuksa rd igqap vkSj lkSais x, ikjaifjd Kku ds fooj.k] yxk, x, 'kqYd laxzg dk fooj.k vkSj mykHkksa ds fooj.k rFkk buds ckaVus dh fof/k ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsus okys jftLVj dk j[kj[kkoA

jkT; tSo fofo/krk cksMZ ;k izkf/kdj.k }kjk tSfod lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ls LFkkuh; oS|ksa vkSj izsfDV'kujksa ds cvkadM+ksa dk j[kj[kko djus ds fy, vuqeksnu iznku djukA

vc rd iwjs Hkkjr esa 32] 796 ch,elh dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA ch,elh ds fy, jkVh; fn'kk funsZ'kksa dks ch,elh dh izdk;Z'kSyh gsrqvafre :Ik fn;k tkrk gSA vc rd dsoy nks jkT;ksa esa ch,elh fn'kkfunsZ'kksa rFkk fu;eksa dks vf/klwfpr fd;



20/23

fuf/k

tSo fofo/krk fuf/k

vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 27] 32 vkSj 43 ds rgr e'k% jkVh;] jkT; vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj dh tSo fofo/krk fuf/k;ka LFkkfir dhgSA bu fuf/k;ksa dk vk'k; vf/koklh nkokdrkZvksa ds ykHkksa ds ,d fn'kk iznku djuk vkSj tSfod lalk/kuksa ds vkSj @blds lkFk lac) Kku rFkk bu {ks=ksa ds lkekftd & vkfFkZd fodkl ds laj{k.k rFkk lao/kZu gsrq dk;Z djuk

jk"Vh; tSo fofo/krk fuf/k

vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 27 1 ds vuqlkj fdlh vuqnku vkSj _.k] lHkh izHkkjksa] jkW;YVh vkfn dks ,uch, esa izkIr fd;k tk

vkSj bls jkVh; tSo fofo/krk fuf/k dgk tk,xkA ykHk ds nkokdrkZvksa ds ykHkksa dks fn'kk iznku djus] mu {ks=ksa ds fodrFkk tSfod lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k vkSj lao/kZUk gsrqmi;ksx fd, tk,axs] tgka ls mDr tSfod lalk/ku ;k buls lac) izkIr gqvk gS vkSj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds ijke'kZ ls bu {ks=ksa dk lkekftd & vkfFkZd fodkl gksxkA

jkT; tSo fofo/krk fuf/k

vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 32 1 ds vuqlkj l`ftr jkT; tSo fofo/krk fuf/k dks izkIr gksus okys fdlh vuqnku vkSj _.k,lchch esa Hkstk tk,xk @ ,uch, }kjk fn, x, fdlh vuqnku ;k _.k @ vU; lzksrksa ls ,lchch }kjk izkIr lHkh /ku jdk fu.kZ; jkT; ljdkj }kjk jkT; tSo fofo/krk fuf/k ds :Ik esa fd;k tk,xkA ,lch,Q dk mi;ksx fojklr LFky

izca/ku vkSj laj{k.k] eqvkot+k nsus ;k mu yksxksa ds iquokZLk esa fd;k tk,xk tks vf/klwpuk }kjk vkfFkZd :Ik ls izHkkfor gqtSfod lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k vkSj lao/kZu rFkk mu {ks=ksa dk lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl] tgka ls ;s tSfod lalk/kubldk lac) Kku izkIr gqvk gSA

LFkkuh; tSo fofo/krk fuf/k

LFkkuh; tSOk fofo/krk fuf/k dk l`tu jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk vf/klwfpr izR;sd {ks= esa fd;k tk,xk tgka jkT; ljdkj dk laLFkku dk;Zjr gS vkSj bUgsa ,uch, }kjk fn, x, fdlh _.k ;k vuqnku dk Js;] 'kqYd @ ysoh izHkkj gsrqokf.kfTiz;kstu ds fy, fdlh tSfod lalk/ku rd igqap ;k laxzg ds fy, fdlh O;fDr ls 'kqYd vf/kHkkfjr fd;k tk,xkA ,ych

dk mi;ksx mu {ks=ksa dh tSo fofo/krk ds laj{k.k vkSj lao/kZu gsrq fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks lacaf/kr LFkkuh; fudk;vf/kdkj {ks= esa vkrs gSa rFkk blls leqnk; dks ykHk feyuk pkfg,A



