NBC Reconnaissancetsg3.us/tnsg_lib/unit_dig_lib/fm3_19.pdfPreface This publication is the doctrinal guide for NBC reconnaissance. It provides guidance on the planning and execution

FM 3-19 FMFM 11-20

NBC Reconnaissance

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY COMMANDANT, US MARINE CORPS

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

P r e f a c e

This publication is the doctrinal guide for NBCreconnaissance. It provides guidance on the planning andexecution of NBC reconnaissance missions andchemical/biological (CB) sampling operations. This manualapplies to any unit that has the primary or implied missionof performing NBC reconnaissance.

NBC recon is the active contamination avoidancemeasure that provides commanders with information onNBC hazards in the area of operations as a component ofbattlefield management. With knowledge of where NBCcontamination hazards are and, just as important, wherethey are not, commanders can make better decisions.Commanders may modify their plans or protective postureswith the information from NBC recon.

NBC recon provides early warning, determines theconcentration and type of agent, and locates the boundariesof contamination. The information derived from theintelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and theconduct of effective NBC recon operations are key factorsfor battlefield management. The avoidance of NBCcontamination facilitates freedom of movement andmaneuver for our forces. Contamination avoidanceprocedures are discussed in greater detail in FM 3-3 andFM 3-3-1.

NBC recon performs five critical tasks on thebattlefield— detect, identify, mark, report, and sample.Early detection of NBC hazards is required for timelywarning of units and personnel in affected areas. Detectionof contamination is the cornerstone of contaminationavoidance. Rapid identification is needed to adequatelyprotect soldiers against NBC hazards. Identificationdictates preventive measures and treatment of casualties.Contaminated areas are marked to allow friendly forces toavoid them. Data concerning contamination is uselessunless it reaches decision makers. Timely, accuratereporting is essential for decision making and hazardwarning. Samples are taken to aid in the identification of

unknown agents. Sampling and subsequent laboratoryanalysis are the primary means of identifying biologicalagents.

This manual also provides the principles and techniquesused by NBC recon units. It defines the capabilities andlimitations of these organizations.

Commanders and staff officers at all echelons will findguidance on the employment of NBC recon units. Theseunits are located in chemical companies assigned toarmored and light cavalry regiments and heavy divisions.NBC recon companies are assigned to corps and theaterarmies. The doctrine contained in this manual applies forcommanders, staffs (chemical officers/S2s/G2s/S3s/G3s),trainers, and unit leaders responsible for NBC recon unitsand NBC recon operations.

The employment of M93 NBC reconnaissance system(NBCRS) (Fox)-equipped units is integrated throughout themanual. The M93 NBCRS is designed to improve thecapability and increase efficiency for conducting NBCrecon operations. The M93 NBCRS provides a fasterresponse time, quicker detection, and identification rates,and quicker marking capability, while using basically thesame NBC recon tactics, techniques, and procedures.

Although this manual does not implement any particularinternational agreement, material presented hereincomplies with related international agreements. A list ofrelated international agreements and other references canbe found in the references section.

Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine genderis used, both men and women are included.

The proponent for this manual is HQ, TRADOC.Submit changes for improving this publication on DAForm 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications andBlank Forms) and forward it to Commandant, US ArmyChemical School, ATTN: ATZN-CM-FNB, FortMcClellan, AL 36205-5020.

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I n t r o d u c t i o n

On the modern battlefield, victory will come to thoseleaders who employ their assets effectively and whothoroughly understand the capabilities and vulnerabilitiesof the enemy. This manual provides leaders theinformation to employ NBC recon units and to conductNBC recon.

The use of weapons of mass destruction can radicallyalter the flow of battle, restrict terrain, limit mobility,degrade military efficiency, and even shift the balance of

power, placing a superior force at risk. NBCreconnaissance is a crucial element of combat operationsthat enables us to limit risk and avoid NBC contaminationhazards. The degree of success in conducting NBCreconnaissance operations depends on three criticalcomponents: integrated planning, effective employment,and operational proficiency. This manual addresses thesethree areas.

N a t u r e o f t h e p r o b l e m

The challenges posed for military operations conductedunder NBC conditions will be many and varied. There maybe times when our forces will have to operate in completeindividual or collective protection equipment. A significantproblem will surface once the initial shock of first use ofweapons of mass destruction has worn off. Areas targetedwith these weapons may remain hazardous for days, even

weeks, after the attack. We will know some of thesehazardous areas with certainty and clarity. There will beother hazardous areas we may not know exist. If we mustoperate over this terrain, then we will need to know withcertainty which areas and routes are passable andhabitable, as well as those that are not.

L e a d e r s h i p

Unit leaders must also seek every opportunity toinfluence the conditions under which the enemy isengaged. Success depends on effectively orchestrating thebattlefield operating systems to execute operations. Theintegration of all assets that influence the battle is essentialto defeating an enemy and preserving combat potential.The enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction may bethe key factor for influencing the outcome of any battle.Leaders must not only be knowledgeable of the effectsfrom weapons of mass destruction, but also the enemy’scapabilities and intentions for these weapons. The NBCrecon capability organic to the chemical companies in theheavy divisions, armored cavalry regiments, and thechemical company (recon) at corps and above is aninvaluable asset available to the commander. NBC reconprovides valuable and timely information that will aid thecommander in contamination avoidance and missionaccomplishment.

As with any other combat support asset, NBC reconunits must be effectively employed to achieve optimumresults. Commanders must know capabilities andlimitations of the units. Staff planners, including the NBCbattle staff must fully integrate NBC recon into the tacticalplanning process. Warfighting exercises must incorporatethese capabilities to enhance employment proficiency.Field training exercises will reinforce tactical employmentskills--support the maneuver plan, battle command,battlefield management, and so forth. Mission assignmentto the NBC recon unit or element should be on “What?”not “How?” of NBC recon. Basic provisions foremployment are—●

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Integrate into planning process and develop detailedplans.Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse.Never place in reserve.Always have follow-on missions.Never fragment capability.

N B C T e c h n o l o g y

The technology to produce and deliver as an international military status symbol. Further, thechemical/biological (CB) weapons is proliferating at an technology used in CB weapons is readily available for thealarming pace. Nations in some of the world’s most determined buyer.unstable regions perceive CB weapons as an effective Arguments that certain types of US forces will notdeterrent against other more technically advanced nations. encounter a CB or even a radiological threat are no longerSome leaders view the mere possession of these weapons valid. These weapons are possessed by potential hostile

FM 3-19. . .iii

nations where the United States maintains a strategic restrictions in developing nations to be attractive optionsinterest. These same nations either have or are acquiring for industrial and chemical production facilities. Theseballistic missiles thus extending their targeting capability. facilities, either through accident or sabotage, may release

Even at the lowest end of the operational continuum chemical hazards that equal those found in open chemical(peace time competition), our Army has a need to assess, warfare. Accidents or sabotage in nations that possess acontain, and limit NBC hazards. Some corporations find nuclear industry can create radiological hazards like thosethe cheap labor pool and relaxed safety and environmental of the 1986 Chernobyl reactor fire.

iv FM 3-19

Chapter 1

E n v i r o n m e n t

N B C C o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e B a t t l e f i e l d

Operations involving weapons of mass destruction mustbe dealt with as any other battlefield condition, such ascold, night, desert, and so forth. Unit leaders mustconsider NBC in assessing their mission essential task list(METL). Employment of NBC recon assets to negate oroffset enemy employment of NBC weapons is a criticalcomponent of warfighting preparation and operations.

The purpose of NBC reconnaissance is to detect andidentify NBC contamination. With equipment currently inthe field, we can only detect and identify chemical andradiological contamination.

It is much easier to detect radiological contaminationthan it is to detect chemical contamination. Radiologicalcontamination is normally found over large areas. Thebehavior of radiological contamination is more easilypredicted. Chemical contamination, however, is typicallylimited to small areas of terrain. Chemical agents areinfluenced by a number of environmental conditions thatmake it difficult to predict their behavior. Biologicalcontamination is the most difficult to detect and predict.

The primary environmental factors that affect the abilityto detect chemical agents for NBC recon purposes are thesurface and soil type, contamination footprint,concentration, and meteorological conditions.

Contamination hazards depend on ground conditionsencountered on the battlefield. The surface and soil typewill affect how readily the chemical agent is absorbed intothe soil. The type of surface also affects the persistency ofchemical agents. Even though the actual battlefield is acombination of conditions, looking at four generalconditions separately will give an indication of what toexpect.

Sand—Any surface that has a large amount of sand(such as a beach). This generally, has good drainage.When chemical agents are applied to this surface, they tendto be drawn into the subsurface, lowering the quantity ofcontamination available for liquid detection.

Soil—Any surface that contains quantities of clay andloam. Depending on the relative amount of each soilcomponent, chemical agents react differently. Generally,

FM 3-19

some percentage of the agent is absorbed into thesubsurface (until saturation).

Grass--Any surface covered with a layer of grass,from a few centimeters to half a meter in height. A portionof the chemical agent remains on the grass, while the restis absorbed into the underlying soil. The chemical agent onthe grass is available for liquid detection.

Mud —Any surface saturated with water resulting inmuddy conditions. The amount of persistent agent that canbe absorbed by wet soil is inversely related to the watercontent of the soil (such as the more water, the lesschemical agent absorbed). Under this condition, chemicalagents will remain on the surface longer. This increases theprobability of detection.

The more absorbent the soil, the less liquid remains onthe surface. This decreases the probability of detection bydetector paper (M8 and M9). For the M93 NBC reconsystem (NBCRS) (Fox), the smoother and harder thesurface is, the higher the probability of detection. WhenNBCRS is detecting on rough surfaces, the sampling wheeltends to bounce, decreasing the probability of detection.On soft or porous surfaces, the ability of NBCRS to detectcontamination can be improved by stopping to lower theprobe near the surface. The heated probe will causeabsorbed chemical agent to vaporize. The vaporized agentcan then be analyzed by the NBCRS.

Planners and executers of NBC recon operations mustunderstand that chemical attacks will not cover extensiveareas with liquid contamination. Depending on the type ofmunition and delivery system, contaminated areas may berelatively small in comparison to the operational area. Thecontamination footprint is the actual dimensions of theliquid hazard area formed by the detonation of chemicalweapons.

Chemical munitions are typically fuzed to burst over thetarget, to get the best spread of agent on the target. When amunition detonates at ground level, it deposits most of theagent in the shell crater, minimizing the contaminated area.When munitions burst above the target, wind speed anddirection directly influence the spread of the agent. As a

1-1

per cubic meter (mg/m3). CAM and M256 detectors arenot as sensitive. The concentration of agent on the grounddepends on the type of agent, time since delivery, and thedelivery method.

munition bursts, the heavier droplets fall faster, and the,

smaller ones drift downwind. The most heavilycontaminated area is near the attack area. The chemicalagent radiates in a bell shape in the direction of the wind.This creates the contamination footprint. Figures 1-1 to 1-4show typical contamination footprints for persistentchemical agents delivered by artillery, multiple rockets,missiles, and aircraft bombs. A unit conducting NBC reconhas a higher probability of detecting contamination whentraveling crosswind to the footprint.

The higher the concentration of the agent, the higher theprobability of detection. The M93 NBCRS can detectextremely low concentration levels about .001 miligrams

Figure 1-1. Contamination footprint for a multiplerocket launcher (MRL) liquid agent attack

(contours are mg/m2). Area is about600 by 1,000 meters.

Meteorological conditions influence the persistency ofliquid contamination. Such contamination is detected intwo ways: as a vapor as it evaporates, or by physicalcontact. As wind speed and temperature increase,evaporation of liquid contamination increases. This meansthere is more vapor present to detect, thus increasing theprobability of detection. The evaporation rate of chemicalagent can be predicted using tables in FM 3-6.

T h e T h r e a t

Figure 1-2. Contamination footprint for a liquid agentartillery attack (contours are mg/m2). Area covered is

about 100 by 800 meters.

Potential enemy forces have the capability of employingweapons of mass destruction against US forces. Nuclearweapons are used to maintain the momentum of advanceduring the offense and to seize the initiative from theattacker in the defense. Enemy nuclear weapons will betargeted against troop concentrations; nuclear deliverymeans; airfields; air defense systems; command, control,and communications centers; logistical facilities; port, andto create obstacles.

Biological agents produce eitherimmediate or delayed casualties.These weapons can be used againstmilitary or civilian targets. Biologicalattacks can range from attacks againsta specific target or can cover vastareas of terrain. Detection andidentification of biological agents areextremely difficult. FM 3-3 providesadditional information on biologicalattacks.

Chemical weapons are used torestrict our mobility to maneuver andconcentrate forces, to contaminatecombat support and combat servicesupport systems, to cause immediate

1-2 FM 3-19

and delayed casualties, and to force an increase inprotective measures. Persistent chemical agents aretypically used against deeper targets or those areas notexpected to be immediately occupied. Persistent agents willbe used against reinforcements, deep targets, and unitsalong the flanks of attacking enemy forces to producecasualties, create a decontamination burden, and restrictmobility. Enemy forces in the defense can be expected toemploy persistent agents against attacking forces.

Chemical agents also are used to produce casualties(immediate or delayed). The threat’s primary delivery

systems will either be artillery or rocket. When thedelivery means is via artillery, the persistent chemicalagents are a mixture of droplets, micro-particles, andvapors. Chemical agent droplets are readily detectable,while micro-particle contamination is not as detectable,using standard NBC detection equipment. Disseminationvia rocket will result in gross contamination, leaving smallpuddles of chemical agent in addition to droplets andmicro-particles. Detection is easier when rockets are used;however, the areas of contamination are significantlylarger.

Figure 1-3. Contamination footprint for a liquid agentmissile attack (contours are mg/m2). Approximate area

covered is 600 by 4,000 meters.

Figure 7-4. Contamination footprint for a liquid agentaircraft-delivered bomb (contours are mg/m2).Area covered is about 130 by 1,000 meters.

FM 3-19 1-3

C h a p t e r 2

U n i t O r g a n i z a t i o n s

There are several organizations that have the primarymission of performing NBC reconnaissance. This chapterprovides an overview of the organization and capabilitiesof NBC recon units.

H e a v y D i v i s i o n

N B C R e c o n P l a t o o n

The heavy division NBC recon platoon consists of anofficer and 19 enlisted soldiers. It is organized with aplatoon headquarters and three recon squads (Figure 2-l).The platoon is equipped with six M93 NBCRS (Foxes) orM113A2 APCs.

The platoon headquarters provides command and

Figure 2-1. Heavy division NBC recon platoonorganization.

control for the platoon. It consists of the platoon leader andthe platoon sergeant (PSG). During operations, the platoonleader and PSG ride in two of the squad’s vehicles. Eachsquad is composed of a squad leader, an assistant squadleader, and the crews, which man two M93 NBCRSs orM113 APCs. Each vehicle and crew comprise a team.

A r m o r e d C a v a l r y R e g i m e n t

N B C R e c o n P l a t o o n

Each chemical company assigned to an armored cavalryregiment has an organic NBC recon platoon. Theseplatoons are organized identically to the heavy divisionNBC recon platoon. Each platoon may be equipped witheither M93 NBCRSs (Foxes) or M 113 APCs.

L i g h t A r m o r e d C a v a l r y

R e g i m e n t N B C R e c o n P l t

The light armored cavalry regiment’s chemical companyhas two NBC recon platoons. Each platoon is organizedwith a platoon headquarters and two recon squads. Theplatoons are equipped with four M93 NBCRS.

Figure 2-2. Light armored cavalry regimentNBC recon platoon organization.

N B C R e c o n C o m p a n y

There are two types of NBC recon companies. One isequipped with armored carrier versions of the HMMWV;the other is equipped with twenty-four M93 NBCRSvehicles. The authorized personnel strengths of the twotypes of companies vary slightly.

2 - 0 FM 3-19

Figure 2-3. Chemical company (reconnaissance) organization.

unit. LA teams are allocated toseparate brigades. An LA team alsomay perform NBC recon at the siteof a nuclear, biological, or chemicalstrike, and provide NBC data to theNBC center (NBCC) or supportedunit commander. It collects,examines, and identifies NBCcontamination and has limitedcapability to evaluate NBC data.Each LA team has two HMMWVSand is 100 percent air mobile. ThisNBC recon team depends on thesupported unit for all logistical andadministrative support.

The NBC recon team (LB)provides NBC recon support to aspecial forces unit. LB teams areallocated on the basis of one perspecial forces group. These units areassigned or attached to unitsorganized into composite chemicalcombat support (CS) units. These CSunits provide NBC recon support

NBC recon companies operate in corps, division, andTAACOM areas. Normally, the company is deployed as aseparate company in the corps under control of thechemical brigade. However, the company may be attachedto a corps chemical battalion.

Each NBC recon company has a headquarters and threeNBC recon platoons. Each platoon has four NBC reconsquads equipped with HMMWV or M93 NBCRS.

The mission of the company is to provide NBC reconsupport for elements of a corps or theater army. Eachcorps is allocated one of these companies. Figure 2-3shows the structure of the company.

N B C R e c o n T e a m s

( L A / L B )

under diverse circumstances. The LBteam performs NBC recon in a very similar manner as theLA team.

The LB team also can provide NBC technicalknowledge about the enemy’s NBC personnel, materiel,techniques, and tactics. It can analyze and assist in thedisposition of captured NBC intelligence and materiel. TheLB team performs strategic NBC recon operations oftheater requirements, using unconventional warfaretechniques. It collects NBC intelligence and providestechnical knowledge pertaining to the enemy’s weaponcapabilities, techniques, and disposition. The LB team isparachute qualified. It depends on captured vehicles or thesupported unit for transportation and for a great deal of itscommunication requirements. For further informationconcerning this team see FM 3-18.

The NBC recon team (LA) provides NBC recon supportto a unit or to augment the NBC recon efforts of a specific

N B C R e c o n U n i t O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r C o m b a t

The NBC recon platoon leader organizes his or herplatoon to accomplish the mission based on mission, T e a menemy, troops, terrain, and time (METT-T). The platoon Each vehicle in the platoon can operate independentlynormally operates in one of four organizations: team, on the battlefield to accomplish very specific tasks. Thesesquad, section, or platoon.

tasks include point surveys, sampling, and limited surveysto find bypass routes. This organization should only beemployed for short periods during rear area operations.

FM 3-19 2-1

Figure 2-4. Typical squad organizationof recon unit.

S q u a d

Squad is the basic organization for the NBC reconplatoon (see Figure 2-4). The platoon leader and platoonsergeant split the platoon headquarters section, and eachoperates with a squad. This organization provides for themost flexibility in assigning missions to the platoon. Thesquad is incapable of supporting themselves. When theyare operating independently, logistical support must becarefully coordinated.

S e c t i o n

Section organization is used when the platoon leadershipis needed to supervise the execution of a mission. It isformed by splitting the third squad and adding one vehicleeach to the first and second squads to form Alfa and Bravosections. These sections are under the command andcontrol of the platoon leader and PSG, respectively (seeFigure 2-5). Platoons in the chemical recon companyrarely form this organization because of the four-squad

Figure 2-6. Platoon organization.

configuration. However, it is possible to form atwo-section organization by merging two squads together.This is the least preferred organization because it does notprovide for maximum use of the specialized platoon.

P l a t o o n

The platoon organization is the most difficult to control(see Figure 2-6). The platoon is employed in this fashionwhen it is necessary to conduct a large zonereconnaissance. This organization provides little flexibility

to the supported commander.Table 2-1. Organization summary.

