nazism and rise of adolf hitler CHAPTER FORM HISTORY

Nazism & The Rise

Of Adolf Hitler

By: Vanshika Rana

Class: IX B

LIBERALS, RADICALS &

CONSERVATIVES

LIBERALS RADICALS

a. They wanted a nation which

supported all religions.

a. They wanted a government which

was based on the majority population

of a country.

b. Radicals consisted of such European

nations.

c. These liberals did not support any

universal adult suffrage and perceived

that only that only men with property

could vote. THEY WERE NOT

‘DEMOCRATS.’

c. In contrast, the Radicals were

discriminative about serving the big

business men and allowed the women

to vote.

Conservatives

• CONSERVATIVES

• Conservatives were opposed to radicals and liberals.

After the French Revolution, they had opened their

minds.

• The conservatives oppose the idea of change back in the

eighteenth century. By the 19th century, they accepted that

some change was inevitable

• They were still the believers who believed that the past

was to be respected and change was to be a gradual

process.

Industrial Society &

Social Change

• These political trends were signs of industrial changes.

This phase of time saw unemployment and the new

emerging cities were not under proper control and faced

sanitation problems

• Many radicals and liberals were the owners and

employers of property themselves.

• They felt a need to encourage , that its benefits be

achieved only when the workforce is healthy and

educated

Contd. Industrial

societies…..

• Opposed to the privileges the old aristocracy had by birth,

firmly believed in the value of individual effort, labor and

enterprise.

• If the freedom of individuals was ensured, if the poor

could labor, and those with capital could operate without

restraint, they believed that societies would develop.

• The nationalists, radicals & liberals wanted an end to the

type of governments estd. In Europe in 1815.

• In Italy, Germany & Russia, they became revolutionaries

to overthrow the monarchs.

• After 1815, Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian nationalist,

conspired with others to achieve this Italy.

Allied powers and Axis

powers

• Allies were namely: UK and France In 1941 they were

joined by the USSR and USA. They fought against the

Axis powers, namely Germany, Italy & Japan.

Birth of the Weimar

Republic

• The first world war was fought between by Germany alongside

the Austrian empire against Allied powers (1914-1918)

• With the entry of US along side the Allied powers made the

Allied powers win over Germany in November 1918.

• The defeat of Imperial Germany and the abdication of the

emperor gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast

German polity.

• A national Assembly met at Weimar republic and established a

democratic constitution with a federal structure.

Weimar republic… contd.

• This republic was not received buy the public because:

1. It was to be accepted by the people after the defeat of

Germany.

2. The peace treaty at Versailles with The allies was harsh.

• Germany was forced to pay a compensation of €6 billion.

• The allied armies also occupied the resource rich

Rhineland for much of 1920s.

• Weimar Republic was held responsible for this disgrace.

!!The effects of

the ‘WAR’!!

• The war had a devastating impact on the European

continent both financially and psychologically.

• From creditors they became debtors. :’(

• The infant Weimar republic paid the reparations.

• The Weimar consisted of socialists, democrats, Catholics

and were called the NOVEMBER CRIMINALS.

• Now the soldiers were placed above civilians, aggressive

war propaganda, support grew for conservative

dictatorships!!

Political Radicalism and

Economic Crises

• Soviets of workers and sailors were established in many

cities of Germany and was called the Spartacist league.

• The populace of Weimar opposed to it. Thus, they met in

Weimar and with the help of FREE COOPS (war

veterans) crushed the uprising

• Political radicalization was only heightened by the

economic crisis of 1923.

• The reparations were to be paid in gold that depleted the

resources.

• In 1923 Germany refused to pay reparations thus, French

occupied Ruhr to claim their coal.

• Then came the HYPERINFALTION.

• USA intervened and bailed Germany out of this situation

by introducing Dawes Plan; which eased the reparation

terms.

The years of DEPRESSION

• The years of depression were between 1929 to 1932.

• Most of German industrial recovery was dependent on

loans from USA but in 1929 when the wall street

exchange crashed this was to be stopped.

• On a single day, 24 October , 13 million shares were sold.

• From 1929 to 1930 the national income of USA fell by

half.

• The German economy was hit by a crisis. And by 1932

their industrial production fell by 40% of the 1929 level.

The years of DEPRESSION

• Now, there was a great sum of unemployed that reached a

very high 6 billion and the economically okay sections

feared proletarianisation.

• Politically too Weimar Republic was fragile and the

reasons for that were:

a. Proportional representation (this made achieving a

majority by any one party a impossible task)

b. ARTICLE 48, the president to propose emergency,

suspend civil rights and rule by decree.