21/23

ihchvkj

tu tSo fofo/krk jftLVj

ch,elh dk eq[; dk;Z LFkkuh; yksxksa ds ijke'k ls tu tSo fofo/krk jftLVj cukuk gSA bl jftLVj esa LFkkuh; tSflalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk vkSj Kku ij O;kid tkudkjh j[kh tk,xh] buds fpfdRlh; ;k vU; fdlh mi;ksx ;k vU; fdikjaifjd Kku dh tkudkjh 'kkfey dh tk,xhA

ihchvkj LFkkuh; tSOk fofo/krk] ikjaifjd Kku vkSj izFkkvksa ds izfrHkkfxrkiw.kZ izys[ku ij dsfUnzr gSA bUgsa eq[; dkunLrkostksa ds :Ik esa ysdj tSfod lalk/kuksa rFkk bls lac) ikjaifjd Kku ij LFkkuh; yksxksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf'fd;k tk,xkA

vc rd Hkkjr ds 10 jkT;ksa esa 1121 ihchvkj dk fodkl i.k/kkfj;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls fd;k x;k gSA jkVh; tSo fofoizkf/kdj.k us 2009 esa ihchvkj ij fn'kkfunsZ'k tkjh fd, gSaA

pj.kokj & ihchvkj rS;kjh dh izf;k

pj.k 1 % tSo fofo/krk izca/ku lfefr dk fuekZ.k ch,elh

pj.k 2 % Hkze.k vkSj laHkkfor izca/ku

pj.k 3 % izf'k{k.k ds fy, izekf.kr lnL; vkSj tSofofo/krk lalk/ku vkSj ikjaifjd Kku ds fy, vkadM+s ,df=rfd, x,

pj.k 4 % vkadM+ksa dk laxzgA vkadM+ksa ds laxzg esa ftys ds izkfrd lalk/kuksa ij lkfgR; dh leh{kk] izfrHkkfxrkiw.xzkeh.k ewY; fu:i.k ihvkj, xzke Lrj ij] ifjokjksa ds lk{kkRdkj] O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkjksa ds lkFk xzkeLrj ds usrk vkSj Kkuh O;fDr] ifjokjksa ds izeq[k] iapk;r jkt laLFkkuksa ds eq[; vfHkdrkZ vkSj xSj ljdlaxBu rFkk izR;{k {ks= fujh{k.k

pj.k 5 % rduhdh leFkZu lewg rFkk ch,elh ds lkFk ijke'kZ esa vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj lR;kiu

pj.k 6 % tu tSo fofo/krk jftLVj rS;kjh

pj.k 7 % lw puk vkSj lalk/ku daI;wVjhdj.k



22/23

fojklrtSo fofo/krk fojklr LFky ch,p,l

tSOk fofo/krk vf/kfu;e] 2002 dh /kkjk 37 ds rgr jkT; ljdkj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds ijke'kZ ls bUgsa tSo fofo/krk fojkLFkyksa ds :Ik esa tSOk fofo/krk egRo ds {ks= dks vkf/kdkfjd jkti=ksa dks vf/klwfpr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jk"Vh;

fofo/krk izkf/kdj.k }kjk 2009 esa ch,p,l ds p;u vkSj izca/ku ds fy, fn'kkfunsZ'k tkjh fd, x, gSaA

ch,p,l dh ifjHkk"kk

^^tSo fofo/krk fojklr LFky** lqifjHkkf"kr {ks= gSa tks fof'k"V] ikfjfLFkfrdh dh n`f"V ls Hkaxqj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= gSLFkyh;] rVh; vkSj varnsZ'kh; ty rFkk leqnzh] tgka fuEUkfyf[kr ?kVdksa esa ls ,d ;k vf/kd le`) tSOk fofo/krk gS % OvkSj ?kjsywiztkfr;ksa dh lef) ;k varjk fof'k"V Jsf.k;ka] dqN ladVkiUu] nqyZHk vkSj tksf[ke xzLr iztkfr;ksa dh mifLFdhLVksu iztkfr;ka] fodkl egRo okyh iztkfr;ka] ?kjsyw @ laof/kZr iztkfr;ksa ds oU; iwoZt ;k mUkdh fdLesa] thok'e L}kjk tSfod ?kVdksa ds izfrfuf/kRo dh iwoZ mifLFkfr rFkk lkaLfrd] uSfrd ;k lkSan;Z ewY; ,oa ekuo lac)rk dsbfrgkl ds lkFk ;k blds fcuk lkaLfrd fofo/krk ds j[kj[kko gsrqegRoiw.kZ gSaA bu {ks=ksa esa fuEUkfyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a

ij ch,p,l ds :Ik esa 'kkfey djus ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ch,p,l ds ekun.M

os {ks= tgka izkfrd] v/kZ izkfrd vkSj ekuo fufeZr vf/kokl gSa] tks dqy feykdj thou ds :iksa dh mYys[kufofo/krk fufgr djrs gSaA