U n i t C a p a b i l i t i e s

In determining how, when, where, and what sizeelement to employ, commanders, staffs, and NBC reconleaders at all levels must consider METT-T. The leadersmust also consider the advantages and disadvantages ofemploying a specific size element and how it relates tomission accomplishment. The following paragraphshighlight the advantages and disadvantages ofM93-NBCRS- and Ml13/HMMWV-equipped units.

F i g u r e 2 - 5 . S e c t i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n .●

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2 - 2

Advantages and Disadvantagesof M93-NBCRS-Equipped Units

Advantages:Conduct NBC recon and survey on the move.Vehicle capable of keeping up with maneuver forces.

FM 3-19

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Built-in vehicle orientation system for navigation.Greater mobility allows greater area coverage.Conduct NBC recon mission without exiting the vehicle.Detect and identify all known chemical warfare agents.Overpressure system allows crews to operate incontaminated environment without masking.Provide location data to better delineate contamination.Vehicle swims readily with little preparation.Vehicle air conditioner allows the vehicle’sidentification and detection equipment to operate underextreme conditions.Vehicle marking system allows contamination to bemarked without exposing the crew.Ability to store data on unknown suspected chemicalagents.Disadvantages:Vehicle is not readily recognizable as friendly.Specialized maintenance support requirements.Requires 15 to 20 minutes to initially prepare on-boardchemical detection equipment (MM1) for operation.

● Vehicle is restricted by rough terrain; maintainsgreatest mobility over level terrain.

Advantages and Disadvantagesof M113/HMMWV-Equipped Units

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Advantages:Capable of obtaining large samples of suspectedChemical/Biological contamination.Has larger caliber (.50 CAL) weapon system.Vehicles are more recognizable as friendly.Maintenance/repair parts are easily obtainable.Can keep up with maneuver forces over rough terrain.Disadvantages:Crew must conduct operations in MOPP 4 while in con-tamination.Vehicle must stop to conduct survey and detection.Vehicle has difficulty keeping up with maneuver forceover flat terrain.Readings obtained using M256A1, detector paper, andCAM are not as reliable as MM1 readings.

FM 3-19 2-3

C h a p t e r 3

P r i n c i p l e s

Reconnaissance is a mission undertaken to obtaininformation by visual observation, or other detectionmethods, about the activities and resources of an enemy, orabout the meteorologic, hydrographic, or geographiccharacteristics of a particular area. NBC recon is a specifictype of reconnaissance. The purpose of NBC recon is thedetection and identification of NBC hazards. This includesfinding gaps and detours around NBC contaminated areas.

P u r p o s e

The goal of NBC reconnaissance is to produce combatinformation to allow friendly forces to avoid contaminatedareas. NBC reconnaissance also can produce technicalintelligence concerning the enemy’s offensive NBCcapability. NBC recon is part of the overall intelligencecollection effort. It is performed in advance of othercombat operations, as well as during them, to provideinformation used by the commander to confirm or modifyhis concept. NBC recon also is conducted throughout theframework of the battlefield from the forward combat areato deep in the theater’s rear area. NBC recon missions areconducted wherever the enemy has the capability ofemploying NBC weapons.

F u n d a m e n t a l s

NBC recon operations are planned and performedsix fundamentals in mind:

Retain freedom of maneuver.Orient on the threat.Report all information rapidly and accurately.Develop the situation rapidly.Avoid contact with enemy forces.Maximize the capability of NBC recon units.

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with

R e t a i n F r e e d o m

o f M a n e u v e r

By avoiding contaminated areas, the commandermaintains freedom of maneuver. Knowing the location ofcontaminated areas allows all units to practice the firstprinciple of NBC defense--contamination avoidance. Thislimits the effects of degradation on soldiers operating inhigh MOPP levels.

O r i e n t o n t h e T h r e a t

NBC recon operations are limited to those areas wherethe enemy can employ NBC weapons. The use ofpersistent chemical agents is the major threat that themajority of NBC operations will be directed against. Theintelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) will identifywhere, when, how, and why the enemy will employ hisNBC weapons. It is impossible to conduct NBC reconcontinuously at all points on the battlefield. The IPB assistsin focusing the NBC recon effort at the most critical placesand times on the battlefield.

R e p o r t A l l I n f o r m a t i o n

R a p i d l y a n d A c c u r a t e l y

NBC recon is performed to obtain information. Highercommanders need this information to confirm or makedecisions. Combat information loses value quickly.Negative reports tell as much as positive reports. Accuratereporting of locations is essential to avoiding NBC hazards.

D e v e l o p t h e S i t u a t i o n

R a p i d l y

Once contamination is encountered, the unit performingthe mission must rapidly identify the type and intensity.

FM 3-19

Possible bypass routes or gaps must be quickly identified.

A v o i d C o n t a c t

w i t h E n e m y F o r c e s

Detecting and identifying NBC agents is extremelydifficult on the battlefield. Many of the detectionprocedures are time consuming. Contact with enemy forceshas a degrading effect on NBC recon operations. It isseldom possible to accurately detect and identify NBCagents while in close combat. The loss of a single M93NBCRS to enemy direct fire severely degrades the abilityof the entire force to conduct future NBC recon operations.

M a x i m i z e t h e C a p a b i l i t y

o f N B C R e c o n U n i t s

When selecting an NBC recon unit to perform a task,the commander must consider the various capabilities andlimitations of the unit. The mobility, survivability, anddetection capabilities of each type of unit is consideredwhen assigning tasks and missions.

A c t i o n s o n N B C C o n t a c t

When the unit performing NBC recon encounters NBCcontamination, the unit uses a series of actions to developthe situation:●

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Stop and report.Determine agent type and intensity.Choose a course of action for the recon unit.Recommend a course of action to the supported unit.Commander’s decisions.

Stop and Report

Upon encountering contamination, the recon unit haltsand reports the presence of contamination. A simplecontact or spot report can be used or an NBC 4 report. Ifenemy contact is likely or expected, the unit must notremain in an area of limited cover and concealment. Also,the unit must minimize its exposure to the contamination.

Determine Agent Type and Intensity

The unit develops the situation by determining the exacttype and intensity of the contamination if possible.Depending on the unit’s detection and identificationcapability, the time required can be rather short, or take upto 20 minutes. If the unit has limited detection andidentification capability, one element should remain at thecontaminated area to determine the agent type. Otherelements should move to covered and concealed positionsto provide overwatch.

FM 3-19

Choose a Course of Action

Once the leader has gathered enough information tomake a decision, he selects a course of action. The courseof action should adhere to the intent of the commander, bewithin the capability of the unit, and allow the unit toresume its mission as soon as possible. Courses of actioninclude—●

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Survey. An NBC survey determines the exact bounda-ries of the contaminated area. This provides the maxi-mum information concerning the contaminated area.Bypass. Routes around the contaminated area are lo-cated and marked. This allows follow-on forces to avoidthe contaminated area.Cross. Bypassing the contaminated area may not be pos-sible. The shortest, safest route across the contaminatedarea is located. This allows follow-on forces to mini-mize their exposure while crossing the contaminatedarea.

Recommend a Course of Action

Once the recon leader has selected a course of action,he reports it to his commander. The commander approvesor disapproves the course of action based upon its impacton the overall mission. The SOP or OPORD may provideautomatic approval of certain actions to avoid unnecessarydelay.

Once the recon unit has reported the presence of NBCcontamination, the commander acts on this information.The impact of the reported contamination must be analyzedagainst current and future operations. The commander maydecide to alter the scheme of maneuver to avoid thecontamination area or to increase the protective posture.

R e c o n T e c h n i q u e s

Units performing NBC recon use NBC recon techniquesto accomplish their missions. These techniques fall into thetwo categories of search and survey. Search techniquesare used initially to find the contamination. Oncecontamination is detected, survey techniques determine thesize of the contamination. These techniques can be usedwhile mounted or dismounted or in combination to meetthe needs of the situation. Various NBC recon techniquesare discussed in detail in Chapter 8 and apply to any unitneeding to perform an NBC recon mission.

It maybe necessary to dismount to conduct a detailedsurvey of an area or to obtain readings in areas notaccessible to vehicles. The majority of dismountedoperations will be performed by units not equipped withthe M93 NBCRS.

Aerial radiological survey techniques are discussed inFM 3-3-1. Aerial operations normally are conducted tolocate radiologically contaminated areas because of thelarge area typically contaminated after nuclear events.

3-1

N B C R o u t e R e c o n

An NBC route reconnaissance is a directed effort toobtain information of a specific route. (A route is theprescribed course to be traveled from a specific point oforigin to a specific destination). A route may encompass asingle road or could be an axis of advance. Unitsperforming a route recon typically conduct an NBC routerecon as part of the overall operation.

A unit, particularly an NBC recon unit, could be giventhe specific mission of conducting an NBC routereconnaissance. This mission is appropriate when thecommander feels there is a high likelihood ofcontamination along the route. An NBC route reconproceeds faster than an NBC zone recon. The size of theroute and the time available dictate the size of the reconelement. Once contamination is detected, the recon elementhas the following options:● Conduct an NBC survey to define the boundaries of the

contamination,●� Locate and mark clear bypass routes.● Terminate the mission and move to the coordinated de-

con point.● Continue the mission.

Critical Tasks

Certain tasks must be accomplished during a routerecon. The IPB will indicate possible locations for

Figure 3-7. Diagram of typicalNBC route reconnaissance.

Figure 3-2. Diagram of typicalNBC zone reconnaissance.

contamination along with previous NBC reports.critical tasks are—

The

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Reconnoiter the route, and determine the location of anycontamination.Locate and mark bypass routes if contamination is en-countered.Report and mark all NBC hazards along the route.

N B C Z o n e R e c o n

An NBC zone reconnaissance is a directed effort toobtain detailed information on NBC hazards within aspecified zone. An NBC zone recon is appropriate whenprevious knowledge of the area is limited and there areindications or reports of NBC hazards. Typically, a zoneNBC recon is performed to determine the suitability forlarge unit (brigade or higher) assembly areas or logisticbases (such as BSAs, DSAs, and CSAs), Previous reportsor intelligence indicate a high probability of past NBCattacks within the zone. A zone recon is a deliberate,time-consuming process that requires a large expenditureof resources. Once contamination is detected, the reconelement has the following options:

● Conduct an NBC survey to define the boundaries of thecontamination.● Terminate the mission and move to the coordinated de-con point.● Continue the mission.

3 - 2 FM 3-19

Critical Tasks

Certain tasks must be accomplished during a zone reconunless specifically directed otherwise by the commander.Based on time and the commander’s intent, the commandermay direct the reconnaissance towards specific informationonly. The critical tasks are—●

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Reconnoiter all terrain within the zone for contamina-tion.Locate all previously reported NBC attack areas and de-termine if there is still a hazard.Locate all possible contamination within the zone.Check all water sources for contamination.Locate all commercial chemical or nuclear facilities.Report all information.Mark contaminated areas.Locate routes to bypass contamination.

N B C A r e a R e c o n

An NBC area reconnaissance is a directed effort toobtain detailed information concerning a specific area. Anarea recon is a specialized form of zone recon whichproceeds faster since the effort is focused on a specificpiece of terrain. This mission typically is assigned whenemploying a unit to reconnoiter a reported NBC attackarea. Once contamination is detected, the recon elementusually performs a survey to define the boundaries of thecontamination.

Figure 3-3. Diagram of a typicalNBC area recon.

Figure 3-4. Diagram for a typicalNBC survey.

Critical Tasks

During an NBC area reconnaissance, the critical tasksare—● Reconnoiter all terrain within the area.● Locate and mark all NBC hazards within the hazard.● Locate bypass routes around identified contaminated ar-

eas.● Report all information.

N B C S u r v e y

An NBC survey is a directed effort to obtain detailedinformation concerning a contaminated area. The extent ofthe contamination is determined and marked. This is aresource intensive operation typically conducted in rearareas to prevent units from unknowingly entering thecontaminated area.

Critical Tasks

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During an NBC survey, the critical tasks are—Locate the general boundaries of the contaminated area.Place warning markers at specified intervals around thecontaminated area and at all entry points.Determine the intensity of the contamination.Report information via NBC5 report.

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FM 3-19

N B C S u r v e i l l a n c e

NBC surveillance is the systematic observation ofsurface areas to detect NBC attacks and hazards. All unitsperform a type of NBC surveillance-monitoring. Unitsmonitor their areas to provide early warning by using theautomatic chemical agent alarm. Units can be given themission to perform NBC surveillance by observingspecified areas for indications of a chemical attack. Afterobserving the indications of an NBC attack, the reconelement has the following options—● Conduct an NBC survey to define the boundaries of the

contamination.● Locate and mark clear bypass routes.● Terminate the mission and move to the coordinated decon

point .● Continue the mission.

Critical Tasks

The critical tasks are—● Occupy observation posts to overwatch the designated

area.● Report all indications of an NBC attack.

Figure 3-5. Diagram of a typicalNBC surveillance.

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C h a p t e r 4

P l a n n i n g

Considerations for planning and preparing for NBCreconnaissance are based on the mission as defined by theoperations order prepared by the requesting unit. Missions,taskings, priorities, and command or support relationshipsare coordinated and established by commanders fromrecommendations by the chemical officer and the G3/S3.

The senior chemical officer at each level of command isa key player in the assignment, employment, and planningprocess for NBC recon assets. Subordinate chemicalcompany commanders are also critical links in the overallplanning process for NBC recon operations. The seniorchemical staff officer is responsible for ensuring thatsubordinate chemical company commanders are keptinformed of current and future NBC recon requirements.The planning process includes considerations for METT-Tand troop leading procedures.

As a minimum, the following actions should beconsidered in planning and preparing for NBCreconnaissance operations—

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Use the IPB process (chemical officer, G2/S2) to iden-tify areas of interest for NBC recon.Continuously coordinate with subordinate chemical unitcommanders.Pre-position NBC recon assets to support requirements.Establish coremand or support relationships to ensure re-sponsiveness and flexibility to the supported unit.Assess the time and distance factors for the conduct ofNBC recon operations.Orient mission execution on providing timely notifica-tion of critical information to support tactical decisions.Orient NBC recon on the presence or absence of NBCcontamination in areas of interest.Plan for resupply (logistics) activities to sustain NBC re-con operations.Determine possible locations for after mission decon-tamination.Plan for fire support requirements.Plan for security to protect the NBC recon unit.Determine the rules of engagement to prevent fratricide.

M i s s i o n , E n e m y , T r o o p s , T e r r a i n , a n d T i m e

The planning and preparation process must also includeMETT-T considerations. NBC recon leaders at all levelsuse the METT-T process in response to mission request forNBC recon support. The following paragraphs reflect basicMETT-T considerations for NBC recon operations.

Mission. The mission of the supported unit isconsidered first in planning for NBC recon. The keyquestions are—What type of mission is required (NBCrecon, NBC survey, or a biological sampling operation)?What assets are required to perform the mission? Thefollowing situations illustrate METT-T considerations:●

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FM

Given a mission to conduct an NBC zone recon withmultiple NBC recon elements available, the preferredmethod is to divide the zone into equal sectors and as-sign each NBC recon element a specific sector of re-sponsibility. The NBC recon unit conducts this type ofmission mounted.Given a mission to conduct an NBC survey of an area(small town) with limited recon elements available, the

3 - 1 9

preferred method is to use dismounted techniques. A se-curity force should protect the NBC recon element dur-ing this mission.Given a mission to conduct an NBC area recon of abridge within a friendly area, the NBC recon team con-ducts the mission mounted using one squad.Given a mission to conduct an NBC route recon of themain supply route (MSR) with multiple points along theroute, conduct the mission mounted, using the entireNBC recon platoon.

E n e m y

The G2/S2 provides current information on theintelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB). The IPBprovides current information about the terrain, weather,enemy capabilities, and location of the enemy. Location ofthe enemy may restrict freedom of movement for the NBC

4-1

recon elements, which may increase the time required toconduct NBC recon missions.

T r o o p s

The number of recon assets available will influence thenumber of vehicles used for a specific recon mission. NBCrecon leaders must determine the minimum requirementsfor a mission, because other priorities may compete foravailable NBC recon assets.

T e r r a i n

Terrain may dictate which recon technique will be used(mounted or dismounted). Mounted operations are bestsuited for open trafficable areas. Dismounted operationsare best suited for urban, jungle, or restricted terrain.

T i m e A v a i l a b l e

The time available and the time required to complete amission also dictate the extent and size of area that may besuccessful y reconnoitered, Available time also restricts thenumber of points and the number of samples taken during arecon, survey, or sampling mission. Time is also a keyfactor for planning movements.

The rationale used in planning for NBC reconoperations is to facilitate NBC contamination avoidance,preserve combat power, and to orient on the enemy’s NBCthreat. The enemy’s NBC threat includes those areas wherethe enemy will most likely employ NBC weapons againstUS forces. When planning for NBC recon operations, weneed to answer the following questions:

What do we want NBC reconnaissance to do? NBC re-con must support NBC contamination avoidance. It alsomust provide freedom of movement for friendly forces,and it must preserve combat power by providing earlywarning, locating contamination, and identifying clearbypass routes around contaminated areas. NBC reconalso must assist the commander in seeing the fill spec-trum of the battlefield. NBC recon elements are neverheld in reserve. Each NBC recon element is positionedto be responsive to the supported unit.Where do we perform NBC reconnaissance? NBC reconis conducted within corps, division, and brigade areas.This includes NBC recon of main supply routes (MSRs)and NBC recon support for rear area operations. Theprimary goal of NBC recon is to provide freedom of ma-neuver by determining the presence or absence of NBC

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contamination within a supported unit’s area of opera-tion.When do we perform NBC reconnaissance? US Forcesconduct NBC recon anytime the enemy employs NBCweapons within our area of operations, to includes sus-pected NBC attacks by the enemy. Information on thepresence or absence of contamination is important to thecommander for determining unit movement times andfor making other tactical decisions.Why do we perform NBC reconnaissance? NBC reconis conducted to provide the commander and his staffwith information on contaminated areas, to include thelocation and the type of agent. The commander usesNBC recon data to facilitate contamination avoidancefor his troops. It also can reduce the attrition of combatpower caused by NBC contamination.Mission requirements are also considered during the

planning process. The most critical component for ensuringmission success includes receipt and analysis of themission, planning, and coordination.

The NBC recon element receives an order to support aspecific unit. The information contained in the operationorder includes the command relationship,logistics/maintenance support, location of supportedelement, reporting chain, start/completion time (if critical),general guidance (such as decontaminationinstructions/support, operational exposure guidance, andsampling instructions), and coordinating instructions (suchas radio nets, monitoring/ reporting requirements, andsecurity requirements).

C o n t r o l M e a s u r e s

The NBC recon platoonmeasures while supporting

adheres to established controlthe mission and operations of

the supported unit. The NBC recon unit uses the terrain tomaximize its capability for mission accomplishment and tominimize vulnerability. Some examples of controlmeasures are—●

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Assembly areas.Boundaries.Checkpoints.Contact points.Rendezvous points.Objectives.Named areas of interest (NAI).Start points (SP).Release points (RP).Control points.Phase lines (PL).Line of departure (LD).Limit of advance (LOA).