Hitler’s rise to power

• Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889,he spent his youth in poverty.

• After rendering honest service to the German army, in 1919 he joined National Socialist German Worker’s Party.

• He subsequently took over the organization and this party was now called ‘Nazi Party’.

• In 1923, Hitler planned to seize control of Bavaria, march to Berlin and capture power and he failed, was arrested, tried for treason.

• It was during the Great Depression in the 1930s that Nazism became a mass movement.

• Nazi propaganda stirred hope in people of a better future.

• In 1928 the party got no more than 2.6% votes but by 1932, the party got 37% votes in the Reichstag.

Hitler’s rise to power

• Hitler was a powerful speaker, his words had passion.

• He promised to build a strong nation, employment to

all, and to weed out foreign ‘conspiracies’.

• He had his special ways of giving a speech and

greeting public.

LIKE:

Hitler’s Nazi

salute

Nazi ‘SWASTIKA’ symbol

Destruction of

Democracy

• On January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg offered chancellorship to Hitler.

• Firstly, they rallied out the conservatives their cause .

• Then, subsequently, a mysterious fire broke down in German parliament building, and this was said to be Hitler’s work.

• With this fire decree the civil rights like freedom of speech etc. were also suspended.

• He first took it upon his arch enemies the Communists and the Jews by sending them to the concentration camps

Destruction of

democracy

• On March 3, 1933, the famous enabling act was passed

that introduced Germany to DICTATORSHIP.

• Special and more strict police forces were established in

Germany: 1. gestapo (secret police)

2. SS (the protection squads)

3. Security squad (SD)

Reconstruction

• Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic welfare to Hjalmar Schacht who aimed: 1. full production

2. full employment

3. state-funded work-

creation programme

• This project produced the very famous VOLKSWAGEN- the people’s car.

• Hitler also made quick successes:

a. Pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933

b. Occupied Rhineland in 1936

c. In 1938, he integrated Austria under Germany under the slogan ‘one man, one empire, one leader’

d. He even got Czechoslovakia under Germany with malpractices.

• All this was done with unspoken support of England, who found the Versailles treaty too harsh.

Reconstruction contd.

• In 1939, Germany, invaded Poland giving a rise to war with France and England.

• Germany, Italy and Japan signed a tripartite pact in 1940

• Hitler now, wanted to ensure food supplies for all Germans, thus he made a Historic Blunder by attacking Soviet Union.

• This exposed the German western front to British aerial attacks and the eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies.

• Meanwhile USA resisted war for long due to economic instability but it could not do that for long due to Japan’s bombing at US base at Pearl Harbor.

The NAZI Worldview

• The Nazis got inspiration from thinkers like Charles Darwin and

Herbert Spencer like Darwin’s : creation of plants based on their

natural evolution ; Spencer’s : survival of the fittest!.

• But we must remember they never meant it to be related to humans

and racist.

• The Nazi argument was simple : the strongest race would survive!

• Another aspect was lebensraum that was that more territories must

be acquired to widen the scope of production of strongest race

ARYAN GERMANS.

• They moved eastwards to Poland.

Establishment of the

Racial State

• Now Hitler killed the undesirables also within the

ARYAN GERMANS, this programmme was called

Euthanasia .

• The Jews and Gypsies were widely persecuted.

• The Germans hated the Jews having a pseudo-scientific

thinking that Jews were the killers of Christ.

• From 1933-1938 the Nazis terrorized, pauperized and

segregated the Jews

Youth in Nazi Germany

• The undesirable children (Jews) were evacuated from

the schools.

• The school books were re-written and descriptive about

hating Jews.

• The ten year old boys had to enter jungvolk , the Nazi

organization for the little boys.

• Then from 14 years they were to be sent to Nazi youth

organization.

• At 18 they had to serve in the labor service.

The Nazi cult of

Motherhood

• The girls in Nazi Germany were encouraged to be good

mothers.

• If they gave away particular number of children they

would get a reward.

• But if they keep connections with a Jew and if the child

is RACIALLY UNDESIARABLE then the mother is to

have severe punishments.

• It was then, a criminal offence!!

The Nazi propaganda

• The Nazis introduced too many ways to hate Jews by

making posters that showed how Jews were making the

Aryans suffer.

• They made movies showing the Jews to be villains in it.

• They always pictured the Jews to be with long hanging

beard always wearing a Kaftan.

• They forced the opinion of them being undesirable all

over the German empire.