,sls {ks= tks mYys[kuh; ?kjsywtSo fofo/krk ?kVdksa vkSj @ ;k f"k ikjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa ds izfrfuf/k gksus ds ltgka bl fofo/krk ds LFkkf;Ro okyh f"k izFkk,a tkjh gSaA

tSfod fofo/krk ds fopkj ls egRoiw.kZ {ks= ftuesa ifo= xqQk,a @ o`{k vkSj LFky ds egRoiw.kZ lkaLfrd LFkkuvU; cM+s leqnk; lajf{kr {ks= 'kkfey gSaA

vR;ar NksVs {ks= tgka ladVkiUu vkSj tksf[ke xzLr isM+ ikS/ks rFkk tarqvksa ds fy, vkJ; miyC/k gS] tSls leq}kjk lajf{kr {ks= ;k 'kgjh gfj;kyh vkSj oSV ySaMA

lHkh izdkj ds dkuwuh Hkwfe mi;ksx] pkgs ljdkjh gksa ;k lkeqnkf;d ;k futh Hkwfe] mijksDr Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, bufopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

tgka rd laHko gks mu LFkyksa ij fopkj fd;k tk, tks la'kksf/kr oU; thou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1972 ds rlajf{kr {ks= usVodZ ds varxZr ugha fy, x, gSaA

,ssls {ks= tks pkjs vkSj iztuu ds fy, ekSle dh izoklh iztkfr;ksa gsrqtyh; ;k LFkyh; vf/kokl iznku djrs gSa

os {ks= tks ou fOkHkkx ds vuqla/kku Lda/k }kjk laj{k.k Hkw[k.M ds :Ik esa j[ks x, gSaA

vkS"k/kh; ikni laj{k.k {ks=



23/23

fu;edsanzh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ds egRoiw.kZ fu;e

dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ds egROkiw.kZ drZO; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 36 ds vuqlkj fuEukuqlkj gSa %

jk"Vh; dk;Zuhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa] dk;Zeksa ds fodkl }kjk tSfod fofo/krk dk laj{k.k] lao/kZu vkSj LFkk;hmi;ksx

lacaf/kr jkT; ljdkjksa dks tSo fofo/krk le`) vf/koklksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, rRdky lkSgknZiw.kZ mik; djdk funsZ'k tkjh djuk] ftUgsa vR;f/kd mi;ksx] mis{kk ;k nq#i;ksx ds dkj.k tksf[ke gS

tSo fofo/krk ds laj{k.k] lao/kZu vkSj LFkk;h mi;ksx ds lesdu }kjk laxr {ks= ;k fo"ke {ks= ;kstuk,a]dk;Ze vkSj uhfr;ka cukukA tSfod fofo/krk ls lacaf/kr LFkkuh; yksxksa ds fy, Kku dk vknj vkSj lqjds iz;kl djuk] tSlk ,uch, }kjk larqr gS

i;kZoj.k vkSj tSOk fofo/krk ij ifj;kstuk ds izHkko dk vkdyu djuk rFkk laj{k.k ij thfor la'kksf/krthoksa ds mi;ksx vkSj fueqZfDr ds tksf[keksa ;k izfrdwy izHkkoksa dk fofu;eu] izca/ku ;k fu;a=.k ,oa tSofofo/krk ,oa ekuoh; LokLF; dk LFkk;h mi;ksx

dsanzh; ljdkj] ,uch, ds lkFk ijke'kZ lfgr %

d ladVkIkUu iztkfr;ksa dks vf/klwfpr djuk rFkk buds laxzg] iquokZl vkSj laj{k.k dk fu"ks/k ;k fofu;eu

[k tSfod lalk/kuksa dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, laxzgky; ds :Ik esa laLFkkuksa dks ukefufnZ"V djuk vkSj

x lkekU; O;kikj enksa ds :Ik esa dqN tSfod lalk/kuksa dks NwV iznku djuk

jkT; ljdkjsa LFkkuh; fudk;ska ds ijke'kZ ls tSfod fofo/krk LFkyksa dks vf/klwfpr dj ldrh gSa vkSj lHkh fojklLFkyksa ij izca/ku vkSj laj{k.k ds fu;e cuk ldrh gSa dsUnzh; ljdkj ds ijke'kZ ls vkSj izHkkfor yksxksa ds iquo@ eqvkot+s dh ;kstuk,a vkjaHk dj ldrs gSaA

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