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I n t e l l i g e n c e P r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e B a t t l e f i e l d

( I P B )

The IPB process is the staff tool that helps identify andanswer the commander’s priority intelligence requirements(PIR). The IPB allows the commander to visualize thebattlefield--where friendly and enemy forces will move,shoot, and communicate; where critical areas are located;and where and when enemy forces are the most vulnerable.

FM 3-101 provides a detailed explanation of the role ofthe chemical staff in the IPB process; and FM 34-140provides a detailed explanation of the overall IPB process,For focusing the NBC recon effort, the IPB must—

Identify the enemy’s capability to employ weapons ofmass destruction based on the type of units and weaponsthe enemy has available in the area of operations (AO)or area of influence (AI) during a selected time.Identify how the enemy would employ weapons of massdestruction to support his battle plan.Identify areas of likely employment based on threat em-ployment doctrine.Provide a detailed analysis of terrain and weather in theunit’s AO during each period of interest and how theycould impact on NBC warfare.Template potential chemical targets or areas of contami-nation.Designate templated areas that affect the scheme of ma-neuver as NAIs.Identify previously reported NBC hazard areas.

gathering. They jointly develop possible indicators of thecontaminated area at designated NAIs.

The G2/S2 coordinate with the G3/S3 to develop arecon and surveillance plan (R&S plan) based upon NAIidentified through event templating. Each NAI is assignedto a unit for observation and information collection. Thestaff chemical officer advises the G3/S3 on whichNBC-related NAI can be covered by NBC teams organic tothe maneuver or support units in the area, and which NAIshould be assigned to available NBC recon assets. TheNBC-related NAI and the units responsible for them areincorporated into the R&S plan.

Recon assets are used to confirm or deny the presenceof contamination at the designated NAIs. If NBC reconassets are not available, the unit can employ its organicscout platoons from the cavalry, armor, or mechanizedinfantry battalions. The scout platoons are also trained todetermine if NBC contamination exists and its extent. Theyare also trained in locating a bypass around contaminatedareas as part of their zone, area, and route reconoperations.

The IPB process is labor intensive. During peacetime,the intelligence and chemical staffs must build an intensivedata base for each potential area in which a unit willoperate.

The G2/S2, with assistance from the chemical staff,develops a collection plan to coordinate information

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C h a p t e r 5

N B C R e c o n i n t h e C o m b a t A r e a

During combat operations, NBC recon units operatethroughout the framework of the battlefield. In the forwardcombat area, NBC recon elements are integrated into theoverall recon and surveillance effort. NBC recon unitsgenerally are employed to either confirm or denycontaminated areas, or to confirm areas are clear ofcontamination.

Whatever the method used to employ NBC recon units,their efforts must be focused by the IPB and the supportedcommander’s priority intelligence requirements (PIR) andintelligence requirements (IR).

The capabilities and limitations of the NBC reconsystems found in the various units must be consideredwhen developing the plan. M93 NBCRS NBC recon unitsare best employed by squads, but can operate in sections orteams. Ml13/HMMWV-equipped units are best employedby sections, but can operate in squads or teams. BothM93-NBCRS- and Ml13-equipped units can be used tosupport maneuver forces. Because HMMWV-equippedunits are less survivable, they are best employed with lightand motorized maneuver forces or in rear areas. The M93NBCRS can rapidly detect and identify chemicalcontamination. M113/HMMWV-equipped units detect andidentify chemical agents at a slower rate.

Confirm or deny contaminated areas. When the IPBidentifies possible contaminated areas in the area ofoperations, NBC recon can confirm or deny the presenceof contamination. Templated areas of possiblecontamination that could affect the scheme of maneuver aredesignated as named areas of interest (NAIs). These NAIsare included in the recon and surveillance (R&S) plan.Supporting NBC recon elements are tasked in the R&Splan to observe selected NAIs. The NBC recon elementcan observe the designated NAIs through physical recon orby observation. If the NBC recon element conducts aphysical recon of the NAI, the supporting unit may have toprovide security. Detailed coordination with other reconassets is required to prevent duplication of effort andfratricide.

Confirm the area is clear of contamination. NBCrecon elements are integrated into the combat formation.They move behind or with the lead maneuver force. If theformation encounters contamination, the NBC reconelements can deploy to find clear routes around it. Thelead maneuver force provides security as the NBC reconelements attempt to find a bypass route. Once the bypassroute is located, the NBC recon elements are integratedback into the formation in case there are additionalcontaminated areas.

O f f e n s i v e O p e r a t i o n s

The offense is the commander’s primary means forgaining the initiative against an enemy force. Offensiveoperations are characterized by momentum and theinitiative of subordinate commanders. Commanders mustbe flexible in making rapid shifts in the main effort to takeadvantage of opportunities, and to make rapid penetrationsin the enemy’s defense. Certain types of operations andcertain conditions of climate or terrain will dictatemodification of tactical techniques.

The primary purpose for offensive operations is todestroy the enemy and his ability and will to resist. Thiscan be accomplished by defeating the integrity of hisdefensive systems and by driving deep into his rear areas

to destroy artillery, command and control systems,command posts, reserves, and logistics support. Offensiveoperations also may be conducted to secure key or decisiveterrain, deceive or misdirect enemy forces, deprive theenemy of resources, fix or isolate units, gain information,or spoil an enemy’s offensive preparation. To besuccessful, our forces must be able to maintain agility andget to the right place at the right time. Threat forces mayuse weapons of mass destruction to slow down or impedeattacking friendly forces. Use of weapons of massdestruction can disrupt the tempo and momentum of theattack, allowing the enemy to regain the initiative.

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The NBC recon platoon organic to the armored andlight cavalry regiments supplements the organic reconcapabilities of subordinate cavalry squadrons. The NBCrecon platoon may be employed at the regimental level orby the cavalry squadrons. NBC recon elements relievetroop scouts of the requirement to identify and markcontaminated areas, which facilitates the advance of themain body.

Divisional NBC recon platoons are employed with NBCrecon assets from corps to maintain freedom of maneuverfor the division’s combat forces on axes of advance, mainsupply routes (MSRS), and critical areas identified by thecommander. The platoon should be oriented on the greatestthreat of persistent chemical contamination as identified bythe IPB. During offensive operations, the platoon cansupport the division’s main effort with three squads.

The corps NBC recon company employs its threeplatoons in the corps sector and division rear areas,checking mobility corridors for follow-on forces, MSRS,and critical facilities that support regeneration andsustainment of combat power. NBC recon platoons alsocan be dedicated to supplement NBC recon requirements ofthe division with the main attack, exploitation forces, orcritical areas established by the corps commander. Thiswill contribute to maintaining the momentum at the criticaltime and place to take advantage of favorable situations.The NBC recon platoon’s organization for combat is basedon METT-T, depending on the commander’s concept ofthe operation and priorities.

Commanders should employ NBC recon units toreconnoiter known or likely areas of NBC contaminationidentified by the IPB. Employ NBC recon assets in areasof interest and/or on critical axes of advance for supportedunits when NBC contamination hazards would prevent ourforces from accomplishing their mission. NBC reconelements also can be integrated into the combat formationsto provide a rapid response to nuclear and chemicalcontamination hazards.

M o v e m e n t t o C o n t a c t

Movement to contact is an operation to gain orre-establish enemy contact. Neither side may clearly havethe initiative. Flexibility is key and contaminationavoidance is critical to maintaining flexibility. Once unitsenter contaminated areas, the commander’s freedom ofaction is degraded. NBC recon units will allow thecommander to retain freedom of maneuver. Corps anddivisions normally organize into a covering force, advanceguard, and a main body for movement to contacts.

The covering force operates at extended distances fromthe main body and must be self-contained. The advancedguard is the security force provided by the main bodywhich operates forward to protect from surprise attack.Additionally, the advance guard protects the main bodywhen it is committed to action. The main body is the forcetask organized and prepared for immediate action upon

enemy contact. Combat and combat support units are taskorganized as necessary to maintain momentum. The IPBwill identify the areas of greatest threat from NBCcontamination. The commander will task organize his orher supporting NBC recon units to meet the identifiedthreat. If the commander has no supporting NBC reconunits, he or she will assign the task of NBC recon tocavalry and scout units. These units will perform this taskin addition to their primary missions.

Planning Considerations

The following planning considerations must be observed:● Focus of NBC recon operations is to provide thecommander flexibility.

● Task organize supporting NBC recon units based on the IPBand METT-T.

● Identify known or suspected areas of contamination.● Priority of NBC recon support to lead maneuver forces.● The advance guard force should be NBC recon heavy.● Coordinate for (after mission) decontamination.

Employment Concepts

In Figure 5-1, an armored cavalry regiment (ACR) isperforming a movement to contact. Because the IPB hasidentified the possibility of contamination in the zone, eachsquadron is supported by an NBC recon squad. The

Figure 5-1. Diagram of a corps movement to contactwith an ACR covering force.

FM 3-19 5-1

squadron attaches the NBC recon squad to the troop thatwill most likely come in contact with a contaminated area.The squadron and regiment’s IPB indicates where theenemy would use or have used persistent chemical agents.Even though the squad is attached to a cavalry troop, thesquadron commander task organizes as necessary. TheNBC recon squad will react to any contamination locatedby ground and air scout recon patrols.

Figure 5-2 shows an example of a division movement tocontact with a brigade advance guard, followed by twobrigades. The lead brigade receives the entire divisionalNBC recon platoon. By weighing the advance guard withNBC recon assets, the division facilitates flexibility. Whenthe advance guard encounters contamination, bypass routescan be quickly identified, and the division’s main body canproceed forward at its planned speed. The platoon leaderchooses to employ his or her platoon in a sectionorganization. When the lead combat force encounterscontamination, the section can quickly locate a by-passroute to facilitate the forward movement of the advanceguard. One team will remain behind to survey thecontaminated area to facilitate follow-on forces.

Figure 5-2. Example of a division movementto contact with a brigade advanced guard.

H a s t y a n d D e l i b e r a t e A t t a c k

Attacks may be launched from a movement to contact,from a defensive posture, from behind a friendly defendingforce, or during exploitation or pursuit. There are twobasic types-deliberate and hasty. The two aredistinguished by the extent of preparation. NBC recon isemployed to enhance maneuver and agility of the attackingforce. NBC recon units allow the force to avoidcontaminated areas.

Hasty attacks are not planned in detail. This type ofattack is usually initiated by a fragmentary order. Forces

deploy, rapidly maneuver, and attack quickly and violentlyto gain the initiative. NBC recon support must beresponsive and flexible.

Planning Considerations

● Use NBC recon operations to provide the commanderflexibility and facilitate synchronization.

● Identify known or suspected areas of contamination.● Focus NBC recon assets to retain freedom of maneuver.● Give priority of NBC recon support to lead maneuver

forces.● Identify possible contaminated areas and possible bypass

routes.

Employment Concepts

Figure 5-3 depicts a division conducting a deliberateattack. Elements of the division’s NBC recon platoonnormally are employed behind the lead task force along themain axis of advance. This provides security for the NBCrecon platoon and places it well forward to react to anycontamination encountered by the lead task force. Ifcontamination is encountered, the lead task force goes toMOPP4 status and continues to attack; the NBC reconplatoon finds bypasses around the contamination for thefollow-on forces.

A platoon from the corps NBC recon companyreinforces the division conducting the corps main attack byproviding NBC recon support on routes of reinforcementand on MSRs. The corps NBC recon company employs itsremaining platoons in the same manner but in support ofthe corps. The NBC recon platoon in the ACR responds toreports of contamination in its area of operation and incritical areas determined by the commander. The ACRshould accompany the main attack force probably behindthe lead division to act as an exploition force.

Figure 5-4 (page 5-4) is an example of a battalion taskforce (TF) supported by an NBC recon squad. The NBCrecon squad is attached to the TF’s scout platoon. The S2and chemical officer have templated a possible persistentchemical attack that could influence maneuver along theTF’s planned axis of advance. The NBC recon squad hasthe mission of performing a route recon along the TF’splanned axis to the designated NAI. The NBC recon squadwill confirm or deny the presence of contamination at theNAI. The main body of the scout platoon will cross theline of departure three hours before the NBC recon squad.A tank platoon will be on standby to assist the NBC reconsquad if the squad contacts enemy forces and cannot breakcontact. The scouts moving ahead of the NBC recon squadprovide a minimum of security to the NBC recon squad.

The division NBC recon elements play a vital role inmaintaining freedom of maneuver for the enveloping force.The corps NBC recon elements may support units that arefixing the enemy or are in reserve. NBC recon elementsshould be positioned with the division cavalry or task forceforward element behind the scouts when possible, and

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integrated into the overall recon effort. The integration ofthe recon assets will enhance local security and thecapabilities of each recon unit. The NBC recon element isa critical specialized element and must be positioned andprovided security by the supported unit when enemycontact is expected.

E x p l o i t a t i o n a n d P u r s u i t

O p e r a t i o n s

Exploitation and pursuit operations begin immediatelyfrom the attack. Exploitation is the bold continuation of anattack following initial success. Pursuit is the relentlessdestruction of fleeing enemy forces that no longer have thecapability to resist. Fleeing enemy forces may usechemical weapons more freely than an enemy executing awell- prepared defense. This will necessitate theemployment of NBC recon units.

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Planning Considerations

Focus NBC recon operations to provide the commanderflexibility and speed.

Ensure NBC recon support is agile and flexible.Mark and report all identified areas of contamination andcontrol access into these areas.

Be prepared to encounter enemy stockpiles of NBC weapons.●

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Be prepared to encounter the effects of destroying enemyNBC weapons stockpiles, facilities, and commercialchemical /nuclear facilities.

Focus NBC recon assets to retain freedom of maneuver.Give priority of NBC recon support to lead maneuverforces.

Employment Concepts

Pursuit normally follows a successful exploitation. Theprimary function of pursuit is to complete the destructionof the enemy force. As a successful exploitation developsand the enemy begins to lose the ability to influence thesituation, the division or brigade may be ordered toexecute the pursuit. During the pursuit, the attacking forcemay orient its advance toward a physical objective;

however, the mission is thedestruction of the enemy’s mainforce. Threat forces can feelpressured into using NBCweapons to prevent an attackingforce from destroying them.They may use NBC weapons toslow or impede the pursuitforce so they can reorganize,reconstitute, and regain the

Figure 5-3. Deliberate attack with division as corps main attack.

FM 3-19

initiative. For this reason, NBCrecon assets should be placedjust behind the lead task forcesto react to any contaminationthe pursuit force may encounter.

R i v e r C r o s s i n g

O p e r a t i o n s

River crossings areconducted as part of division orcorps schemes of maneuver.There are two types of rivercrossings: deliberate and hasty.The size of the river, as well asthe enemy and friendlysituation, dictate the crossingtechnique. Deliberate rivercrossings require detailedplanning and coordination, abuildup of firepower, andcentralized command andcontrol. Hasty river crossings

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use expedient means and are conducted with minimalplanning.

River crossing operations present lucrative targets forenemy NBC weapons. NBC recon units are employed in acontamination avoidance role on the far side to allow themomentum of the operation to continue. Also, NBC reconunits are prepared to respond to NBC attacks in thecrossing areas. NBC recon elements need to be positionedto support the crossing sites and the routes to the crossingsites. The elements need to move with the lead maneuver

force across the river to find clear routes aroundcontaminated areas on the far side.

Planning Considerations

● Focus of NBC recon operations is to provide thecommander flexibility and speed.

● The probability of enemy NBC attacks is high.● Focus NBC recon assets to retain freedom of maneuver in

the crossing area.● Be prepared to shift NBC recon assets to the far side with

the initial assault force.

Figure 5-4. Battalion/task force supported by an NBC reconnaissance squad.

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Employment Con-cepts

A brigade is conducting adeliberate river crossing asin Figure 5-5 (page 5-5).The brigade is beingsupported by an NBC reconsquad. The IPB hasidentified the best time forthe enemy to employchemical weapons is oncebridges are across the river.This will slow the tempo ofthe crossing effort and allowenemy forces to repositionand possibly counterattack.The NBC recon squad hasthe primary mission ofproviding surveillance on thebridging sites and thesecondary mission ofproviding periodic routerecon along the routes to thecrossing sites, If chemicalweapons are used on acrossing site, the squad willrapidly identify the agentand the extent ofcontamination. Thisinformation will allow thebrigade commander t o m a k ea decision to continue to usethe crossing site, shift allforces to the other crossingsite, or to initiate anothercrossing operation.

FM 3-19

P a s s a g e o f L i n e s

A passage of lines is an operation in which one forcemoves through another force either to come into (forward)or to move out of (rearward) contact with the enemy.

A forward passage of lines is an operation in which aunit passes through another that is in contact with theenemy to continue the attack. On receipt of the warningorder directing the passage of line, the incoming unitestablishes liaison with the unit in contact to begin detailedplanning of the operation. The incoming unit normallycollocates its TAC or main CP with the TAC or main CPof the unit in contact. The vulnerability to enemy NBCattacks increases during the passage operation because ofthe large number of forces in the passage area. NBC reconelements need to be positioned by the unit in contact at thepassage points to provide immediate assistance if thepassage lanes become contaminated.

A rearward passage of lines is an operation in which aunit affecting a retrograde movement (withdrawal) passesthrough the sector of a unit occupying a rearward defensiveposition. The planning and coordination of a rearwardpassage is identical with that of the forward passage. Thewithdrawing unit must have priority on an adequatenumber of roads and facilities to allow its rapid movementthrough the defended area, The vulnerability to enemyNBC attacks increases during the passage operationbecause of the large number of forces in the passage area.NBC recon elements need to be positioned by thedefending unit at the passage points to provide immediateassistance if the passage lanes become contaminated.

Planning Considerations

l Focus of NBC recon operations is to provide thecommander flexibility and synchronization.

F i g u r e 5 - 5 . N B C r e c o n s u p p o r t i n g a r i v e r c r o s s i n g o p e r a t i o n .

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Position NBC recon assets to react to NBC attacks duringthe passage operation.

Determine alternate routes in case the primary passage lanesbecome contaminated.

● The possibility of enemy NBC attacks increases during thepassage of lines.

D e f e n s i v e O p e r a t i o n s

The main purpose of a defensive operation is to causean attack to fail by destroying enemy forces. The defenseis a temporary state that creates conditions that permit theunit to survive the initial shock of the attack, to halt theenemy, and then exploit the initiative and go on theoffensive. Divisions perform multiple operations in supportof a corps-level defense. NBC recon doctrine andoperations apply to the operational tenets and are integratedinto unit operations.

NBC recon units serve as a valuable asset for thecommander in support of operations. When weapons ofmass destruction are used on the battlefield, NBC reconprovides critical information to the commander for makingrapid and sound tactical decisions. The commander alsouses this information to maintain freedom of maneuver forhis forces. Applied to individual soldiers and leaders, itrequires a willingness and ability to act independentlywithin the framework of the higher commander’s intent.Leaders are adept at determining their NBC defense needsand taking critical actions in a timely manner.

Operations under NBC conditions cause individual andunit degradation, requiring leaders to set appropriateprotection levels. Effective use of NBC recon and NBCdefense measures enable the task force to steal the initiativefrom the enemy or keep the enemy off balance.

Covering force units protect main battle area (MBA)units from surprise. They also allow MBA forces time todeploy and move to meet enemy attacks, prevent thedelivery of enemy medium-range artillery fire againstMBA units, and deceive the enemy as to the location of themain defensive positions. NBC recon units supportingeither the ACR or other covering forces focus their efforttoward rearward passage routes.

The overall battle matures in the main battle area. Themain battle area usually represents the critical area forfriendly ground forces to defeat the assaulting enemyforces. The enemy will attempt to use primarily persistentcontamination in terrain denial for various intentions.

NBC recon units should dedicate their assets to ensuringfreedom of movement along battalion and brigade routes ofreinforcement, to forward and rearward mobility corridors,and other critical areas identified by the commander. Thedivision NBC recon platoon should be employed in supportof the counterattacking forces. However, during delaymissions, the recon platoon may be used for checkingrearward routes between battle positions and critical chokepoints where the enemy may employ persistent chemicalcontamination.

Figure 5-6 (page 5-7) depicts the positioning of NBCrecon elements in support of defensive operations. TheNBC recon platoon is kept under division control. Thedivision may place the NBC recon squad under operationalcontrol (OPCON) of the brigade as required to conduct thefollowing type missions:● Route recon.● Confirm or deny NBC hazards in identified NAIs.● Perform recon as part of a quartering party.● Support the counterattack conducted by the division re-

serve force.The corps NBC recon company should employ its

platoons to identify critical contaminated areas that mayaffect operations, lateral routes of reinforcement, corpscounterattack routes, and high speed routes of resupply.The ACR’s NBC recon platoon is employed along mobilitycorridors, lateral routes of reinforcement and contaminatedareas identified in the ACR’s area of operation.

R e s e r v e O p e r a t i o n s

The reserve force is designed to provide the commanderwith flexibility for influencing the actions of his committedforces. The reserve force also reinforces the defense ofcommitted forces, contains enemy forces that havepenetrated the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA),reacts to rear area threats, relieves depleted units, andprovides for continuous operations.

Division and corps NBC recon elements normally areemployed in support of that unit’s counterattacking force toensure freedom of maneuver. In addition to the designated

reserve forces, division and brigade commanders prepareto reorganize or redesignate a reserve once the initialreserve force is committed. Prior to committing the reserveforce, the NBC recon elements, along with engineers, areassigned mobility tasks in support of the reservecommander’s multiple routes of movement. It is essentialthat control of NBC reconnaissance elements, organized tosupport the reserve, passes to them in sufficient time tolink up, resupply, reorganize, and rehearse to support thereserve mission.

5-6 FM 3-19

W i t h d r a w a l O p e r a t i o n s

NBC recon assets from corps are employed to conduct disengaging force can distance itself from the enemy asNBC recon of withdrawal routes, flank security, and quickly as possible. NBC recon units must be highlypassage points to check reports of possible contamination. responsive to enemy attempts to slow or redirect theRoute recon is essential to ensure that bypasses are found withdrawal through the use of NBC weapons.around contamination to avoid congestion, and ensure the

FM 3-19

Figure 5-6. NBC recon support during defensive operation.

5-7

C h a p t e r 6

N B C R e c o n i n t h e R e a r A r e a

Corps-level NBC recon units aremainly employed in rear areas alonghigh-speed priority routes of resupplyand at critical points to check reportsof contamination. NBC recon unitsplay a significant role in keeping mainsupply routes (MSRs) open bylocating, marking, and findingbypasses around contaminated areas toensure continuous support of combatoperations.

Because of the vast areas normallyinvolved in rear operations, theemployment of NBC recon units herediffers from that in combat areaoperations. M93 NBCRS-equippedunits are normally employed in thesquad organization, because of theirhigh detection and identification rates.M113/HMMWV-equipped units arenormally employed by squadorganization. Lower detection andidentification rates require morevehicles to accomplish the same task.Crew fatigue in theMl13/HMMWV-equipped units mustbe considered, since lack of acollective protection system forcesthem to operate in MOPP4 duringrecon missions.

In the rear areas, NBC recon unitsare employed to allow the supportedcommander to retain freedom ofmaneuver. NBC recon efforts areagain focused by the IPB and the R&Splan. NBC recon elements can bepositioned throughout the rear toconduct NBC surveillance missions.MSRs and other vital routes in the reararea can be monitored forcontamination by conducting periodicpatrols along the routes. Figure 6-7. Example of NBC recon units supporting rear area operations.

6 - 0 FM 3-19

In the corps and TA rear areas, NBC recon unitsconduct NBC recon operations along MSRs and at criticalpoints. They also respond to reports of NBC attacks todetermine the type and extent of contamination. NBCrecon units also may be assigned NBC surveillancemissions to observe designated areas for NBC attacks.Areas to be occupied by logistic and C2 facilities can bechecked for NBC hazards prior to their occupation.

NBC recon units can perform conventional reconmissions when NBC warfare has not been initiated. WhenNBC warfare has been initiated, the employment of NBCrecon units in conventional recon roles must be approvedby supported commanders. M93 NBCRS-equipped

elements also can be used to identify unknown chemicalcompounds found throughout the battlefield.

NBC recon units also support area damage controloperations. Rear area operations centers (RAOCs) developand coordinate missions for NBC recon units in thecommunications zone (COMMZ). The NBCC associatedwith the RAOC commits NBC recon assets based onpriorities that the Theater Army Command (TAACOM)and Area Support Groups (ASGs) establish. After theenemy has attacked the COMMZ with a weapon of massdestruction, NBC recon units provide support to theaffected bases and base clusters. NBC recon unitsproviding support in the COMMZ must expect to operate--with other services and the host nation.

Figure 6-2. NBC reconnaissance operations in the corps TAACOM rear area.

FM 3-19 6-1

C h a p t e r 7

M o v e m e n t T e c h n i q u e s

a n d F o r m a t i o n s

The tempo of operations demands that NBC recon unitsspend a lot of time moving. NBC recon units normally willspend more time moving than performing recon. Movingcarelessly may cause a unit to make contact with the enemyand suffer needless casualties.

NBC recon units use standard formations and movementtechniques to get to their assigned area. Once at themission area, the NBC recon unit selects the appropriateNBC recon technique to perform its mission. The NBCrecon techniques are described in detail in Chapter 8.

F u n d a m e n t a l s

To survive on the battlefield and provide NBCreconnaissance, leaders must exercise command andcontrol, maximize the use of terrain, and apply thefollowing fundamentals of movement:● Move on covered and concealed routes.● Do not move directly forward from covered and con-

cealed positions.● Avoid likely ambush sites and other danger areas.● Enforce camouflage, noise, and light discipline.● Maintain all-round security, including air guards.

NBC recon units must adhere to the followingguidelines:●

●

●

Use terrain for protection. Terrain offers natural coverand concealment from enemy observation and coveragainst enemy fire. Using terrain to protect vehicles isdifficult; so, terrain driving must become a habit. Use itwhen in contact with the enemy and when contact is pos-sible or expected.Avoid possible kill zones. Platoons and squads mustavoid wide open spaces, especially where high grounddominates, or where cover and concealment is availableto the enemy.Maximize the vehicle’s capabilities. Vehicle command-ers and drivers should use any available depressions andtrees to avoid enemy antitank guided-missile (ATGM)fire. When moving to a new position, the driver shouldmake use of speed whenever possible,

C o n c e p t s

Leaders place themselves where they can best commandand control. Their location is governed by the situation,movement formation, movement technique, and whether ornot the unit is performing reconnaissance. Selection of themovement formation is based on the factors of METT-T.The distance between vehicles varies according to theterrain and enemy. Each vehicle crew is responsible for adifferent sector to provide all-round security while on themove. Leaders direct movement by using arm-and-handsignals. Radios should be used only as a backup means ofcommunicating.

M o v e m e n t F o r m a t i o n s

There are five formations for platoon mountedmovement: column, line, wedge, vee, and echelon.

Column

The column formation is used for road marches, formovement during limited visibility, and when passingthrough defiles or other restrictive terrain. The platoon candeploy rapidly from the column formation into otherformations. The column simplifies control and providesgood security.

Figure 7-1. Staggered column formation.

7-0 FM 3-19

The staggered column (Figure 7-1) is used for rapidmovement across open terrain. It affords all-roundobservation and fields of fire. The platoon leader positionshimself or herself to best control the platoon. Thestaggered column formation is used by squad- orplatoon-sized units. Vehicles should maintain 25- to100-meter intervals and lateral dispersion. Each vehiclecommander maintains observation of his or her designatedsector. The exact distance between vehicles depends onMETT-T, weather conditions, and visibility,

Line

The line formation is used for rapid movement whentime is limited. However, it provides little flank security.This formation primarily is used when no enemy contact isexpected and time is critical.

Wedge

The wedge formation (Figure 7-2) is used byplatoon-sized elements. It allows for security and facilitiespositive command and control. Vehicle dispersion andintervals again depend on METT-T and visibility. Whenspreading out in open, flat terrain, as a minimum, eachvehicle must maintain visibility of the vehicle to its front.When moving in platoon wedge, the platoon leaderpositions himself or herself for best control of movementof the entire platoon. Each vehicle commander maintainsobservation of a designated sector. This formation is used

Figure 7-2. Wedge formation.

Figure 7-3. Columnof wedges formation.

when enemy contactis possible.

The column ofwedges (Figure 7-3)is one of the mostfrequently usedplatoon movementformations. It allowsfor optimumflexibility, security,and good commandand control. It isbest employed when

traveling or travelingoverwatch conditions arewarranted. Vehicledispersion and intervalsbetween squads areMETT-T dependent, butthe lead vehicle of the trailsquad generally needsvisual contact with thelead squad. This formationallows squads to deployinto other formations mostrapidly should the tacticalsituation warrant.

Vee

The vee formation (Figure 7-4) affords good security,speed, command, and control. The split vee (Figure 7-5)can be used when the two squads are operating on differentroutes. These formations are used when contact is possiblebut speed is desirable. The lead vee element moves alongcovered and concealed routes for protection. The trailelement moves at variable speed, continually overmatchingand providing security. The trail element must alwaysmaintain visual contact with the lead element and may stopperiodically to observe.

Figure 7-4. Vee formation.

Figure 7-5. Split Vee formation.

Echelon Right (Left)

An echelon formation (Figure 7-6) provides goodcoverage of an area. It provides flexibility and sped. Thisformation does not provide sufficient security if enemycontact is possible or expected.

S t a t i o n a r y F o r m a t i o n s

There are two security formations used when thevehicles are not moving: herringbone and coil.

7-1

Figure 7-6. Echelon right and left formations.

Herringbone

The herringbone (Figure 7-7) is used to disperse theplatoon when traveling in the column formation. It maybeused during air attacks or when the platoon must stopduring movement. It lets the platoon move to covered andconcealed positions off a road or from an open area andestablishes all-round security without detailed instructionsbeing issued. The vehicles are repositioned as necessary totake advantage of the best cover, concealment, and fieldsof fire. Crew members dismount and establish security.

Figure 7-7. Herringbone formation.

CoilThe coil is used to provide all-round (360 degree)

security and observation when the unit is stationary (Figure7-8). It is useful for tactical refueling, resupply, andissuing platoon orders. Because it presents an easy target,it is not designed to be used for long periods duringdaylight. Security is posted to include air guards anddismounted personnel. There are two methods to formacoil.

The first method, when visibility is limited, requires theplatoon leader to form the coil by leading his platoon in acircle, When the circle is complete, all vehicles stop,adjust for cover and concealment, turn 90 degreesoutward, and post security.

Figure 7-8. Coil formation.

- The second method is done by the platoon leader,signaling, quickly moving his vehicle into position, andstopping. The other vehicles move directly to theirassigned positions, as stated in the platoon SOP, seekcover and concealment, and post security. This techniqueis used during daylight or whenever speed is essential.

M o v e m e n t T e c h n i q u e s

Movement techniques are methods used by units totraverse terrain . They are traveling, traveling overwatch,and bounding overwatch, The likelihood of enemy contactdetermines which technique to use, as shown in thefollowing table:

Traveling

Traveling movement technique is employed whenenemy contact is not likely and speed is necessary. Theunit moves in column with 50-meter intervals. Vehiclesmove continuously, at a maximum safe speed. When thecolumn stops all vehicles herringbone. The unit movesalong covered and concealed routes automaticallycontracting and expanding, based on terrain and visibility.Local security is maintained according to its SOP. Eachvehicle posts an airguard. The unit leader locates where heor she can best control.

Traveling Overwatch

Traveling overwatch movement technique is employedwhen enemy contact is likely (possible). Unit moves incolumn with a 50-meter interval with designated lead andtrail elements. The trail element moves continuously,

FM 3-197 - 2

following covered and concealed routes. The lead elementis approximately 50 to 100 meters ahead of the trailelement, depending on terrain and vegetation. The trailelement moves at varying speeds, stopping as required tooverwatch the lead vehicle. Visual contact is maintainedwith the lead element at all times.

The trail element overmatches at such a distance thatshould the enemy engage the lead element, it will notprevent the trailing element from firing or moving tosupport the lead element. In wooded areas or restrictedterrain, the units reduce speed and interval. In adverseweather conditions, the crew of the lead vehicle dismountsto verify the trafficability of the route. The followingvehicle(s) provides overwatch. The unit maintains localsecurity according to its SOP.

Bounding Overwatch

Bounding overwatch is employed when enemy contact isexpected. The basic movement formation is the staggered

column with 50- to 100-meter intervals between vehicles.Lead element bounds forward following a covered andconcealed route. The bounding element may be a singlevehicle for a section movement or an entire section for aplatoon movement. The overmatching element covers theprogress of the bounding element from covered andconcealed positions offering observation and fields of fireagainst suspected enemy positions. Visual contact ismaintained at all times.

The length of a bound is based on terrain analysis andthe ranges and fields of fire from the overmatchingvehicles. When cresting a hill, entering an open area,exiting a defile, or moving through any other restrictiveterrain, a crewman dismounts from the vehicle. He or shemoves forward on foot to a point where he or she canobserve all suspected or likely enemy firing positions. Theunit maintains local security according to its SOP.

FM 3-19 7-3

C h a p t e r 8

T e c h n i q u e s

General types of NBC recon techniques include search, judgment based on METT-T. Terrain and the enemy willsurvey, and surveillance. Search techniques are usedduring route, area, and zone recon missions to findcontaminated areas. Survey techniques are used duringNBC surveys to define the boundaries of contaminatedareas. All search and survey techniques require applied

dictate which technique to use and the level of detailpossible. Surveillance techniques are used to observe aspecific area for indications of an NBC attack. More thanone technique may be executed during a single mission.

S e a r c h

There are three search techniques that can be employedduring recon operations to locate contaminated areas. Theyare the zig-zag, lane, and cloverleaf. Each technique canbe performed mounted or dismounted.

Z i g - Z a g

This technique is useful for locating contaminated areasduring route, zone, or area recon missions. The reconelement begins its search at the deployment (start) line,maintaining 200 meter intervals between vehicles. Eachvehicle moves forward along a line oriented 45 degreesfrom the start line. The vehicle crews monitoridentification equipment for indications of contamination.After the vehicle has moved 500 meters along the first zig,the vehicle turns 90 degrees and zags (see Figure 8-1).

Figure 8-1. Details of zig-zag search technique.

After traveling 500 meters, the vehicle turns 90 degrees fora second zig. This process of zigging and zagging isrepeated until the recon element has reached its limit ofadvance (LOA). If the entire mission area has beensearched, the recon element reports negative contaminationdetected. If the recon element did not search the entiremission area, the element begins a new sweep of themission area. This process is repeated until contaminationis detected or the complete mission area is searched (seeFigure 8-2).

The zig-zag technique has a higher probability ofdetecting contamination, because the surface area nottraversed by the recon element is less than that of other

Figure 8-2. Example of multiple sweeps,using the zig-zag search technique.

8 - 0 FM 3-19

search techniques. The length of each zig and zag is basedon METT-T, VOS25 or global positioning system (GPS)devices provides navigation assistance.

L a n e

The lane technique is very similar to the zig-zag methodand is used to locate contaminated areas. While the zig-zagtechnique can be used during route, area, and zone reconmissions, the lane technique is used primarily during routerecon missions. It could also be used for area recon of longnarrow pieces of terrain, such as defiles. The reconelement begins its search at the line of departure (LD) withan interval not exceeding 200 meters between vehicles. Fornarrow routes, the recon element has to move in astaggered column. Each vehicle moves along a line untilreaching the LOA (see Figure 8-3). The vehicle crewsmonitor identification equipment for indications ofcontamination. Readings for contamination are taken every500 meters.

When the recon element reaches the LOA, if the entiremission area has been searched, the recon element reportsnegative contamination detected. If the recon element didnot search the entire mission area, the element begins anew sweep of the mission area. This process is repeateduntil contamination is detected or the complete missionarea is searched (see Figure 8-4).

Figure 8-4. Multiple sweeps,using the lane search technique.

should not be used in radiologically contaminated areasbecause of the lack of shielding. The CAM is the primarydetection tool dismounted soldiers use to detect chemicalcontamination, followed by M8 and M9 detector paper.Detectors tickets from M256A1 chemical detector kit areused by the mounted vehicle crew to determine thepresence of chemical agent vapors. This technique can be

/

o ~e

o \

(

o

0 )h o

C l o v e r - L e a f

This technique is used primarily during dismountedoperations. A soldier dismounts from his vehicle andmoves in a clover-leaf pattern. The vehicle is used as thecenter of the search (Figure 8-5), and each leaf extendsbetween 50 to 200 meters from the vehicle. This technique

Figure 8-5. Clover-leaf search technique.Figure 8-3. Lane search technique.

8-1FM 3-19

accomplished using a single recon vehicle, a two-section, clover-leaf technique is time-consuming; however, itor three-section reconnaissance element. provides detailed coverage and information about an area.

This technique is used primarily in restricted terrain or This technique also exposes soldiers to chemical hazardsto ensure sites for high value facilities, such as command and heat stress.and control centers, are free of contamination. The

S u r v e y T e c h n i q u e s

There are three survey techniques that can be employedonce contamination is located. These techniques arenear-side-far-side, box, and star. Radiological surveytechniques are discussed in detail in FM 3-3-1. Eachtechnique is usually performed while mounted to minimizeexposure of soldiers performing the survey to CB hazards.There are two types of surveys-complete or incomplete.A complete survey is when the entire extent of thecontamination has been identified. An incomplete surveyoccurs when the entire extent of contamination has notbeen identified. This can occur when an NBC recon unithas to conduct a survey to find a bypass route duringcombat operations.

N e a r - S i d e - F a r - S i d e

This technique is used by the recon element once avehicle enters the contaminated area. All vehicles in therecon element stop. Each vehicle crew determines if theyare in the contaminated area. Vehicles in the contaminatedarea move back along their original path for 200 metersand again check for contamination (see Figure 8-6). If theyare out of the contaminated area, emplace the appropriatewarning markers. If they are still in the contaminated area,they move back another 200 meters and test again. Thisprocess is repeated until they are clear of thecontamination. Once the initial vehicle has found the nearside boundary of contamination, it moves forward acrossthe contaminated area, testing every 200 meters.

Once the crew no longer detects any contamination, thevehicle moves forward another 200 meters and tests again.

Figure 8-6. Near-side-far-side survey technique.

If no contamination is detected, a warning marker isplaced. Each vehicle in the element executes this process todetermine the near and far side boundaries of thecontamination (see Figure 8-6).

It is possible that the right and left limits of thecontamination are not identified, even though the right andleft reconnaissance vehicles determined a near and far side(see Figure 8-7). In this case, the recon element can shiftvehicles to the right and left to attempt to find thoseboundaries or execute a box survey technique. The lateralspacing between vehicles is important to quickly locate allboundaries of the contaminated area. Once the boundariesare located, clear bypass routes can be easily located.

B o x

The box technique is used to determine the generaldimensions of the contaminated area (length and width).This technique is best employed by a section (threevehicles). The process starts once a vehicle enters thecontaminated area. All vehicles in the recon element stop.All vehicles check for contamination in their immediateareas. The first vehicle to report contamination becomesthe base vehicle. If any other vehicles in the element arelocated in the contaminated area, they must back out of thecontamination. All vehicles in the element should orient onthe base vehicle, at least one vehicle should be to the rightand left of the base vehicle.

Figure 8-7. Contaminated area extends pastinitial right limit of the survey.

8 - 2 FM 3-19

The base vehicle has the mission to move forward andfind the far side of the contamination. The crew continuesto check for contamination every 200 meters. When thecrew fails to get a positive reading, they proceed another200 meters and establish the initial farside line. Thevehicle to the right of the base vehicle places a warningmarker to indicate the initial near side. This vehicle thenmoves forward 200 meters and checks for contamination.

The crew can find two things at this point,contamination or no contamination. If contamination isdetected, the vehicle turns 90 degrees to the right andmoves 200 meters and checks again. If no contamination isfound, the vehicle moves forward 200 meters and checksagain. This process of going straight or turning willcontinue in a box-like movement until the vehicle hascrossed the initial far side line, this is the initial right limitof the contamination. The movement of the vehicledepends on the orientation of the contaminated area.

Figure 8-8. Box survey technique on orientation A.

Figure 8-9. Box survey technique on orientation B.

FM 3-19

Figures 8-8 through 8-11 demonstrate the execution of amission for various orientations.

Once the vehicle has reached the initial far side line, thevehicle moves toward the base vehicle while checking forcontamination. The vehicle to the left of the base vehicleexecutes the same movement as the right vehicle, except itsfirst turn will be to the left. While this may soundcomplicated, it is not difficult to execute. The sectionleader must receive continuous reports from the othervehicles on their findings, positive or negative. From thesereports the section leader plots the findings to get a generalidea of the layout of the contamination. Good navigational

Figure 8-70. Box survey technique on orientation C.

Figure 8-11. Box survey techniqueon orientation D.

8 - 3

skills and aids (GPS, VOS25, Loran) are essential for thisoperation.

Figure 8-12. Star survey technique.

Once the section leader is satisfied that the limits of thecontamination have been determined, the section locatesthe best route to bypass the contamination. Warningmarkers are erected around the contamination along anytrails leading into the contaminated area. The bypass routeis clearly marked.

S t a r

This is a very quick technique to determine the roughlimits of a contaminated area. The vehicle that encountersthe contamination, moves back from the contaminated area200 meters from the last positive reading. This point is thebase of the star. The vehicle posts a warning marker. Thevehicle then proceeds forward, detecting every 200 metersto find the far side. Once the vehicle has detected no agent,it proceeds for another 200 meters and tests again. If noagent is detected, another warning marker is posted. Thisends the first leg of the star.

The vehicle turns about 135

b

Figure 8-13. Pattern of an NBC recon squad performing star survey techniquewith two vehicles.

S u r v e i l l a n c e T e c h n i q u e s

NBC surveillance is the systematic observation of aspecific area for indications of an NBC attack, usually achemical attack. These designated areas are typicallynamed areas of interest (NAI), identified during the IPB.NBC recon units watch and listen to observe designatedareas for any indications of a chemical attack. The primarymeans of surveillance are observation posts (OPS). Anothermeans is conducting routine patrols through the area ofoperations. This technique of surveillance normally isconducted in rear areas, typically along main supply routes(MSRs) and road networks.

An OP is a position occupied to observe a designatedarea. From the OP(s), NBC recon units report any

degrees and travels in thatdirection detecting every200 meters. If nocontamination is detectedon this leg, the vehicleshould not travel anylonger than the length ofthe initial leg. This processis repeated until the vehiclearrives at or near the baseof the star (see Figure8-12). This technique canbe used by a squad orsection to obtain moredetecting points, increasingthe accuracy of the survey(see Figure 8-13).

indication of NBC attack and enemy activity. An NBCrecon platoon can occupy up to six OPs, one per team, forup to 12 hours. For extended periods, the platoon canoccupy OPS by squad.

S e l e c t i n g a n O P S i t e

The supported unit or platoon leader selects the generallocation for the OPS. The factors of METT-T determinethe general positioning as well as the intelligence collectionplan and R&S plan. The squad and team leaders select the

8 - 4 FM 3-19

exact position for the IOP when they are on the ground. AnOP should have the following characteristics:

Good observation of the assigned area.Good cover and concealment. Positions with cover andconcealment reduce vulnerability and increase surviv-ability on the battlefield. They may need to trade off aposition with the best observation capability and nocover and concealment to get a position that providesbetter survivability.Does not attract attention. Select positions that do not at-tract enemy attention.Does not skyline observers. Avoid hilltops. PositionOPs farther down the slope of a hill.

M a n n i n g t h e O P

A minimum of two personnel are alert at all times. Oneindividual observes the area while the other provides localsecurity. The individual providing local security recordsinformation and submits reports as necessary. The twoindividuals switch positions every 20 to 30 minutes.

A t t a c k I n d i c a t o r s

Most chemical agents are disseminated by explosivedelivery systems or by spray tanks. Artillery, rockets, andmissiles detonating have a distinctive visual signature bothin the daytime and at night. Aircraft spraying chemical

agents also have distinctive flight patterns along with thesignature of the liquid being released. While theseindicators are not positive proof that a chemical attack hasoccurred, there is an increased probability it has.Depending on METT-T, the NBC recon elementoccupying the OP could conduct recon of the NAI toconfirm or deny the presence of contamination.

Warning

D e t e c t i o n P r o c e d u r e s

NBC recon tactics and techniques are basically the samewhen using either the M113, HMMWV, or the M93NBCRS, Detection procedures are different between theNBCRS- and M113/HMMWV-equipped units.Nonchemical units use the same detection procedures usedby M113 or HMMWV-equipped NBC recon units.

With the Ml13 or HMMWV, there is a great deal ofstopping and exiting the vehicle for detecting andidentifying; and the rate of the NBC recon is much slower.With the M93 NBCRS, NBC recon is conducted on themove at a much faster rate with very few stops, andwithout the crew having to exit the vehicle.

M 1 1 3 / H M M W V - E q u i p p e d U n i t s

Using the M 113 or HMMWV as a prime mover andstandard NBC detection, identification, and CB samplingequipment, the following procedures may be used todetermine the presence of radiological or chemical hazardsor to collect suspect samples for laboratory analysis.

The team leader (TL) provides overwatch for his or herarea and orients the organic weapon on the sector of fire.The TL visually inspects the area for signs ofcontamination hazards. The chemical operations specialist(COS) opens the rear door of the M113 wide enough totake a reading with his NBC detection and identificationequipment or to collect a suspect sample of CBcontamination. The rear door of the M113 has a wire orbungee cord attached to prevent the door from swingingfully open.

With M8 paper attached to a long handle or stake, theCOS extends the stake out of the rear door of the Ml13 orover the side of the HMMWV and touches the ground orvegetation with the M8 detector paper.

The TL also conducts periodic checks from the hatchposition, using the M256A1 chemical detector kit. The TLplaces the expended M256A1 detector tickets in a

FM 3-19

waterproof bag after writing the check point number on thepaper tab.

The COS inspects the M8 paper for signs ofcontamination and informs the TL of the results. PositiveM8 paper is sealed in a plastic bag. A label showing thedate-time group (DTG), location (grid) where the samplewas taken, and the possible type of contamination isattached. The sample bag is placed inside a largewaterproof bag which holds all samples collected duringthe mission.

The COS places the CAM outside the doorapproximately one meter above the ground and checks forcontamination. If contamination vapors are detected andthere is doubt as to the validity of the results, the COS usesthe M256A1 chemical detector kit to verify results. Allexpended M256A1 tickets are bagged.

Note: If a positive reading for chemical contaminationis obtained, move back 100 to 200 meters from the positionwhere the initial positive reading was detected and repeatthe procedure until a negative reading is obtained.

The COS can exit the vehicle, if necessary, and checkthe area around the vehicle for contamination using M8paper and the CAM.

8 - 5

The COS collects samples of any small dead animals, The TL or driver records all findings on appropriatediscolored leaves, soils, and so forth, as stated in the forms.OPORD or orders from higher headquarters and reports allfindings to the TL.

M 9 3 - N B C R S - ( F o x ) - E q u i p p e d U n i t s

The M93 NBCRS is equipped with a mobile massspectrometer (MM1), radiation detection unit (ASG1),vehicle orientation system (VOS25), and other detectionand identification equipment giving users the capability totravel at optimum speeds while checking for NBCcontamination. See FM 3-101-1 for a detailed discussion ofM93 NBCRS tactics, techniques, and procedures.

The MM1 monitors organic substances in the air, indust, in solution, or on surfaces.

There are basically three modes of operations for theM93 NBCRS:● Double-wheeled sampling unit. This mode permits trans-

porting liquid contamination to the probe bad of theMM1 for agent identification.

● Air. Air is drawn into the MM1; and vapor contamina-tion is identified.

● Surface. This mode is used once the agent is detected toverify its presence, using the MM1.

8 - 6 FM 3-19

C h a p t e r 9

S a m p l i n g O p e r a t i o n s

Commanders may order the collection of materiel andenvironmental samples for support of intelligence andoperational requirements. These requirements includeverification that an attack occurred; identification of agentsused; delivery systems; and their nation of origin; or todetermine the level of chemical/biological warfare (CBW)technology involved.

Sampling operations particularly are important if apreviously unknown agent is used, or if it is the suspectedfirst use of a CB agent by a threat force. Therefore, thecollection of CB samples and the background informationmust be as detailed and comprehensive as possible toprovide data for the intelligence analysts.

The processing of CB samples includes the collection,handling, transferring, chain of custody, and administrativeprocedures. After laboratory analysis of the sample,intelligence personnel analyze the data to supportoperational needs. The sample process isillustrated in Figure 9-1.

Chemical/biological sampling units(CBSUs) conduct missions throughout theoperational continuum during peacetime andwartime operations. NBC recon units andother units trained in sampling techniquesconduct overt sampling operations. LB teamsassigned to the special operation forces (SOF)conduct covert NBC recon missions. See FM3-18 for more information pertaining to LBteam operations. NBC recon units conductsampling as part of their normal operations.The collection, reporting, and administrativeprocedures pertaining to sampling operationare basically the same for all NBC recon units.

P e a c e t i m e C o m p e t i t i o n

a n d C o n f l i c t

During peacekeeping operations, securityassistance missions, or show of forceoperations, the first CB sampling (CBS)missions provide a baseline for normal levels

of microbes (germs) in a given area. Later, if use issuspected, CBSUs may collect suspected CB samples,which after analysis, would provide technical intelligencedata to commanders and their staffs. This information isimportant during peacetime competition and conflicts tohelp commanders and their staffs determine what NBCdefense measures are needed for force protection, thescope of CB defense assistance to be provided, and theextent of threat capabilities and intentions.

W a r

CBSUs conduct CB sampling missions to providetechnical intelligence that enhances commanders' a n dstaffs’ ability to assess the battlefield. Knowing the agent,delivery system, and so forth, helps the commander take

Figure 9-1. The sampling process.

FM 3-19 9-1

appropriate offensive and defensive actions. Laboratoryanalysis provides identification of the suspected sample,agent characteristics, toxicity, persistency, hazards topersonnel, possible decontamination procedures, andappropriate first aid procedures.

Samples collected by the special operations force duringdeep operations provide intelligence about threatcapabilities, intentions, and the location of threat storageand production facilities.

E m p l o y m e n t

The division or corp area uses its organic CB samplingassets within its operations area. The TA commanderc a ndirect NBC recon units to conduct CB sampling anywherein the theater of operations. Planners for strategic oroperational level missions also may direct CB samplingoperations to support intelligence requirements.

R e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s

The NBC recon unit conducts chemical/biological (CB)sampling. Prior coordination, SOPS, OPLANS,intelligence, medical technical assistance, and specificguidance must be followed. NBC recon units areresponsible for collection and initial packaging ofenvironmental CB agent samples collected in the field.NBC recon units also are authorized to collect smallanimals (nonmigratory species only), either dead or dying,as a result of suspected contamination. NBC recon teamsensure uniformity, viability, safety, and accountability insampling procedures, Trained personnel escort andevacuate the suspected samples to their designateddestinations.

Technical intelligence teams also are responsible forcollecting biological environmental samples. Medicallytrained sampling teams are responsible for collectingbiomedical samples. NBC recon units are not trained tocollect environmental and biomedical samples. NBC reconteams may be augmented by technical intelligence andmedical personnel to collect biomedical samples. AppendixB provides detailed guidance on sampling techniques andprocedures.

C o n t r o l

The planning process and the completed analysis of thesample involve detailed coordination and careful execution.The most valuable and reliable intelligence data regardingchemically and biologically contaminated areas areobtained from well planned and coordinated NBC recon.Field commanders task NBC recon units and technicalintelligence teams to conduct chemical and biologicalsampling operations to enhance the IPB process and tospecifically identify CB threats.

Personnel who conduct the sampling operations are welltrained and have specific equipment designed for samplingoperations. Intelligence staffs and NBC recon units planand coordinate CB sampling operations to ensure unitssafety and high quality samples. Tasks include commandand control, sampling, packaging, processing, transport,analysis, and interpretation of the data.

During peacetime, a chemical biological samplingcontrol center (CBSCC) is established at the ChemicalBiological Defense Agency (CBDA) at Aberdeen ProvingGrounds, Maryland. The CBSCC determines whichlaboratory will receive the samples. The CBSCC iscomposed of appropriate personnel from CBDA and USArmy Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases(USAMRIID). The following considerations are used bythe CBSCC to determine the final destination of thesample:● Is the sample chemical or biological in content?● Is the sample content completely unknown?●� Is the sample a possible combination of chemical and

biological material?During peacetime, CB sampling operations may become

so numerous that a special staff control element maydeploy to the region of concern to centralize theadministration and processing of samples. This controlelement is the chemical biological sampling controlelement (CBSCE). The CBSCE is a subelement of theCBSCC. The CBSCE is manned by Edgewood Research,Development, and Engineering Center (ERDEC) under thesupervision of the technical director of ERDEC. TheCBSCE determines the technical processing of CBsamples. The CBSCE also tracks the results of samplingoperations and keeps records of samples taken.

During war or operations short of war, the J2 is theprimary staff responsible for control of CB samplingoperations within the theater. The J2 coordinates with theJ3, command surgeon, and the theater chemical officer toplan missions for CB sampling assets. The CBSCC candeploy one of its subelements, CBSCE, for use in thetheater. Once deployed, the CBSCE is assigned to J2 staffoperations. The CBSCE determines the technicalprocessing requirements and procedures for CB samples.The CBSCE also tracks results of sampling operations andkeeps records of all samples taken. The command surgeonand the preventive medicine detachment provide additionaltechnical advice to the CBSCE and the technical escort unitdesignated to transport the samples within the theater.

The CBSCE determines whether to send the sample tothe CONUS Chemical and Biological Agent TechnicalEvaluation Board (CBATEB) for further processing or tokeep the sample in the theater and complete the sampleanalysis in country. The CBSCE uses the followingconsiderations to determine whether or not to send thesample to CONUS:● Is the sample to be used for verification for first use of

toxic agents?● Is the sample too dangerous to send to CONUS?

9 - 2 FM 3-19

● Are the theater laboratories capable of doing the sampleanalysis?If sample is kept in theater, it goes to the appropriate

laboratory for analysis. However, the mobile massspectrometer (MMl) on the M93 NBCRS is used initiallyto analyze chemical samples which are then sent toCONUS for analysis. The MM1 is capable of conductingmobile field laboratory analysis of chemical samples, butnot suspected biological samples. All suspected biologicalsamples are analyzed by a designated laboratory.

The chemical staff monitors the mission status of allNBC recon and CBS units. The chemical staff advises thecommander on all CBS operations. In addition, the theaterchemical officer provides mission guidance for CBSmissions IAW the command guidance. Specific missionsare given to subordinate chemical units for support of NBCrecon operations. Detailed mission orders and plans areprepared by the supporting chemical unit headquarters.

The chemical staff coordinates closely with the taskedunit to provide needed information (such as, intelligenceinformation, target descriptions).

U n i t s

There are three type of units primarily designated tocollect CB samples. Environmental samples are normallycollected by—● NBC recon units.● Technical intelligence teams.● Preventive medicine units (portable water sources only).

Biomedical samples taken from affected individuals orbodies normally are collected by—

Battalion-level medical units.Division-level medical treatment facilities.Combat support hospitals.Evacuation hospitals.NBC recon units (assisted by medical personnel).Medical-technical intelligence teams.Designated sampling units receive additional training on

packing and transporting samples. Only authorized andtrained elements can collect biomedical samples.

T e c h n i c a l I n t e l l i g e n c e T e a m

The technical intelligence team assigned to the ForeignMateriel Intelligence Battalion (FMIB) is a TAACOMasswt. The CBS technical intelligence team has anextremely limited ability to conduct CBS operations, andtherefore, must be augmented by specialty teams. Thespecialty teams perform the following functions—● Operate the XM2 bio-environmental sampler.● Conduct biomedical sampling.● Conduct witness interviews.

S p e c i a l O p e r a t i o n F o r c e s

( L B T e a m s )

The LB team is assigned to the Special OperationsForce (SOF) and may be available to the theatercommander for CB sampling operations. The SOF mayconduct special operations independently whenconventional operations are inappropriate or not feasible.The LB team may be involved in special operationsdirectly controlled by higher echelons. In most cases, thiswill require minimal involvement with the LB team’sintermediate headquarters. LB team operations generallydiffer from conventional recon and other NBC recon unitsin operational techniques, mode of employment, distancefrom friendly support, dependence upon detailedoperational intelligence, and indigenous assets.

The LB team conducts special NBC recon in denied,sensitive, or hostile territory. The LB team collects highquality samples, which are used as key input for criticaldecisions, such as verification of first use of toxic materielsby a threat force. See FM 3-18 for more information onLB team operations.

S t a f f S u p p o r t

The theater chemical officer provides advice to the J2on the proper use and employment of recon units qualifiedto conduct chemical and biological sampling operations.The theater chemical officer also provides information andrecommends missions for the CB sampling units. The J2generates the mission requirement and the theater chemicalofficer determines the best method for completing therequirement. The theater chemical officer uses thefollowing considerations to determine which samplingassets are tasked:● Intent of the intelligence requirement.● Location of the sampling target.● Effect of sampling on current operations.● Effect of sampling on future operations.● Support requirements.● Security requirements.

If the theater chemical officer determines the bestmethod for completing a requirement within a division’sarea of concern, he or she may recommend theemployment of the TAACOM NBC recon unit. If thetheater chemical officer needs advice or technical staffsupport for actions relating to the CB samplingrequirement, he or she coordinates directly with therelevant staff element.

For example, if a CB sampling mission requirementinvolves biomedical sampling, coordination with thecommand surgeon is necessary. If the requirement for theCB sampling mission involves the interview of nativewitnesses or casualties, coordination with the J5 isnecessary because it involves the civilian government.

FM 3-19 9 - 3

After samples are taken, they are packaged andtransported to the sample transfer point (which maybe thedecontamination point). Appendix B provides detailedinstructions on packaging samples. A qualified escort mustaccompany the suspected sample during the entireevacuation process to ensure safety and to maintain chainof custody. Technical escort is preferred during the entireevacuation process, but may not always be practicalbecause of the limited number of technical escort units.The sample goes to the theater chemical and biologicalsample collection point.

If the sample is to go to CONUS for analysis, anadditional technical escort is required to accompany thesample to CONUS from the port of debarkation to its finalhand off to the receiving laboratory.

After the laboratory completes the analysis, the data isturned over to military intelligence channels for furtheranalysis and dissemination. The Technical IntelligenceAgency provides feedback to field commanders through thenormal intelligence channels.

9 - 4 FM 3-19

A p p e n d i x A

O p e r a t i o n s i n S p e c i a l E n v i r o n m e n t s

Environments that have a major influence on theconduct of military operations are—● Mountain areas.● Jungle areas.● Desert areas.● Cold weather regions.● Urban areas.

Each of these environments has a different influence onNBC recon operations.

M o u n t a i n A r e a s

Excluding the extremely high, alpine-type mountains,most mountain systems are characterized by—● Heavy woods or jungle.● Compartments and ridge systems.● Limited lines of communication, usually of poor quality.● Highly variable weather conditions.

NBC recon units operate with attached elements or indirect support of brigade-sized units. Since mountainoperations are decentralized, NBC recon leaders usuallyoperate independently or semi-independently of theirparent units.

NBC recon units concentrate on low terrain forpersistent chemicals and on prominent terrain features forradiological hot spots produced by fallout.

J u n g l e A r e a s

The jungles of Asia, Africa, and the WesternHemisphere are potential battlefields. Jungle terrain ischaracterized by—● Heavy vegetation, varying from rain forest to savanna.● Constant high temperatures.● Heavy rainfall during certain seasons.● Constant high humidity.

As in mountain operations, NBC jungle operations aredecentralized as much as possible. Recon elements maybeplaced in direct support.

Due to the hot, humid conditions prevalent in jungleenvironments, frequent work breaks and reduction of

FM 3-19

MOPP levels by recon personnel will become necessary.Unfortunately, the jungle environment tends to makechemical agents more persistent and more effective inproducing casualties. These factors combine to complicatetimely NBC recon operations.

D e s e r t A r e a s

Deserts are semiarid and arid regions containing avariety of soils in varying relief. Desert regions arecharacterized by—●

●

●

●

●

●

Extreme temperature ranges, varying between 30 de-grees Fahrenheit (-1 degree Celsius) and 130 degreesFahrenheit (54 degrees Celsius) over a 24-hour period.Changing visibility conditions.Long periods of drought.Shortage of suitable ground water.Large areas of excellent trafficability interspersed by ra-vines, bogs, and sand seas.An absence of pronounced terrain features.The principal problem NBC reconnaissance units face in

desert operations is lack of water. For example, without anoutside water source, a decontamination unit can operate adeliberate decon station for only a short period. Whileconducting recon, knowing the locations of water sourcesis extremely important. There are additional reconproblems in desert environments. Contamination found in adesert may become covered up then suddenly reappearbecause of shifting sands. Once an area has beencontaminated, it must be periodical y monitored.

Extreme temperature ranges and soil compositionsfound in the desert complicate recon operations. The hightemperatures during the day inhibit movement of personnelin high MOPP levels, in addition to possibly causingmalfunctions in equipment, and detectors being usedoutside of their usual operating ranges. The relative lack ofcover and concealment in desert terrain make security aproblem during any daylight operations. As a consequence,night probably becomes the usual time of operation, eventhough lack of light will complicate the reading use ofchemical detection paper and kits. Soil composition willadversely effect the detection capabilities of the M93

A-1

NBCRS since liquid contamination will be absorbed by thesoil.

Note: The M93 NBCRS must be operated with the air con-ditioner on in hot temperatures to prevent damage to on-board equipment. The system will operate effectively forone hour with the air conditioner turned off or the vehiclepower source turned off,

C o l d W e a t h e r R e g i o n s

Northern regions, including the arctic and subarctic,comprise about 45 percent of the North Americancontinent and 65 percent of the Eurasian land mass.Northern regions are characterized by—● Extreme cold and deep snow during winter months.● Spring breakup, resulting in poor trafficability.● White out and greyout, which cause loss of depth per-

ception, making flying and driving hazardous.● Ice fog, in which clouds of ice crystals cover troops, ve-

hicles, bivouac areas, and permanent facilities.When temperatures go below 32 degrees F (0 degrees

Celsius), decon and recon elements have difficultyoperating and maintaining their equipment.

Toxic chemicals also react differently at extremely lowtemperatures. For example, blister agents such as distilledmustard, phosgene oxime, and mustard-Lewisitemixture-become solids well above the freezing point ofwater. As the temperature drops to -15 degrees F (-26° C),two blood agents (hydrogen cyanide and cyanogenchloride) and three blister agents (HN3, L, and PD)become solids. At -70 degrees F (-57° C), only four toxicchemicals remain in liquid form: CG, SA, HN2, and ED.All of the remaining agents become solids, including nerveagents.

Munitions containing persistent agents normally becomemore persistent at low temperatures, If a soldier gets a

solid agent on his clothing, he will probably not detect it,since it has no effect in solid form.

NBC recon operations are adversely affected byextreme cold. Electronic instruments, such as radiacmetersand automatic chemical agent alarms, become lessdependable and may even fail. Chemical detection andidentification kits cannot detect solid agents. It may benecessary to take soil, snow, or vegetation samples fromsuspicious areas and warm them to detect and identifychemical agents.

U r b a n A r e a s

Urban areas have a significant influence on militaryoperations. Today, it is difficult to avoid built-up areas,particularly in Western Europe. Urbanized terrain ischaracterized by—●

●

●

●

Villages (population of 1,000 or less).Towns and small cities that are not part of a large urbancomplex (population more than 1,000 but less than100,000).Strip areas that connect villages and towns along roadsand valleys.Large cities with associated urban sprawl (populationmore than 100,000 and covering 100 or more squaremiles),Chemical agents tend to act differently in built-up areas.

Low-lying areas tend to collect residual chemicalcontamination. In an urban environment, evennonpersistent agents may enter buildings or seep into pilesof rubble, which may enhance their persistency.

Buildings also provide shelter for chemical hazards andmake predictions extremely inaccurate. Shifting windsmight contaminate buildings and the areas around them butleave an adjacent area relatively free of contamination.Units should check areas they plan to occupy, even if onlyfor a short term, including basements, wells, and sewers.

A-2 FM 3-19

A p p e n d i x B

S a m p l i n g T e c h n i q u e s

a n d P r o c e d u r e s

The collection of environmental, biomedical, andbackground (control) samples is an integral part ofinvestigating allegations pertaining to the first use ofchemical or biological agents. The types of samples takenand the collection methods primarily depend upon thecircumstances encountered by the collector. During allchemical and biological sampling operations, thecommander establishes the required protective equipmentto fit the situation. This appendix ends with arecommended list of equipment for use during chemicaland biological sampling operations.

NBC recon units collect samples under various

samples in an area free of hostile forces. The LB team maycollect samples within the enemy area of operations ordeep into the enemy’s rear area. Samples include toxicagent munitions, chemical products, air, water, soil, andvegetation. In addition, all expended equipment used tocollect the samples should be turned in to the laboratory.This equipment includes items such as expended M256A1kits, M8 and M9 paper. These items should be recovered,packaged, and shipped with the suspected samples foranalysis. Different information may be derived from eachtype of sample. Table B-1 compares different types ofsamples.

circumstances. For example, a recon unit may collect

E n v i r o n m e n t a l S a m p l e s

Control or background samples are collected from clean samples must be identical to the samples collected from theareas near the attack areas as baseline data. The control contaminated areas. The contaminated samples are

Table B-1. Comparison of sample types.compared to the baseline data (controlsamples). This is especially true ifunknown or nonstandard chemical and/orsuspected biological agents wereemployed. The analysis center uses thecontrol samples to compare with acontaminated one. The recon unit collectscontrol samples of soil, water, andvegetation from areas about 500 metersupwind of an alleged attack area. Controlsamples generically are the same as thosecollected in an alleged attack area. Forexample, if leaves from an apple tree in anattack area were collected as a suspectedcontaminated sample, the recon teamshould collect leaves (as a control sample)from an apple tree outside of thecontaminated area. If water from a pondin the attack area is collected, the reconunit should collect control samples ofwater from a pond (not a moving stream)in a nearby clean area. The size of an

FM 3-19 B-1

environmental control sample should be about the same asthe suspected contaminated sample collected from theattack area (see Table B-2).

C o l l e c t i o n o f A i r

a n d V a p o r S a m p l e s

Air is a suitable sample, because it is well-mixed. Asample of air contains a freed amount of contaminants. Theamount of contaminants is determined by several factors:● Wind speed.● Rate the contaminant flowed into the environment.● Physical state of the contaminant.● Contour of the terrain.

H OW to Collect Air Samples

Two general guidelines apply to collecting air samples:1. The recon team collects samples of air, using devicesthat draw air through a filter material that selectivelyremoves certain compounds from the air.2. To avoid contamination, persons conducting airsampling should not use cologne, perfume, insectrepellent, medical creams, or strong soaps before taking asample. The fragrances from these products are volatileorganic compounds that may be absorbed on the filter andskew analytical results. Smoke also severely interferes withair sampling-therefore, avoid cigarette and vehicleexhaust smoke.

Detailed Procedures for Collecting Air Samples. Theprimary method for collecting air samples is with thePAS 1000 automatic air sampler in conjunction with aTenex tube for a total of three to four minutes whenpossible. Upon completion of sampling, place the Tenex

tube in a 2 1/4-inch piglette. Seal the piglette around the capwith either pressure sensitive or Teflon@ tape. Oncesealed place the piglette into a Mylar easy-close or“ziplock” bag. Fold the bag around the piglette in acircular motion, then apply another bag and fold again.Once the bag is folded around the piglette, use any typetape to secure the bag around the piglette. Place thepiglette into a refrigerator or cooler until the sample istransported to its destination.

Where to Collect Air Sample. When chemicals arepermitted into the atmosphere from a facility, the best placesto obtain samples are close to the emission source wherethe concentration of the chemical is not diluted. Thefurther from the original point of release, the more dilutedthe sample becomes from mixing with air, water, orenvironmental pollutants.

Natural and man-made terrain features such as hills,valleys, and rows of buildings, sometimes aid the collectorby channeling emissions. When these features areassociated with a particular facility, their downwind side isa suitable place to collect a sample because the emissionremains more concentrated further from the release point.

For collection in a possibly contaminated location, andif the situation permits, initially use a detection kit such asthe M18A2/M256A1 to determine if a possible vaporhazard exists from known chemical agents. Also, use thekit when personnel are required to examine possible toxicagent munitions. In any case, collect air samples with thewhite band tubes and save for identification and analysis.

Small air samplers also enable the collector to obtainvapor samples from alleged toxic agent munitions at a safedistance while explosive ordnance disposal (EOD)operations are performed. If EOD personnel are not on thescene, the air sampler can be activated, and the collectorcan stand at a safe distance while the sampler is operating.

When to Sample. Perform sampling operations as soonas possible when directed by a higher headquarters or aftersuspected chemical or biological contamination isencountered.

C o l l e c t i o n o f W a t e r S a m p l e s

Water sampling is a matter of collecting enough waterto get acceptable information about the contaminants. Thecollector should provide the analysis center with one C18and one silica cartridge when using the Sep-Pak technique.

How to Collect Water Sample. General guidelines: Ifit is believed that the threat has used standard chemicalagents during an attack, use the M272 chemical agentwater test kit for initial screening and sampling.

Detailed procedures for collecting water samples.The following items are required along with the Sep-PakC 18 cartridge:●

●

●

●

●

One 60CC syringe without needle.One 3-way sterile, plastic, stop cock with protectivecovers.One piece of plastic tubing (3/16” ID x 6“ long mini-mum).Sterile water or methanol.One clean container, such as a Teflon@ cup or glass jar.Prior to collecting each sample, prime the system in the

following manner:Step 1. Attach Sep-Pak directly to 60CC syringe.Step 2. Pour small amount of sterile water or methanol

into container.Step 3. Insert tip of Sep-Pak into container.Step 4. Withdraw at least 40CC of solution.Step 5. Detach Sep-Pak from syringe and discard

solution from syringe.Step 6, Repeat steps 3 through 5 using the same syringe.After priming is complete, assemble components in the

following configuration:1. Attach 3-way stop cock to 60CC syringe,2. Attach Sep-Pak to opposite end of stop cock.3. Attach plastic tubing to open end of Sep-Pak.

Use the following procedures to collect samples withSep-Pak:

Step 1. Assure lever on stop cock is turned sidewayswith off arrow pointed toward the large outlet port.

B-2 FM 3-19

Step 2. Place the open end of the plastic tubing into thewater near the bottom, without touching bottom or sides ofthe body of water.

Step 3. Draw 60CC of water into syringe.Step 4. Turn stop cock lever to off position by

positioning lever to point toward stop cock.Step 5. Push plunger all the way in, discharging the

water from the syringe through the outlet port.Step 6. Repeat steps 1 through 5.Step 7. Detach plastic tubing from Sep-Pak, and discard

as contaminated waste.Step 8. Detach Sep-Pak from 3-way stop cock; place

into sample container; seal with pressure sensitive tape;and mark for identification.

Note: You should take a minimum of four (4) samples:three (3) of suspected contamination and one (1) controlsample from a nearby unaffected (none contaminated) areafor reference.

Step 9. Dispose of syringe and stop cock ascontaminated waste.

Step 10. Insert sample container in cooler orrefrigerator until the sample is transported to its destination.

Where To Collect Water Samples. Drains are idealsites, since contamination and dilution from other sourcesare minimized.

The recon team collects water samples from the slowmoving parts of the stream because the turbulence andspeed of rapidly flowing water tend to dilute chemicalconcentration. If an oil-stain-like fan, globules of organicmaterials, or an unnatural appearing powder-like materialis visible on the water’s surface, collect a surface sampleof the material. If not, collect the sample from near thebottom of the stream. The upper layers of water may havelesser amounts of contaminants, due to higher temperaturesthat promote decomposition. Since most chemicals ofinterest are more dense than water, contaminants usuallysink to lower levels.

To collect a sample at a given depth, the collectorsimply immerses a capped or stoppered container to thedesired depth, removes the cap or stopper, lets thecontainer fill, and then caps the container. An alternatemethod for deeper water is to use a plastic, pump operatedsiphon to pump water from a specific depth.

The recon team may collect samples from stagnantpools of water if the pools of water are part of chemicalwaste areas, such as a landfill or chemical disposal area.Chemicals may percolate into stagnant pools or sumpsclose to the site.

When To Collect Water Samples. The best time tocollect a sample of water from a facility is whenintelligence or local reports indicate that a process ofpossible interest is ongoing. In the absence of reliablereporting, this may be indicated by increased activity,higher than normal amounts of security, or increased flowfrom facility chimneys or water discharge pipes.

In field areas where a toxic agent has been sprayed ordisseminated over a land area, the best time to collect

water samples is just after the start of a rainstorm whenrunoff is beginning. Natural surface drainage willconcentrate any remnants of toxic compounds indepressions, streams, or ditches.

C o l l e c t i o n o f S o i l S a m p l e s

Soil is a suitable place to collect samples for toxicorganic compounds. A critical point, however, is that theprecise site of the agent deposition must be sampled forbest results.

How To Collect Soil Samples. Soil samples arecollected by scraping into a collection container 2 to 5centimeters of top soil from areas that appear to have beencontaminated. If chunks or clods of earth are collected,select those that are no larger than 10 by 5 by 1centimeters (see Table B-2). Also, collect a control sampleof soil of the same type and texture from a nearbyuncontaminated area.

Detailed procedures for collecting soil samples. Usinga knife, spoon, spatula, or similar item, scrape 2 to 5centimeters of suspect top soil into a collection container.Use a glass bottle, jar, or Teflon@ jar as a container whenavailable. Mylar bags also may be used. When using a

identification. When using Mylar bags, place each samplein one bag, push excess air out, and seal by folding theopen end over two to three times and wrapping with tape.Insert the first bag into a second bag, seal, tape, and markfor identification. If possible, place samples in a piglette.

Where To Collect Samples. Contamination is oftenrecognized by discoloration or apparent deposition ofmaterial on the soil’s surface.

If discoloration or deposits of material are evident,something such as a garden trowel or wooden tonguedepressor to carefully scrape up the soil. Collect onlydiscolored soil or deposited materials, if possible.

Avoid direct contact with the sample (MOPP4 isrequired).

use

When To Collect Samples. Sample as soon as possiblewhen directed or after the alleged incident.

C o l l e c t i o n o f C o n t a m i n a t e d

V e g e t a t i o n

Before collecting samples of vegetation from an allegedattack area, the collector makes a visual survey of the area,dons protective equipment (MOPP4), and then enters thearea from upwind.

Collect samples of vegetation that appear to be differentfrom normal. Select leaves that have wilted or appear tohave been chemically burned. Collect samples ofvegetation that appear to have liquid or solid substances

FM 3-19 B-3

deposited on their surfaces (this may be noticed as a shinyor moist area).

Detailed Procedures for Collecting Vegetation.Collect samples of vegetation at several locations withinthe suspected contaminated area. Using a cutting tool orany sharp object, cut several affected leaves and/or ahandful of grass whenever possible. Do not crush thesample. Place the sample into a Mylar or “ziplock” bag.Squeeze excess air out of the bag and seal. Fold open endof the bag over two to three times, and wrap with tape.The minimum size for a sample is three leaves or threehandfuls of grass. One leaf is of little value, but is better

than nothing. Bark is acceptable but not preferred. Markthe bag for identification. Take a control sample of similarmaterial from an unaffected (uncontaminated) area. Fold,seal, tape, and mark the control sample in the same manneras the actual sample.

Where To Collect Vegetation Samples. When it ispossible to determine a probable center of attack in anarea, collect vegetation samples near the center of the area,about 100 meters upwind of the area, and in several100-meter increments downwind of the area. If thecollector can discern a contamination pattern in the area,this should be reported.

B i o m e d i c a l S a m p l e s

Just as blood and urine samples are taken from humanswho were allegedly exposed in an attack, also collectsamples from individuals who claim not to be affected by atoxic agent and are from the same group as exposedpersonnel. The purpose is the same as collectingenvironmental control samples; that is, to determine if atoxic substance is present in the individuals’ naturalenvironment or if it has been artificially introduced.

Selection of humans for control sampling is somewhatmore complicated than selection of environmental controlsamples. This is because there are potentially largedeviations introduced by ethnic diets, racial differences,physiological makeup, and actual living conditions ofpersons who are outwardly similar. Each of these factorsmust be accurately considered before selecting subjects ascontrols.

Consideration of ethnic diets is important because ofunique foods or methods of food preparation that mayexist. As an example, individuals in settled areas maypurchase beer that has been carefully filtered andsterililized, while individuals in a nearby unsettled area mayferment their own beer by burying home crafted jugs forfermenting beer in the ground and extracting the productlittle by little over several months.

Racial differences can account for differences inmortality and morbidity rates in specific populations. Oneexample of this could be the high rate of hemophilia in apopulation versus the rarity of the disease in another.

Physiological makeup is critical because of thedifferences in hormone balance and tissue composition inmales, females, adults, and juveniles. For this reason,biomedical controls should be drawn from individuals ofthe same gender and approximate age as samples fromexposed personnel, if possible.

Differences in the actual living conditions of people alsorequire a close look. The point here is that conditions inremote, semicivilized camps are seldom the same as thosein a well established camp that has access to modernamenities.

The bottom line in selecting subjects for biomedicalcontrol sampling is that they be as similar in all aspects aspossible.

C o l l e c t i o n

Trained medical technicians or physicians should collectbiomedical samples (human or animal); however, LB teampersonnel are trained to do this procedure. Remember, thecollector must have express permission (authority) tocollect biomedical samples from the dead, because ofreligious beliefs in many cultures. To obtain such sampleswithout permission may result in unnecessary missioncomplications. Ensure all personnel handling or collectingbiomedical samples have received proper immunizationsfor their own protection. They must be inoculated IAW thesurgeon general’s guidance.

Biomedical samples collected during an investigationinclude blood, urine, and tissue samples from livingvictims and blood and urine samples frompersons (background control samples).

Blood

Collect samples using either a standardsyringe with a 1- to 1 1/2-inch needle (20 to

unexposed

10 cc disposable22 gauge), or by

using a vacutainer system. When using a vacutainersystem, ensure that multiple sample. needles and “red top”vacuum tubes are used. Ten cc of blood is sufficient foranalytical testing. Do not take more than 5 cc from small,malnourished children. After blood is collected, it shouldbe transferred to a polypropylene-type container and sealedwith parafilm before transporting. All body fluids shouldbe collected without violating antiseptic techniques. Also,prior to transporting samples, collectors need to checkspecimen containers for paper labels IAW guidelines forlabeling biomedical samples.

Note: Gloves should be worn for self-protection fromtransmission of contaminants whenever handling bodilyids. Do not freeze liquid blood and urine samples (ideal

FM

flu-

3 - 1 9B-4

cooling temperature is between 35 and 40 degrees Fahren- destination. Seal the container and lid with parafilm. Asheit, 2-4 degrees Celsius.) with any other biomedical sample, tissue samples are

Collect blood samples using the following materials andrefrigerated prior to shipment; but, do not freeze tissue

equipment:samples.

Gloves.10CC sterile, disposable syringe. Cadavers1-to 1.5-inch sterile needle (20 to 22 gauge). Postmortem Examination. If a collector is able to

Constricting band.Disinfectant pads.Sterile 2x2-inch gauze pads.Betadine or alcohol.Labels.

Vacutainer device (adapter with needle). collect samples from dead humans or animals, thefollowing samples are collected:● Blood. Use a 50-60cc sterile syringe with an 18-gauge,

5-inch (large bore) needle to collect blood from the

Table B-2. Standard sizes of CB samples to be collected.

Urine

Collect urine samples usingeither a standard urine cup orby a urine catheter. Whenusing a urine cup, the personmust urinate into the cup untilsufficient fluid is collected (40cc of urine is preferable,although 10 cc can supportanalytical testing). When theperson is unable to urinate, thecatheterization technique ispreferable. The catheterizationtechnique is best performed ina clinical environment. As withother body fluids collected,urine must be kept cod. Donot freeze.

Note: For correct procedureson catheterization refer to STP8-91B25-SMTG.

Tissue

When alleged victims haveunidentified skin lesions,photographs of the lesion(s)and overall photos of the extentof the lesion(s) should betaken, using color film beforebiopsy. A sample of the lesionshould be obtained. This isdone by surgically removing aportion of the skin with asterile pair of scissors andforceps.

Place tissue samples in aTeflon@ container filled 1/4inch from the bottom with apreservative, (formalin 10%)for preservation of the sampleuntil it reaches its proper

FM 3-19 B - 5

heart, and urine directly from the bladder. Use a spinal tal or abdominal puncture. Or, if the family consents,needle to collect cerebral spinal fluids. Three of each perform a mini laparotomy and obtain one or twosamples must be collected. 2x2x2cm sections of liver. Store and package the sam-LungS. A biopsy needle is needed to properly collect ple as directed for tissue samples.lung tissue samples. After collecting samples from thelungs, place sample in a plastic or Teflon@ container

Note: Before attempting any of the following procedures,

filled with 10% formalin (preservative) and seal the con-collector must be certified by a qualified person (medicaldoctor) on the correct procedures to collect samples from

tainer for transporting to its destination.Liver. If possible collect liver core samples, using a

cadavers.

large-gauge needle (18-gauge, 5-inch long) via intercos-

R e p o r t i n g , P a c k a g i n g , a n d S h i p m e n t

Although a sample collected from an alleged attack areacan be significant, it can become useless if proper steps arenot talent to record critical information about its collectionor if it is improperly packed and breaks during shipment toan analysis center, This section discusses the informationneeded when acquiring samples and the preferred methodsfor handling and packing samples for shipment.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n

A complete history of the circumstances about eachsample’s acquisition must be provided to the agencyanalyzing the sample.

●

●

●

●

●

●

Critical information includes—Circumstances of Acquisition. How the sample was ob-tained, where it was found, and how it was collected.Physical Description. The physical state (solid, liquid,powder, apparent viscosity), color, approximate size,identity of the specimen (such as military nomencla-ture), dirt, leaves, or so forth.Circumstances of Agent Deposition. The type of deliv-ery system, a description of how the weapon func-tioned, how the agent acted on release, sounds heardduring dissemination, a description of any craters orshrapnel found associated with a burst, and colors ofsmoke, flames, or mist that may be associated with theattack.Agent Effects on Vegetation. A description of the gen-eral area (jungle, mountain, grassland) and changes inthe vegetation after agent deposition (such as colorchange, wilting, drying, dead) in the main attack andfringe areas.Agent Effects on Humans. How the agent affected per-sonnel in the main attack area versus fringe areas; theduration of agent effects; peculiar odors that may havebeen noticed in the area prior to, during, and/or after anattack; measures taken that alleviated or deteriorated theeffects; and the approximate number of victims and sur-vivors, to include their ages and genders.Agent Effects on Animals. The types of animals thatwere or were not affected by an attack and a descriptionof how they were affected.

H a n d l i n g a n d

P a c k a g i n g M a t e r i a l s

Materials used for packaging samples primarily consistof Mylar collection bags, Teflon@ specimen jars andtubes, pigs and piglettes, ice chests, sealing materials, andwrapping and cushioning supplies.

Collection Bag

Use the Mylar bag as the initial container for suchsamples as protective masks and filter canisters, individualantidote and decon kits, munition fragments, and otheritems too large to place in a specimen jar. Use it also topackage sample containers to ensure a vapor barrier in casethe container is broken in transit. The bag acts as an initialor secondary vapor barrier to prevent air from leakinginward and toxic material outward. Follow the proceduresbelow when using the bag.

If packaging a specimen container or non-environmentalsample, first, verify it has a sample number. Carefullyplace the sample in a bottom corner of the Mylar bag.

Squeeze all the air out of the bag and seal it byremoving the adhesive’s protective strip, and pressing thetwo sides together.

Place a piece of 2-inch-wide fiber or cloth tape acrossthe end of the bag that you just sealed to reseal the Mylarbag on the outside. This serves as extra insurance in casethe internal seal is broken.

With the bag lying in front of you and the seal at thetop, fold the bag across its width to as small a size aspossible without damaging the sample. At this point, usetape to hold the fold. Next, fold the bag from the top downto the bottom of the bag to as small a size as possible. Thesealing of the bag is the most critical step during thepackaging process.

At this point, turn the bag over and use a marker or filelabel to put the sample number on the outside of the bag sothat analysis center personnel can identify the sample.

Place the folded Mylar bag in a clear plastic ziplockbag, if available. Following the same steps you used forthe Mylar bag, fold and seal the plastic bag. When this has

B-6 FM 3-19

been completed, again mark the sample number on theexterior of the bag.

Glass Specimen Jarsand Polypropylene Tubes

Use glass containers to hold small environmentalsamples or autopsy specimens. Use polypropylene tubes tohold biomedical samples such as blood or urine.Polypropylene containers may be used for autopsy samplesif required; however, glass containers are preferred. Theuse of glass rather than plastic containers is preferred forenvironmental samples because toxic agents may leachchemicals from plastics into a sample, introducingcontamination and confusing the analysis efforts.

If the container has a screw-on lid, place Teflon@

plumber’s tape (NSN 8030-00-889-3535; Tape, Anti-Seize)on the threads of the container before putting on the lid.This helps to limit the leakage of liquids and vapor fromthe container and to assure the lid will not fall off while intransit. If the lid has a cardboard liner, remove the linerand replace it with one or two layers of parafilm (alaboratory sealant film),

Once the lid is on, stretch parafilm around the outsideof the container at the junction of the lid and the glass.Two wraps of the film is enough to provide a leakagebarrier and more assurance that the lid cannot fall off.

At this point, ensure the sample number is on theoutside of the container. Use a diamond etching pencil oran adhesive label to put the sample number on the exteriorof the container.

Six-Pound Metal Can

Use metal cans as the external container for packagingsmall items that have been sealed in Mylar bags, specimenjars, and polypropylene tubes containing biomedicalsamples. The metal can helps absorb shock from roughhandling during shipment and eliminates the spread ofcontamination if a specimen container is broken, Thesix-pound metal can is capable of holding more than onesample (depending upon size of samples).

Before placing samples in the can for shipping, ensure asample number is assigned and is visible on each item.

Place about 1 to 2 inches of packing material in thebottom of the can.

Wrap jars and tubes in plastic bubble wrap or 1/8- to 1/4-inch-thick foam rubber sheeting, secure the wrap with tapeor a rubber band, and place the wrapped item in the can.

If bubble wrap or foam rubber is not available, usenewspaper. The guiding principle is that the samplecontainers should fit snugly and not be able to move in thecan.

Ice Chest

Standard polyethylene or metal ice chests are the mosteasily procured items used for transworld shipment of CB

samples. The most easily used size is about 24 inches longby 18 inches high by 15 inches deep. This size permits thesender to ship two or three 6-pound metal cans in eachchest with sufficient dry ice to maintain freezingtemperatures for about four days. Also, each chest remainsat a weight that one individual can handle.

Coolants

The best coolant available in most areas is dry ice. Itmaintains low temperatures for several days and is easy tohandle. Blue ice, a plastic containerized refrigerant, isacceptable and used if available, but will not maintainfreezing temperatures for as long as dry ice, Standard iceshould only be used as a last resort, because of its rapidmelting rate and the possibility that melted ice maycontaminate samples.

Internal Insulation

While a commercial ice chest provides good insulationof both the samples and the coolant, it is best to place extrainsulation and cushioning around the metal cans inside thechest.

Newspapers, plastic bubble wrap, and foam rubber mayall be used with almost equally good results exceptnewspapers and standard ice do not mix well.

A c q u i s i t i o n R e p o r t i n g

The collector must provide a formatted message fortransmission as soon as possible to report acquisition andshipment of samples, During special operations in a theaterin which a special forces group (SFG) is deployed, themessage is transmitted by the fastest means through thefewest channels to the chemical-biological sampling controlelement (CBSCE). If a CBSCE has not been deployed tothe area of operations, as in a low-sample volumepeacetime CB sampling operation, the message istransmitted by the fastest means through the fewestchannels to the message addressees below. In addition, awritten report accompanies each sample or batch ofsamples. The collector ensures that the acquisition messagehas been properly classified.

The acquisition report includes at least the followingaddressees:

SECSTATE WASHDCSECDEF WASHDC//OSD-ISA/OUS-DRE//JCS WASHDC//J-3/J-5//CIA WASHDC//OSWR-STD-LSB/NIC-NIO(STP)//DIA WASHDC//DT-3B/DT-5A//DIR AFMIC FT DETRICK MD//AFMIC-CR/AFMIC-SA//DA WASHDC//DAMI-FIT/DAMO-SWC//CMDT USACMLS FT MCCLELLAN AL//ATZN-CM-CU//CDR CBDA APG

MD//SMCCR-OPF/SMCTE-OPE-RA-ID2//CDR FSTC CHARLOTTESVILLE VA//AIAST-RA-ID2//

FM 3-19 B-7

An acquisition message contains the followinginformation:

The sample identification number is part of the sub-ject line if only a single sample is referred to in the text.Otherwise, refer to the sample number within the mes-sage body with its background information.The shipment date, mode of transportation, courier iden-tification, air bill of lading number, flight number desti-nation, and estimated time of arrival are included if thesample is to be shipped immediately. Also, the materialcourier receipt form (DD Form 1911) should be used tomaintain chain of custody.Background information on the sample. Questionablecircumstances surrounding acquisition of a sample. Thename of another country or agency that acquired a sam-ple from the same event or area and is not shown on themessage address.A recommended priority and rationale for analysis toguide the analysis center on the assessment of the poten-tial value of the sample.

Table B-3. Equipment list

● All details relating to the acquisition of the sample, re-gardless of how insignificant they may seem to the col-lector.Dispose of samples according to the physical category

of each,Ship all samples by the fastest, safest

means-preferably by a technical escort unit (TEU)-tothe theater CBSCE or to a location the CBSCE designates.If there is no CBSCE in the theater, send the samples IAWpreplanned instructions from the Chemical-BiologicalSampling Control Center (CBSCC) at CBDA, Aberdeen,Maryland. The CBSCC uses the following criteria todetermine the final destination of each sample:● Is the sample chemical or biological in content?● Is the sample content completely unknown?● Is the sample a possible combination of chemical and

biological material?In any case, the CBSCC must be notified in advance of

shipment of the sample so additional instructions ordeviations from standard instructions can be given. FigureB-1 (next page) shows an example of a shippingnotification message. The CBSCC will direct, in advance,

that samples be sent to one or more of the followinglocations, depending on the category of the samples.

Prior to shipment, contact must be made with—CommanderTechnical Escort UnitATTN: SMCTE-OPEAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010DSN—584-4381 (Duty hours)

584-2773 (After duty hours)This unit controls the transport of samples to their

final destination(s). Do not ship suspected toxic samplesor munition systems to CONUS technical centers orintelligence agencies without coordination and priorapproval by the recipient.

B-8 FM 3-19

FM 3-19 B-9

A p p e n d i x C

S O P O u t l i n e

I. Command and Control.A. Troop leading procedures.B. Orders.C. Responsibilities.D. Communications.E. Intelligence.

II. Operation Security.A. Readiness conditions.B. Stand to.C . Security plan.D. Sleep plan.

III. Organization for Combat.A. Vehicle load plan.B. Precombat checks.C. Actions in assembly area.D. Communication checklist.

IV. Tactical Operations.A. Formations and movement techniques.B. Conduct of an NBC route recon.C. Conduct of an NBC area recon.D. Conduct of an NBC zone recon.E. Conduct of an NBC survey.F. Conduct of an NBC surveillance.G. Conduct of an CB sampling.H. Conduct of conventional reconnaissance.I. Cross and bypass a contaminated area.J. Road marches.K. Occupation of assembly areas.L. Passage of lines.M. Defensive operations.O. Limited visibility operations.P. Flank coordination.

Q. Consolidation/reorganization checklist.V. Personnel.

A. Health and hygiene.B. Medical evacuation.C. Pews.D. OEG status.E. First aid and preventive medicine.

VI. Logistics.A. Classes of supply and maintenance.B. Recovery procedures.

VII. Appendixes.A. Organizational clothing and individual equipment.B. Air defense.C. Fire support.D. Safety.E. Reports.F. Brevity codes.G. Marking contaminated areas.H. Weapons and sensitive items security list.I. Operational terms.J. Land navigation.K. Range cards.L. Call for fire.M. NBC

1. NBC reports.2. M8 alarm operation.3. MOPP.4. Preparation for friendly nuclear attack.5. Detection and effects of chemical agents.6. Radiological survey procedures.7. Radiological monitoring procedures.8. Decon procedures.

C-0 FM 3-19

A p p e n d i x D

O p e r a t i o n s C h e c k l i s t

1. What is the minimum information required toconduct the recon mission (extracted from the OPORD)(for example, recon, survey, support of chemical units)?

Enemy situation.Friendly situation.Supported unit’s mission.Supported commander’s intent.Command and control.Logistics support.Signal.Security support.Coordinate MOPP level, OEG, and correlation factor.Supported unit.

2. What type of recon mission is to be conducted?Route.Zone.Area.Survey.Surveillance.Sampling.

3. How many vehicles will be required for the mission?

4. What are the actions at the contaminated area?Mark.Locate bypass routes (which sides).Find shortest route across.Collect sample.Continue mission.Remain and assist units in avoiding the contaminatedarea.Report (format, what net, and so forth).

5. Analyze the recon mission.Type of search technique to be used.Intervals at which samples and readings will be taken.Mounted/dismounted.

6. Is a survey required?Type of technique.

7. Marking the contaminated area.Type of marker.Interval markers are to be emplaced.

FM 3-19 D-1

A p p e n d i x E

P l a n n i n g G u i d e

E-O FM 3-19

A p p e n d i x F

S p e c i m e n D o c u m e n t a t i o n

C h e m i c a l / B i o l o g i c a l S p e c i m e n D o c u m e n t a t i o n

Note:f

This sample report allows a collector to note the most relevant details associated with pre- andpost-specimen collection conditions. Do not consider the report to be all-inclusive.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.

7.

ID NumberCollection (Date/Time):Collector/Unit:Type: Environ ❑ Biomed ❑ Single ❑ MultiplePurpose: Attack ❑ Chem/Bio Alarm ❑ Chem

Detect ❑ Recon Illness/Death ❑ OtherPost Exposure: ❑ Hours ❑ Days ❑ Weeks

❑ UnknownLocation: TownCoordinates

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Terrain: ❑ Flat ❑ Hills ❑ Mountain❑ Desert ❑ Jungle ❑ Sparse Trees❑ Grass❑ Body of Water/Type:

Weather: ❑ Clear ❑ Cloudy ❑ Rain❑ Fog ❑ Snow ❑ Dust

Wind: ❑ Light ❑ Heavy ❑ Gusty❑ NoneOdor: ❑ Sweet ❑ Fruity ❑ Pepper

❑ Flower ❑ Irritating ❑ Changing❑ None ❑ Other

Temp at Time of Attack: Temp at Time ofSample Collection:

8. Comments:

9. Attack: Date/Time Method:

❑ Artillery ❑ Rocket ❑ Aircraft ❑ Mortar❑ RPG/Grenade❑ Other Describe:

a. Explosion: Air (Height)Ground Size D i s t a n c eDescribe:

b. Consistency: Smoke ❑ Mist ❑ Dust ❑ Rain❑ Gel ❑ Invisible Describe:

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Environ Specim: ❑ Soil ❑ Water ❑ Veget❑ Other ❑ Air

Bio-Med Specimen: ❑ Acute ❑ Convalescent❑ Exposed, ❑ Not 111 ❑ Post Mortem❑ Control Explain:❑ Blood ❑ Liver ❑ Lung ❑ Spleen❑ Brain ❑ Skin ❑ Kidney ❑ UrineOther Describe:

Comments:

Casualty: SSN UnitSex

Signs/Symptoms: ❑ Onset ❑ Durationa Head: ❑ Fever ❑ Chills ❑ Headache. .

❑ Flushed ❑ Dizziness ❑ Unconscious-ness ❑ Coma ❑ Hallucinations

b. Eyes: ❑ Sunlight Sensitive ❑ Painful❑ Burning ❑ Droopy Eyelids ❑ Double

Vision ❑ Blurred Vision ❑ Large Pupils❑ Pinpoint Pupilsc. Nose: ❑ Runny ❑ Bleedingd. Throat: ❑ Sore ❑ Dry ❑ Salivating

❑ Bloody Sputum ❑ Hoarseness❑ Difficulty Speaking

e. Respiration: ❑ Difficulty Breathing❑ Chest/Pain Discomfort ❑ Wheezing(In/Out) ❑ Coughing ❑ LaboredBreathing

f. Heart: ❑ Pounding of Running❑ Irregular Heartbeat

g. GI: ❑ Loss of Appetite ❑ Nausea❑ Frequent Vomiting ❑ Frequent Diarrhea❑ Vomiting Blood ❑ Diarrhea with Blood

h. Urinary: ❑ Bloody Urine ❑ Unable toUrinate

i. Musculo-Skeletal: ❑ Neck Pain ❑ Mus-cle Tenderness ❑ Muscle Trembling/Twitch-ing ❑ Weakness ❑ Paralysis

FM 3-19 F-1

15.

16.

Describe

❑ Convulsions ❑ Tremors ❑ MuscleAches ❑ Back Pain ❑ Joint Pain

j. Skin: ❑ Rash ❑ Reddening ❑ Itching❑ Blisters ❑ Pain ❑ Numbness ❑ Pro-fuse Perspiration

Comments:

Related Specimens:ID NumberDescription:

F-2 F M 3 - 1 9

A p p e n d i x G

C h e m i c a l a n d B i o l o g i c a l I n c i d e n t

I n t e r v i e w R e p o r t

N o t e :

This report allows a collector to note the most relevant details of testimony given by personnel associatedwith alleged use of chemical or non-living biological agents. Do not consider the form to be all-inclusive.

CB Incident InterviewDate: Interviewer:Subject’s Name:Alias 1: Alias 2:Age: ____ Sex: __ Year of Birth:Nationality:Subject’s Address:

or:Days/Hours Walk From Direction

Days/Hours Walk From DirectionDays/Hours Walk From DirectionTerrain Description:

Flat ❑ Hills ❑ Mountain ❑ Desert ❑Jungle ❑ Shore ❑ River ❑ Sparse ❑ Trees ❑Other Terrain Comments: .

Identity Card Number:Military Service? Yes ❑ No ❑

Units Assigned Dates Position1.2.3.4.Occupation/Training:1.2.

3.4.Possible prior experiences of this nature?

Yes ❑ No ❑Where?When?Describe:

Where?When?Describe:

Current Incident InformationLocation: Town:

District:Province:Country:

Weather:Clear ❑ Cloudy ❑ Rainy ❑ Foggy ❑Misty ❑ Snowy ❑ Dusty ❑Other Weather Comments:

Wind:

None ❑ Windy ❑ Gusts ❑ Mild ❑ Breeze ❑Describe:

Military/Guerrilla Operations in Area:None ❑ Offense ❑ Bivouac ❑ Retaliation ❑Retreat ❑ Patrol ❑ Unknown ❑Describe:

Delivery MethodsTvpe:

Unknown ❑ Ground ❑ Air ❑ Arty/Rkt ❑Other ❑

Describe:

Est Height: Size: Distance: __Agent Characteristics--Odor:None ❑ Sweet ❑ Fruity ❑ Irritating ❑Pepper ❑ Flower ❑ Changing ❑ Other ❑Describe:

FM 3-19 G-1

During Attack:

Agent Characteristics--Consistency:Smoke ❑ Mist ❑ Dust ❑Gel ❑ Dry ❑ Visible ❑

Rain ❑Invisible ❑

Describe:

Agent Characteristics-Color (Use Federal Color StandardCharts ): #

Describe Development of Color:

Area Coverage:

Physical Dissemination Coverage (for example droplet sizeand distance apart)

Describe or Let Subject Draw on Reverse:

Physical EffectsSymptoms:

—

After Attack:

Protective Measures:

Treatment Received:

Environmental EffectsVegetation Changes? Yes ❑ No ❑Describe:

Animals Affected? Yes ❑ No ❑Describe:

Others Affected

1.2.3.4.

Name Age Symptoms Resolution

Individual’s Actions

G - 2

A p p e n d i x H

S a m p l e S h i p m e n t R e p o r t

F M A M E M B A S S Y D D T T T T Z J A N 8 5

TO CDR TEU APG MD//SMCTE-OPE//SECSTATE WASHDCSECDEF WASHDC//OSD-ISA/OUS-DRE//INFO CIA WASHDC//OSWR-STD-LSB/NIC-NIO(STP)//JCS WASHDC//J-3/J-5//DIA WASHDC//DT-3B/DT-5A//DIR NSA FT MEADE M DDIR AFMIC FT DETRICK MD//AFMIC-CR/AFMIC-SA//DA WASHDC//DAMI-FIT/DAMO-SWC//CDR FSTC CHARLOTTESVILLE VA//AIAST-RA-ID2//CDR CRDEC APG MD//SMCCR-OPF//CDR USACMLS FT MCCLELLAN AL//ATZN-CM-CU//

CLASSIFICATIONSECSTATE FOR , . . .SECDEF FOR. . . .CIA FOR....JCS FOR J-3/J-5 FOR . . . .DA FOR DAMO-SWC FOR.. . . .AFMIC FOR . . . .CRDEC FOR FIO . . . .FSTC FOR AMXST-FM) . . . .USACMLS FOR THREAT MGR . . . .E.O. 12356: DECL: OADR (NOTE: This is included if the

message is classified.) TAGS: . . . .

SUBJECT: SHIPMENT OF CB SAMPLESREF(S): TEU MSG, # , (DTG DDTTTT [time

zone] Jan 85)

1. (x)SHIPPING

INFORMATION:A. DATE SHIPPED: JANUARY 11, 1985.B. MODE OF TRANSPORTATION: AIR EXPRESS,AIR BILL NUMBER RPT

C. FLIGHT SCHEDULE:TO TYO BY JAL XXX, JANUARY 11, 1985. TO JFK BY

JAL YYY, JANUARY 13, 1985. TO IAD BY DEC ZZZ,JANUARY 12, 1985.

D. DESTINATION: DULLES INTERNATIONAL

E

2,

3,

AIRPORTESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL; 2010 HOURS,JANUARY 12, 1985.SPECIAL HANDLING REQUIREMENTS: DRY ICEENCLOSED AS COOLANT.SHIPMENT CONSISTS OF TWO ICE CHESTS (1 FORCRDEC AND 1 FOR AFMICO CONTAINING SIXSAMPLES. ALL LIQUID SAMPLES ARE INPOLYPROPYLENE TUBES AND HAVE BEENCAREFULLY PACKED TO AVOID BREAKAGE. THEFOLLOWING SAMPLES ARE INCLUDED IN THESHIPMENT: MESSAGE REFERENCE TH-8501

SAMPLE BANGKOK DDTTTTZ JAN 8502-00NUMBER 1AGTHRU

TH-850102-005AG4. USDAO HAS STATED THAT THIS SHIPMENT IS

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF CIR.

FM 3-19 H-1

Appendix I

C B S a m p l e C o l l e c t i o n

E q u i p m e n t L i s t

I - 0 F M 3 - 1 9

FM 3-19

I - 1

G l o s s a r y

This glossary provides readers a fast explanation ofshortened word forms and terms used in this field manual.

AAAR -after-action review.ACR -armored cavalry regiment.AGCF —air ground correlation factor.ASG-1 —radiac meter found on the M93 Fox.ASG --area support group,ADA —Air Defense Artillery.ATGM --antitank guided missile.AWS --Air Weather Service.

Bbattle focus -the process of deriving peacetime trainingrequirements from wartime missions.BDU --battledress uniform.BSA --brigade support area.BSK -bacteriological sampling kit.

CC --Celsius.CAB --combat aviation brigade.CAM --chemical agent monitor.CB --chemical/biological.CBDA --Chemical Biological Defense Agency.CBATEB --chemical/biological agent technicalevaluation board.CBS --chemical/biological samplingCBSCE --chemical/biological sampling control element.CBSCC --chemical/biological sampling control center.CBSU --chemical/biological sampling unit.CB3W --chemical/biological warfare.CHEMWARN --friendly chemical strike warning.combat readiness--the ability of a unit to perform incombat, it considers the status of personnel, equipment,and training.COMMZ --communications zone.COMSEC --communications security.CONUS --continental United States.COS --Chemical Operation Specialist.COSCOM --corps support command.CP --command post.CS --combat support.CSS --combat service support.CW chemical warfare.

Ddecon --decontamination.DF --direction finding.DISCOM --division support command.DS --direct support.DSA --division support area.DTG --date time group.

EECCM --electronic counter-countermeasures.EDM --effective downwind message.EEI --essential elements of information.EOD —Explosive Ordnance Disposal.EPW --enemy prisoners of war.EW --electronic warfare.

FF —Fahrenheit.FEBA --forward edge of the battle area.FLOT --forward line of own troops.FM --frequency modulated.FMIB --Foreign Material Intelligence Battalion.Fox —M93 NBC Reconnaissance System.FRAGO --fragmentary order.FPF —final protective fires.FPL —final protective line.FSCOORD --Fire Support Coordinator.FSE —Fire Support Element.

GG1 --Assistant Chief of Staff, G1G2 —Assistant Chief of Staff, G2G3 —Assistant Chief of Staff, G3Plans).

(Personnel).(Intelligence).(Operations and

G4 --Assistant Chief of Staff, G4 (Logistics).GN --grid north.GPS --global positioning system.GS --general support.GZ --ground zero.

HHE --high explosive.HMMWV --high-mobility, multipurpose, wheeledvehicle.HNS --host nation support.

IIIAW —in accordance with.ICD —imitative communications deception.IED --imitative electronic deception.IPB —intelligence preparation of the battlefield.IR --information requirement.

Jjob --the duties and tasks performed by a single worker.

LLACR --light armored cavalry regiment.LD —line of departure.LOA —limit of advance.loran -long-range aid to navigation

Glossary-O FM 3-19

MMACOM —major Army command.MBA --main battle area.MCC —movement control center.METT-T --mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time.MIJI --meaconing, intrusion, jamming, andinterference.MM1 —mobile mass spectrometer-found on the M93Fox.MOPP —mission-oriented protective posture.MORTREP --mortar report.MRL --multiple-rocket launcher.MSR —main supply route.

NNAI --named area of interest.NATO —North Atlantic Treaty Organization.NBC --nuclear, biological, and chemical.NBCCnuclear, biological, and chemical center.NBCE --nuclear, biological, and chemical element.NBCRS --nuclear, biological, and chemicalreconnaissance system.NBCWRS --nuclear, biological, and chemical warningand reporting system.NCS --net control station.NSA —National Security Agency.

OO&I --operations and intelligence.OEG --operational exposure guidance.OP --observation post.OPCON --operatiomd control.OPFOR --opposing forces.OPORD --operation order.opposing forces --organized forces created from USArmy units to portray the doctrine, tactics, andconfiguration of a potential adversary armed forceduring US armed forces training.OPSEC --operations security.

PPIR --priority intelligence requirement.PL --phase line.PLL —prescribed load list.PMCS --preventive maintenance checks and services.POLpetroleum, oils, and lubricants.PSG --platoon sergeant.

RREC --radio-electronic combat.recon —reconnaissance.RES --radiation exposure status.RP —release point.RTOC —rear tactical operations center.R&S —reconnaissance and surveillance.

SSFG --special forces group.SHELREP --shell report.SITREP --situation report.SM --soldier’s manual.SOF --special operations forces.SOI --signal operation instructions (replaces the term“CEOI”).SOP —standing operating procedures.SP --start point.SPETSNAZ --Soviet special forces.SSM --surface-to-surface missile,STANAG NATO —Military Standardization Agreement.STRIKWARN --friendly nuclear strike warning.

TTA --theater army.TAACOM —Theater Army Area Command.TAC CP --tactical command post.TAML --Theater Army Medical Laboratory.TC --track commander.TEU —Technical Escort Unit.TIRS --terrain index referencing system.TL --team leader.TOC --tactical operations center.TOE —Table of Organization and Equipment.TM --technical manual.

UUW --unconventional warfare.US —United States.USAMRIID --US Army Medical Research Institute forInfectious Disease.

VVEESS --vehicle engine exhaust smoke system.

WWIA --wounded in action.

FM 3-19Glossary-1

R e f e r e n c e s

S o u r c e s U s e d

These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.

J o i n t a n d M u l t i s e r v i c e P u b l i c a t i o n s

FM 3-3. NBC Contamination Avoidance. FMFM 11-7.16 November 1992.FM 3-3-1. Nuclear Contamination Avoidance. FMFM 11-8. (Date).FM 3-4. NBC Protection. FMFM 11-9.29 May 1992.FM 3-6. Field Behavior of NBC Agents (Including Smoke and Incendiaries). AFM 105-7, FMFM 7-1l-H. September 1992FM 3-100. NBC Defense, Chemical Warfare, Smoke, and Flame Operations. FMFM1l-2. 23 May 1991.

A r m y P u b l i c a t i o n s

FM 3-18. Special NBC Reconnaissance (LB Team). (Date).FM 3-101. Chemical Staffs and Units. 22 April 1987.FM 5-36. Route Reconnaissance and Classification. 10 May 1985.FM 7-7. The Mechanized Infantry Platoon and Squad (APC). 15 March 1985.FM 17-95. Cavalry Operations. 19 September 1991.FM 17-98. Scout Platoon. 7 October 1987.FM 25-100. Training the Force. 15 November 1988.FM 34-130. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield, 23 May 1989.FM 71-1. Tank and Mechanized Infantry Company Team. 22 November 1988.FM 71-2. The Tank and Mechanized Infantry Battalion Task Force. 27 September 1988.FM 71-100. Division Operations. 16 June 1990.FM 90-3 (HTF). Desert Operations (How to Fight). 19 August 1977.FM 90-5 (HTF). Jungle Operations (How to Fight). 16 August 1982.FM 90-6. Mountain Operations. 30 June 1980.FM 90-10 (HTF). Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) (How to Fight). 15 August 1979.FM 90-13. River Crossing Operations. FMFM7-26. 30 September 1992.FM 90-14. Rear Battle. 10 June 1985.FM 100-15. Corps Operations. 13 September 1989.FM 101-5-1. Operational Terms and Symbols. 21 October 1985.CRDEC-SP-87023. Management Procedures for Chemical and Biological (CB) Agent Sampling, Transport, and

Evaluation. Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center. Aug 1987

D o c u m e n t s N e e d e d

These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication.

DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. February 1974ARTEP 3-207-10-MTP. Mission Training Plan for NBC Reconnaissance Platoon. 23 October 1989.

R e a d i n g s R e c o m m e n d e d

These readings contain relevant supplemental information.

FM 3-101-1. Chemical Unit Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. TBPFM 100-5. Operations. 5 May 1986.

Reference-O FM 3-19

FM 100-10. Combat Service Support. 18 Febuary 1988.STP 3-54B1-SM. Soldier’s Manual, MOS 54B, Chemical Operations Specialist, Skill Level 1. 12 March 1992.STP 3-54B2-SM. Soldier’s Manual, MOS 54B, Chemical Operations Specialist, Skill Level 2. 6 March 1992.STP 3-54B-34-SM-TG. Soldier’s Manual, Chemical Operations Specialist, MOS 54B, Skill Level 3 & 4 and Trainer’s

Guide. 8 November 1992.STP 21-1-SMCT. Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks, Skill Level 1. 1 October 1990.STP 21-24-SMCT. Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks, Skill Level 2/3/4. 1 October 1992.STP 21-II-MQS. Military Qualification Standards II Manual of Common Tasks for Lieutenants and Captains. 31 January

1991.STP 3-74II-MQS. Military Qualification Standards II Chemical Branch (74) Company Grade Officers. 29 March 1991.

FM 3-19 Reference-1

I n d e x

Combat area, NBC recon inoffensive operations, 5-O--5-6defensive operations, 5-6reserve operations, 5-6withdrawal operations, 5-7

Combat organizationteam, 2-1—2-2squad, 2-2section, 2-2platoon, 2-2

Contamination footprint, 1-2—1-3Control measures, 4-2Equipment list, CB sample collection, I-O—I-1Ground conditions

sand, 1-1soil, 1-1grass, 1-1mud, 1-1

Leadership, iiiM93-NBCRS-equipped units, 2-2, 8-6Ml13/HMMWV-equipped units, 2-2, 8-5—8-6METT-T, 2-1, 4-1Movement formations

column, 7-O—7-1line, 7-1wedge, 7-1vee, 7-1echelon right (left), 7-1

Movement techniquestraveling, 7-2traveling overwatch, 7-2—7-3bounding overwatch, 7-3

NBC Contamination, actions on contact, 3-1NBC recon company, 2-0--2-1NBC recon platoon

heavy division, 2-0armored cavalry regiment, 2-0light armored cavalry, 2-0

NBC recon teams (LA/LB), 2-1Operations checklist, D-1Planning guide, E-ORear area, NBC recon in, 6-0--6-1Reconnaissance, fundamentals, 3-0Reconnaissance, purpose, 3-0Report

chemical and biological incident interview, G-1--G-2sample shipment, H-1

Search techniqueszig-zag, 8-0--8-1lane, 8-1clover-leaf, 8-1-8-2

Survey techniquesnear-side-far-side, 8-2box, 8-2-8-4star, 8-4

Samples, acquisition reporting, B-7—B-8Samples, biomedical

blood, B-4—B-5urine, B-5tissue, B-5cadavers, B-5—B-6

Samples, environmentalair and vapor, B-2water, B-2—B-3soil, B-3contaminated vegetation, B-3—B-4

Samples, handling and packaging, B-6-B-7Sampling operations

peacetime, 9-1war, 9-1—9-2employment, 9-2responsibilities, 9-2control, 9-2—9-3units, 9-3special operation forces, 9-3staff support, 9-3—9-4

SOP outline, C-OSpecial environments

mountains, A-1jungle, A-1desert, A-1—A-2cold weather regions, A-2urban areas, A-2

Specimen documentation, F-1—F-2Stationary formations

herringbone, 7-2coil, 7-2

Surveillance, NBC, 3-4Surveillance techniques, 8-4—8-5Techniques, recon

search, 3-1survey, 3-1, 3-3route, 3-2zone, 3-2—3-3area, 3-3

Index-O FM 3-19

. . . . . . .-—. — - ml, ,,. --------------

F M 3 - 1 9

F M F M 1 1 - 2 01 9 N O V E M B E R 1 9 9 3

By Order of the Secretary of the Army

GORDON R. SULLIVAN

General, United States ArmyChief of Staff

Official:

MILTON H. HAMILTONAdministrative Assistant to the

Secretary of the Army05308

BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS

C. C. KRULAKL i e u t e n a n t G e n e r a l , U . S . M a r i n e C o r p s

C o m m a n d i n g G e n e r a lM a r i n e C o r p s C o m b a t D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m a n d

Q u a n t i c o , V i r g i n i a

DISTRIBUTION:Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11E,Requirements for FM 3-19, NBC Reconnaissance (Qtr rqr block no. 5094).

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994-300-421/02228

PIN: 071839-000